Abstract The expansion of the agricultural frontier driven by deforestation in the Amazon has promoted the increasing conversion of land use and land cover, where forests are being converted into pastures, and/or, with population growth, giving way to the creation of cities. This transformation in vegetation cover is reflected in the climatic elements, and consequently, in the response to microscale atmospheric phenomena. The most recent research carried out with observational data from the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Program in the Amazon (LBA) indicates changes in biogeochemical water cycles such as reductions in rainfall between forested and non-forested regions. However, few studies evaluate the conversion of forests into cities. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate how the modification of the forest-city and forest-pasture land cover impacts the coldest days of the year when frontal systems incursion occurs, in the central region of Rondônia, southwest of the Amazon. The results indicate that the climatic elements are modified with the anthropization, however, between the anthropized environments no significant differences were evidenced. Forest conversion increased the temperature range by around 2 °C.

Resumo A expansão da fronteira agropecuária impulsionada pelo desmatamento da Amazônia tem promovido uma crescente conversão de uso e cobertura da terra, onde florestas estão sendo convertidas em pastagens, e/ou, com o aumento populacional, dando espaço à criação de cidades. Essa transformação na cobertura vegetal é refletida nos elementos climáticos, e consequentemente, na resposta aos fenômenos atmosféricos de microescala. As pesquisas mais recentes realizadas com dados observacionais do Programa de Grande Escala da Biosfera-Atmosfera na Amazônia (LBA) indicam alterações nos ciclos biogeoquímicos da água como reduções de chuvas entre regiões florestadas e não florestadas. No entanto, poucos estudam avaliam a conversão de florestas em cidades. Diante disso, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar como a modificação da cobertura do solo de floresta para cidade e de floresta para pastagem impacta as variáveis micrometeorológicas no ano de 2017, em Rondônia, sudoeste da Amazônia. Os resultados apontam que os elementos climáticos são modificados com a antropização, no entanto, entre os ambientes antropizados não foram evidenciadas diferenças significativas. A conversão de florestas aumentou a amplitude térmica em aproximadamente 2 °C.

ABSTRACT Desertification is the degradation process caused by climatic conditions and human activities that results in loss of soil productivity and decline in vegetation growth in the long term. Several indices related to vegetation, soil and climate are used to monitor desertification, but few studies explore qualitative and quantitative aspects of indices on desertification on spatial and hierarchical scale. This study aims to identify and measure indices related to increased risk of desertification on global, local and hierarchical scales using multinomial logistic regression models. Images from TM, ETM+ and OLI sensor from 1997 to 2018 in the end of dry and rainy seasons were used to quantify NDVI, TGSI, albedo, temperature, aridity index, evapotranspiration and precipitation on global spatial scale (Irauçuba Centro Norte) and local spatial scale (Miraíma, Canindé, Irauçuba and Santa Quitéria). GISD was calculated by geometric mean of weighted indices and segmented into 8 classes of susceptibility to desertification (hierarchical scale). The results showed that the best models were obtained on local scale and for the end of the rainy season. Temperature proved to be the most important variable for increased risk of desertification on global, local and hierarchical scales. Therefore, the increase in the risk of desertification in the studied areas is due to human activities of deforestation, overgrazing and fire. These factors contributed to reduction of vegetation cover and increase in temperature, changing the microclimatic, which led to decline in precipitation and worsening of desertification. term TM ETM 199 201 NDVI TGSI albedo temperature index Norte Miraíma, Miraíma (Miraíma Canindé Quitéria. Quitéria . Quitéria) scale) season Therefore deforestation fire microclimatic 19 20 1 2

RESUMEN Se evalúa el desempeño térmico de fachadas verdes tradicionales (FVT) sembradas con especies trepadoras perennes, en la estación de verano, en el Área Metropolitana de Mendoza, Argentina, localizada en un clima árido. Para ello, se monitorearon, durante un periodo de 30 días, temperaturas del aire exterior en el microclima mediato e interior en una cámara de aire, y superficiales exteriores e interiores, en un ensayo experimental. Dicho ensayo está compuesto por tres muros de mampostería, dos con FVT y el restante testigo sin cobertura vegetal, orientados al oeste y aislados en sus caras N, S y E; en esta última orientación alberga un recinto de aire. Se hallaron reducciones de temperatura de 3,5 °C del aire del entorno exterior a 30 cm del muro, de 6,2 °C en la cámara de aire interior, de 17,8 °C en la superficie de la cara exterior, de 7,5 °C en la superficie de la cara interior y hasta 2,0 °C de variación entre las FVT con distintas especies vegetales. Estos valores demuestran el potencial de la aplicación de la estrategia sobre las temperaturas en su entorno mediato y los espacios interiores. Además, se observa que las magnitudes de dichos impactos dependen del tipo de estructura vegetal y son mayores en clima árido respecto de lo reportado para otros climas en la literatura internacional.

ABSTRACT The thermal performance of traditional green façades (TGF) planted with perennial climbing species during the summer season in the Metropolitan Area of Mendoza, Argentina, located in an arid climate, is evaluated. For this purpose, outdoor temperatures were monitored over a 30-day period in the immediate microclimate and inside an air chamber, as well as surface temperatures outdoors and indoors, in an experimental trial. This trial comprised three masonry walls, two with TGF and one control without vegetation cover, oriented westward and isolated on their north, south and east sides; the east-facing side houses an air enclosure. Temperature reductions were found to be 3.5 °C from the ambient air at 30 cm from the wall, 6.2 °C in the indoor air chamber, 17.8 °C on the outdoor surface, 7.5 °C on the indoor surface and up to 2.0 °C variation between the TGFs with different plant species. These values demonstrate the potential of the strategy in reducing temperatures in its immediate surroundings and indoor spaces. Moreover, it is observed that the extent of these impacts depend on the type of plant structure and are greater in arid climates compared to those reported for other climates in international literature.

In South Africa, as in other semi-arid countries, sustainable production of high-value crops requires precise management of limited water resources. We investigated daily and seasonal changes in stem and fruit growth as indicators of water stress in pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees, in the Western Cape Province. Stem and fruit growth data were collected hourly throughout the 2022-2023 growing season on 2 cultivars commonly planted in South Africa - Packham's Triumph and Forelle. Soil water content, tree sap flow, and orchard microclimate were also monitored. Fruit maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) was highly sensitive to soil water deficit and more sensitive than stem size changes. However, the patterns of fruit MDS for both cultivars changed as the season progressed. Early in the season (October-December), there was a strong correlation between fruit MDS and soil water deficit (R² ~ 0.72). The fruit shrunk with increasing soil water deficit as water loss through transpiration exceeded gains through xylem and phloem inflows. In contrast, daytime fruit size swelled from late December until harvest (February/March), likely because of the dominance of phloem inflows and decreased peel transpiration as the fruit matured. Correlation between fruit expansion and soil water deficit was weaker (R² ~ 0.32) during the later stage even though fruit growth continued until harvest. Stem MDS consistently showed midday shrinkage throughout the season in response to soil water deficit, but with more scatter (R²~ 0.37). Seasonal total transpiration was greater for Forelle (733 mm) than Packham's Triumph (539 mm) because of the higher leaf area index of the Forelle and the longer growing season. This study suggests that pear fruit growth data can provide accurate estimates of tree water status, but only during the early stages of growth. Towards maturity, fruit size changes respond indirectly to water deficit, possibly through reductions in photosynthesis.

Resumen Se evalúa la influencia del microclima del entorno físico en el comportamiento termo-energético residencial. Se consideran tres entornos próximos dentro del Gran Corrientes: urbano densificado, suburbano desmontado, y suburbano con monte nativo. Se registran, mediante sensores externos, los datos de Temperatura y Humedad Relativa durante el período estival más caluroso del 2022. Se simula, para estos tres entornos, el comportamiento termo-energético de una vivienda mediante EnergyPlus, manteniendo inalterables: su morfología/orientación, tecnología constructiva, factor de uso y sistema de climatización. Los resultados demuestran mayor consumo energético con mayor porcentaje de disconfort higro-térmico residencial en un entorno urbano densificado, seguido por el suburbano desmontado, revelando mejores condiciones en el entorno con monte nativo. Se evidencia el efecto mitigador de la vegetación sobre el microclima del entorno físico, que repercute positivamente en el comportamiento termo-energético de la vivienda. Se señala la necesidad de conservar el monte en el diseño de nuevas urbanizaciones.

Abstract The influence of the microclimate of the physical environment on residential thermo-energetic performance is evaluated. Three nearby environments are considered in Grran Corrientes: densified urban, cleared suburban, and suburban with native forest. Temperature and Relative Humidity data are recorded by external sensors during the hottest 2022 summer period. For these three environments, the thermo-energetic performance of a house is simulated by EnergyPlus, keeping unchanged: its morphology/orientation, construction technology, use factor and air conditioning system. The results show a higher energy consumption with a higher percentage of residential hygro-thermal discomfort in a densified urban environment, followed by the cleared suburban, revealing better conditions in the presence of native vegetation. The mitigating effect of the vegetation on the microclimate of the physical environment is evident, which has a positive impact on the thermo-energetic performance of the house. The need to conserve the native forest in the design of new developments is pointed out.

Resumo Avalia-se a influência do microclima do ambiente físico no comportamento termo-energético residencial. Três ambientes próximos são considerados dentro do Gran Corrientes: urbano adensado, suburbano desmatado e suburbano com floresta nativa. Os dados de Temperatura e Umidade Relativa são registrados através de sensores externos durante o período mais quente do verão de 2022. O comportamento termo-energético de uma casa é simulado para esses três ambientes usando o EnergyPlus, mantendo inalterados: a sua morfologia/orientação, tecnologia construtiva, fator de uso e sistema de ar condicionado. Os resultados demostram maior consumo de energia com maior percentual de desconforto higrotérmico residencial em ambiente urbano adensado, seguido do suburbano desmatado, revelando melhores condições no ambiente com floresta nativa. Evidencia-se o efeito atenuante da vegetação no microclima do ambiente físico, o que tem um impacto positivo no comportamento termo-energético da moradia. Aponta-se a necessidade de conservação da floresta no desenho de novas urbanizações.

Resumen Antecedentes: El manejo agrícola modifica el microclima en el área de cultivo, afectando la fisiología y productividad de las plantas. Preguntas: ¿Cómo varía el microclima, fisiología y productividad del maíz en un monocultivo (M) y una milpa (policultivo, MFC) en suelos profundo y superficial de Yucatán? Especie de estudio: Zea mays L. Sitio de estudio: Yucatán, México; 2022 Métodos: Se midió temperatura del aire y suelo, déficit de presión de vapor, formación de rocío y contenido volumétrico de agua en suelo (CVA); asimilación de CO2 (A), transpiración (E), conductancia estomática (gs), eficiencia en el uso del agua, contenido de clorofila (CC), eficiencia cuántica, tasa de transporte de electrones y disipación no fotoquímica en plantas de maíz a 40 y 75 días después de la siembra, en milpas y monocultivos en Peto (suelo superficial, alta pedregosidad) y Mama (suelo más profundo, baja pedregosidad), Yucatán. Resultados: La temperatura del suelo fue hasta 5 °C mayor en Peto y 2 °C en Mama en M respecto a MFC, que registró hasta 22 % mayor CVA que M. El maíz en Mama presentó mayor A y E que en Peto; las plantas en MFC en Peto tuvieron mayor A, E y gs que las de M; en Mama fue lo contrario. El CRA y CC fue mayor en plantas de MFC en Peto. Conclusiones: La modificación microclimática y su efecto sobre el maíz dependió del suelo: MFC fue más productiva en suelos superficiales, mientras M en suelos profundos. El CVA fue mayor en MFC.

Abstract Background: Agricultural management modifies the microclimate in the cultivated area, improving the physiology and productivity of plants. Questions: How does the microclimate, physiology and productivity of maize vary in a monoculture (M) and a milpa (polyculture, MFC) in shallow and deep soils of Yucatan? Study species: Zea mays L. Study site and date: Yucatán, Mexico; 2022 Methods: Air and soil temperature, water vapor pressure deficit, dew formation and volumetric soil water content (CVA); CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency, chlorophyll content (CC), quantum efficiency, electron transport rate and non-photochemical dissipation in maize plants were measured at 40 and 75 days after planting, in milpas and monocultures in Peto (shallow soil with high stoniness) and Mama (deeper soils with low stoniness), Yucatán. Results: The soil temperature was up to 5 °C higher in Peto and 2 °C in Mama in M compared to MFC, where soil water was also up to 22 % higher than in M. Maize plants in Mama showed higher A and E than those of Peto; the plants in MFC in Peto had higher A, E and gs than those of M; the opposite was observed in Mama. The CRA and CC were higher in MFC plants in Peto. Conclusions: The microclimatic modification associated with the polyculture, and its effect on maize was related to the soil: the Milpa was more productive on stony soils and monoculture in deep soils. The CVA was higher in MFC.

Resumen El cultivo de café en agroecosistemas atípicos para esta especie afecta su crecimiento debido al efecto del clima, principalmente la temperatura y la radiación solar. En el año 2021, se estudiaron las variaciones en el microclima, los rasgos funcionales y plasticidad fenotípica del cafeto en dos gradientes altitudinales de la región Frailesca, Chiapas. En dos cafetales bajo sombra, situados a 600 y 1 000 msnm, se registraron la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de entrenudos ortotrópicos, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, nudos totales por planta, hojas por planta, masa foliar específica y área foliar específica. Se registraron las variaciones diurnas de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, temperatura del aire y humedad relativa. Tanto la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, como la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta fueron mayores a 1 000 msnm debido la mayor cantidad de sombra existente en el cafetal situado a 600 msnm. La radiación fotosintéticamente activa e incidente en ambas altitudes estuvo por debajo de los puntos de compensación y saturación luminosa reportados para este cultivo, mientras que la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta HR estuvieron fuera del rango recomendado para el cafeto. El diámetro del tallo, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, la masa foliar específica y el área foliar específica, fueron mayores en los cafetos crecidos a 1 000 msnm. Se concluye que la variedad Costa Rica 95, mostró plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta a la gradiente altitudinal reflejada en incrementos en el índice de plasticidad de distancias relativas del diámetro del tallo y la masa foliar específica.

Abstract The cultivation of coffee in agroecosystems atypical for this species affects its growth due to the effect of climate, mainly temperature and solar radiation. In 2021, variations in the microclimate, functional traits, and phenotypic plasticity of the coffee tree were studied in two altitudinal gradients of the Frailesca region, Chiapas. Plant height, stem diameter, length of orthotropic internodes, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, total nodes per plant, leaves per plant, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were recorded in two shaded coffee plantations located at 600 and 1 000 masl. Diurnal variations in photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity were recorded. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and leaves per plant were greater at 1 000 masl due to the greater amount of shade existing in the coffee plantation located at 600 masl. The photosynthetically active and incident radiation at both altitudes was below the points of light compensation and saturation reported for this crop, while air temperature, leaves per plant, and RH were outside the recommended range for the coffee tree. Stem diameter, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were higher in coffee trees grown at 1 000 masl. It is concluded that the Costa Rica 95 variety showed phenotypic plasticity in response to the altitudinal gradient reflected in increases in the relative distance plasticity index of stem diameter and specific leaf mass.

ABSTRACT The plastic film materials are a widely used agricultural means of production. Recently, two types of new agricultural film mulches are developed and are used popularly. They are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyolefin (PO) film mulches. The transmittances of film mulches are related to thermal reservation and plant photosynthesis. We experimentally measure transmittances of several EVA and PO film mulches under different wavelengths. We also find that the transmittances of mulches vary with light intensity change at one wavelength. The variable transmittances for these mulches are also measured in experiments. These data measured can provides help for agricultural production and accurate numerical simulation for the establishment microclimate of plastic greenhouse, even the degradation of plastic films.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar o microclima da pele em calcâneos de pacientes hospitalizados em unidade de tratamento intensivo, usando espuma multicamadas de poliuretano com silicone comparada ao filme transparente de poliuretano. Método: ensaio clínico paralelo randomizado autocontrolado de superioridade. Cada paciente recebeu a intervenção experimental (espuma multicamadas de poliuretano com silicone) e a intervenção controle (filme transparente de poliuretano), totalizando 184 sítios cutâneos (92 pacientes). O estudo foi desenvolvido em um hospital universitário do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de julho de 2017 a março de 2018. Resultados: não se identificou diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto à temperatura da pele dos calcâneos que desenvolveram lesão por pressão (LP), bem como dos calcâneos em uso do filme transparente de poliuretano entre a avaliação inicial e final.o microclima da pele sofre alterações em seus valores quando em uso de coberturas para prevenção de LP. Conclusão: o microclima da pele sofre alterações em seus valores quando em uso de coberturas para prevenção de LP.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the skin microclimate on the heels of patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit, using multi-layer polyurethane foam with silicone compared to transparent polyurethane film. Method: a within-person, parallel, randomized, clinical trial of superiority. Each patient received the experimental intervention (multi-layer polyurethane foam dressing with soft silicone) and the control intervention (transparent polyurethane film dressing), totaling 184 cutaneous sites (92 patients). The study was conducted in a university hospital in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, from July 2017 to March 2018. Results: No statistically significant difference was identified regarding the temperature of the skin of the heels that developed pressure injuries (PIs), as well as of the heels using transparent polyurethane film between the initial and final assessment. Conclusion: The skin microclimate undergoes changes in its values when using dressings for PI prevention.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar el microclima de la piel de los talones de pacientes hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos, utilizando espuma de poliuretano multicapa con silicona en comparación con película de poliuretano transparente. Método: ensayo clínico paralelo, aleatorizado y autocontrolado de superioridad. Cada paciente recibió la intervención experimental (espuma de poliuretano multicapa con silicona) y la intervención de control (película de poliuretano transparente), totalizando 184 sitios de piel (92 pacientes). El estudio se realizó en un hospital universitario del interior del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, de julio de 2017 a marzo de 2018. Resultados: no se identificó diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto a la temperatura de la piel de los talones que desarrollaron lesiones por presión (LP). , así como los tacones utilizando película de poliuretano transparente entre la evaluación inicial y final. Conclusión: el microclima de la piel sufre cambios en sus valores cuando se utilizan fundas para prevenir la IP.

ABSTRACT Edge effects are changes in vegetation, microclimate conditions and soil in transition bands between the edge and interior of the forest. The objective of this study was to verify for how many meters it is possible to perceive structural floristic variations caused by the Edge Effect by analyzing the tree and regenerative strata of four seasonal semi-deciduous forests located in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Samples were taken from four fragments of semi-deciduous forests in the Cerrado and analyzed by dendrograms and regressions for structural parameters that could distinguish edge and interior regions. In the Bray-Curtis Index and in the Sørensen Coefficient, for the tree stratum, the fragments presented groups with plots close to 40 meters from the edge. For the regenerative stratum the groups were more difficult to distinguish, even with a tendency to floristic dissimilarity of 15 to 20 meters. The groups were statistically confirmed by the Similarity Analysis (ANOSIM). The similarity percentage (SIMPER) can relate the species according to their contribution to the division into groups and to the areas of greatest interest. In the analysis of the structural data, the relationships between the number of trees, species and basal area as a function of the edge were not proven. Similarity analyzes distinguished the interior from the edge and measured the distance covered in the studied fragments, demonstrating that the composition of the first 40 meters of forest can be considered edges. vegetation semideciduous semi deciduous Biome Brazil regions BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Coefficient 4 1 2 ANOSIM. ANOSIM . (ANOSIM) SIMPER (SIMPER interest data trees proven edges (ANOSIM

RESUMO Os Efeitos de Borda são modificações na vegetação, nas condições microclimáticas e no solo na transição entre o meio exterior e o interior da floresta. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar até quantos metros é perceptível variações florístico estruturais ocasionadas pelo Efeito de Borda, analisando-se o estrato arbóreo e regenerativo de quatro fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizados no bioma Cerrado. A partir da amostragem realizada nestes quatro fragmentos, foram analisadas, por meio de dendrogramas e regressões, se os parâmetros estruturais podem distinguir regiões de borda e de interior. Para o estrato arbóreo, nos dendrogramas de similaridade (Bray-Curtis e Sørensen), os fragmentos apresentaram grupos com parcelas semelhantes até os 40 metros de borda. Para o estrato regenerativo, os grupos foram mais difíceis em distinguir, mesmo com tendência, a dissimilaridade florística de 15 a 20 m. A partir da Análise de Similaridade (ANOSIM), os grupos foram confirmados estatisticamente. A porcentagem de similaridade (SIMPER) pode relacionar as espécies em função da sua contribuição para a divisão dos grupos e para as áreas de maior interesse. Nas análises dos dados estruturais, não foram comprovadas as relações do n° de árvores, espécies e área basal em função da borda. As análises de similaridade foram capazes de distinguir o interior da borda e mensurar a distância percorrida nos fragmentos estudados, demonstrando que a composição dos primeiros 40 m de floresta pode ser considerada borda. vegetação analisandose analisando Cerrado analisadas regressões BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Sørensen, Sørensen , Sørensen) 4 tendência 1 2 ANOSIM, ANOSIM (ANOSIM) estatisticamente SIMPER (SIMPER interesse n árvores estudados (ANOSIM

ABSTRACT A sunken solar greenhouse is a unique structure used in China that has good thermal performance and a low cost. To explore the thermal environment and the marginal effect area under the trellis membrane in a sunken solar greenhouse, daytime heat absorption and nighttime exothermic models of the greenhouse were established based on existing theories and hypotheses. An experimental study of the three-dimensional thermal environment of a solar greenhouse was also conducted in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province. The daytime heat absorption model described how the internal thermal environment of the greenhouse changes in three dimensions, while the nighttime model calculated the amount of heat released at night. The results showed that the rate of change in the maximum temperature difference along the height direction in the greenhouse was 13 times that along the vertical direction, and three times that along the horizontal direction. We also observed that the marginal effect area under the membrane varied over time and by month. The minimum value of the marginal effect area occurred at the middle cross-section, spanning the middle position of the greenhouse, and the maximum height was 2.7 m. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance and experimental data for the thermal environment of greenhouses of the same type in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province, thus providing a basis for environmental regulation and low-temperature margins in greenhouses. cost hypotheses threedimensional dimensional Province dimensions night 1 month crosssection, crosssection cross section, section cross-section 27 2 7 2. m lowtemperature

ABSTRACT. Agroforestry systems may show low CO2 efflux, and CO2 efflux contributes to sustainability. This work aimed to evaluate the soil CO2 efflux in coffee plantations cultivated in agroforestry and full-sun systems during the winter in high-altitude tropical climate regions. The work was carried out at three family farms (RO, GI, and PA) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two treatments were established: coffee with and without trees, and 20 sampling spots for soil and gases. The air and soil temperatures in the agroforestry systems were lower than in the full-sun systems. The soil moisture content in agroforestry systems was higher than full-sun only on the GI. Except for the agroforestry systems in PA, all the other systems showed an increase in CO2 efflux with increasing soil moisture. This increase was more pronounced in agroforestry systems (RO), followed by full sun (RO). On the GI farm, this correlation was lower in the agroforestry system. Soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with total nitrogen, labile carbon and total organic carbon. Therefore, despite the microclimate stability promoted by the agroforestry systems in the winter, no decrease in the soil CO2 efflux was observed when compared to full sun systems. ABSTRACT CO sustainability fullsun highaltitude high altitude regions RO, RO (RO PA Gerais Brazil established trees 2 gases , (RO) RO. . farm system nitrogen Therefore

Abstract The population of the Amazon is increasing and consequently the cities. The urbanization, not account issues of attenuation of the thermal effect in the built-up areas. The thermal effect of cities added to the natural climate has been evaluated by several studies in the Amazon as an indication of thermal discomfort of the population in cities of different sizes. Thus, this study aims to characterize the microclimate of Ji-Paraná and identify the heat island and its relationship with thermal comfort. The results indicate the formation of a very strong heat island in Ji-Paraná concentrated in the urban area and that although most of the year it is comfortable, during the sunny hours discomfort and heat stress are predominating. In general, in small towns, as evaluated here, there is the formation of a heat island that is accentuated throughout the year and influences the discomfort in the hours of sunlight, which harms the population in their daily activities. urbanization builtup built up areas sizes Thus JiParaná Ji Paraná comfort comfortable predominating general towns here sunlight activities

Resumo A população da Amazônia está aumentando e consequentemente, as cidades. Com a urbanização, nem sempre questões como a atenuação do efeito térmico nas áreas construídas são consideradas. O efeito térmico das cidades somado ao clima natural tem sido avaliado por vários estudos na Amazônia como indicativo de desconforto térmico da população em cidades de diferentes tamanhos. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e avaliar a ocorrência de ilha de calor urbano em Ji-Paraná no ano de 2017, bem como a sua relação com o índice de conforto térmico utilizando dados observacionais da estação mantida pelo Programa de Grande Escala da Biosfera-Atmosfera na Amazônia (LBA). Os resultados evidenciam a formação de ilha de calor muito forte em Ji-Paraná concentrada no núcleo urbano e que, embora a maioria do ano seja confortável, durante as horas de sol predomina o desconforto e estresse por calor. De uma forma geral, em cidades pequenas, como a avaliada aqui, existe a formação de ilha de calor que se acentua ao longo do ano e influência no desconforto nas horas de sol, o que prejudica a população em suas atividades cotidianas. consequentemente urbanização consideradas tamanhos Assim JiParaná Ji Paraná 2017 BiosferaAtmosfera Biosfera Atmosfera LBA. LBA . (LBA) confortável geral pequenas aqui cotidianas 201 (LBA 20 2

Abstract The structure and water availability in the understory of the humid forest of Chapada do Araripe, Northeastern Brazil, are very heterogeneous. This environment is affected by the mono-dominance of babassu palms (Attalea speciosa) and other forms of anthropogenic disturbance. The objective of this work was to examine the use of bryophytes as indirect bioindicators of environmental quality in this forest. Epiphytic bryophytes were collected in localities with distinct levels of babassu dominance and springs/streams. Additionally, proxies for anthropogenic disturbances, humidity and light conditions were evaluated. Functional groups and the species composition were investigated. Our results demonstrated that the region has a high level of environmental heterogeneity. Anthropogenic disturbance was the main driver shaping species composition and abiotic conditions mediated the effects on species. Sites with higher levels of disturbance and greater abundance of babassu palms and canopy opening further limited the distribution of species that require high levels of humidity and shade specialists and favored sun specialists and generalists compared to environments with greater water availability. Therefore, abiotic and anthropic factors are important to understanding the relationships between bryophyte ecology and the environment, helping to predict changes in these assemblages driven by changes in the environment. Araripe Brazil heterogeneous monodominance mono Attalea speciosa springsstreams springs streams springs/streams Additionally disturbances evaluated investigated heterogeneity Therefore

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess how microclimate variables and irrigation affect the growth of sugarcane. The experiment was conducted using the VAT90-212 cultivar in the Semi-arid region of Brazil. The microclimate was monitored and by quantifying the irrigation depth. Nine campaigns were carried out in the field to collect morphological and biomass data. The data were subjected to descriptive statistics, so as to generate the mean values and/or sum between the campaigns. Using the correlation coefficient, the extent, sign and significance of the relationship between the response and explanatory variables were evaluated. The direct or indirect effects of the explanatory variables on the response variables were identified by path analysis. There was a significant correlation between microclimate variables and the morphological and biomass variables of the sugarcane, with a strong contribution from the intercepted fraction of the photosynthetically active radiation, the wind speed and soil temperature. The negative correlation with irrigation suggests that excess water impaired the growth dynamics of the crop. It is concluded that the growth of sugarcane is closely related to its capacity to intercept radiation, to the wind, thermal regime of the soil and irrigation management.