ABSTRACT: Bovine mastitis is the most impacting disease of dairy industry, and it is characterized by a complexity of causal agents, which have revealed a geographical variation among regions and countries. The mastitis-related pathogens have been traditionally classified as contagious or environmental, based on habits of the microorganisms and transmission routes. Besides, the severity of mammary infections has been associated with the virulence of the pathogens, and immune and nutritional status of the hosts. Considering this scenario, we investigated the etiological pattern, clinical severity scores, and days in milk (DIM) data in 4,273 clinical cases of bovine mastitis among ten large-dairy farms located in Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4,273 = 6.6%), Escherichia coli (190/4,273 = 4.4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4,273 = 2.6%), and Streptococcus uberis (95/4,273 = 2.2%) were the predominant pathogens isolated. Among 4,273 clinical cases, clinical severity score was available in 43.8% (1,871/4,273) animals. From these, 69.8% (1,306/1,871), 27.3% (510/1,871), and 2.9% (55/1,871) were scored as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Pathogens were observed mainly in samples obtained during the first 100 days in milk, and clinical severity scored mainly as mild. Our results contributed to the etiological identification, clinical severity scoring, and milking aspects of mastitic cows in dairy farms with a history of clinical mammary infections. ABSTRACT industry agents countries mastitisrelated related environmental routes Besides hosts scenario pattern scores DIM (DIM 4273 4 273 4,27 largedairy large Brazil 283/4,273 2834273 283 (283/4,27 6.6%, 66 6.6% , 6 6.6%) 190/4,273 1904273 190 (190/4,27 4.4%, 44 4.4% 4.4%) spp 112/4,273 1124273 112 (112/4,27 2.6%, 26 2.6% 2 2.6%) 95/4,273 954273 95 (95/4,27 2.2% 22 isolated 438 43 8 43.8 1,871/4,273 18714273 1 871 (1,871/4,273 animals these 698 69 69.8 1,306/1,871, 13061871 1,306/1,871 306 (1,306/1,871) 27 3 27.3 510/1,871, 5101871 510/1,871 510 (510/1,871) 29 9 2.9 55/1,871 551871 55 (55/1,871 mild moderate severe respectively 10 identification scoring 427 4,2 283/4,27 283427 28 (283/4,2 6.6 190/4,27 190427 19 (190/4,2 4.4 112/4,27 112427 11 (112/4,2 2.6 95/4,27 95427 (95/4,2 2.2 43. 1,871/4,27 1871427 87 (1,871/4,27 69. 1306187 1,306/1,87 30 (1,306/1,871 27. 510187 510/1,87 51 (510/1,871 2. 55/1,87 55187 5 (55/1,87 42 4, 283/4,2 28342 (283/4, 6. 190/4,2 19042 (190/4, 4. 112/4,2 11242 (112/4, 95/4,2 9542 (95/4, 1,871/4,2 187142 (1,871/4,2 130618 1,306/1,8 (1,306/1,87 51018 510/1,8 (510/1,87 55/1,8 5518 (55/1,8 283/4, 2834 (283/4 190/4, 1904 (190/4 112/4, 1124 (112/4 95/4, 954 (95/4 1,871/4, 18714 (1,871/4, 13061 1,306/1, (1,306/1,8 5101 510/1, (510/1,8 55/1, 551 (55/1, 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1,871/4 1871 (1,871/4 1306 1,306/1 (1,306/1, 510/1 (510/1, 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1,871/ 187 (1,871/ 130 1,306/ (1,306/1 510/ (510/1 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1,871 18 (1,871 13 1,306 (1,306/ (510/ (55 (2 (1 ( 1,87 (1,87 1,30 (1,306 (510 (5 1,8 (1,8 1,3 (1,30 (51 1, (1, (1,3

RESUMO: A mastite bovina é a doença mais impactante na indústria de laticínios e é caracterizada por uma complexidade de agentes causais, os quais têm revelado uma variação geográfica entre regiões e países. Os patógenos relacionados à mastite têm sido tradicionalmente classificados como contagiosos ou ambientais, com base na fonte de infecção ou origem e nas vias de transmissão. Além disso, a gravidade das infecções mamárias tem sido associada à virulência dos patógenos, e ao estado imunológico e nutricional dos animais. Considerando esse cenário, investigamos os agentes etiológicos, os escores de gravidade clínica e os dados de dias em lactação (DEL) em 4.273 casos clínicos de mastite bovina em dez fazendas de grande porte, quatro localizadas no sudoeste do estado de São Paulo e seis no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4.273 = 6,6%), Escherichia coli (190/4.273 = 4,4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4.273 = 2,6%) e Streptococcus uberis (95/4.273 = 2,2%) foram os patógenos predominantes isolados. Entre os 4.273 casos clínicos, a pontuação de gravidade clínica estava disponível em 43,8% (1.871/4.273) dos animais. Desses, 69,8% (1.306/1.871), 27,3% (510/1.871) e 2,9% (55/1.871) foram classificados como leves, moderados e graves, respectivamente. Os patógenos foram observados principalmente em amostras obtidas durante os primeiros 100 dias em lactação, e a gravidade clínica foi principalmente classificada como leve. Nossos resultados contribuem para a identificação etiológica, a pontuação de gravidade clínica e os aspectos de ordenha de vacas com mastite em fazendas leiteiras com histórico de infecções mamárias clínicas. RESUMO causais países ambientais transmissão disso animais cenário etiológicos DEL (DEL 4273 4 273 4.27 porte Gerais Brasil 283/4.273 2834273 283 (283/4.27 6,6%, 66 6,6% , 6 6,6%) 190/4.273 1904273 190 (190/4.27 4,4%, 44 4,4% 4,4%) spp 112/4.273 1124273 112 (112/4.27 2,6% 26 2 95/4.273 954273 95 (95/4.27 2,2% 22 isolados 438 43 8 43,8 1.871/4.273 18714273 1 871 (1.871/4.273 Desses 698 69 69,8 1.306/1.871, 13061871 1.306/1.871 306 (1.306/1.871) 27 3 27,3 510/1.871 5101871 510 (510/1.871 29 9 2,9 55/1.871 551871 55 (55/1.871 leves graves respectivamente 10 leve etiológica clínicas 427 4.2 283/4.27 283427 28 (283/4.2 6,6 190/4.27 190427 19 (190/4.2 4,4 112/4.27 112427 11 (112/4.2 2,6 95/4.27 95427 (95/4.2 2,2 43, 1.871/4.27 1871427 87 (1.871/4.27 69, 1306187 1.306/1.87 30 (1.306/1.871 27, 510/1.87 510187 51 (510/1.87 2, 55/1.87 55187 5 (55/1.87 42 4. 283/4.2 28342 (283/4. 6, 190/4.2 19042 (190/4. 4, 112/4.2 11242 (112/4. 95/4.2 9542 (95/4. 1.871/4.2 187142 (1.871/4.2 130618 1.306/1.8 (1.306/1.87 510/1.8 51018 (510/1.8 55/1.8 5518 (55/1.8 283/4. 2834 (283/4 190/4. 1904 (190/4 112/4. 1124 (112/4 95/4. 954 (95/4 1.871/4. 18714 (1.871/4. 13061 1.306/1. (1.306/1.8 510/1. 5101 (510/1. 55/1. 551 (55/1. 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1.871/4 1871 (1.871/4 1306 1.306/1 (1.306/1. 510/1 (510/1 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1.871/ 187 (1.871/ 130 1.306/ (1.306/1 510/ (510/ 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1.871 18 (1.871 13 1.306 (1.306/ (510 (55 (2 (1 ( 1.87 (1.87 1.30 (1.306 (51 (5 1.8 (1.8 1.3 (1.30 1. (1. (1.3

Abstract Introduction. Coffee (Coffea spp.) is the second most traded product globally and is cultivated in over eighty countries. Its cultivation is complex because it belongs to an ecosystem where abiotic and biotic factors interact under various agronomic management conditions. To understand the development of the coffee plant and its influence on the sensory quality of the final product, it is necessary to explore the intricate interactions between the coffee plant and the native microorganisms within the crop environment. Objective. To describe the role of the coffee soil microbiota, specially bacteria and fungi, and how they may contribute to the final quality of the beverage. Development. Soil is one of the most diverse and least studied ecosystems, where crucial ecological functions for plant growth and development take place. Identifying soil microbial components and their interactions with other organisms is important from an agronomic perspective. The soil microbiota can enhance plant physiology; thus, this review aims to connect how the sensory attributes of coffee beverage can be positively influenced by soil microbiota. Articles from ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2011 to 2023 were reviewed. The data show the diversity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with coffee cultivation. Additionally, microbial compounds play an important role in the formation of sensory attributes and are related to the coffee cup quality. Conclusion. The microbial diversity of soil and on the fruit can synthesize or degrade compounds that affect the sensory profile of the coffee beverage, which could have implications for sustainability and quality.

Resumen Introducción. El café (Coffea spp.) es el segundo producto más comercializado a nivel mundial y cultivado en más de ochenta países. Su cultivo es complejo por pertenecer a un ecosistema donde factores abióticos y bióticos tienen dinámicas bajo diferentes condiciones de manejo agronómico. Para comprender el desarrollo de la planta y su influencia en la calidad sensorial del producto, hay que conocer la intrincada interacción entre la planta del café y los microorganismos autóctonos del cultivo. Objetivo. Describir el rol de la microbiota edáfica del café, bacterias y hongos, y cómo puede contribuir en la calidad final de la bebida. Desarrollo. El suelo es uno de los ecosistemas más diversos y menos estudiados, en el cual se desarrollan funciones ecológicas importantes para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. La identificación de los componentes microbianos del suelo y sus interacciones con otros organismos, son importantes desde el punto de vista agronómico. La microbiota edáfica puede favorecer la fisiología de la planta y de esta manera, se realiza la presente recopilación de información que busca asociar cómo los atributos sensoriales de la bebida de café pueden ser beneficiados por la microbiota del suelo. Se revisaron artículos de ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar, entre el 2011 y 2023. Los datos muestran la diversidad de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV), bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (BFN) y hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) asociados con el cultivo de café. También existen compuestos microbianos que juegan un papel importante en la formación de atributos sensoriales y están relacionados con la calidad en taza del café. Conclusión. La diversidad microbiana del suelo y fruto puede sintetizar o degradar compuestos que influyen en el perfil sensorial de la bebida, lo cual podría tener implicaciones para la sostenibilidad y calidad.

RESUMEN Colombia es el noveno productor de pitahaya amarilla en el mundo y el Departamento de Boyacá es el mayor productor con 440 hectáreas plantadas. Los fitopatógenos bacterianos pueden causar pérdidas de frutos de pitahaya y bajos rendimientos al producir la pudrición blanda de los tallos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar e identificar posibles agentes de enfermedades bacterianas de la pitahaya en Boyacá, Colombia. Trece (13) fincas de la región fueron seleccionadas para la toma de 20 muestras mediante un muestreo dirigido y al azar de tejidos de tallo y frutos con síntomas de pudrición blanda en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad. Se realizó un proceso de aislamiento microbiológico, identificación bioquímica y taxonómica molecular de las bacterias aisladas. Las secuencias del gen ARNr 16s de la región V2-V5 fueron editadas mediante la eliminación de los primers, ensamblaje y obtención de la secuencia consenso de los primers 1100R-337F y 800R -518F. El análisis filogenético fue hecho por BLAST en el NCBI, por las herramientas "Classifier" y "SeqMatch", del sitio Web del RDP y se realizaron árboles filogenéticos mediante alineamiento múltiple usando el algoritmo MUSCLE y el método de distancias de Tamura Nei. Se registraron signos como ampollas y fluidos mucilaginosos, síntomas como manchas cloróticas amarillas y marrones, pudrición blanda y licuefacción, y se reportaron posibles vectores como moscas y hormigas. Veinticinco (25) morfotipos de bacterias fueron clasificados en 4 filos, 8 familias y 13 géneros. El análisis de las secuencias del gen ARNr 16S de las cepas bacterianas mostró una identidad del 98 al 100% con Enterobacter cloacae, Pectobacterium carotovora y Paenibacillus glucanolyticus, reportados en otros estudios como causantes de la pudrición blanda del tallo y fruto de pitahaya. Se reportaron nuevas especies como posibles bacterias patógenas de pitahaya: Pantoea cypripedii, Kluyvera intermedia y Klebsiella oxytoca. Los ensayos de infectividad no arrojaron resultados positivos. La microbiota identificada en los estadios de la fase necrotrofa o final de la pudrición blanda del tallo podría estar conformada por los géneros Achromobacter, Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas y Microbacterium. En la mosca Leptoglossus zonatus asociada al cultivo se identificó Pseudomonas fulva y Lysinibacillus fusiformis. Este es el primer registro oficial de un complejo de posibles bacterias fitopatógenas del orden Enterobacterales (familia Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae y Pectobacteriaceae) en síntomas por enfermedad bacteriana en cultivos colombianos de pitahaya. La identificación de las bacterias de un pato-sistema puede orientar las prácticas de control químico y biológico con el fin de incrementar el potencial productivo y de exportación de los cultivos exóticos y huérfanos de las pequeñas fincas locales.

ABSTRACT Colombia is the ninth largest producer of dragon fruit in the world and the department of Boyacá is the largest with 440 hectares planted. Bacterial phytopathogens can cause pitahaya fruit losses and low yields by producing stem soft rot. This research aimed to study and identified possible agents of bacterial diseases of pitahaya in Boyacá, Colombia. Thirteen farms in the region were selected to take 20 samples by means of a targeted and random sampling of stem and fruit tissues with soft rot symptoms in the early stages of the disease. A process of microbiological isolation, biochemical and molecular taxonomic identification of the isolated bacteria. The 16s rRNA gene sequences of the V2-V5 region were edited by removing the primers, assembling and obtaining the consensus sequence of the primers 1100R-337F and 800R -518F. The phylogenetic analysis was performed by BLAST at NCBI, using the "Classifier" and "SeqMatch" tools from the RDP website, and phylogenetic trees were created by multiple alignment using the MUSCLE algorithm and the Tamura Nei distance method was performed. Signs like blisters and mucilaginous fluids, symptoms like yellow and brown chlorotic spots, soft rot, and liquefaction were identified, and possible vectors like flies and ants were report. Twenty-five bacterial morphotypes were identified classifieds in 4 phyla, 9 families and 13 genera. The analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the bacterial strains showed a 98 to 100% identity with Enterobacter cloacae, Pectobacterium carotovora and Paenibacillus glucanolyticus, reported in other studies as causing the soft rot of the pitahaya stem and fruit. New species were reported as possible pathogenic bacteria of pitahaya: Pantoea cypripedii, Kluyvera intermedia and Klebsiella oxytoca. Infectivity assays did not have positive results. The microbiota identified in the stages of the necrotrophic phase or final stage of soft rot of the stem belong to the genera Achromobacter, Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas and Microbacterium. In the fly Leptoglossus zonatus associated with the crop were identified Pseudomonas fulva and Lysinibacillus fusiformis were identified. This is also the first official report of a complex of possible phytopathogen bacteria of the order Enterobacterales (Enterobacteriacea, Erwiniaceae and Pectobacteriaceae family) in symptoms by bacterial disease on pitahaya Colombian crops. Identification of the bacteria in a pathogenic system can guide chemical and biological control practices in order to increase the productive and export potential of exotic and orphan crops from small local farmings.

Abstract Shrimp aquaculture has rapidly expanded in the last decades, representing an important economic activity worldwide; however, infections (bacterial and viral) are one of the biggest challenges in aquaculture activity. Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) is a bacterial disease that affects shrimp farm ponds and occurs during the first 30 days after stocking in shrimp ponds, causing mortalities of up to 70 - 100 %. Microbiota has an important role in shrimp aquaculture and disease control. In the present study, pirA and pirB genes were amplified by PCR to confirm AHPND and non-AHPND in shrimp hepatopancreas; samples were sequenced using the MiSeq platform targeting the V3-V4 16S ribosomal (rRNA) hypervariable regions. Results demonstrated a diverse microbiota in the non-AHPND group, mainly composed of phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Furthermore, Proteobacteria was the dominant phyla in the hepatopancreas infected with AHPND, while Firmicutes tended to decrease. Vibrio was the most abundant at the genus level, prevailing in some genera like Corynebacterium, Weissella, Lactobacillus, Photobacterium, and Geobacillus. Results suggest that AHPND causes dysbiosis in the hepatopancreatic microbiota, and the Firmicutes phylum could require to be restored under such scenario.

Resumen La producción acuícola de camarón se ha expandido rápidamente en las últimas décadas, convirtiéndose en una importante actividad económica a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, algunas infecciones bacterianas y virales son un gran desafío para esta actividad. La Necrosis Hepatopancreática Aguda (AHPND) es una enfermedad bacteriana que afecta a los estanques de granjas camaroneras y se presenta durante los primeros 30 días después de la siembra en estanques de camarones, causando una mortalidad del 70 - 100 %. La microbiota tiene un papel importante en la producción del camarón y el control de enfermedades. En el presente estudio, los genes pirA y pirB fueron amplificados por PCR para confirmar tanto organismos positivos como negativos a AHPND en hepatopáncreas de camarones. Posteriormente se secuenciaron las regiones hipervariables ribosómicas (ARNr) V3-V4 del gen 16S utilizando la plataforma MiSeq. Los resultados demostraron una microbiota diversa en el grupo negativo a AHPND, compuesto principalmente por filos Proteobacteria, Firmicutes y Actinobacteria. Además, Proteobacteria fue el filo dominante en el hepatopáncreas infectado con AHPND, mientras que Firmicutes tendió a disminuir. Vibrio fue el género más abundante, prevaleciendo sobre algunos géneros como Corynebacterium, Weissella, Lactobacillus, Photobacterium y Geobacillus. Los resultados sugieren que la enfermedad de AHPND causa disbiosis en la microbiota hepatopancreática, y el filo Firmicutes podría requerir ser restaurado en dicho escenario.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is very prevalent and is the most common cause of vaginal discharge worldwide. It is a dysbiosis resulting from the replacement of hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid-producing lactobacilli by anaerobic bacteria in high concentrations, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Mobiluncus, Atopobium and other anaerobes. BV can be self-diagnosed when the patient presents the classic symptoms, or clinically and laboratory-based, following the Amsel criteria or by determining the Nugent score. The recommended treatments for BV are oral metronidazole, secnidazole and tinidazole, as well as vaginal metronidazole gel, clindamycin cream and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi gel. The present study aimed to determine the ability of vaginal clindamycin cream, vaginal metronidazole gel and S. terebinthifolia Raddi vaginal gel to inhibit the growth or preserve the population of Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 19992 microorganisms in vitro. The methodology used was perforation in plates, forming 6 mm wells, where the samples were inoculated. The plates were incubated for 48 hours at 30°C. After this period, by visual plates analysis, was observed that L. gasseri is resistant to S. terebinthifolia Raddi vaginal gel since no inhibition halo was observed. However, L. gasseri was moderately susceptible to Metronidazole vaginal gel and highly sensitive to Clindamycin vaginal cream. As lactobacilli, of which L. gasseri stands out, represent over 95% of the microorganisms 3/16 that inhabit the vaginal environment, maintaining the health of this microbiome, the action of Clindamycin and Metronidazole can lead to an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, allowing relapses when these therapeutic agents are used to treat BV.

A vaginose bacteriana (VB) é muito prevalente e é a causa mais comum de corrimento vaginal em todo o mundo. Trata-se de uma disbiose resultante da substituição dos lactobacilos produtores de peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido lático por bactérias anaeróbicas em altas concentrações, incluindo Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Mobiluncus, Atopobium e outros anaeróbios. A VB pode ser autodiagnosticada, quando a paciente apresenta a sintomatologia clássica, ou clínica e laboratorialmente obedecendo aos critérios de Amsel ou pela determinação do escore de Nugent. Os tratamentos recomendados para a VB são o Metronidazol, o Secnidazol e o Tinidazol por via oral, bem como o metronidazol gel, a clindamicina creme e o gel de S. terebinthifolia Raddi por via vaginal. O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar a capacidade da Clindamicina creme vaginal, do Metronidazol gel vaginal e do S. terebinthifolia Raddi gel vaginal em inibir o crescimento ou preservar a população dos microrganismos Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 19992 in vitro. A metodologia utilizada foi de perfuração em placa, formando poços de 6mm, onde as amostras foram inoculadas. As placas foram incubadas por 48 horas à temperatura de 30°C. A análise visual das placas, após o período de incubação, evidenciou que L. gasseri é resistente ao gel vaginal de S. terenbithifolia Raddi gel, uma vez que não foi observado qualquer halo de inibição. Contudo, L. gasseri foi moderadamente susceptível ao gel vaginal de Metronidazol e altamente sensível ao creme vaginal de Clindamicina. Como os lactobacilos, dos quais se destaca L. gasseri, representam acima de 95% dos microrganismos que habitam o meio vaginal, mantendo a higidez desse microbioma, a ação da Clindamicina e do Metronidazol pode levar ao desequilíbrio da microbiota vaginal, permitindo as recidivas quando esses agentes terapêuticos são usados para o tratamento da VB.

Resumen El trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) ha ganado relevancia en los últimos años, ya que es una de las principales causas de discapacidad a nivel mundial y ejerce un impacto significativo en la vida diaria de quienes lo experimentan. La relación entre la disbiosis intestinal y el TDM ha surgido como un componente crucial en el ámbito de la salud mental. La microbiota intestinal, que abarca una amplia diversidad de microorganismos, establece una conexión bidireccional con el TDM a través del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro, la neuroinflamación y alteración de la función cerebral. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo, analizar la relación entre los problemas de equilibrio de los microorganismos en el intestino (fenómeno conocido como “disbiosis”) y el TDM. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo que combinó análisis bibliográfico y descriptivo, priorizando fuentes primarias en psicología, neurociencia y microbiología. Se examinaron investigaciones en inglés y español desde 2019 hasta 2023 utilizando motores de búsqueda y bases de datos reconocidas. En este contexto, se observó que el uso de probióticos se ha vuelto cada vez más relevante como parte del tratamiento complementario para el TDM. Los probióticos, como Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 y la bacteria Roseburia intestinalis, ejercen un impacto positivo en la microbiota intestinal, integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica y producción de neurotransmisores. La revisión destaca el papel crucial de la microbiota intestinal en el TDM y la prometedora utilidad de los probióticos como tratamiento complementario. Esto sugiere nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas y subraya la importancia de futuras investigaciones para comprender mejor esta compleja interacción.

Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) has gained relevance in recent years, as it is one of the main causes of disability worldwide and has a significant impact on the daily lives of those who experience it. The relationship between gut dysbiosis and MDD has emerged as a crucial component in the field of mental health. The gut microbiota, which encompasses a wide diversity of microorganisms, establishes a bidirectional connection with MDD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, neuroinflammation and alteration of brain function. The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between problems with the balance of microorganisms in the intestine (a phenomenon known as “dysbiosis”) and MDD. A qualitative approach was adopted that combined bibliographic and descriptive analysis, prioritizing primary sources in psychology, neuroscience and microbiology. Research in English and Spanish from 2019 to 2023 was examined using recognized search engines and databases. In this context, it was observed that the use of probiotics has become increasingly relevant as part of complementary treatment for MDD. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 and the bacteria Roseburia intestinalis, have a positive impact on the intestinal microbiota, blood-brain barrier integrity, and neurotransmitter production. The review highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in MDD and the promising utility of probiotics as a complementary treatment. This suggests new therapeutic perspectives and underlines the importance of future research to better understand this complex interaction.

RESUMEN Introducción: Gram-positive staphylococci are responsible for over 90% of cases of postoperative infectious endophthalmitis, with Staphylococcus epidermidis accounting for approximately 70% of isolated microorganisms. Objetivo: Evualuar la relación entre la virulencia de S. epidermidis y la gravedad de la endoftalmitis en un modelo animal. Metodología: Se dividieron conejos albinos de Nueva Zelanda en dos grupos y se les administraron 100 unidades formadoras de colonias de cepas de S. epidermidis. En el grupo virulento, cuatro conejos recibieron una cepa multirresistente de S. epidermidis portadora de gen mecA, ica y atlE, de la microbiota conjuntival de un paciente y tres conejos la cepa S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 formadora de biopelículas. En el grupo no-virulento, se inocularon cinco conejos con una cepa sensible a todos los antibióticos probados y que carecía de los genes mecA, ica y atlE, también de un paciente y tres conejos recibieron la cepa S. epidermidis ATCC 29122 no productora de biopelícula. Se realizaron exámenes clínicos y ecográficos cada tres horas hasta la aparición de síntomas de endoftalmitis, seguido de evaluaciones clínicas diarias. Las evaluaciones histológicas se realizaron 15 días después de la inoculación. Resultados: El grupo menos virulento mostró una inflamación más leve y un daño intraocular reducido en comparación con el grupo más virulento según observaciones clínicas y ecográficas. Sin embargo, el análisis histopatológico reveló una inflamación similar en todos los grupos, 15 días después de la inoculación. Discusión: Las cepas de S. epidermidis menos virulentas indujeron una inflamación menos grave, como se observó mediante evaluaciones clínicas y ecográficas. Sin embargo, las evaluaciones histopatológicas a largo plazo mostraron efectos comparables a los observados con la cepa más virulenta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Gram-positive staphylococci are responsible for over 90% of cases of postoperative infectious endophthalmitis, with Staphylococcus epidermidis accounting for approximately 70% of isolated microorganisms. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between S. epidermidis virulence and severity of endophthalmitis in an animal model. Methodology: New Zealand albino rabbits were divided into two groups and administered 100 colony-forming units of S. epidermidis strains. In the virulent group, four rabbits received a multi-antibiotic resistant, mecA, ica, and atlE gene carrying S. epidermidis strain, from a patient´s conjuntival microbiota and three a biofilm-forming S. epidermidis ATCC 35984. In the non-virulent group, five rabbits were inoculated with a strain sensitive to all tested antibiotics and lacking mecA, ica, and atlE genes, also from a patient and three rabbits received the non-producer biofilm S. epidermidis ATCC 29122. Clinical and ultrasound examinations were conducted every three hours until endophthalmitis symptoms appeared, followed by daily clinical assessments. Histological evaluations were performed 15 days post-inoculation. Results: The less virulent group displayed milder inflammation and reduced intraocular damage in comparison to the more virulent group based on clinical and ultrasound observations. Nevertheless, histopathological analysis revealed similar inflammation in all groups, 15 days post-inoculation. Discussion: Less virulent S. epidermidis strains induced less severe inflammation as observed through clinical and ultrasound assessments. However, long-term histopathological assessments showed effects comparable to those seen with the more virulent strain.

ABSTRACT: The Amazonian manatee (Trichechusinunguis) is an aquatic mammal threatened with extinction. However, few studies have investigated the pathogens in this species, which may affect both animal and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichiacoli colonizing the nasal and rectal cavities of Amazonian manatees kept in captivity at the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Rectal and nasal swabs from 44 manatees of different ages were used in this study. The genus Staphylococcus was isolated from the nasal swabs of 32 (72.7%) animals, with two individuals harboring more than one species of Staphylococcus. S. sciuri was the most commonly isolated species. Resistance to penicillin was observed in 13 (40.6%) isolates, more frequent than the other antimicrobials tested (P = 0.01). E. coli was isolated from the rectal swabs of all animals, with phylogroup B1 being the most frequent among the strains obtained (P = 0.0008). Four isolates (6.8%) were positive for virulence factors, three of which were classified as enterotoxigenicE. coli (ETEC) and one as enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC). To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in Amazonian manatee samples. This study revealed nasal colonization by Staphylococcus spp., mainly S. sciuri, and diarrheagenicE. coli isolates, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. ABSTRACT Trichechusinunguis (Trichechusinunguis extinction However health frequency distribution spp INPA (INPA Amazonas Brazil 4 3 72.7% 727 72 7 (72.7% animals S 1 40.6% 406 40 6 (40.6% P 0.01. 001 0.01 . 0 01 0.01) E B 0.0008. 00008 0.0008 0008 0.0008) 6.8% 68 8 (6.8% factors enterotoxigenicE ETEC (ETEC enteropathogenicE EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) knowledge samples diarrheagenicE antimicrobialresistant resistant 72.7 (72.7 40.6 (40.6 00 0.0 0000 0.000 000 6.8 (6.8 (EPEC 72. (72. 40. (40. 0. 0.00 6. (6. (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

RESUMO: O peixe-boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis) é um mamífero aquático ameaçado de extinção. Apesar disso, poucos estudos investigaram patógenos nessa espécie que podem impactar a saúde animal e humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência, distribuição e padrões de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus sp. e Escherichia coli pertencentes à microbiota nasal e retal de peixes-bois da Amazônia mantidos em cativeiro no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) (Amazonas, Brasil). Foram utilizados suabes retais e nasais de 44 peixes-boi de diferentes idades. O gênero Staphylococcus foi isolado do swab nasal de 32 (72,7%) animais, sendo que dois indivíduos apresentaram mais de uma espécie de Staphylococcus. S. sciuri foi a espécie mais comumente isolada. A resistência à penicilina foi observada em 13 (40,6%) isolados, sendo mais frequente do que os outros antimicrobianos testados (P = 0,01). Escherichia coli foi isolada dos suabes retais de todos os animais, sendo o filogrupo B1 o mais frequente entre as cepas obtidas (P = 0,0008). Quatro isolados (6,8%) foram positivos para fatores de virulência, três dos quais foram classificados como E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) e um isolado como E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar Staphylococcus spp. e E. coli de amostras de peixe-boi da Amazônia. O estudo revelou colonização nasal por Staphylococcus sp., principalmente S. sciuri, e por isolados diarreiogênicos de E. coli, incluindo cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos. RESUMO peixeboi peixe boi Trichechus inunguis extinção disso humana frequência sp peixesbois peixes bois INPA (INPA Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) 4 peixesboi idades 3 72,7% 727 72 7 (72,7% animais S 1 40,6% 406 40 6 (40,6% P 0,01. 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) B 0,0008. 00008 0,0008 0008 0,0008) 6,8% 68 8 (6,8% virulência E ETEC (ETEC EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) spp 72,7 (72,7 40,6 (40,6 00 0,0 0000 0,000 000 6,8 (6,8 (EPEC 72, (72, 40, (40, 0, 0,00 6, (6, (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

ABSTRACT Penaeus vannamei, or white shrimp, is an economically significant species that dominates shrimp production and represents a rapidly growing industry. However, the culture faces challenges due to high mortality rates due to bacterial and viral diseases. Unlike vertebrates, shrimp rely solely on their innate immunity for defense against pathogens. Introducing probiotics into shrimp culture can enhance growth, survival rates, and immune responses against disease outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Common diseases affecting shrimp farms include vibriosis, white spot disease, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis and black gill disease. These diseases can cause severe infections, which lead to high mortality rates. The application of probiotics, such as Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, Lactobacillus sp., Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas sp., Pseudoaltermonas, and yeast, either through diet or direct administration, has demonstrated positive impacts on shrimp health, including enhanced growth, increased immunostimulation, improved gut microbiota, and better water quality parameters. In recent decades, aquafeed has explored effective solutions, such as microdiets, co-feeding (combining commercial feed and probiotics), and various microdiets types, to address aquaculture disease problems. Combining microdiets containing essential nutrients with probiotics has proven to be safer than antibiotics, which can adversely affect animals and the environment. However, further studies are needed to optimize the efficiency of feeding techniques by incorporating probiotics and commercial feed for disease resistance in penaeid shrimp culture. This review discusses commercial feeds and microdiets incorporated with probiotics for P. vannamei culture for growth and disease resistance to enhancement.

Resumen: El estudio de la microbiota ha adquirido un nuevo enfoque de interés, ya que interviene en diversos procesos fisiológicos involucrados en el desarrollo y rendimiento de los animales domésticos. Participa en el eje-microbiota-intestino-cerebro, con procesos que rigen el sistema nervioso hacia el intestino y viceversa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la importancia de la microbiota gastrointestinal de pollos de engorda y gallinas de postura y su relación con procesos fisiológicos que afecten el desarrollo, rendimiento, comportamiento y salud. En el tracto gastrointestinal de estas aves se han identificado alrededor de 17 filos de bacterias, con microorganismos predominantes según el sitio anatómico dentro del tracto y por ende con diferente función, por ejemplo, buche: Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae; proventrículo: Clostridiaceae, Enterococcus; intestino: Escherichia, Streptococcus. Distintos factores intervienen en la colonización y desarrollo de la microbiota, desde el programa de alimentación y manejo, tipo de cama y densidad animal, entre otros. Existen microorganismos potencialmente patógenos que impactan negativamente en la microbiota y puedan llegar al consumidor, como Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis y Escherichia coli, de ahí su importancia al momento de trazar las directrices en las producciones pecuarias.

Abstract: There is an increasing interest in microbiota studies due to their relevance in physiological processes such as animal development and productivity. In addition, it its involved in the microbiota-intestinebrain axis that regulates the nervous system to the intestine and vice versa. This paper is aimed at identifying the importance of the broilers and laying hens’ gastrointestinal microbiota and its relationship with diverse physiological processes that intervene in the development, productivity, behavior, and health. There are 17 filos of bacteria within the poultry gastrointestinal tract, which are site dependent and have specific functions (Example; crop: Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae; proventriculus: Clostridiaceae, Enterococcus; intestine: Escherichia, Streptococcus). In addition, different factors affect the development of microbiota such as the feeding program, handling, kind of substrate, stocking density, among others. There are several potentially pathogenic microorganisms that impact microbiota negatively and may reach the final consumer such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Therefore, it is important to continue supporting poultry microbiota research and areas of opportunity to improve poultry production.

Abstract Preterm delivery (PD) is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity/mortality in the world. Intrauterine infection is the most frequent origin of spontaneous PD (SPD) in a public hospital in Chile. There is evidence that vaginal ascending bacterial infection (ABI) causes intra-amniotic infection/inflammation, SPD, and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. This narrative review includes systematic reviews and cohort or case-control studies on the microbiota and immunological profile existing in the lower genital tract (LGT) of pregnant women prone to SPD due to ABI. There is consensus that in the LGT microbiota of this pregnant woman there is vaginal colonization with low abundance of Lactobacilli and/or decreased quality, due to racial and/or geographic, or genetic differences and dysregulation of immunological mechanisms of the LGT. These responses occur with greater intensity in patients with host risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity, stress, anxiety, and depression, causing recurrent LGT infections responsible for SPD and perinatal outcomes. Knowledge of the behavior of the microbiota and the immune system in these cases will allow effective therapies to prevent SPD and neonatal morbidity/mortality due to ABI.

Resumen El parto prematuro (PP) es la principal causa de morbilidad/mortalidad perinatal en el mundo. La infección intrauterina es el origen más frecuente del PP espontáneo (PPE) en un hospital público de Chile. Existe evidencia de que la infección bacteriana ascendente (IBA) produce la infección/inflamación intraamniótica, el PPE y los resultados adversos maternos y perinatales. Esta revisión narrativa incluye revisiones sistemáticas y estudios de cohorte o de caso-control sobre la microbiota y el perfil inmunológico existente en el tracto genital inferior (TGI) de la embarazada propensa a PPE por IBA. Existe consenso en que en la microbiota del TGI de esta gestante hay colonización vaginal con baja abundancia de lactobacilos y/o disminución de su calidad, por diferencias raciales y/o geográficas o genéticas y una desregulación de los mecanismos inmunológicos del TGI. Estas respuestas se presentan con mayor intensidad en pacientes con factores de riesgo del huésped, como diabetes, obesidad, estrés, ansiedad y depresión, originando infecciones recurrentes del TGI, responsables del PPE y de los resultados perinatales. El conocimiento del comportamiento de la microbiota y del sistema inmunitario en estos casos permitirá tener terapias eficaces para prevenir el PPE y la morbilidad/mortalidad neonatal por IBA.

Abstract Parkinson's disease is caused by the death process of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta of the brain. Although its etiology is unknown, the finding of Lewy bodies, formed by alpha-synuclein, in the intestine suggests a source of microbial production that travels to the central nervous system, mainly through the pneumogastric nerve. To understand how the microbiota-gut-brain axis works and influences a healthy person or person with Parkinson's disease, a systematic review of scientific articles from the last five years was carried out in the Scopus database. It has been shown that the signaling network that regulates the microbiota-gut-brain axis in a bidirectional communication network is present during the neurodevelopment of the individual and at the onset of Parkinson's disease, therefore, the microbiota represents the entry point of internal factors that disrupt communication and neurological dysfunction. As the diversity of the microbiota changes at various stages of the individual's development for multiple reasons, such as diet, hygiene patterns, interaction with animals and parasites, and medication, among other factors; it is necessary to know the state of the current microbiota, understand its function in the enteric nervous system and its influence on the central nervous system, especially if it is the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and neuroprotective therapies holds the promise of significantly improving the quality of life for individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Resumen La enfermedad de Parkinson es producida por un proceso de muerte de neuronas dopaminérgicas en la sustancia negra, pars compacta del cerebro. Aunque su etiología es desconocida, el hallazgo de cuerpos de Lewy, constituidos por alfa sinucleína, en el intestino sugiere una fuente de producción microbiana que viaja hasta el sistema nervioso central, principalmente a través del nervio vago. Para comprender cómo funciona el eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro e influye en una persona sana o con enfermedad de Parkinson, se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos de los últimos cinco años en la base de datos Scopus. Se ha demostrado que la red de señalización que regula el eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro en una comunicación bidireccional está presente durante el neurodesarrollo del individuo y en el inicio de la enfermedad de Parkinson, por lo tanto, la microbiota representa la vía de entrada de factores internos que generan la desregulación de la comunicación y una disfunción neurológica. Como la diversidad de la microbiota cambia en diversas etapas del desarrollo del individuo por múltiples razones, como hábitos alimentarios, patrones de higiene, interacción con animales y parásitos, medicación, entre otros; es necesario conocer el estado de la microbiota actual, comprender cuál es su función en el sistema nervioso entérico e influencia en el sistema nervioso central, sobre todo si se trata de la etiopatogenia de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. El descubrimiento de biomarcadores de diagnóstico y una terapia neuroprotectora ayudará a mejorar la calidad de vida de personas con enfermedad de Parkinson.

Abstract The probability of influencing the skin microbiome for addressing skin disorders opens a novel aisle of therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of skin microbiota transplantation (sMt) for cutaneous adverse food reactions (caFr) in dogs. Ten client-owned dogs with caFr were included in the study. Unenriched heterologous sMt was performed using Nivea Skin Refining Clear-Up Strips (N-cUs). The bacterial microbiota of skin samples was analysed by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Other relevant biomarkers were involved in VAS (visual analogue scale of pruritus score), CADESI-04 (canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index) and epidermal corneometric analysis. Increased Faecalibacterium (0 to 1.9 %), Peptoclostridium (5.49 % to 9.11 %) and Collinsella (0.65 % to 8.91 %), and decreased Fusobacterium (19.16 % to 9.06 %), Porphyromona (8.75 % to 0.13 %), Streptococcus (1.63 % to 0.14 %) and Staphylococcus (1.09 % to 0.49 %) was evidenced before and after sMt, respectively. Treatment with sMt effectively controlled clinical signs and drastically reduced median VAS pruritus (6.5 vs. 2) and CADESI-04 scores (74.50±22.62 to 19.30±11.30) (p<0,001). In addition, skin pH and hydration values were improved (p<0,001) after sMt. The heterologous and unenriched sMt with N-cUs could be responsible for the clinical recovery observed in this study.

Resumen La probabilidad de influir en el microbioma de la piel para abordar trastornos dermatológicos abre una nueva vía de terapia. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia del trasplante de microbiota cutánea (sMt) en diez perros con reacciones en piel, adversas a los alimentos (caFr). Se realizó un sMt heterólogo no enriquecido mediante el uso de tiras clarificadoras Nivea Skin Refining Clear-Up (N-cUs). Se prefirió la secuenciación de próxima generación para investigar la microbiota bacteriana en las muestras de piel de los animales estudiados. Otros biomarcadores relevantes estuvieron involucrados en la puntuación de prurito VAS, CADESI-04 y análisis corneométrico epidérmico (hidratación y pH). El gen 16S rRNA clasificó con éxito la presencia de un aumento de Faecalibacterium (0 a 1,9%), Peptoclostridium (5,49 % a 9,11 %) y Collinsella (0,65 % a 8,91 %), mientras que se observó una disminución de Fusobacterium (19,16 % a 9,06 %), Porphyromonas (8,75 % a 0,13 %), Streptococcus (1,63 % a 0,14 %) y Staphylococcus (1,09 % a 0,49 %), antes y después del sMt. El tratamiento con sMt controló eficazmente los signos clínicos y redujo drásticamente la mediana del prurito VAS (6,5 vs. 2) y las puntuaciones CADESI-04 (74,50±22,62 a 19,30±11,30) (p<0,001). Además, tanto el pH de la piel como los valores de hidratación se vieron alterados (p<0,001) después del sMt. El sMt heterólogo y no enriquecido con N-cUs podría ser responsable de la recuperación clínica observada en este estudio

Abstract The objective of this research was to identify bacteria present in the microbiota of dentinal carious lesions in primary molars of some Costa Rican pediatric patients. Data were collected from 15 children aged between 4 and 8 years old who attended the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry from the University of Costa Rica (UCR). The inclusion criteria were: infants between 4 and 8 years old who presented cavitated carious lesions in primary teeth, who were actively attended by students at the Faculty of Dentistry from the UCR, and whose parents or legal guardians signed the informed consent to participate in this research. Samples were taken using a sterile spoon, placed in storage vials, and subjected to various conventional and molecular microbial identification techniques, such as Gram stain identification, catalase tests, oxidase, TSI, API 20E, API STAPH, and VITEK 2. Of the 60 bacterial strains subjected to Gram staining, the following was obtained: 28 Gram-positive bacteria and 32 Gram-negative bacteria. The main isolated organisms were species of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pasteurella pneumotropica/Mannheimia haemolytica, Pantoea spp, and Streptococcus mutans.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las bacterias presentes en la microbiota de lesiones cariosas dentinales en molares primarias de pacientes pediátricos costarricenses. Las muestras fueron recolectadas de 15 niños entre los 4 y 8 años que fueron atendidos en la Clínica de Odontopediatría en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR). Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes entre los 4 y los 8 años de edad que presentaran lesiones cariosas cavitadas en dientes primarios, que se encuentraran activos para su atención por estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la UCR, y que los padres o encargados legales firmaran el consentimiento informado para participar en esta investigación. Las muestras se tomaron utilizando una cuchareta estéril, colocándolas en viales de almacenamiento y fueron sometidas a diversas técnicas de identificación microbiana convencionales y moleculares tales como: identificación por Tinción de Gram, pruebas catalasa, oxidasa, TSI, API 20E, API STAPH y VITEK. De las 60 cepas bacterianas sometidas a tinción de Gram se obtuvo: 28 bacterias Gram Positivas y 32 bacterias Gram Negativas. Los principales organismos aislados fueron: especies de Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pasteurella pneumotropica/ Mannheimia haemolytica, Pantoea spp y Streptococcus mutans.

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against endogenous antigens causing various clinical manifestations, chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Although the pathophysiology of SLE remains unknown, it is recognized that genetic, epigenetic, environmental and neuroendocrine factors are involved in the development of the disease and its complications. A notable proportion of patients with SLE also present obesity, and this dysmetabolic profile can cause renal, musculoskeletal and/or respiratory deterioration, fatigue, various pathophysiological alterations and functional deterioration. In this context, precision nutrition emerges as a promising tool in the inflammatory control of SLE, especially in patients with associated obesity. Various studies demonstrate the beneficial influence of balanced dietary patterns in macronutrients with foods rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and polyphenols on the inflammatory control of SLE and the most diverse pathologies, highlighting the Mediterranean diet and plant-based diets. Finally, the intestinal microbiota may play a relevant role in this clinical scenario, since dysbiosis is associated with inflammatory processes and immune deregulation. It is believed that precision nutrition can modulate inflammatory profiles and immune dysfunctions to ensure better quality of life and metabolic well-being of SLE patients with the support of precision omics technologies.

Resumen El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune caracterizada por la producción de autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra antígenos endógenos causando diversas manifestaciones clínicas, inflamación crónica y daño tisular. Aunque la fisiopatología del LES sigue siendo desconocida, se reconoce que factores genéticos, epigenéticos, ambientales y neuroendocrinos están implicados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad y sus complicaciones. Una proporción notable de pacientes con LES presenta también obesidad, y este perfil dismetabólico puede producir deterioro renal, musculoesquelético y/o respiratorio, fatiga, diversas alteraciones fisiopatológicas y deterioro funcional. En este contexto, la nutrición de precisión emerge como una herramienta prometedora en el control inflamatorio del LES, especialmente en pacientes con obesidad asociada. Diversos estudios demuestran la influencia beneficiosa de patrones dietéticos equilibrados en macronutrientes con alimentos ricos en fibra, vitaminas, minerales, antioxidantes y polifenoles en el control inflamatorio del LES y de las más diversas patologías, destacando la dieta Mediterránea y las dietas basadas en plantas/vegetales. Por último, la microbiota intestinal puede tener un papel relevante en este escenario clínico, ya que la disbiosis se asocia con procesos inflamatorios y desregulación inmune. Se cree que con la nutrición de precisión se pueden modular los perfiles inflamatorios y las disfunciones inmunitarias para garantizar una mejor calidad de vida y el bienestar metabólico de los pacientes con LES con el apoyo de las tecnologías de precisión ómicas.