RESUMO Na agricultura irrigada, é comum a aplicação de água no solo cultivado sem critério, resultando em uso ineficiente ou não otimizado da água. Em muitos casos, a relação solo-água-planta, bem como as potencialidades e limitações dos sistemas de irrigação são ignoradas. A agricultura irrigada sustentável requer o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento da umidade do solo que evite a perda de água e melhore a eficiência do uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a eficiência de um sistema inteligente de monitoramento da umidade do solo. O sistema é composto por duas estações: a primeira coleta os dados sobre parâmetros de umidade aparente do solo usando sensores, enquanto a segunda transmite esses dados para uma estação de processamento central. O sistema determina precisamente os valores atuais de umidade do solo, permitindo estimar o volume de água de irrigação necessário para atender à demanda hídrica da cultura com base na capacidade de campo. Os resultados da curva de calibração dos sensores indicam que o sistema pode medir com precisão a umidade do solo atual, auxiliando no manejo da irrigação. Para áreas irrigadas em condições de solo não saturado, recomenda-se o uso de tensiômetros devido à sua maior confiabilidade entre a capacidade de campo e o ponto de murcha permanente, garantindo práticas de irrigação mais precisas. critério casos soloáguaplanta, soloáguaplanta planta, planta solo-água-planta ignoradas estações central atual saturado recomendase recomenda se permanente precisas

ABSTRACT Water application to cultivated soil is often done without careful consideration in irrigated agriculture, leading to inefficient or suboptimal water usage. In many instances, the intricate relationship between soil, water, and plants, as well as the potential and limitations of irrigation systems, is overlooked. Sustainable irrigated agriculture necessitates the development of a soil moisture monitoring system that curtails water loss and enhances overall efficiency. This study aimed to develop and assess the efficiency of an intelligent system for monitoring soil moisture. The system comprises two stations: the first collects data on apparent soil moisture parameters using sensors, while the second transmits this data to a central processing station. The system precisely determines current soil moisture values, enabling estimation of the required irrigation water volume to meet the crop’s water demand based on field capacity. Results from the calibration curve of the sensors indicate that the system can measure current soil moisture precisely, aiding in irrigation management. For irrigated areas under unsaturated soil conditions, it is recommended to use tensiometers due to their higher reliability between field capacity and permanent wilting point, ensuring more accurate irrigation practices. usage instances plants systems overlooked stations station values crops crop s management conditions point practices

ABSTRACT Keyword spotting is a subfield of automatic speech recognition revolutionized in the last decade with the incorporation of artificial intelligence techniques based on deep learning. The implementation of keyword spotting models in microcontrollers implies as a first step the digital processing of audio signals to carry out the feature extraction in real time. The models implemented in microcontrollers found in literature use MFCC coefficients for feature extraction. It has been proved that when using deep learning techniques for classification, it is more effective the use of Mel spectrograms. In this paper, it is proposed an implementation of the algorithm for the obtention of Mel spectrograms in real time in STM32 microcontrollers compatible with the design of a real time keyword spotting system. Its use is evaluated in a test system based on the STM32G474RET6 microcontroller and the MEMS microphone SPH0645LM4H-B. The proposed implementation reduces the use of RAM memory in the microcontroller and fills the existing gap in the CMSIS-DSP driver of a routine for the computation of the Mel spectrum for a vector of signal samples.

RESUMEN La detección de palabras clave es un subcampo del reconocimiento automático de voz revolucionado en la última década con la incorporación de técnicas de inteligencia artificial basadas en aprendizaje profundo. La implementación de modelos de detección de palabras clave en microcontroladores implica como primer paso el procesamiento digital de las señales de audio para realizar la extracción de características en tiempo real. Los modelos implementados en microcontroladores encontrados en la literatura usan los coeficientes MFCC para la extracción de características. Sin embargo, se ha comprobado que al emplear técnicas de aprendizaje profundo para la clasificación resulta más efectivo el empleo de espectrogramas de Mel. En este artículo se propone una implementación del algoritmo para la obtención de espectrogramas de Mel en tiempo real en microcontroladores de la familia STM32 compatible con el diseño de un sistema de detección de palabras clave en tiempo real, evaluándose su uso en un sistema de prueba basado en el microcontrolador STM32G474RET6 y el micrófono MEMS SPH0645LM4H-B. La implementación propuesta reduce el uso de memoria RAM en el microcontrolador y llena el vacío existente en el driver CMSIS-DSP de una rutina para el cómputo del espectro de Mel de un vector de muestras de señal.

ABSTRACT In hydrological modeling and for the development of projects related to soil and water conservation and civil engineering, determination of water infiltration variables into the soil plays a key role. However, measuring infiltration with manual infiltrometers is work-intensive and requires several people, which casts doubts on the consistency of the process description. Our objective was to develop automated and compact systems for data acquisition by double-concentric-ring and Cornell infiltrometers. The systems are based on air differential pressure sensors and microcontrollers using open-source software and a simple construction. We developed ten sets of automatic infiltrometers for each method that were properly calibrated. The equipment was validated in the field, and the alignment of the automatically measured with the hand-measured infiltration data was considered satisfactory. The proposed systems make data records of infiltration and associated variables possible, with less operator dependence than manual measurement strategies. In addition, the enhanced resolution resulting from infiltrometer automation makes the infiltration curve more representative, especially in the initial infiltration stage. engineering role However workintensive work intensive people description doubleconcentricring double concentric ring opensource open source construction calibrated field handmeasured hand satisfactory possible strategies addition representative stage

Resumo A manga cultivar ‘Ataulfo’ é altamente produzida no México e é colhida quando atinge maturidade fisiológica. Este processo leva pelo menos mais um mês para o fruto atingir maturidade de consumo. Armazéns e mercados apresentam perdas importantes porque o status “pronta para consumo” é desconhecido. O status de maturidade é determinado pela medição de variáveis físico-químicas lentas e destrutivas. Um dispositivo óptico baseado no sensor espectral AS7262 foi conectado ao microcontrolador ESP32, e suas medidas foram correlacionadas com o teor de sólidos solúveis (TSS), matéria seca (MS) e firmeza de mangas obtidas no mercado local. Análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de modelos de regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS), árvore de classificação e regressão (CART) efloresta aleatória (RF). Com o modelo PLS, TSS e firmeza, foram previstos R2 de 0,61 e 0,76, respectivamente. A raiz do erro quadrático médio de predição (RMSEP) foi de 0,91 para TSS e 0,67para firmeza. Com o modelo CART, a precisão da classificação foi de 90% para TSS e 87% para firmeza de frutos intactos. ‘Ataulfo Ataulfo fisiológica consumo pronta desconhecido físicoquímicas físico químicas destrutivas AS AS726 ESP32 ESP TSS, , (TSS) MS (MS local PLS (PLS) CART (CART RF. RF . (RF) R 061 0 61 0,6 076 76 0,76 respectivamente RMSEP (RMSEP 091 91 0,9 067para 67para 90 87 intactos AS72 ESP3 (TSS (PLS (RF 06 6 0, 07 7 0,7 09 9 8 AS7

Abstract ‘Ataulfo’ mango is highly produced in Mexico, being harvested when it reaches its physiological maturity. This process takes at least another month for the fruit to reach consumption maturity. Warehouses and markets present important losses as the ready-to-eat status is unknown. Maturity status is determined by measuring slow and destructive physicochemical variables. An optical device based on the AS7262 spectral sensor was connected to the ESP32 microcontroller and measurements were correlated with soluble solids content (SSC), dry matter (DM) and firmness of mangoes obtained from the local market. Data analysis was carried out by partial least squares (PLS) regression, classification, regression tree (CART) and random forest (RF) models. With PLS, SST and firmness were predicted with R2 of 0.61 and 0.76, respectively. The root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.91 for SSC and 0.67 for firmness. With the CART model, classification accuracy was 90% for SSC and 87% for firmness of intact mango fruits. ‘Ataulfo Ataulfo Mexico maturity readytoeat ready eat unknown variables AS AS726 ESP ESP3 SSC, , (SSC) DM (DM market PLS (PLS (CART RF (RF models R 061 0 61 0.6 076 76 0.76 respectively RMSEP (RMSEP 091 91 0.9 067 67 model 90 87 fruits AS72 (SSC 06 6 0. 07 7 0.7 09 9 8 AS7

Abstract The polymer transition temperature is a crucial parameter in the industry for knowing raw materials before starting the manufacturing process. The current work reports a novel low-cost prototype instrument to measure the transition temperature with reliable accuracy. The equipment was built using commercial load cells composed of strain gauges in combination with an Arduino® microcontroller. The prototype measurement quality was validated by measuring the transition temperatures of most commercial polymers. The obtained values were compared with values obtained by conventional thermal analysis known as differential scanning calorimetric and thermo-mechanical analysis (DSC and TMA), which results in identical values. process lowcost low cost accuracy Arduino microcontroller polymers thermomechanical thermo mechanical DSC TMA, TMA , TMA)

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos en el diseño, implementación y pruebas de un convertidor CSI (Inversor en fuente de corriente) bidireccional, el cual es capaz de entregar y tomar energía de la red para cargar un banco de baterías de 72 V. Este convertidor se dimensiona dentro de un sistema solar fotovoltaico diseñado para viviendas de la ciudad de Tunja, con base en datos reales para estimar el consumo promedio de una vivienda típica en el sector "Cooservicios" de la ciudad, proponiendo dos formas de funcionamiento del sistema, una para obtener un consumo promedio constante y otro en el que el consumo total sea cero. El convertidor se implementa con todos sus componentes, etapas digitales y de potencia, utilizando para el control un microcontrolador TMS 320F28377S de la familia C2000 de Texas Instruments. La implementación cumple con especificaciones de: funcionamiento bidireccional como inversor y como rectificador, potencia de salida de 469 W, eficiencia en torno al 80%, destacando el valor considerablemente alto requerido para la inductancia de entrada de 0,3 H que provoca pérdidas en el sistema.

Abstract This paper presents the results obtained in the design, implementation and testing of a bidirectional CSI (Current source inverter) converter, which is capable of delivering and taking power from the grid to charge a 72 V battery bank. This converter is sized within a photovoltaic solar system designed for homes in the city of Tunja, based on real data to estimate the average consumption of a typical home in the "Cooservicios" sector of the city, proposing two ways of working the system, one to obtain a constant average consumption and another in which the total consumption is zero. The converter is implemented with all its components, digital and power stages, using for the control a TMS 320F28377S microcontroller from C2000 family, of Texas Instruments. The implementation meets specifications of: bidirectional operation as an inverter and as a rectifier, output power of 469 W, efficiency around 80%, highlighting the considerably high value required for the input inductance of 0.3 H that causes losses in the system.

Resumen. - La tetraplejia es una enfermedad que puede ser ocasionada por distintos factores ya sean congénitos o accidentes, limitando a las personas a vivir sin poder realizar movimientos en las extremidades tanto inferiores como superiores. El presente trabajo muestra el desarrollo de un prototipo de una silla de ruedas para tetrapléjicos controlada mediante movimientos faciales, esto con la finalidad de dar independencia al paciente y mejorar su estado emocional, al no requerir ayuda para realizar la tarea de mover la silla. Para la implementación del prototipo se diseñó y construyó un circuito electrónico de adquisición, amplificación y filtrado analógico de las señales de electromiografía (EMG), el cual otorga una señal correspondiente al grado de movimiento de los músculos faciales. Posteriormente, la señal obtenida de la placa analógica base es digitalizada y procesada con la ayuda de un microcontrolador ATmega328p, donde se realiza un filtrado adicional y se determina el movimiento realizado a partir de las señales obtenidas, esta información es enviada mediante conexión Bluetooth a un segundo microcontrolador ATmega328p en el prototipo físico de la silla de ruedas. Con la información de la acción sobre en microcontrolador de la silla de ruedas, se realiza el acondicionamiento de la señal para el control de los motores que realizarán el movimiento correspondiente. Por último, se diseñó e implementó una aplicación móvil para el control del prototipo mediante botones, con la idea de que un responsable del usuario de la silla pueda tomar el control en caso de ser necesario. Como resultados se implementó el sistema sobre una silla de ruedas comercial básica, donde se adaptaron los motores y una transmisión por bandas para generar el movimiento. Esto permitió el control básico a través del movimiento facial y por medio de la aplicación móvil, sin embargo, el sistema de EMG requiere ser calibrado para usuarios diferentes. Como trabajo futuro se plantea modificar la transmisión del prototipo y permitir una calibración automática para ser aplicado indistintamente del usuario.

Abstract. - Tetraplegia is a disease that can be caused by different factors, whether congenital or accidental, limiting people to live without being able to move both the lower and upper extremities. The present work shows the development of a prototype of a wheelchair for quadriplegics controlled by facial movements, this in order to give the patient independence and improve their emotional state by not requiring help to carry out the task of moving the chair. For the implementation of the prototype, an electronic circuit for analog acquisition, amplification and filtering of electromyography (EMG) signals was designed and built, which provides a signal corresponding to the degree of movement of the facial muscles. Subsequently, the signal obtained from the analog base board is digitized and processed with the help of an ATmega328p microcontroller, where additional filtering is performed and the movement made from the signals obtained is determined. This information is sent via Bluetooth connection to a second ATmega328p microcontroller in the physical prototype of the wheelchair. With the information of the action on the wheelchair's microcontroller, the conditioning of the signal is carried out to control the motors that will carry out the corresponding movement. Finally, a mobile application was designed and implemented to control the prototype through buttons, with the idea that a person responsible for the user of the chair can take control if necessary. As a result, the system was implemented on a basic commercial wheelchair, where the motors and a transmission by bands were adapted to generate the movement, this allowed basic control through facial movement and through the mobile application, however, the EMG system requires to be calibrated for different users. As future work, it is proposed to modify the transmission of the prototype and allow an automatic calibration to be applied regardless of the user.

Resumen Los dosificadores de semilla de las sembradoras son componentes que determinan en gran medida la calidad de siembra; de manera general, éstos son accionados por un sistema de transmisión mecánica-rueda motriz, los cuales tienen el inconveniente de ser afectados en su funcionamiento por las condiciones del suelo, cubierta vegetal y velocidad de siembra, que influyen en el deslizamiento de la rueda motriz o provocan vibraciones y bloqueos del sistema de transmisión ocasionando mala calidad de siembra. Las sembradoras más avanzadas utilizan sistemas mecatrónicos que eliminan estos problemas. En el presente trabajo se desarrolló un sistema mecatrónico para controlar la frecuencia de rotación del disco semillero y presión de vacío del dosificador de semilla, el cual se adaptó y probó en una sembradora-fertilizadora neumática. El sistema está basado en microcontroladores para manejar la densidad de siembra mediante cambios en la frecuencia de rotación del disco semillero accionado por un motorreductor, utilizando la técnica Modulación por Ancho de Pulso (PWM por sus siglas en inglés) y control Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo (PID). Con un método similar se controla la presión de vacío mediante un servomotor que ajusta la apertura de una compuerta en la línea de succión de la turbina. Con el sistema desarrollado se logró alcanzar la dosis de siembra deseada en aproximadamente 1.5 s con un error de control en estado estable de ± 5 % a frecuencias de rotación del disco semillero de 21, 53 y 70 r/min y presiones de vacío de 1.5 a 4 kPa. Con presión de vacío de 5 kPa o frecuencia de rotación del disco semillero de 37 r/min el error se incrementa a ± 10 %, y para 5 r/min a ± 20 %. El error de control de la presión de vacío fue de ± 10 % para presiones de 1.5 a 5 kPa. Se logró desarrollar un sistema mecatrónico eficiente para controlar el sistema neumático dosificador de semilla.

Summary Seed dispensers of the seeders are components that largely determine the quality of planting; in general, these are driven by a mechanical transmission-drive wheel system, which has the drawback of being affected in its operation by soil conditions, vegetation cover and planting speed, which influence the sliding of the drive wheel or cause vibrations and blockages of the transmission system causing poor planting quality. The most advanced seeders use mechatronic systems that eliminate these problems. In the present work a mechatronic system was developed to control the rotation frequency of the seed disc and vacuum pressure of the seed dispenser, which was adapted and tested in a pneumatic seeder-fertilizer. The system is based on microcontrollers to manage planting density by changing the rotation frequency of the seed disk driven by a geared motor, using the Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) technique and the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. A similar method controls the vacuum pressure by means of a servo motor that adjusts the opening of a gate in the turbine suction line. With the developed system it was possible to reach the desired planting dose in approximately 1.5 s with a control error in steady state of ± 5 % at rotation frequencies of the seed disc of 21,53 and 70 r/min and vacuum pressures of 1.5 to 4 kPa. At vacuum pressures of 5 kPa or seed disc rotation frequency of 37 r/min the error increases to ± 10 %, and for 5 r/min to ± 20 %. The vacuum pressure control error was ± 10 % for pressures from 1.5 to 5 kPa. An efficient mechatronic system was developed to control the pneumatic seed dosing system.

ABSTRACT Soil erosion studies using rainfall simulators are generally expensive and time consuming. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a prototype of an automatic runoff collector, capable of real-time quantifying runoff volume and soil loss in field trials using a rainfall simulator. The used sensors were chosen based on the type A uncertainty computed from different volumes of water and concentrations of sediment. Through specific programming, the runoff volume, sediment concentrations and the time of occurrence of the collections corresponding to each 200 cm³ of runoff were recorded on a micro-SD card. The robustness of the calibration and the programming developed were also evaluated in the Arduino Mega® 2560 microcontroller. The pressure (PSI.420) and turbidity (ST100) sensors were selected for developing the prototype, which was evaluated in the field with the InfiAsper rainfall simulator. Then, the data collected automatically by the sensors were compared to those obtained by manual measurement. The automatic runoff collector equipped with the PSI.420 and ST100 sensors has potential to obtain and store runoff data, and it was effective in evaluating the erosion process, generating mean errors of 12.25 and 13.16% for runoff volume and soil loss, respectively. The proposed prototype has a low cost of manufacture, in addition to optimizing the collection of erosion data in studies with rainfall simulators.

RESUMO Estudos relacionados à erosão do solo usando simuladores de chuva são geralmente onerosos e demorados. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um protótipo de coletor automático de escoamento superficial, capaz de quantificar em tempo real o volume de escoamento superficial e a perda de solo em ensaios de campo utilizando um simulador de chuva. Os sensores utilizados foram escolhidos com base na incerteza tipo A calculada a partir de diferentes volumes de água e concentrações de sedimentos. Por meio de programação específica, o volume da enxurrada, as concentrações de sedimentos e o tempo de ocorrência das coletas correspondentes a cada 200 cm³ de enxurrada foram registrados em um cartão micro-SD. A robustez da calibração e a programação desenvolvida também foram avaliadas no microcontrolador Arduino Mega® 2560. Os sensores de pressão (PSI.420) e de turbidez (ST100) foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento do protótipo, o qual foi avaliado em campo com o simulador de chuva InfiAsper. Em seguida, os dados coletados automaticamente pelos sensores foram comparados com os obtidos por medição manual. O coletor automático equipado com os sensores PSI.420 e ST100 tem potencial para obter e armazenar dados de escoamento, e foi eficiente na avaliação do processo erosivo, gerando erros médios de 12,25 e 13,16% para volume de escoamento e perda de solo, respectivamente. O protótipo proposto possui baixo custo de fabricação, além de otimizar a obtenção de dados de erosão em estudos com simuladores de chuva.

ABSTRACT Monitoring the movements of ruminant animals is one of the most challenging tasks. In animals that act according to their habits, it is difficult to label such movements and transfer them to farmers. Monitoring and recording the movement and behavior of animals on a farm is an adopted method for successfully determining the duration of the estrus cycle in ruminant animals. The Internet is a technology that offers remarkable solutions for such applications. The aim of this study is to determine the hourly step counts and to find the estrus period in the most accurate way with a circuit design applied to the ankles of animals using an IoT-supported microcontroller. The data is transferred to the web environment wirelessly and monitored via wi-fi communication signals. This wireless wearable and network equipment determines the step count and monitors the animal's abnormal body temperature. An IoT-supported microcontroller provides wireless communication, high-speed data transmission, and low power consumption. Insemination was ensured by testing different animals on the application farm. The data is monitored in real-time, and the system gives an alert. Low cost, high reliability, and being able to be watched over the internet are the advantages of the system. This study helped develop new techniques and provided a low-cost proposition for testing wearable technologies on animals.

RESUMO A monitorização dos movimentos dos animais ruminantes é uma das tarefas mais difíceis. Em animais que agem de acordo com os seus hábitos, é difícil rotular esses movimentos e transferi-los para os agricultores. A monitorização e o registo dos movimentos e do comportamento dos animais numa exploração é um método adoptado para determinar com êxito a duração do ciclo de cio em animais ruminantes. A Internet é uma tecnologia que oferece soluções notáveis para tais aplicações. O objectivo deste estudo é determinar as contagens horárias de passos e encontrar o período de cio da forma mais precisa possível com um design de circuito aplicado aos tornozelos dos animais utilizando um microcontrolador suportado pela IoT. Os dados são transferidos para o ambiente Web sem fios e monitorizados através de sinais de comunicação wi-fi. Este equipamento vestível e de rede sem fios determina a contagem de passos e monitoriza a temperatura corporal anormal do animal. Um microcontrolador suportado pela IoT fornece comunicação sem fios, transmissão de dados a alta velocidade e baixo consumo de energia. A inseminação foi assegurada através de testes com diferentes animais na quinta de aplicação. Os dados são monitorizados em tempo real e o sistema emite um alerta. O baixo custo, a elevada fiabilidade e a possibilidade de ser observado através da Internet são as vantagens do sistema. Este estudo ajudou a desenvolver novas técnicas e forneceu uma proposta de baixo custo para testar tecnologias vestíveis em animais.

Resumen En este trabajo se abordan los conceptos fundamentales en el diseño de un sistema de comunicaciones de voz utilizando los principios de funcionamiento de las comunicaciones por línea de potencia de corriente de directa (DC-PLC: Direct Current - Power Line Communications) basado en una modulación BFSK. El sistema se compone de un subsistema de transmisión y de un subsistema para la recepción de la señal de voz, estos elementos se interconectan entre sí a través de un canal de DC-PLC referido a un par trenzado de cobre. El subsistema de transmisión realiza las funciones asociadas al acondicionamiento, la digitalización, y el procesamiento de la señal para su transferencia digital con una modulación BFSK en el canal de comunicación. En el subsistema de recepción se lleva a cabo la demodulación BFSK, el procesamiento y la recuperación nuevamente de la señal de voz para su supervisión. Se propone para ambos subsistemas un diseño basado en el empleo de microcontroladores con núcleo 8051 de la familia Silicon Laboratories. El periférico UART disponible en los microcontroladores 8051 se emplea para la transferencia de los datos digitales y es aplicable como método de transmisión en el tipo de canal DC-PLC. Además, se presentan y exponen los criterios de diseño de los circuitos internos a través de sus esquemas eléctricos.

Abstract This work addresses the fundamental concepts in the design of a voice communications system that uses the operating principles of direct current power line communications (DC-PLC: Direct Current - Power Line Communications) based on BFSK modulation. The system is composed of a transmission subsystem and a voice signal reception subsystem, these elements are interconnected through a DC-PLC channel referenced to a twisted copper pair. The transmission subsystem performs the functions associated with the conditioning, digitization and processing of the signal for its digital transfer with a BFSK modulation in the communication channel. The receiving subsystem performs the BFSK demodulation, processing and recovery of the voice signal for monitoring. For both subsystems a design based on the use of Silicon Laboratories 8051 core microcontrollers is proposed. The UART peripheral available in the 8051 microcontrollers is used for digital data transfer and is applicable as a transmission method in the DC-PLC channel type. In addition, the design criteria of the internal circuits are presented and exposed through their electrical schematics.

This work presents the development of a low-cost spin coater for thin film deposition as an alternative to commercial equipment that have high acquisition cost. The proposed spin coater uses a brushless motor taken from an unused hard disk, which is activated through the association of an electronic speed controller (ESC) and an Arduino microcontroller. During deposition, the rotating substrate is attached with a vacuum clamping system. For the control, the system uses a Hall effect sensor to read the engine speed. The rotation readings performed by the equipment sensor were validated with a tachometer. Finally, TiO2 films were deposited on glass substrates with ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy to obtain the transmittance of the films at different rotation speeds. lowcost low cost disk ESC (ESC microcontroller control tachometer Finally TiO Indium Oxide UVVis UV Vis speeds

The present study proposes a simple and inexpensive photometric method for the selective determination of Ag(I). This method employed a home-made double beam photometer for the determination of silver ions based on an optode sensor prepared by immobilization of 5-(P-Dimethylaminobenzylidene)-rhodanine (PDR) on triacetyl cellulose (TAC) membrane. Two green LEDs as sources of light and light-dependent resistors (LDRs) as detectors were used in the proposed device. The LEDs are turned on by a programmable microcontroller that receives signals from light passed through the sensor, and the absorbance is calculated and displayed on a Liquid-crystal display (LCD) screen. With the optimum conditions, the calibration plot was linear in the concentration range of 0.5-6 μg mL-1. For five replicate determinations of 2 μg mL-1 Ag(I) and the related detection limits, the relative standard deviations were 2.29% and 0.25 μg mL-1, respectively. The method was applied successfully for determining silver in a silver sulphadiazine cream, a radiology effluent, and radiology film samples and the results obtained were in good agreement with those of the standard flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) method.

Abstract This paper presents an improved real time single-target target tracking system based on Cam-Shift and advanced Kalman filter algorithms. The paper proposes a simple low implementation cost scheme while keeping the high tracking performance. Two degrees of freedom target tracking system based on two hybrid stepper motors with their drive systems is fully designed and implemented to improve the tracking accuracy while keeping low-cost. The potential of the proposed algorithm lies in its ability to accurately detect, track, and produce firing commands on the designated target while utilizing low cost on the shelf embedded Microcontroller boards. A low-cost Universal Serial Bus port (USB) camera is used and integrated with the proposed algorithm to detect and track maneuvering targets. A series of experiments for stationery and moving objects are conducted to evaluate the proposed system efficiency. The proposed system enables accurate performance for tracking static and moving objects. Hence it provides a simple and low implementation cost scheme for real time object tracking applications.

Resumen El Internet de las Cosas es una tecnología de gran aplicación por su versatilidad en áreas como la agronomía, las aplicaciones sanitarias y la industria. Además, la portabilidad hace que estos dispositivos sean asequibles. Las placas de desarrollo de IoT se comunican a través de mensajes transmitidos por Wi-Fi a través de Internet, según el funcionamiento interno de la placa de desarrollo de IoT, el consumo de energía puede variar en dicha transmisión. Además, este consumo podría cambiar si la placa se alimenta con diferentes fuentes de alimentación y la cantidad de mensajes transmitidos por Wi-Fi. Este documento proporciona una metodología para adquirir un perfil de energía al enviar datos (byte) mediante el protocolo de transporte de telemetría de cola de mensajes (MQTT) en la placa de desarrollo DEVKIT V1 NodeMCU-32 (ESP32). Se utilizaron tres fuentes de alimentación diferentes para la placa, una batería LiPo 3.7, un banco de energía USB de 5v y una batería recargable NiMh de 9V. El mayor consumo de corriente obtenido fue al utilizar una batería de 3.7, seguido de 5v y el menor consumo de corriente fue al utilizar 9v. Sin embargo, los resultados demuestran que cuando se usa la fuente de alimentación de 9v, el consumo de energía es dos veces mayor que cuando se usa la fuente de alimentación de 3,7v. Por lo tanto, la mejor fuente de voltaje para transmisión y consumo de energía utilizando una placa de desarrollo NodeMCU-32 será de 3,7 voltios.

Abstract Internet of Things is a highly applicable technology due to its versatility in areas such as agronomy, health applications, and industry. Besides, portability makes these devices affordable. IoT development boards communicate through Wi-Fi transmitted messages via the Internet, depending on the inner workings of the IoT development board, energy consumption can vary in such transmission. Furthermore, this consumption could change if the board is powered by different power supplies and the quantity of Wi-Fi transmitted messages. This paper provides a methodology to acquire an energy profile when sending data (byte) using Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol on DEVKIT V1 NodeMCU-32 (ESP32) development board. Three different power supplies were used for the board, a 3.7 LiPo Battery, 5v usb Power bank and 9V NiMh rechargeable battery. The higher current consumption obtained was using a 3.7 battery, followed by 5v and the lowest current consumption was when using 9v. However, results demonstrate that when using the 9v power supply the energy consumption is two times higher than using 3.7v. Therefore, the best voltage source for transmission and energy consumption using a NodeMCU-32 development board will be 3.7 volts.