Summary: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSEF) have such an influence on plant development and on the edaphological characteristics and nutrients available in the soil that changes in these communities can drive modifications in the biotic and abiotic variables of an ecosystem, demonstrating the synergetic between species. Given its relevance, the objective of this work was to determine the status of colonization in the roots of three representative herbaceous species of the understory of a community of Abies religiosa (Kunth Schltdl. et Cham.) and Pinus harwegii (Lindl), and to contrast the coexistence of colonizers in three conservation-disturbance scenarios that exemplify the vulnerability situations of a forest ecosystem. A tripartite AMF-HESO-plant interaction is reported by the occurrence of coenocytic hyphae, vesicles, septate hyphae, moniliform cells, and sclerotia. The values of arbuscular mycorrhization exceed 50% and are higher than those found for endophytes (15.7-64.5%). The colonization of both types of fungi, such as AMF sporulation (687 spores 50 g-1 soil in the reforested area), seems to be related to the microclimatic conditions resulting from soil use. The edaphological variables that allow inferring the colonization behavior correspond mainly to available phosphorus, calcium, pH, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity. It is concluded that soil properties, its use, and the type of plants are determinant in the establishment of fungal communities. However, more studies on HESO-plant interaction are needed.

Resumen: Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) y los endófitos septados oscuros (DSEF) tienen tal influencia en el desarrollo de las plantas y en las características edafológicas y nutrientes disponibles en el suelo, que cambios en estas comunidades pueden impulsar modificaciones en las variables bióticas y abióticas de un ecosistema, demostrando la sinergia entre especies. Dada su relevancia, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el estado de colonización en las raíces de tres especies herbáceas representativas del sotobosque de una comunidad de Abies religiosa (Kunth Schltdl. et Cham.) y Pinus harwegii (Lindl), y contrastar la coexistencia de colonizadores en tres escenarios de conservación-perturbación que ejemplifican las situaciones de vulnerabilidad de un ecosistema forestal. Se constata una interacción tripartita AMF-HESO-planta por la aparición de hifas coenocíticas, vesículas, hifas septadas, células moniliformes y esclerocios. Los valores de micorrización arbuscular superan el 50% y son superiores a los encontrados para los endófitos (15.7-64.5%). La colonización de ambos tipos de hongos, como la esporulación de AMF (687 esporas 50 g-1 de suelo en la zona reforestada), parece estar relacionada con las condiciones microclimáticas derivadas del uso del suelo. Las variables edafológicas que permiten inferir el comportamiento de la colonización corresponden principalmente al fósforo disponible, calcio, pH, materia orgánica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico. Se concluye que las propiedades del suelo, su uso y el tipo de plantas son determinantes en el establecimiento de las comunidades fúngicas. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre la interacción HESO-planta.

Abstract Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) is a fruit tree with broad phytogeographic domain and suitable for different silvicultural systems in the tropics. The knowledge associated with the relative growth rate of species such as G. americana, provides important guidelines for the effective establishment and survival of seedlings after planting in the field. In this study we investigated differences in growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of seedlings originating from different mother plants of G. americana in southern Bahia, Brazil. For this, we evaluated fifteen variables associated with carbon balance at the whole plant and leaf scales of twelve G. americana progenies. All seedlings grew over a period of 198 days under similar microclimatic conditions with approximately 65% full sun. Our results showed significant differences in the relative growth rates (RGR), with the highest and lowest mean values being 29.0 and 38.0 mg g-1 day-1, respectively. Differences in RGR between G. americana progenies were highly related to differences in biomass allocation at both whole plant and leaf scales. From a practical point of view, we demonstrate that the selection of mother plants to produce seedlings with higher growth rates, and consequently greater establishment capacity in field plantings, can be made from evaluations of growth and biomass allocation variables at the whole plant scale. Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae tropics G Bahia Brazil 19 65 sun RGR, , (RGR) 290 29 0 29. 380 38 38. g1 g 1 g- day1, day1 day 1, day-1 respectively view plantings scale 6 (RGR 2 3 day-

Resumo Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) é uma árvore frutífera com amplo domínio fitogeográfico e adequada para diferentes sistemas silviculturais nos trópicos. O conhecimento associado à taxa de crescimento relativo de espécies como G. americana fornece diretrizes importantes para o estabelecimento e sobrevivência de mudas após o plantio no campo. Neste estudo investigamos diferenças no crescimento, alocação de biomassa e fotossíntese de mudas originárias de diferentes plantas-mãe de G. americana no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Para isso, foram avaliadas quinze variáveis associadas ao balanço de carbono em escala de planta inteira e escala foliar de doze progênies de G. americana. Todas as mudas cresceram durante um período de 198 dias sob condições microclimáticas semelhantes com aproximadamente 65% de pleno sol. Nossos resultados mostraram diferenças significativas nas taxas de crescimento relativo (RGR), sendo os valores médios mais altos e mais baixos 29.0 e 38.0 mg g-1 dia-1, respectivamente. As diferenças na RGR entre as progênies de G. americana foram altamente relacionadas às diferenças na alocação de biomassa tanto na planta inteira quanto em escala foliar. Do ponto de vista prático, demonstramos que a seleção de plantas matrizes para produção de mudas com maiores taxas de crescimento, e consequentemente maior capacidade de estabelecimento em plantios em campo, pode ser feita a partir da avaliação de variáveis de crescimento e alocação de biomassa em escala de planta inteira. Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae trópicos G campo plantasmãe mãe Bahia Brasil isso 19 65 sol RGR, , (RGR) 290 29 0 29. 380 38 38. g1 g 1 g- dia1, dia1 dia 1, dia-1 respectivamente prático 6 (RGR 2 3 dia-

ABSTRACT: Adaptation to climate change is a strategy for crops to cope with the scenario of rising temperatures worldwide. In the case of Coffea arabica L., the use of agroforestry systems (AFS) with woody species is a promising practice to reduce excessive heat during the day. This study aimed to 1) evaluate air temperature changes that occur in an AFS of coffee and double alleys of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.) and 2) carry out an analysis of future warming scenarios by comparing the cultivation of Arabic coffee in full sun and in an AFS of double alleys of rubber trees. The microclimatic variables were measured between two rows of coffee trees at 1.0 m of height from June 2016 to June 2018. The results indicate that the AFS with double alleys of rubber trees spaced 16 m apart had an average temperature reduction from 1.4 to 2.5 °C from 10h00 to 16h00. The study also simulated temperature increases of 1.7, 2.6, 3.1, and 4.8 °C from 2018 to 2099, according to scenarios predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the impact in coffee production in Paraná State, Brazil. Using the climatic generator PGECLIMA_R, simulations suggest a progressive reduction of traditional areas suitable for open-grown coffee in the state. Production conditions can be maintained through the AFS, since the systems attenuate mean temperatures by 1-2 °C. We conclude that the AFS of coffee and rubber trees contribute to coffee crop adaptations to a future warmer environment.

Abstract Stem water content is an important component of daily water balance, as water reserves in tree tissues can provide water to leaves when transpiration is intense, but how it varies over rainfall seasons is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the variation of wood and bark water content and stem growth in response to microclimatic variability in three Amazonian species. Trees of Protium apiculatum, Lecythis prancei, and Rinorea paniculata (DBH ≥ 10 cm) were selected in a central Amazon forest. Wood water content (WWC) and bark water content (BWC) data were obtained in the dry and rainy season. Stem growth was measured at monthly intervals using dendrometric tapes during 24 months. Rainfall, air temperature and irradiance data were also recorded, and the effect of microclimatic variability on stem growth evaluated. WWC did not vary between seasons (p = 0.28), but BWC increased in the wet season (p = 0.07), particularly in R. paniculata. Although stem growth varied intra-annually (p < 0.01), none of the climatic variables investigated had a significant effect on stem growth (p = 0.97). This work shows that in a typical rainfall year, climatic variability is not large enough to cause significant variation in stem growth, even when rainfall seasonality may cause variation in bark water content. balance intense unknown species apiculatum prancei DBH 1 cm forest (WWC (BWC 2 months Rainfall recorded evaluated p 0.28, 028 0.28 , 0 28 0.28) 0.07, 007 0.07 07 0.07) R intraannually intra annually 0.01, 001 0.01 01 0.01) 0.97. 097 0.97 . 97 0.97) year 02 0.2 00 0.0 09 0.9 9 0.

Resumo O conteúdo de água do tronco é um componente importante do balanço hídrico diário, pois as reservas nos tecidos das árvores podem fornecer água às folhas quando a transpiração é intensa, mas como esta varia ao longo das estações de chuvas ainda é desconhecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a variação do conteúdo de água da madeira e da casca e o crescimento do tronco em resposta às variáveis microclimáticas em três espécies arbóreas amazônicas. Árvores de Protium apiculatum, Lecythis prancei e Rinorea paniculata (DAP ≥ 10 cm) foram selecionadas em uma floresta da Amazônia central. Dados de conteúdo de água da madeira (WWC) e da casca (BWC) foram obtidos na estação seca e chuvosa. O crescimento do tronco foi medido em intervalos mensais usando fitas dendrométricas durante 24 meses. Os dados de precipitação, temperatura do ar e irradiância também foram registrados, e o efeito da variabilidade microclimática sobre o crescimento do tronco avaliado. O WWC não variou entre as estações (p = 0,28), mas o BWC aumentou na estação chuvosa (p = 0,07), principalmente em R. paniculata. Embora o crescimento das árvores tenha variado intra-anualmente (p < 0,01), nenhuma das variáveis microclimáticas investigadas o afetaram significativamente (p = 0,97). Este trabalho mostra que em um ano de chuva típica, a variabilidade climática não é grande o suficiente para causar variação significativa no crescimento do tronco das árvores, mesmo quando a sazonalidade das chuvas pode causar variação no conteúdo de água da casca. diário intensa desconhecido amazônicas apiculatum DAP 1 cm central (WWC (BWC 2 meses precipitação registrados avaliado p 0,28, 028 0,28 , 0 28 0,28) 0,07, 007 0,07 07 0,07) R intraanualmente intra anualmente 0,01, 001 0,01 01 0,01) 0,97. 097 0,97 . 97 0,97) típica 02 0,2 00 0,0 09 0,9 9 0,

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta o procedimento para realizar a calibração de um modelo climático do ENVI-met, com suas etapas metodológicas, para a avaliação de espaços urbanos abertos de porções da cidade de São Paulo na condição deum dia quente e seco, marcado por altas temperaturas e incidência solar, baixa umidade e baixa nebulosidade. O processo de calibração foi realizado por meio de sucessivas simulações baseadas em dados microclimáticos de medições realizadas no local representado nas simulações, além de dados das estações meteorológicas do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas(IAG/USP) e do arquivo climático do Aeroporto de Congonhas, e seus resultados foram avaliados comparando-se as principais variáveis microclimáticas (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento, direção do vento e radiação) entre simulação e medições. O modelo calibrado apresentou aderência às medições realizadas, dentro dos limites de tolerância esperados, e no processo de calibração foi possível evidenciar as vantagens do uso do ENVI-met, sua adequação e adaptabilidade para modelos representativos de São Paulo, e as principais dificuldades do processo de simulação, sobretudo em função das grandes necessidades de capacidade e tempo de computação para o processamento das simulações.

Abstract This article presents the procedure to perform the calibration of an ENVI-met climate model, with its methodological steps, for the evaluation of open urban spaces in portions of the city of São Paulo in the condition of a hot and dry day, marked by high temperatures. and solar incidence, low humidity and low cloudiness. The calibration process was carried out through successive simulations based on microclimatic data from measurements performed at the location represented in the simulations, in addition to data from the Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG/USP) meteorological stations and from the Congonhas Airport climate file, and its results were evaluated by comparing the main microclimatic variables (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and radiation) between simulation and measurements. The calibrated model presentedadherence to the measurements, within the expected tolerance limits and, in the calibration process, it was possible to highlight the advantages of using the ENVI-met, its suitability and adaptability for representative models of São Paulo, and also the main difficulties of the simulation process, mainly due to the significant needs of computation capacity and time for the processing of the simulations.

RESUMO Em um ano típico na Amazônia central, há uma estação seca amena, mas seu efeito sobre o crescimento do tronco de espécies de uso múltiplo ainda é pouco conhecido. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o efeito individual de variáveis microclimáticas sobre crescimento do tronco após remover a influência da intercorrelação entre os fatores climáticos. O incremento mensal do diâmetro do tronco foi medido em seis espécies (46 árvores) de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2020. As variáveis microclimáticas medidas foram irradiância, temperatura do ar, precipitação pluvial e déficit de pressão de vapor. Utilizou-se regressão de componentes principais para avaliar o efeito da variabilidade micrometeorológica sobre crescimento do tronco. Em média, o crescimento do tronco aumentou com o aumento da precipitação e do conteúdo de água do solo, mas diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura máxima e do déficit máximo de pressão de vapor. Estes resultados indicam que, removendo o efeito da intercorrelação entre os parâmetros climáticos, o déficit de pressão de vapor pode, de fato, ter um efeito sobre o crescimento do tronco. Demonstrou-se que a redução no crescimento do caule durante a estação seca também pode estar relacionada ao aumento da temperatura máxima e do déficit máximo de pressão de vapor, e não apenas ao declínio do teor de água no solo.

ABSTRACT In a typical year in the central Amazon, there is a mild dry season, but its effect on stem growth of multipurpose forest tree species is not yet well known. This study aimed to determine the individual effect of microclimatic parameters on stem growth after removing the influence of intercorrelation among microclimatic variables. Monthly stem diameter increment was measured in six species (46 trees) from January 2018 to December 2020. Microclimatic variables recorded were irradiance, air temperature, rainfall, and vapor pressure deficit. Principal component regression was used to assess the effect of micrometeorological variability on stem growth. On average, stem growth increased with an increase in rainfall and soil water content, but decreased with rise in maximum temperature and maximum vapor pressure deficit. These findings indicate that, when removing the effect of intercorrelation between microclimatic parameters, vapor pressure deficit may, in fact, affect stem growth. We demonstrate that the reduction in stem growth during the dry season can also be related to an increase in maximum temperature and maximum vapor pressure deficit, and not only to a decline in soil water content.

Resumen Introducción. La vainilla se cultiva en agreoecosistemas bajo diversa intensidad de manejo, con características ambientales particulares que podrían ser desfavorables para la orquídea. Las condiciones atmosféricas son importantes, debido al cambio climático. Objetivo. Caracterizar las condiciones climáticas y microclimáticas de tres sistemas productivos de vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en tres sistemas productivos de vainilla ubicados en Veracruz y Oaxaca, México. Se utilizaron tres intensidades de manejo: a) acahual, bajo sombra de diversas especies arbóreas; b) monocultivo, intercalado con una especie arbórea y c) malla sombra (con sombra artificial). Se abarcó un año de monitoreo (diciembre-2020 a noviembre-2021), que incluyó cuatro temporadas climáticas, dos frías y dos cálidas. Se midieron variables climáticas (de la región) y microclimáticas (de la parcela): temperatura (T), humedad relativa (HR) y radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA, solo en el microclima), con estaciones automatizadas; además se calculó el déficit de presión de vapor (DPV). Resultados. A escala diaria, las condiciones climáticas como microclimáticas en el acahual fueron más favorables para el cultivo de vainilla en las cuatro temporadas evaluadas; el monocultivo y la malla sombra experimentaron condiciones de humedad y temperatura fuera de los requerimientos agroclimáticos de la vainilla, principalmente en marzo-mayo (MAM), con Tmax >32 °C y HR <80 %. A escala horaria, las condiciones más cálidas y secas estuvieron en el monocultivo y la malla sombra en diciembre-febrero (DEF) y MAM; mientras que en junio-agosto (JJA) y septiembre-noviembre (SON) en acahual y malla sombra; el DPV (>2 kPa) indicó periodos más prolongados de estrés hídrico en estos sistemas. Conclusiones. El monocultivo y la malla sombra presentaron condiciones de humedad y temperatura desfavorables para la vainilla, con más periodos de estrés hídrico. El acahual presentó las condiciones climáticas y microclimáticas más convenientes para el cultivo de vainilla.

Abstract Introduction. Vanilla is grown in agroecosystems under varying management intensities, with particular environmental characteristics that could be unfavorable for the orchid. Atmospheric conditions are important due to climate change. Objective. To characterize the climatic and microclimatic conditions of three vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) production systems. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in three vanilla production systems located in Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico. Three management intensities were used: a) acahual, under the shade of various tree species; (b) monoculture, interspersed with an arboreal species; and (c) shade mesh (with artificial shade). One year of monitoring was carried out (December-2020 to November-2021), which included four climatic seasons, two cold and two warm. Climatic variables (region) and microclimatic (plot) variables were measured: temperature (T), relative humidity (HR), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, only in the microclimate), with automated stations; in addition, the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was calculated. Results. On a daily scale, climatic conditions as microclimatic in the acahual were more favorable for vanilla cultivation in the four seasons evaluated; the monoculture and the shade mesh experienced humidity and temperature conditions outside the agroclimatic requirements of vanilla, mainly in March-May (MAM), with Tmax >32 °C and RH <80 %. On an hourly scale, the warmest and driest conditions were in monoculture and shade mesh in December-February (DEF) and MAM; while in June-August (JJA) and September-November (SON) in acahual and shade mesh; VPD (>2 kPa) indicated longer periods of water stress in these systems. Conclusions. The monoculture and the shade mesh presented unfavorable humidity and temperature conditions for vanilla, with more periods of water stress. The acahual presented the most convenient climatic and microclimatic conditions for the cultivation of vanilla.

Abstract In this study, we aimed to assess the spatial variability of microclimate inside a closed compost-bedded pack barn (CBP) with a negative ventilation system during summer and winter. The research was carried out in a CBP located in the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. For each of the stations analyzed, the following environmental mean variables observed inside a CBP were measured: air dry-bulb temperature (tdb), air relative humidity (RH), and windspeed, Temperature-Humidity index, and specific enthalpy. The kriging maps showed that the most critical housing conditions in the thermal environment were found, mainly, from the central part of the CBP, close to the exhaust fans. The analyses also pointed out that the system presented temperature gradients along the length, up to 3°C. During the summer afternoon, the entire region of the CBP was in a discomfort situation (tdb>26°C; RH>75%). During the winter, the measured environmental data remained within the comfort zone throughout the facility. However, probably due to the lack of thermal insulation of the material used to close the sides of the CBP, it did not allow spatial thermal uniformity for both seasons. It was also inefficient to keep the animals within the comfort zone for lactating cattle during the critical summer period.

ABSTRACT Tillandsia purpurea is an endemic species of the Peruvian desert coast, where its main source of water and nutrients is supplied by ocean fog. It is a poorly studied species, and its phenological changes in response to different abiotic factors, including temperature and water availability, are unknown. This study aims to describe the different phenological phases and their relationship with some environmental factors including fog, precipitation, temperature, and humidity. This study was developed in a hyper-arid environment of the southern coast of Peru. We evaluated the fog water available using fog collectors (neblinometers) installed next to each cushion of T. purpurea, and also monitored the microclimate conditions at ground level with temperature and humidity sensors. Additionally, phenophases (inflorescence, flowering, fructification, dehiscence, and vegetative stage) were evaluated within ten cushions of T. purpurea for a period of eleven months. As for water availability, the average fog water collected by the fog collectors was 5.11 L*0.25m2 month-1 and the accumulated precipitation was 35.8 mm. In the microclimate, the mean temperature was 18.4°C and humidity was 62.5%, and seasonality was observed in the evaluated variables. The T. purpurea phenological phases recorded showed a certain synchrony with some microclimate variables and water availability. The vegetative and dehiscence stages were associated with lower-frequency months, fog volumes, and also with less-warm periods Moreover, the phenophases of inflorescence, flowering, and fructification occurred in the months with higher water availability from fog, precipitation, and associated with warmer periods; in the specific case of fructification, it was more associated with periods of maximum or medium relative humidity.

RESUMEN Tillandsia purpurea es una especie endémica de la costa desértica peruana, donde su principal fuente de agua y nutrientes pro^vienen de la neblina del océano. Se trata de una especie poco estudiada, es así que los cambios fenológicos en respuesta a distintos factores abióticos, entre ellos, la temperatura y la disponibilidad hídrica, son desconocidos. Por lo que este estudio tiene como objetivo describir las distintas fases fenológicas y su relación con algunos factores ambientales como la niebla, precipitación, temperatura y humedad. El estudio se realizó en un ambiente hiperárido de la costa sur del Perú. Se evaluó el agua de neblina mediante neblinómetros colocados a un costado de cada cojín de T. purpurea y se monitoreo las condiciones del microclima a nivel del suelo con sensores de temperatura y humedad. También, se e^valuó las fenofases (inflofgscgncia,floración, fructificación, dehiscencia y estado vegetativo) dentro de diez cojines de T. purpurea por un periodo de once meses. En la disponibilidad hídrica, el promedio de agua de niebla captada por los neblinómetros fue de 5.11 L*0.25m 2 mes- 1 y la precipitación total acumulada fue 35.8 mm. En el microclima la temperatura promedio fue 18.4 °C y la humedad promedio fue 62.5%, en las cuales se observó cierta temporalidad. Las fases fenológicas registradas mostraron cierta sincronía con algunas variables del microclima y disponibilidad hídrica. Los estados vegetativo y dehiscencia se asociaron con meses de menor frecuencia y volúmenes de neblina, además que con periodos menos cálidos. Por otro lado, las fenofases de inflorescencia, floración y fructificación, se presentaron en los meses donde se obtuvo captaciones más altas de agua de neblina, precipitación y estuvieron más asociados a periodos más cálidos, en caso específico de la fructificación estuvo más asociado con periodos de máxima o mediana humedad relativa.

Resumen Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de variables edáficas y del microclima en bosques semideciduos sobre suelos arenosos de la Llanura Sur occidental de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Para ello se realizó un inventario florístico levantándose 20 parcelas cuadradas de 15 m x 15 m, se validó el muestreo aleatorio simple por la curva área especie y se determinó el índice de valor de importancia ecológica (IVIE) de las especies. Para el análisis de suelo tomaron 40 muestras de suelo, dos por cada parcela a dos profundidades 0 - 20 cm y 20 – 40 cm analizándose las propiedades físico -químicas, así mismo se realizaron registros meteorológicos utilizando un KESTREL- 4 000 el cual permitió obtener datos de temperatura, humedad, índice de calor, punto de rocío, velocidad del viento y presión barométrica analizándose las relaciones existente de las variables edáficas y del microclima con las 12 especies de mayor IVIE mediante un Análisis de correspondencia canónica. Para el análisis de los nutrientes en el follaje se tomaron muestras de diferentes partes de árbol de las doce especies de mayor IVIE en el periodo lluvioso y el periodo poco lluvioso. Los resultados indican la presencia 137 especies pertenecientes a 42 familias y 104 géneros, así como se evidencia la existencia de una relación de las propiedades edáficas y las variables del microclima con las 12 especies de mayor IVIE en la formación vegetal, la cual permite explicar la presencia de las especies forestales en esta formación así también se encontraron diferencias significativas en contenido nutricional del follaje en los dos periodos analizado con el P y K.

Abstract This paper aimed to determine the effect of edaphic and microclimate variables in semi-deciduous forests on the sandy soils of the Southwestern Plain of Pinar del Río, Cuba. Thus, a floristic inventory was carried out, by setting 20 square plots of 15 x15 m. The simple random sampling was validated by the species-area curve and the ecological importance value index (IVIE) of the species was determined. Forty soil samples at 0-20 cm and 20-40cm in depth were taken for soil analysis, two per plot and their physical and chemical properties, analyzed. Likewise, meteorological records were made using a KESTREL- 4 000 to obtain data of temperature, humidity, heat index, dew point, wind speed and barometric pressure to analyze the existing relationships of the edaphic and microclimate variables with the 12 species with the highest IVIE through a canonical correspondence analysis. To analyze the nutrients in the foliage, samples from different parts of the trees of the twelve species with the highest IVIE were taken in both the rainy and dry season. The results indicate the presence of 137 species belonging to 42 families and 104 genera, as well as the existence of a relationship between the edaphic properties and the microclimate variables with the 12 species with the highest IVIE in the plant formation, which allows to explain the presence of forest species in this formation; additionally, significant differences were found in the nutritional content of the foliage in the two periods analyzed with P and K.

Resumo A urbanização do piemonte da Área Metropolitana de Mendoza gerou diversos impactos negativos sobre o território, modificando suas condições naturais. Esses impactos ocasionaram um aumento nas superfícies de absorção e retenção da radiação solar, promovendo a intensificação da Ilha de Calor Urbano (ICU) e gerando focos de ICU satélite. Este trabalho propõe-se a realizar uma análise comparativa de esquemas urbanos de origem pública e privada por meio da simulação de seu comportamento térmico. Com isso, foi possível identificar a relação entre o desenho desses esquemas e seu impacto no comportamento microclimático da área. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a estratégia de maior impacto é o controle da radiação solar. Nesse sentido, variáveis de projeto como a largura dos canais das estradas e a permeabilidade da floresta, associadas à tipologia e orientação da parcela, têm impacto significativo na resposta térmica do conjunto.

Abstract The hillside urbanization of the Mendoza Metropolitan Area has generated a wide range of negative impacts on the territory, modifying its natural conditions. These impacts caused an increase in the absorption surfaces and the retention of solar radiation, promoting the intensification of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) and generating satellite UHI focus. This work proposes to carry out a comparative analysis of urban schemes of public and private origin by simulating their thermal behavior. This allowed identifying the relationship between the design of these schemes and their impact on the microclimatic behavior of the area. The results obtained show that the strategy with the greatest impact is the control of solar radiation. In this sense, design variables such as the width of the road channels and the permeability of the forest, associated with the typology and orientation of the urban plot have a significant impact on the thermal response of the whole.

Resumen La urbanización del piedemonte del Área Metropolitana de Mendoza ha generado una diversidad de impactos negativos sobre el territorio modificando sus condiciones naturales. Estos impactos provocaron un aumento de las superficies de absorción y retención de la radiación solar, promovieron la intensificación de la Isla de Calor Urbano (ICU) y generaron focos de ICU satélite. Este trabajo propone realizar un análisis comparativo de esquemas urbanos de origen público y privado mediante la simulación de sus comportamientos térmicos. Esto permitió identificar la relación entre el diseño de estos esquemas y su impacto en el comportamiento micro-climático del área. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la estrategia de mayor impacto es el control de la radiación solar. En este sentido, variables de diseño como el ancho de los canales viales y la permeabilidad de los forestales, asociadas a la tipología y orientación de la trama impactan significativamente en la respuesta térmica del conjunto.

RESUMEN Los estudios ecológicos en México sobre arañas del clado RTA son casi nulos. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo se enfocó en analizar las variaciones en la abundancia, riqueza, diversidad, composición y estructura de las comunidades de arañas del clado RTA entre las temporadas de lluvias y secas, en tres sitios con diferente tipo de vegetación. Los sitios de muestreo fueron un pastizal inducido, un bosque de pino y una selva baja caducifolia en Tonatico, Estado de México. Las arañas fueron recolectadas mensualmente de noviembre del 2011 a octubre del 2012, usando trampas de caída en cada sitio. Se recolectaron 805 arañas, agrupadas en 16 familias, 29 géneros y 49 especies. Las familias mejor representadas fueron Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Salticidae y Corinnidae; mientras que Pardosa medialis, P. pauxilla y P. marialuisae fueron las especies más abundantes. Aunque no encontramos diferencias estadísticas en la abundancia, riqueza y diversidad entre los diferentes tipos de vegetación, la composición de especies entre sitios si fue estadísticamente diferente. También encontramos que en los tres sitios en la temporada de lluvias hubo mayor cantidad de organismos y mayor número de especies. Además, las especies compartidas entre los tres sitios presentaron diferente categoría ecológica. Las diferencias en cuanto a la composición y estructura de las comunidades de arañas las atribuimos a la disimilitud en el tipo de vegetación de cada sitio. Asimismo, inferimos que en la temporada de lluvias hay mayor abundancia y riqueza de arañas debido a que hay mayor disponibilidad de recursos. Para estudios futuros sugerimos evaluar variables microclimáticas para entender mejor la composición y estructura de las comunidades de arañas del clado RTA.

ABSTRACT Ecological studies about spiders within the RTA clade are scarce in Mexico. In the present we analyze the abundance, species richness, diversity, composition, and structure of RTA-spider communities in three sites with different vegetation and between rainy and dry season. The sites correspond to human-induced grassland, pine forest and deciduous tropical forest of southern Tonatico, Estado de México. Spiders were collected monthly, from November 2011 to October 2012, using pitfall-traps at each site. We collected 805 spiders from 16 families, 29 genera and 49 species. The most abundant families were Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Salticidae and Corinnidae; while the most abundant species were Pardosa medialis, P. pauxilla and P. marialuisae. We did not find differences in the abundance, richness, or diversity between sites. However, we found differences in the species composition at each site and a general pattern of high abundance and species richness in the rainy season. Our results showed a distinct ecological category of shared species between sites. We suggested that differences in structure and composition of spider communities are a response to dissimilarities in vegetation, and the seasonal pattern is related with the availability of resources of the rainy season. Future investigations should evaluate microclimatic variables to understand, on a better way, the composition and structure of RTA-spider communities.

Resumen Introducción. En Colombia, la producción hortícola en el trópico bajo es limitada principalmente por factores bióticos como el ataque de plagas, patógenos y factores abióticos como valores extremos de temperatura, radiación solar, viento y precipitación. Objetivo. Evaluar dos tipos de mallas anti-insecto en las áreas de ventilación de un invernadero colombiano ventilado de formado natural con el fin de analizar el efecto sobre las tasas de ventilación y el microclima generado. Materiales y métodos. El Estudio se desarrolló en el año 2019 en el departamento de Magdalena, Colombia. El enfoque metodológico incluyó el uso de modelo computacional de fluidos (CFD) 2-D para el desarrollo de quince simulaciones en estado estacionario, el modelo CFD fue validado experimentalmente en el prototipo del invernadero real evaluado. Resultados. Los parámetros de bondad de ajuste entre los datos medidos y simulados mostraron valores de error medio absoluto (MAE) y la raíz del error cuadrático medio (RMSE) para la temperatura y la humedad relativa de 0,15 y 0,32 °C, 2,41 y 2,73 %, respectivamente. Hubo una reducción promedio de las tasas de ventilación entre 55,3 y 77,1 % en comparación con el escenario de referencia que no incluyó la presencia de mallas anti-insecto, esta reducción generó modificaciones en el comportamiento de las variables temperatura y humedad relativa en el interior del invernadero, con una marcada distribución espacial heterogénea. Conclusión. Las condiciones micro climáticas más inadecuadas se presentaron en escenarios de baja velocidad de viento exterior, por lo tanto, es recomendable seleccionar e implementar algún tipo de malla anti-insecto en las áreas de ventilación de un invernadero basado en el comportamiento local de esta variable.

Abstract Introduction. In Colombia, horticultural production in the low tropics is limited mainly by biotic factors such as pest attacks, pathogens, and abiotic factors such as extreme values of temperature, solar radiation, wind, and precipitation. Objective. To evaluate two types of anti-insect screens in the ventilation areas of a naturally ventilated Colombian greenhouse in order to analyze the effect on the ventilation rates and the generated microclimate. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in 2019 in the department of Magdalena, Colombia. The methodological approach included the use of a 2-D computational fluid model (CFD) for the development of fifteen steady-state simulations. The CFD model was experimentally validated in the prototype of the real greenhouse evaluated. Results. Goodness-of-fit parameters between measured and simulated data showed absolute mean error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) values for temperature and relative humidity of 0.15 and 0.32 °C, 2.41 and 2.73 %, respectively. There was an average reduction in ventilation rates between 55.3 and 77.1 % compared to the reference scenario that did not include the presence of anti-insect screens, this reduction generated modifications in the behavior of the temperature and relative humidity variables inside the greenhouse, with a marked heterogeneous spatial distribution. Conclusion. The most inadequate microclimatic conditions occurred in scenarios of low external wind speed; therefore, it is recommended to select and implement some type of anti-insect screen in the ventilation areas of a greenhouse based on the local behavior of this variable.

Resumo As florestas ripárias apresentam fatores bióticos e abióticos que influenciam a dissimilaridade ambiental, e que refletem a distribuição específica de samambaias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a heterogeneidade ambiental associada às comunidades de samambaias terrícolas em remanescentes de mata ciliar dos campos da metade sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Pampa). Foram amostradas dez parcelas de 5×5 m em cada sítio (AI, AII e AIII), totalizando 30 parcelas. Em cada quadro, foram inventariadas as espécies de samambaia, além de outros parâmetros vegetacionais, microclimáticos e edáficos. Um total de 24 espécies foram identificadas nos três remanescentes de mata ciliar, distribuídas em 19 gêneros e 10 famílias. A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) mostrou que as parcelas de AI apresentaram os maiores valores de temperatura e alumínio, enquanto a umidade foi a menor, o que se refletiu na diminuição da riqueza de samambaias. A umidade do solo e a umidade do ar foram as variáveis mais relacionadas às parcelas de AII e AIII, indicando que essas plantas foram favorecidas nesses. A identidade florística característica de cada local sugere que muitas espécies são dependentes de certas condições ambientais locais. Nesse sentido, mesmo em sítios geograficamente próximos, remanescentes de matas ciliares merecem atenção no que se refere a conservação, uma vez que são capazes de abrigar grande diversidade nesta fitofisionomia exclusiva do sul do Brasil. Os resultados deste estudo integrado, com parâmetros vegetacionais, climáticos e edáficos, sugerem, que as samambaias respondem categoricamente à heterogeneidade mostrada pelos ambientes ripários, mesmo quando os fragmentos estão próximos.

Abstract Riparian forests present biotic and abiotic factors that influence environmental dissimilarity, which reflect specific fern distribution. The purpose of this this study was to evaluate the environmental heterogeneity associated to the terrestrial fern communities in riparian forest remnants in the grasslands southern half of Rio Grande do Sul state . We sampled ten 5×5 m plots in each site (AI, AII and AIII), totaling 30 plots. In each plot, fern species were inventoried and vegetative, microclimatic and edaphic parameters were collected. A total of 24 species were surveyed in the three riparian forest remnants, distributed in 19 genera and 10 families. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) showed that plots of AI had the highest temperature and aluminum values, while humidity was the lowest, which was reflected in the decrease of ferns richness. Soil moisture and air humidity were variables more related to the plots of AII and AII, indicating that these plants were favored in these environments. The floristic identity characteristic of each site suggests that many species are dependent to certain local environmental conditions. In this sense, even in very geographically close sites, riparian remnants deserve conservation attention, since they are capable of harboring high diversity in this grassland phytophysiognomy in southern Brazil. The results of this integrated study, with vegetation, climatic, and edaphic parameters, suggest, as expected, that ferns categorically respond to the heterogeneity shown by riparian environments, even when fragments are geographically very close to each other.

Abstract: Despite available models and scientific evidence on climate change on a global scale, the planning and management of urban territories in Latin America has failed to consider it above its economic, social and political constraints. By selecting surface temperature and ventilation as critical climate variables, the case of Santiago de Chile is analyzed as an example of the contradictions between policies and official declarations and the real transformations of urban climates, highlighting the widespread increase in surface temperatures, represented by satellite imagery, due to the absence of rigorous environmental assessments of changes in land uses and covers that have accompanied the urbanization. A microclimatic simulation has allowed estimating the reduction of speed and changes in the direction of the winds, such as consequence of the densification and verticalization in the Estación Central commune. The generation of ventilation "dead zones" relates to designs, topology and exposure of the buildings, affecting the quality of life of the inhabitants. Mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change should be an explicit part of the objectives, plans and projects that pursue the quality and territorial justice of urban climates and, consequently, the well-being and comfort of society.

Resumen: A pesar de modelos y evidencias científicas disponibles sobre el Cambio Climático a escala global, la planificación y gestión de los territorios urbanos en Latinoamerica no ha conseguido considerarlo por sobre sus restricciones económicas, sociales y políticas. Seleccionando la temperatura superficial y la ventilación como variables climáticas críticas se analiza el caso de Santiago de Chile como ejemplo de contradicciones entre políticas y declaraciones oficiales y las transformaciones reales de los climas urbanos, destacando el incremento generalizado de las temperaturas de superficie, representado por imágenes satelitales, debido a la ausencia de evaluaciones ambientales rigurosas de cambios de usos y coberturas de suelos que han acompañado la urbanización. Una simulación microclimática ha permitido estimar la reducción de velocidad y cambios en la dirección de los vientos, como consecuencia de la densificación y verticalización en la comuna de Estación Central. La generación de “zonas muertas” de ventilación se relaciona con diseños, topología y exposición de las edificaciones, afectando la calidad de vida de los habitantes. La mitigación y adaptación a lo Cambio Climático debe formar parte explícita de los objetivos, planes y proyectos que persigan la calidad y justicia territorial de los climas urbanos y, consiguientemente, del bienestar y confortabilidad de la sociedad.