RESUMO Na agricultura irrigada, é comum a aplicação de água no solo cultivado sem critério, resultando em uso ineficiente ou não otimizado da água. Em muitos casos, a relação solo-água-planta, bem como as potencialidades e limitações dos sistemas de irrigação são ignoradas. A agricultura irrigada sustentável requer o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento da umidade do solo que evite a perda de água e melhore a eficiência do uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a eficiência de um sistema inteligente de monitoramento da umidade do solo. O sistema é composto por duas estações: a primeira coleta os dados sobre parâmetros de umidade aparente do solo usando sensores, enquanto a segunda transmite esses dados para uma estação de processamento central. O sistema determina precisamente os valores atuais de umidade do solo, permitindo estimar o volume de água de irrigação necessário para atender à demanda hídrica da cultura com base na capacidade de campo. Os resultados da curva de calibração dos sensores indicam que o sistema pode medir com precisão a umidade do solo atual, auxiliando no manejo da irrigação. Para áreas irrigadas em condições de solo não saturado, recomenda-se o uso de tensiômetros devido à sua maior confiabilidade entre a capacidade de campo e o ponto de murcha permanente, garantindo práticas de irrigação mais precisas. critério casos soloáguaplanta, soloáguaplanta planta, planta solo-água-planta ignoradas estações central atual saturado recomendase recomenda se permanente precisas

ABSTRACT Water application to cultivated soil is often done without careful consideration in irrigated agriculture, leading to inefficient or suboptimal water usage. In many instances, the intricate relationship between soil, water, and plants, as well as the potential and limitations of irrigation systems, is overlooked. Sustainable irrigated agriculture necessitates the development of a soil moisture monitoring system that curtails water loss and enhances overall efficiency. This study aimed to develop and assess the efficiency of an intelligent system for monitoring soil moisture. The system comprises two stations: the first collects data on apparent soil moisture parameters using sensors, while the second transmits this data to a central processing station. The system precisely determines current soil moisture values, enabling estimation of the required irrigation water volume to meet the crop’s water demand based on field capacity. Results from the calibration curve of the sensors indicate that the system can measure current soil moisture precisely, aiding in irrigation management. For irrigated areas under unsaturated soil conditions, it is recommended to use tensiometers due to their higher reliability between field capacity and permanent wilting point, ensuring more accurate irrigation practices. usage instances plants systems overlooked stations station values crops crop s management conditions point practices

ABSTRACT Industry 4.0 has revolutionised the way industries around the world operate, enabling greater efficiency and process optimisation. However, for many in developing countries, such as Cuba, the cost of implementing advanced technologies can be a significant challenge. In this context, the Velkys controller, developed by the company AlaSoluciones, is presented as a low-cost solution to boost the development of Industry 4.0 in the country. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the capabilities of the Velkys controller, presenting the hardware and software development of the device. The main element used is the ESP32 microcontroller, which provides wireless connection via Wifi and Bluetooth, as well as powerful processing capabilities. The controller firmware is based on the real-time operating system (FreeRTOS), ensuring efficient and reliable operation. This solution simplifies the transition to Industry 4.0 in contexts where the level of risk associated with the process is not extreme, such as in light manufacturing and agribusiness, among others, representing a viable and economical alternative to promote automation in Cuban industry.

RESUMEN La Industria 4.0 ha revolucionado la forma en que operan las industrias en todo el mundo, permitiendo una mayor eficiencia y optimización de los procesos. Sin embargo, para muchos países en desarrollo, como Cuba, el costo de implementar tecnologías avanzadas puede ser un desafío significativo. En este contexto, el controlador Velkys, desarrollado por la empresa AlaSoluciones, se presenta como una solución de bajo costo para impulsar el desarrollo de la Industria 4.0 en el país. El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar las capacidades del controlador Velkys, presentando el desarrollo hardware y software del dispositivo. Se utiliza como elemento principal el microcontrolador ESP32, el cual provee de conexión inalámbrica mediante Wifi y Bluetooth, así como una potente capacidad de procesamiento. El firmware del controlador se basa en el sistema operativo en tiempo real (FreeRTOS), asegurando una operación eficiente y confiable. Esta solución simplifica la transición hacia la Industria 4.0 en contextos donde el nivel de riesgo asociado con el proceso no sea extremo, como en la manufactura liviana y la agroindustria, entre otros, representando una alternativa viable y económica para promover la automatización en la industria cubana.

Abstract ‘Ataulfo’ mango is highly produced in Mexico, being harvested when it reaches its physiological maturity. This process takes at least another month for the fruit to reach consumption maturity. Warehouses and markets present important losses as the ready-to-eat status is unknown. Maturity status is determined by measuring slow and destructive physicochemical variables. An optical device based on the AS7262 spectral sensor was connected to the ESP32 microcontroller and measurements were correlated with soluble solids content (SSC), dry matter (DM) and firmness of mangoes obtained from the local market. Data analysis was carried out by partial least squares (PLS) regression, classification, regression tree (CART) and random forest (RF) models. With PLS, SST and firmness were predicted with R2 of 0.61 and 0.76, respectively. The root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.91 for SSC and 0.67 for firmness. With the CART model, classification accuracy was 90% for SSC and 87% for firmness of intact mango fruits. ‘Ataulfo Ataulfo Mexico maturity readytoeat ready eat unknown variables AS AS726 ESP ESP3 SSC, , (SSC) DM (DM market PLS (PLS (CART RF (RF models R 061 0 61 0.6 076 76 0.76 respectively RMSEP (RMSEP 091 91 0.9 067 67 model 90 87 fruits AS72 (SSC 06 6 0. 07 7 0.7 09 9 8 AS7

Resumo A manga cultivar ‘Ataulfo’ é altamente produzida no México e é colhida quando atinge maturidade fisiológica. Este processo leva pelo menos mais um mês para o fruto atingir maturidade de consumo. Armazéns e mercados apresentam perdas importantes porque o status “pronta para consumo” é desconhecido. O status de maturidade é determinado pela medição de variáveis físico-químicas lentas e destrutivas. Um dispositivo óptico baseado no sensor espectral AS7262 foi conectado ao microcontrolador ESP32, e suas medidas foram correlacionadas com o teor de sólidos solúveis (TSS), matéria seca (MS) e firmeza de mangas obtidas no mercado local. Análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de modelos de regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS), árvore de classificação e regressão (CART) efloresta aleatória (RF). Com o modelo PLS, TSS e firmeza, foram previstos R2 de 0,61 e 0,76, respectivamente. A raiz do erro quadrático médio de predição (RMSEP) foi de 0,91 para TSS e 0,67para firmeza. Com o modelo CART, a precisão da classificação foi de 90% para TSS e 87% para firmeza de frutos intactos. ‘Ataulfo Ataulfo fisiológica consumo pronta desconhecido físicoquímicas físico químicas destrutivas AS AS726 ESP32 ESP TSS, , (TSS) MS (MS local PLS (PLS) CART (CART RF. RF . (RF) R 061 0 61 0,6 076 76 0,76 respectivamente RMSEP (RMSEP 091 91 0,9 067para 67para 90 87 intactos AS72 ESP3 (TSS (PLS (RF 06 6 0, 07 7 0,7 09 9 8 AS7

Resumen: El presente trabajo de implementación práctica muestra el diseño y la construcción de un prototipo de medidor de energía eléctrica domiciliar en el cual se puede visualizar las distintas variables en tiempo real como la tensión de la red, la corriente eléctrica, la potencia promedio, la energía consumida por la vivienda en kWh y el costo asociado de facturación mensual. El diseño del prototipo está dividido en tres etapas, la primera tiene que ver con el sistema de carga y alimentación del dispositivo, la segunda muestra el sistema de adquisición y acondicionamiento de las variables de entrada, y la tercera tiene relación con el microcontrolador Arduino Mega 2560 encargado de la etapa de procesamiento, registro y almacenamiento de la información. La construcción del prototipo se la realiza en varias fases, en primer lugar el diseño práctico en el software Proteus 8 Professional para luego implementarlo en el protoboard y más adelante montarlo en la placa PCB, finalmente se acoplan estos módulos en una caja plástica con IP-65 la cual muestra en su vista frontal la pantalla de cristal líquido acoplada para mostrar las variables de salida del dispositivo terminado. El funcionamiento del prototipo está validado mediante comparación a través de varias pruebas de aplicación práctica en un caso de estudio real versus un medidor de energía convencional. Por último el prototipo resulta idóneo para sistemas de medición de energía domiciliar ya que se adapta a las necesidades del consumidor.

Abstract: The present practical implementation work shows the design and construction of a home power energy meter that allows the real-time visualization of various variables such as grid voltage, electric current, average power, energy consumed by the household in kWh, and associated monthly billing cost. The prototype design is divided into three stages: the first one deals with the device's charging and power supply system, the second stage demonstrates the acquisition and conditioning system of the input variables, and the third stage is related to the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, responsible for the processing, logging, and storage of information. The construction of the prototype is carried out in several phases: first, the practical design is implemented in the Proteus 8 Professional software, then it is implemented on the breadboard, and later mounted on the PCB board. Finally, these modules are enclosed in an IP-65 plastic case, which features a front-facing LCD screen to display the output variables of the finished device. The prototype functionality is validated through comparison with several practical application tests, comparing it to a conventional energy meter in a real case study. Ultimately, the prototype proves to be ideal for residential energy measurement systems as it can be tailored to the needs of consumer.

Abstract. - Tetraplegia is a disease that can be caused by different factors, whether congenital or accidental, limiting people to live without being able to move both the lower and upper extremities. The present work shows the development of a prototype of a wheelchair for quadriplegics controlled by facial movements, this in order to give the patient independence and improve their emotional state by not requiring help to carry out the task of moving the chair. For the implementation of the prototype, an electronic circuit for analog acquisition, amplification and filtering of electromyography (EMG) signals was designed and built, which provides a signal corresponding to the degree of movement of the facial muscles. Subsequently, the signal obtained from the analog base board is digitized and processed with the help of an ATmega328p microcontroller, where additional filtering is performed and the movement made from the signals obtained is determined. This information is sent via Bluetooth connection to a second ATmega328p microcontroller in the physical prototype of the wheelchair. With the information of the action on the wheelchair's microcontroller, the conditioning of the signal is carried out to control the motors that will carry out the corresponding movement. Finally, a mobile application was designed and implemented to control the prototype through buttons, with the idea that a person responsible for the user of the chair can take control if necessary. As a result, the system was implemented on a basic commercial wheelchair, where the motors and a transmission by bands were adapted to generate the movement, this allowed basic control through facial movement and through the mobile application, however, the EMG system requires to be calibrated for different users. As future work, it is proposed to modify the transmission of the prototype and allow an automatic calibration to be applied regardless of the user.

Resumen. - La tetraplejia es una enfermedad que puede ser ocasionada por distintos factores ya sean congénitos o accidentes, limitando a las personas a vivir sin poder realizar movimientos en las extremidades tanto inferiores como superiores. El presente trabajo muestra el desarrollo de un prototipo de una silla de ruedas para tetrapléjicos controlada mediante movimientos faciales, esto con la finalidad de dar independencia al paciente y mejorar su estado emocional, al no requerir ayuda para realizar la tarea de mover la silla. Para la implementación del prototipo se diseñó y construyó un circuito electrónico de adquisición, amplificación y filtrado analógico de las señales de electromiografía (EMG), el cual otorga una señal correspondiente al grado de movimiento de los músculos faciales. Posteriormente, la señal obtenida de la placa analógica base es digitalizada y procesada con la ayuda de un microcontrolador ATmega328p, donde se realiza un filtrado adicional y se determina el movimiento realizado a partir de las señales obtenidas, esta información es enviada mediante conexión Bluetooth a un segundo microcontrolador ATmega328p en el prototipo físico de la silla de ruedas. Con la información de la acción sobre en microcontrolador de la silla de ruedas, se realiza el acondicionamiento de la señal para el control de los motores que realizarán el movimiento correspondiente. Por último, se diseñó e implementó una aplicación móvil para el control del prototipo mediante botones, con la idea de que un responsable del usuario de la silla pueda tomar el control en caso de ser necesario. Como resultados se implementó el sistema sobre una silla de ruedas comercial básica, donde se adaptaron los motores y una transmisión por bandas para generar el movimiento. Esto permitió el control básico a través del movimiento facial y por medio de la aplicación móvil, sin embargo, el sistema de EMG requiere ser calibrado para usuarios diferentes. Como trabajo futuro se plantea modificar la transmisión del prototipo y permitir una calibración automática para ser aplicado indistintamente del usuario.

ABSTRACT Soil erosion studies using rainfall simulators are generally expensive and time consuming. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a prototype of an automatic runoff collector, capable of real-time quantifying runoff volume and soil loss in field trials using a rainfall simulator. The used sensors were chosen based on the type A uncertainty computed from different volumes of water and concentrations of sediment. Through specific programming, the runoff volume, sediment concentrations and the time of occurrence of the collections corresponding to each 200 cm³ of runoff were recorded on a micro-SD card. The robustness of the calibration and the programming developed were also evaluated in the Arduino Mega® 2560 microcontroller. The pressure (PSI.420) and turbidity (ST100) sensors were selected for developing the prototype, which was evaluated in the field with the InfiAsper rainfall simulator. Then, the data collected automatically by the sensors were compared to those obtained by manual measurement. The automatic runoff collector equipped with the PSI.420 and ST100 sensors has potential to obtain and store runoff data, and it was effective in evaluating the erosion process, generating mean errors of 12.25 and 13.16% for runoff volume and soil loss, respectively. The proposed prototype has a low cost of manufacture, in addition to optimizing the collection of erosion data in studies with rainfall simulators. consuming Thus realtime real simulator 20 cm microSD micro SD card Mega 256 microcontroller PSI420 PSI 420 (PSI.420 ST (ST100 Then measurement PSI.42 ST10 process 1225 12 25 12.2 1316 13 16 13.16 respectively manufacture 2 PSI42 42 (PSI.42 (ST10 PSI.4 ST1 122 1 12. 131 13.1 PSI4 4 (PSI.4 (ST1 PSI. 13. (PSI. (ST (PSI

RESUMO Estudos relacionados à erosão do solo usando simuladores de chuva são geralmente onerosos e demorados. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um protótipo de coletor automático de escoamento superficial, capaz de quantificar em tempo real o volume de escoamento superficial e a perda de solo em ensaios de campo utilizando um simulador de chuva. Os sensores utilizados foram escolhidos com base na incerteza tipo A calculada a partir de diferentes volumes de água e concentrações de sedimentos. Por meio de programação específica, o volume da enxurrada, as concentrações de sedimentos e o tempo de ocorrência das coletas correspondentes a cada 200 cm³ de enxurrada foram registrados em um cartão micro-SD. A robustez da calibração e a programação desenvolvida também foram avaliadas no microcontrolador Arduino Mega® 2560. Os sensores de pressão (PSI.420) e de turbidez (ST100) foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento do protótipo, o qual foi avaliado em campo com o simulador de chuva InfiAsper. Em seguida, os dados coletados automaticamente pelos sensores foram comparados com os obtidos por medição manual. O coletor automático equipado com os sensores PSI.420 e ST100 tem potencial para obter e armazenar dados de escoamento, e foi eficiente na avaliação do processo erosivo, gerando erros médios de 12,25 e 13,16% para volume de escoamento e perda de solo, respectivamente. O protótipo proposto possui baixo custo de fabricação, além de otimizar a obtenção de dados de erosão em estudos com simuladores de chuva. demorados Assim específica 20 cm microSD. microSD micro SD. SD micro-SD Mega 2560 PSI420 PSI 420 (PSI.420 ST (ST100 InfiAsper seguida manual PSI.42 ST10 erosivo 1225 12 25 12,2 1316 13 16 13,16 respectivamente fabricação 2 256 PSI42 42 (PSI.42 (ST10 PSI.4 ST1 122 1 12, 131 13,1 PSI4 4 (PSI.4 (ST1 PSI. 13, (PSI. (ST (PSI

ABSTRACT Monitoring the movements of ruminant animals is one of the most challenging tasks. In animals that act according to their habits, it is difficult to label such movements and transfer them to farmers. Monitoring and recording the movement and behavior of animals on a farm is an adopted method for successfully determining the duration of the estrus cycle in ruminant animals. The Internet is a technology that offers remarkable solutions for such applications. The aim of this study is to determine the hourly step counts and to find the estrus period in the most accurate way with a circuit design applied to the ankles of animals using an IoT-supported microcontroller. The data is transferred to the web environment wirelessly and monitored via wi-fi communication signals. This wireless wearable and network equipment determines the step count and monitors the animal's abnormal body temperature. An IoT-supported microcontroller provides wireless communication, high-speed data transmission, and low power consumption. Insemination was ensured by testing different animals on the application farm. The data is monitored in real-time, and the system gives an alert. Low cost, high reliability, and being able to be watched over the internet are the advantages of the system. This study helped develop new techniques and provided a low-cost proposition for testing wearable technologies on animals. tasks habits farmers applications IoTsupported IoT supported wifi wi fi signals animal s temperature highspeed speed transmission consumption realtime, realtime real time, time real-time alert cost reliability lowcost

RESUMO A monitorização dos movimentos dos animais ruminantes é uma das tarefas mais difíceis. Em animais que agem de acordo com os seus hábitos, é difícil rotular esses movimentos e transferi-los para os agricultores. A monitorização e o registo dos movimentos e do comportamento dos animais numa exploração é um método adoptado para determinar com êxito a duração do ciclo de cio em animais ruminantes. A Internet é uma tecnologia que oferece soluções notáveis para tais aplicações. O objectivo deste estudo é determinar as contagens horárias de passos e encontrar o período de cio da forma mais precisa possível com um design de circuito aplicado aos tornozelos dos animais utilizando um microcontrolador suportado pela IoT. Os dados são transferidos para o ambiente Web sem fios e monitorizados através de sinais de comunicação wi-fi. Este equipamento vestível e de rede sem fios determina a contagem de passos e monitoriza a temperatura corporal anormal do animal. Um microcontrolador suportado pela IoT fornece comunicação sem fios, transmissão de dados a alta velocidade e baixo consumo de energia. A inseminação foi assegurada através de testes com diferentes animais na quinta de aplicação. Os dados são monitorizados em tempo real e o sistema emite um alerta. O baixo custo, a elevada fiabilidade e a possibilidade de ser observado através da Internet são as vantagens do sistema. Este estudo ajudou a desenvolver novas técnicas e forneceu uma proposta de baixo custo para testar tecnologias vestíveis em animais. difíceis hábitos transferilos transferi los agricultores aplicações wifi. wifi wi fi. fi wi-fi animal energia aplicação alerta

Abstract Automating remotely controlled intelligent systems to collect, analyze, and process data is one of the most common applications in different fields of application. Usually, analyzing the animal's diet requires much time and human capital; the experiments consist of placing the animal in a cage to collect consumption data. In this sense, incorporating technology to analyze the consumption of dry matter in ruminants is essential to increase the productive performance of the animal. This document focuses on developing a monitoring system for data collection, such as temperature and humidity, as well as the weight of food throughout the nutritional experiment, using a mobile application developed in Android Studio that sends and receives the information via Bluetooth technology to an electronic device based on the Arduino Nano microcontroller.

Resumen La automatización de sistemas inteligentes controlados remotamente para recolectar, analizar y procesar datos es una de las aplicaciones más comunes en diferentes campos de aplicación. Usualmente, para analizar la dieta del animal se requiere mucho tiempo y capital humano; los experimentos consisten en colocar al animal en una jaula para recolectar datos de consumo. En este sentido, incorporar tecnología para analizar el consumo de materia seca en rumiantes es fundamental para incrementar el desempeño productivo del animal. Este documento se enfoca en desarrollar un sistema de monitoreo para la recolección de datos, tales como la temperatura y la humedad, así como el peso de los alimentos a lo largo del experimento nutricional, utilizando una aplicación móvil desarrollada en Android Studio que envía y recibe la información vía tecnología Bluetooth a un dispositivo electrónico basado en el microcontrolador Arduino Nano.

Resumen El Internet de las Cosas es una tecnología de gran aplicación por su versatilidad en áreas como la agronomía, las aplicaciones sanitarias y la industria. Además, la portabilidad hace que estos dispositivos sean asequibles. Las placas de desarrollo de IoT se comunican a través de mensajes transmitidos por Wi-Fi a través de Internet, según el funcionamiento interno de la placa de desarrollo de IoT, el consumo de energía puede variar en dicha transmisión. Además, este consumo podría cambiar si la placa se alimenta con diferentes fuentes de alimentación y la cantidad de mensajes transmitidos por Wi-Fi. Este documento proporciona una metodología para adquirir un perfil de energía al enviar datos (byte) mediante el protocolo de transporte de telemetría de cola de mensajes (MQTT) en la placa de desarrollo DEVKIT V1 NodeMCU-32 (ESP32). Se utilizaron tres fuentes de alimentación diferentes para la placa, una batería LiPo 3.7, un banco de energía USB de 5v y una batería recargable NiMh de 9V. El mayor consumo de corriente obtenido fue al utilizar una batería de 3.7, seguido de 5v y el menor consumo de corriente fue al utilizar 9v. Sin embargo, los resultados demuestran que cuando se usa la fuente de alimentación de 9v, el consumo de energía es dos veces mayor que cuando se usa la fuente de alimentación de 3,7v. Por lo tanto, la mejor fuente de voltaje para transmisión y consumo de energía utilizando una placa de desarrollo NodeMCU-32 será de 3,7 voltios.

Abstract Internet of Things is a highly applicable technology due to its versatility in areas such as agronomy, health applications, and industry. Besides, portability makes these devices affordable. IoT development boards communicate through Wi-Fi transmitted messages via the Internet, depending on the inner workings of the IoT development board, energy consumption can vary in such transmission. Furthermore, this consumption could change if the board is powered by different power supplies and the quantity of Wi-Fi transmitted messages. This paper provides a methodology to acquire an energy profile when sending data (byte) using Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol on DEVKIT V1 NodeMCU-32 (ESP32) development board. Three different power supplies were used for the board, a 3.7 LiPo Battery, 5v usb Power bank and 9V NiMh rechargeable battery. The higher current consumption obtained was using a 3.7 battery, followed by 5v and the lowest current consumption was when using 9v. However, results demonstrate that when using the 9v power supply the energy consumption is two times higher than using 3.7v. Therefore, the best voltage source for transmission and energy consumption using a NodeMCU-32 development board will be 3.7 volts.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se diseñó e implemento un Analizador de Energía Eléctrica Trifásico basado en la aplicación de la Red Adaline para descomponer las tensiones e intensidades de cada fase en sus armónicos. Para sensar las tensiones se usaron transformadores de pequeña potencia y circuitos con amplificadores Operacionales. Para el sensado de las intensidades se usaron bobinas Rogowski, más una etapa subsiguiente con circuito acondicionador de la señal el cual realiza la doble función de amplificación-integración, y que necesita de un ajuste cuidadoso de los componentes para no distorsionar las señales sensadas. Las señales son procesadas por un microcontrolador de bajo costo AtMega 328P optimizando los recursos en la programación de la red Adaline. Las fórmulas para la medida de las magnitudes trifásicas y por fase se basaron en el Estándar IEEE 1459. Finalmente se probó el desempeño del analizador propuesto en una medida realizada en un tablero industrial de tres conductores accesibles, y se contrastaron sus valores con las de una pinza amperimétrica Fluke 375. Los resultados muestran el correcto funcionamiento del analizador y la buena precisión y exactitud de las medidas de valores eficaces de tensiones, intensidades y sus armónicos.

ABSTRACT In this work, a Three-Phase Electric Energy Analyzer was designed and implemented based on the application of the Adaline Network to decompose the phase voltages and currents into their harmonics. For the sensing of the voltages, small power transformers and circuits with Operational Amplifiers were used. For the sensing of the currents, Rogowski coils were used, in addition to a subsequent stage with a signal conditioning circuit that performs the double function of amplification-integration and that requires a careful adjustment of the components so as not to distort the sensed signal. The signals are processed by a low-cost AtMega 328P microcontroller optimizing the resources in the programming of the Adaline network. The formulas for measuring three-phase and per-phase magnitudes were based on the IEEE 1459 Standard. Finally, the performance of the proposed analyzer was tested in a measure performed on an industrial panel of three accessible conductors, and its values were compared with those of a Fluke 375 clamp meter. The results show the correct operation of the analyzer and the precision and accuracy of the measurements of rms values of voltages and currents and their harmonics.

Abstract Monitoring meteorological variables is essential in studying plant biophysical processes such as the development and growth, capture and retention of water, increase of nutrients and use of environmental services. The objective of this work was to propose a meteorological monitoring system based on the analysis of the natural environment to provide a representative database. The proposal was developed in Zoquiapan Experimental Forest Station, central Mexico. Methods include the representativeness of the biophysical conditions in a semi-cold temperate forest in central Mexico. First, maps of geoforms, climate and vegetation were generated to delimit the homogeneous cartographic landscape units. Subsequently, utilizing location criteria, three cartographic units were selected to establish three meteorological stations. The monitoring system has two Davis Instruments automatic stations and another with an Arduino open-source microcontroller. Data is recovered monthly on a laptop with a USB cable. Before the installation of the stations, the sensors were subjected to a comparison with a reference station. It was shown that the data of the first days of operation revealed differences in the climate between the units concluding that locating the stations on an altitudinal trajectory can contribute to relating the climate with different vegetation and geoforms.

Resumen El monitoreo de variables meteorológicas es importante para el estudio de procesos biofísicos como el desarrollo y crecimiento de plantas, captura y retención de agua, aumento de nutrientes y aprovechamiento de servicios ambientales. El objetivo del estudio fue proponer un sistema de monitoreo meteorológico a partir del análisis del medio natural que proporcione una base de datos representativa. La propuesta se desarrolló en la Estación Forestal Experimental Zoquiapan, en el centro de México. El método incluyó la representatividad de las condiciones biofísicas en un bosque con clima templado semifrío. Primero, se generaron mapas de geoformas, clima y vegetación para delimitar las unidades cartográficas homogéneas de paisaje. Posteriormente, mediante criterios de emplazamiento, se seleccionaron tres unidades cartográficas para el establecimiento de tres estaciones meteorológicas. Los resultados incluyeron la caracterización del paisaje, así como la propuesta para establecer las estaciones meteorológicas. El sistema se integró con dos estaciones automáticas Davis Instruments y otra que opera con microcontrolador de código abierto Arduino. Los datos se recuperan mensualmente en una computadora portátil con cable USB. Antes de la instalación de las estaciones, las mediciones dadas por los sensores se compararon con los valores de una estación de referencia. Los datos de los primeros días de operación revelaron diferencias en las variables de las unidades de paisaje, y se concluye que ubicar las estaciones en una trayectoria altitudinal puede contribuir a relacionar el clima con diferente vegetación y geoformas.

Resumen Debido al creciente desarrollo tecnológico de los sistemas embebidos y el internet de las cosas (IoT), los dispositivos basados en microcontroladores se aplican cada vez más en diversas áreas del conocimiento. En este contexto, las plataformas y productos educativos online se consideran laboratorios virtuales remotos, ya que los estudiantes pueden acceder a los dispositivos físicos en cualquier lugar siempre que dispongan de un sistema informático conectado a internet. En este sentido, este trabajo describe el diseño y desarrollo de una plataforma con cuatro productos educativos en línea para la enseñanza de microcontroladores e IoT. Estos productos educativos están basados en software de código abierto, lo que permite su distribución gratuita en línea y el acceso a ellos desde un servidor en la nube. El enfoque de código abierto y multiplataforma (Linux, Windows® y Mac OSX) permite una mayor interacción y accesibilidad del usuario. Los productos educativos en línea hacen posible la programación del firmware del microcontrolador ESP32 de forma remota a través de OTA (Over the Air) y de sistemas embebidos Linux basados en Raspberry Pi (Rpi), permitiendo aplicaciones virtuales de laboratorio de microcontroladores. Además, los productos educativos en línea permiten manipular los pines vía internet a través de la interfaz gráfica de los microcontroladores ESP32 y ESP8266, así como del Rpi. Como resultado, se probó la plataforma en línea propuesta, ejecutándola en un servidor en la nube, y se validaron los cuatro productos educativos de aprendizaje a distancia y la aplicación real de microcontroladores e IoT, que se encuentran operativos, tal como fueron diseñados.

Abstract Due to the increasing technological development in embedded systems and the Internet of Things (IoT), devices based on microcontrollers are being increasingly applied in various areas of knowledge. In this context, online educational platforms and products are considered virtual remote laboratories, because students can access the physical devices anywhere as long as they have a computer system connected to the internet. In this sense, this work describes the design and development of a platform with four online educational products for teaching microcontrollers and IoT. These educational products are based on open-source software, which enables their free online distribution and the access to them from a cloud server. The open-source and multiplatform (Linux, Windows®, and Mac OSX) approach enables a greater user interaction and accessibility. The online educational products make possible the remote programming of the ESP32 microcontroller firmware via OTA (over the air) and Linux embedded systems based on Raspberry Pi (Rpi), enabling virtual microcontroller laboratory applications. In addition, the online educational products enable the manipulation of GPIO pins via the Internet through the graphical interface of the ESP32 and ESP8266 microcontrollers and the Rpi. As a result, the proposed online platform was tested, running it on a cloud server, and the four-distance learning educational products and the actual microcontroller and IoT application have been validated, and are operating as designed.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta el diseño de un biorreactor de tipo tanque agitado asistido por microcontrolador utilizando conceptos de simplicidad de uso, modularidad, estética y ergonomía, según las necesidades de la empresa Cibus 3.0. El tanque cuenta con tres partes principales tapa, dispone sus elementos según su uso; caja de sensores, dispositivo que utiliza sensores de pH, temperatura y turbidez del medio; y tanque, con una capacidad volumétrica de 21.5 L. Se acopló un vaporizador de mano genérico como método de esterilización in situ. Para evaluar la eficiencia de esterilización se realizaron muestreos superficiales en las zonas más críticas de formación de biofilms (tapa, tubos, pared, impulsor y flecha), tras fermentaciones de E. coli y R. opacus. Se demostró que la máquina de vapor no cumple con el objetivo de eliminar la contaminación, logrando una esterilización del 92%. Sin embargo, el uso de autoclave permitió el rendimiento esperado de esterilización, esto se comprobó al realizar simulaciones de fermentación con medio estéril y no presentar contaminación al finalizar el ensayo. Se determinó la posibilidad de utilizar sensores de pH, sólidos suspendidos y temperatura tomando parte del medio para cada repetición sin afectar la inocuidad del sistema. De esta manera se introduce un dispositivo capaz de tomar las mediciones por medio de microcontrolador. Con el fin de corroborar la funcionalidad del equipo diseñado, se realizaron tres fermentaciones con la bacteria R. opacus, donde se obtuvieron curvas de crecimiento validando el funcionamiento del diseño alrededor del usuario y del proceso.

Abstract This article presents the design of a microcontroller-assisted stirred tank bioreactor using concepts of simplicity of use, modularity, aesthetics, and ergonomics, according to the needs of the Cibus 3.0 company. The tank has three main parts: lid (it has its elements according to its use); sensor box (device that uses pH sensors, temperature, and turbidity of the medium); and tank (with a volumetric capacity of 21.5 L). A generic handheld vaporizer was attached as a method of in situ sterilization. To evaluate the efficiency of sterilization, surface samplings were carried out in the most critical areas of biofilm formation (lid, tubes, wall, impeller, and arrow), after fermentations of E. coli and R. opacus. The steam engine shown not to meet the goal of eliminating contamination, achieving 92% sterilization. However, the use of an autoclave allowed the expected sterilization performance, this was verified when simulating fermentation with sterile medium and not presenting contamination at the end of the test. The possibility of using pH, suspended solids and temperature sensors was determined, taking part of the medium for each repetition without contaminating of the system. In this way, a device capable of taking measurements by means of a microcontroller is introduced. To corroborate the functionality of the designed equipment, three fermentations were carried out with the R. opacus bacteria, where growth curves were obtained validating the operation of the design around the user and the process.

Resumen: Este trabajo presenta la implementación de una interface de acondicionamiento para sensores resistivos, basado en la técnica ratiométrica. Las aplicaciones de los sensores resistivos han tenido un aumento en la industria para la medición de diferentes variables físicas o químicas. Estos sensores deben convertirse en una señal digital compatible con una computadora, sistema de adquisición de datos, microcontrolador o microprocesador, utilizando una interface. La interface propuesta consiste de un convertidor de resistencia a periodo. La implementación del circuito se realizó en una tarjeta PSoC (Sistema Programable en un Chip) modelo 5LP utilizando bloques analógicos programables. Se obtuvo un rango dinámico de 136dB, con una entrada de 5Ω a 36MΩ. Además, se probó el desempeño del circuito con tres sensores comerciales.

Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of an interface for resistive sensors, based on the ratiometric technique. Resistive sensors applications have been increasing in the industry for the measurement of different physical and chemical variables. These sensors must be converted into a digital signal to be compatible with a computer, DAQ system, microcontroller or microprocessor using an interface. The proposed interface consists of a resistance to period converter. The Proposed circuit was implemented in a PSoC PL5 board using programmable analog blocks. A dynamic range of 136dB was obtained, with an input of 5Ω to 36MΩ. In addition, performance of the circuit was tested with three commercial sensors.

ABSTRACT Despite significant advances in the field of home and building automation, the adoption of home automation systems in more everyday applications such as apartments and small offices is still not very visible. Manufacturers maintain development of building and home automation systems focused on large applications, and those available for small applications, still do not correspond to user expectations, due to low functionality, price, complexity and performance problems. In order to address the aforementioned problems, this work proposes to design and evaluate a simple modular home automation system, based on open-source hardware and low-cost components. Specifically focused on small applications, such as the automation of simple household tasks in residential apartments, promoting comfort, safety and savings in the daily life of the end user. The designed system is based on the ESP8266 microcontroller, taking advantage of its wireless connectivity functionalities, to build a fully decentralized system capable of interacting with users through a web interface and a Wi-Fi connection to the home's local network. Resulting in a highly expandable and configurable system, based on independent modules that perform specific functions according to the user's needs.

RESUMEN A pesar de los avances significativos en el campo de la automatización de viviendas y edificios, la adopción de sistemas del hogar en aplicaciones más cotidianas, como apartamentos y oficinas pequeñas, aún no es muy visible. Los fabricantes mantienen el desarrollo de sistemas domóticos y edificios enfocados a grandes aplicaciones, y los disponibles para pequeñas aplicaciones, aún no corresponden a las expectativas de los usuarios debido a problemas de baja funcionalidad, precio, complejidad y rendimiento. Para abordar los problemas antes mencionados, este trabajo propone diseñar y evaluar un sistema domótico modular simple, basado en hardware de código abierto y componentes de bajo costo. Específicamente enfocada a pequeñas aplicaciones, como la automatización de tareas domésticas sencillas en apartamentos residenciales, fomentando el confort, la seguridad y el ahorro en el día a día del usuario final. El sistema diseñado se basa en el microcontrolador ESP8266l, aprovechando sus funcionalidades de conectividad inalámbrica para construir un sistema totalmente descentralizado capaz de interactuar con los usuarios a través de una interfaz web y una conexión Wi-Fi a la red local del hogar. Dando como resultado un sistema altamente expandible y configurable, basado en módulos independientes que realizan funciones específicas de acuerdo a las necesidades del usuario.