ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the use of microalgae meal (Aurantiochytrium sp. and Nannochloropsis spp.) as a substitute for fish oil in the diet of shrimp Penaeus vannamei reared in a clear water system. In the diet of these animals, the concentration of fish oil decreased as microalgae meal was inserted, and these were used in five different substitutions: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The treatments were carried out in triplicate, and after 49 days of cultivation, the zootechnical parameters and the composition of fatty acids in the animals’ muscles were analyzed. In zootechnical performance, the shrimp obtained an average final weight of 16.59 ± 0.3 g, and the growth was approximately 1.89 ± 0.30 g week−1. In addition, feed conversion was, on average, 1.47 ± 0.28, and survival was greater than 97%. However, no significant difference was observed in these parameters. Regardless of the levels of fish oil replacement by microalgae meal, the composition of fatty acids in the shrimp muscle was ensured, as well as their quantity within groups, such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, with the results obtained in the present study, it is suggested that it is possible to formulate a high-performance diet without any ingredients of marine origin (fish oil or fish meal), contributing to aquaculture's sustainability.

ABSTRACT Haematococcus pluvialis synthesizes and accumulates astaxanthins, while Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis produces phycocyanins. The ornamental shrimp Neocaridina davidi is commercially important for its variety and intensity of coloration. We evaluate the effect on the coloration of N. davidi by consuming H. pluvialis and S. platensis as a food supplement to preserve their nutritional quality. H. pluvialis was subjected to stress to obtain aplanospores with astaxanthin. Live microalgae were included in gelled spheres to provide them as a supplement to three-day-old N. davidi juveniles with different phenotypes: wild (NdW), red (NdR), and blue (NdB). The experiment involved the commercial food supply and spheres with or without microalgae for 31 days. Chromatophores present in the uropod of each phenotype were examined, their number and expansion estimated, and the area covered by optical density (OD). Results show that H. pluvialis reached a greater astaxanthin accumulation on day 30. The coloration of the NdR and NdB phenotypes improved by consuming microalgae, increasing the OD in the uropod. NdB phenotype showed better coloration when consuming S. platensis (56.2%), while the NdR phenotype was more favored when consuming H. pluvialis (74.2%). The chromatophores expanded their area by doubling in the NdR and NdB phenotypes, where H. pluvialis increased its intensity four times in NdR. The number of chromatophores was significant only in NdR with S. platensis. In conclusion, gelling is a viable method to preserve the nutritional quality of live microalgae and transfer bioactive compounds that improve the coloration of N. davidi.

Abstract Introduction: The aquaculture industry is constantly growing, registering a global production of almost 88 million tonnes by 2020. This industry brings environmental problems if its effluents are not properly treated. In 2020, the first technology-based company of CONICET was established in Argentine Patagonia whose purpose is the aquaculture production of the green sea urchin, Arbacia dufresnii to develop a range of nutraceutical products. Its cultivation system entails a commitment to sustainability since its creation, and yet it generates effluents with high levels of nitrates and phosphates. Objective: Given this scenario, and valuing bioremediation as a water treatment tool, the use of marine microalgae as phytoremediating agents of aquaculture effluent is proposed in this work. Methods: The microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis, Navicula sp., Tetraselmis suecica, Rhodomona salina, Nanochloropsis galvana and Cylindrotheca closterium were use; which are used as food for sea urchins larvae in the production process. An experiment was designed that compares the microalgal growth and the removal capacity of nutrients in the effluent in contrast to the artificial culture medium currently used in the production cycle. Results: It is possible to remedy the aquaculture industry’s effluent by employing the selected microalgae, with a percentage of removal efficiency of 100 % of the nitrate and an average removal efficiency percentage of 50 % for all the microalgae tested. Likewise, significantly higher microalgal biomass values were obtained when the culture was carried out in the effluent the culture in the artificial environment. Conclusions: The advances in research provided in this work show that it is possible to take advantage of a discard to cultivate microalgae, even improving microalgal productivity for use as food, reducing the costs involved in the microalgal production sector by changing the use of the type of current culture medium (F/2) for that from a current discard. These advances, if scaled and validated, can improve industry sustainability standards within the framework of a circular economy.

Resumen Introducción: La industria acuícola está en constante crecimiento, registrando una producción mundial de casi 88 millones de toneladas para el año 2020. Esta industria trae consigo problemas ambientales si sus efluentes no son debidamente tratados. En el 2020, se constituyó la primera empresa de base tecnológica del CONICET en la Patagonia Argentina cuyo propósito es la producción acuícola del erizo verde de mar, Arbacia dufresnii con la finalidad de elaborar una gama de productos nutracéuticos. Su sistema de cultivo conlleva un compromiso de sustentabilidad desde su creación, y sin embargo genera efluentes con niveles altos de nitratos y fosfatos. Objetivo: Ante este escenario, y valorizando la biorremediación como herramienta de tratamiento de aguas, se propone en este trabajo la utilización de las microalgas marinas como agentes fitorremediadores del efluente acuícola. Métodos: Se utilizaron las microalgas Chaetoceros gracilis, Navicula sp., Tetraselmis suecica., Rhodomona salina., Nanochloropsis galvana y Cylindrotheca closterium, las cuales son usadas como alimento de las larvas del erizo en el proceso productivo. Se diseñó un experimento que compara el crecimiento microalgal y la capacidad de remoción de los nutrientes en el efluente en contraste con el medio de cultivo artificial actualmente usado en el ciclo productivo. Resultados: Es posible remediar el efluente de la industria acuícola mediante las microalgas seleccionadas, con porcentaje de eficacia de remoción del 100 % del nitrato y un porcentaje de eficacia de remoción promedio de 50 % para todas las microalgas testeadas. Asimismo, se obtuvieron valores de biomasa microalgal significativamente mayores cuando el cultivo fue realizado en el efluente respecto del cultivo en el medio artificial. Conclusiones: Los avances en investigación proporcionados en este trabajo ponen de manifiesto que es posible el aprovechamiento de un descarte para cultivar las microalgas, incluso mejorando la productividad microalgal para su uso como alimento, disminuyendo los costos involucrados en el sector de producción microalgal cambiando el uso del tipo de medio de cultivo actual (F/2) por el proveniente de un descarte. Estos avances si son escalados y validados, pueden mejorar los estándares de sustentabilidad de la industria en el marco de una economía circular.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The fish processing industry generates large volumes of wastewater, which are generally treated in lagoons, generating bad odors and emitting polluting gases into the atmosphere. According to their organic matter content, these can be treated in anaerobic reactors with a microalgae coupling for the bioremediation of the effluent, due to their high N, P and CO2 removal capacity. Objective: To determine the potential of fish processing wastewater from the fishing industry in Sancti Spíritus for biogas and microalgae production. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater are taken as a starting point and mass balances are performed using indexes from the literature to determine the volumes of biogas and the amount of biomass harvested from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Results and Discussion: The analyzed waters represent a potential for obtaining biogas and for the development of microalgae cultures as a promising alternative to improve process performance, which allows obtaining energy and high value-added products. Conclusions: The wastewater from the Pescaspir fishing company produces 21.8 m3 of biogas per day and 0.58 kg/d of dry microalgal biomass, so the proposed treatment system allows the generation of renewable energy, the production of biomass, obtaining a purified effluent and reducing the environmental impact on natural aquatic systems, in addition to other possible technological applications.

RESUMEN Introducción: La industria de procesamiento del pescado genera grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales, que generalmente son tratadas en lagunas, generando malos olores y emitiendo gases contaminantes a la atmósfera. De acuerdo a su contenido de materia orgánica estas pueden ser tratadas en reactores anaerobios con un acople de microalgas para la biorremediación del efluente, debido a su alta capacidad de remoción de N, P y CO2. Objetivo: Determinar el potencial de las aguas residuales del procesamiento de pescado de la industria pesquera en Sancti Spíritus para la producción de biogás y microalgas. Materiales y Métodos: Se toma como punto de partida las características fisicoquímicas de las aguas residuales y se realizan balances de masa empleando índices de la literatura, para determinar los volúmenes de biogás y la cantidad de biomasa cosechada de la microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Resultados y Discusión: Las aguas analizadas, representan un potencial para la obtención de biogás y para el desarrollo de cultivos de microalgas como alternativa prometedora para mejorar el rendimiento de los procesos, lo que permite obtener energía y productos de alto valor añadido. Conclusiones: Las aguas residuales de la empresa pesquera Pescaspir, permiten obtener 21,8 m3 de biogás al día y 0,58 kg/d de biomasa microalgal seca, por lo que el sistema de tratamiento propuesto permite la generación de energía renovable, la producción de biomasa, la obtención de un efluente depurado y la reducción del impacto ambiental que causan en los sistemas acuáticos naturales, además de otras posibles aplicaciones tecnológicas.

RESUMO: As microalgas são organismos cuja biomassa possui biomoléculas abundantes como carboidratos, lipídeos, proteínas, pigmentos, vitaminas, minerais e compostos antioxidantes, com inúmeras aplicações industriais com destaque para os segmentos de alimentos, nutricional, farmacológico, cosmético e de energia, na produção de biocombustíveis. Entretanto, o acesso de forma integra a essas biomoléculas pode ser dificultado pela rigidez estrutural de sua parede celular, sendo necessário a aplicação de um pré-tratamento que promova a lise celular. As diferentes técnicas de ruptura celular aplicáveis à biomassa microalgal descritas na literatura podem ser de natureza mecânica, com destaque para as técnicas de moagem em moinho de bolas e homogeneização à alta pressão (HAP) ou não mecânica (química, térmica e enzimática), cada uma com vantagens e desvantagens. Assim, o objetivo da presente revisão narrativa é descrever o uso de diferentes métodos para o rompimento de células de microalgas, com suas vantagens, desvantagens e seus desafios. RESUMO carboidratos lipídeos proteínas pigmentos vitaminas antioxidantes alimentos nutricional farmacológico energia biocombustíveis Entretanto prétratamento pré tratamento HAP (HAP química, química (química enzimática, enzimática , enzimática) Assim desafios

ABSTRACT: Microalgae are organisms whose biomass contains different biomolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, pigments, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds, with numerous industrial applications, highlighting the food, nutritional, cosmetic, pharmacological, and biofuel segments. However, access to these biomolecules in an integrated manner is often hampered due to the structural rigidity of their cell wall, requiring the application of a pre-treatment that promotes cell lysis. Various cell rupture techniques applied to microalgae biomass have been reported. These methods can be mechanical, especially ball milling techniques and high-pressure homogenization (HPH), or non-mechanical, such as chemical, thermal, and enzymatic procedures, each with advantages and disadvantages. Thus, this review addressed the different methods of cell disruption, listing their advantages and disadvantages, applications in cell biomass, and challenges. ABSTRACT carbohydrates lipids proteins pigments vitamins minerals compounds food nutritional cosmetic pharmacological segments However wall pretreatment pre treatment lysis reported mechanical highpressure high pressure HPH, HPH , (HPH) nonmechanical, nonmechanical non non-mechanical chemical thermal procedures disadvantages Thus disruption challenges (HPH

ABSTRACT Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can negatively affect coastal water quality, aquatic fauna, and human health from the consumption of toxin-contaminated seafood. Estuaries are especially prone to the incidence of these noxious events and sensitive to the associated damage. This study represents a comprehensive overview of previous investigations reporting the occurrence of harmful algae and/or phycotoxins in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (CEP), in Southern Brazil. Secondary data from 2002 to 2021 were combined with new results obtained from widely spaced sampling campaigns performed from 2018 to 2019 to assess the periods and estuarine sectors at greater risk for the incidence of HABs. In total, about 600 water/sediment samples containing harmful microalgae and 675 tissue samples of phycotoxin-contaminated fauna were analyzed. The most frequent and abundant species of potentially toxic microalgae were dinoflagellates belonging to the species complexes Dinophysis acuminata and Prorocentrum lima, producers of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), and diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, producers of amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs). Okadaic acid, a DST, was by far the most common toxin in the fauna, reaching higher levels in primary consumers such as bivalve mollusks (mussels, oysters, and clams), zooplankton, and suspension-feeding crustaceans (ghost shrimps), and moderate to low levels in cephalopods, fishes, gastropods, echinoderms, sea turtles, seabirds, and cetaceans. Less rainy periods (winter-early spring) were associated with the highest incidence of DSTs and blooms of their producing algae P. lima and Dinophysis spp., mainly in the middle region of Paranaguá Bay and on the shallow continental platform adjacent to the estuarine mouth. However, certain HAB-forming species may be more successful in inner estuarine areas ( Prorocentrum cordatum) and during different periods, such as late summer—early fall ( Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Continuous monitoring of harmful algae and toxins is therefore highly recommended to mitigate the effects of HABs in the entire estuary. (HABs quality toxincontaminated contaminated seafood damage andor or CEP, CEP , (CEP) Brazil 200 202 201 total 60 watersediment sediment 67 phycotoxincontaminated phycotoxin analyzed DSTs, (DSTs) Pseudonitzschia, Pseudonitzschia Pseudo nitzschia, nitzschia ASTs. ASTs . (ASTs) acid DST mussels, mussels (mussels oysters clams, clams clams) zooplankton suspensionfeeding suspension feeding ghost shrimps, shrimps shrimps) cephalopods fishes gastropods echinoderms turtles seabirds cetaceans winterearly winter early spring P spp spp. mouth However HABforming HAB forming cordatum summerearly summer spp.. spp.) estuary (CEP 20 6 (DSTs (ASTs 2

The present review presents the biotechnological potential of microalgae, highlighting its applications in biofuels, bioremediation, production of bioactive compounds, biocatalysts, and biofertilizers. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that combine characteristics of plants and heterotrophic microorganisms, such as yeasts, bacteria, and fungi. They can be considered biotechnological agents of extreme versatility and metabolic adaptability. Its photosynthetic efficiency can absorb large volumes of anthropogenic CO2 and convert it into biomass rich in compounds of high biological and energetic value, enabling the development of sustainable bioremediation processes and the production of third-generation biofuels and biofertilizers. In addition, its biomass has aroused interest in obtaining compounds with biological action, such as carotenoids, mycosporine-like amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sterols, phycocolloids, carbohydrates, and proteins. The biotechnological potential of microalgae does not end with the production and extraction of its biomass. Its dynamic and adaptive metabolism allows its use in the biotransformation of xenobiotic substrates and the production of compounds of chemical and pharmaceutical interest. In this perspective, microalgae have application qualities as a biotechnological platform in developing synergistic processes between the environment, society, and industry, thus contributing to the expansion and use of Green Chemistry and strengthening the circular economy. biocatalysts biofertilizers yeasts bacteria fungi adaptability CO value thirdgeneration third generation addition action carotenoids mycosporinelike mycosporine like acids sterols phycocolloids carbohydrates proteins perspective environment society industry economy

ABSTRACT: Microalgae have a great potential to change their metabolism pathway under stress condition, and nitrogen deficiency is an effective technique for maximizing lipids synthesis. This study focus on the growth performance, and biochemical composition of Tetradesmus obliquus (Turpin) M.J. Wynne cultured in different nitrogen concentrations (BG 11-Blue-Green Medium, 50% N+, 50% N-, 75% N+, 75% N-). Specific growth rate and protein content of T. obliquus decreased with nitrogen deficiency, but its lipid content was increased. Maximum specific growth rate (0.20-0.21) and protein content (47.82%, 47.62% DW-dried weight) values were obtained in 75% N+, 50% N+ medium. The highest lipid percentage was obtained in 50% N- medium. The biochemical composition of T. obliquus changes based on nitrogen concentration. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are more abundant (49.69%) in this microalga under deficient nitrogen. To obtain more lipid and PUFAs in T. obliquus, N deficiency is an effective method, but it is not applicable to protein content. T. obliquus can be used as an alternative nutritional supplement with its high PUFAs content. Since different results are obtained from species to others in such studies, culture conditions should be determined for each species and according to the desired item. ABSTRACT condition synthesis performance Turpin (Turpin MJ M J M.J BG 11BlueGreen BlueGreen 11 Blue Green Medium 50 N, , 75 N. . N-) T increased 0.200.21 020021 0.20 0.21 0 20 21 (0.20-0.21 47.82%, 4782 47 82 (47.82% 4762 62 47.62 DWdried DW dried weight medium concentration (PUFAs 49.69% 4969 49 69 (49.69% method studies item 1 5 7 200 0.200.2 02002 020 0.2 021 2 (0.20-0.2 47.82% 478 4 8 (47.82 476 6 47.6 49.69 496 (49.69 0.200. 0200 02 0. (0.20-0. 47.82 (47.8 47. 49.6 (49.6 0.200 (0.20-0 47.8 (47. 49. (49. (0.20- (47 (49 (0.20 (4 (0.2 ( (0. (0

RESUMO: As microalgas têm um grande potencial para alterar sua via metabólica sob condição de estresse, e a deficiência de nitrogênio é uma técnica eficaz para maximizar a síntese de lipídios. Este estudo enfoca o desempenho do crescimento e a composição bioquímica de Tetradesmus obliquus (Turpin) M.J. Wynne cultivado em diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio (BG 11-Blue-Green Medium, 50% N+, 50% N-, 75% N+, 75% N- ). A taxa de crescimento específico e o teor de proteína de T. obliquus diminuíram com a deficiência de nitrogênio, mas seu teor de lipídeos aumentou. Os valores máximos de taxa de crescimento específico (0,20-0,21) e teor de proteína (47,82%, 47,62% DW-peso seco) foram obtidos em meio 75% N+, 50% N+. O maior percentual lipídico foi obtido em meio 50% N-. A composição bioquímica de T. obliquus muda com base na concentração de nitrogênio. Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) são mais abundantes (49,69%) nesta microalga sob nitrogênio deficiente. Para obter mais lipídios e PUFAs em T. obliquus, a deficiência de N é um método eficaz, mas não é aplicável ao teor de proteína. T. obliquus pode ser usado como um suplemento nutricional alternativo com seu alto teor de PUFAs. Como são obtidos resultados diferentes de uma espécie para outra nesses estudos, as condições de cultivo devem ser determinadas para cada espécie e de acordo com o item desejado. RESUMO estresse Turpin (Turpin MJ M J M.J BG 11BlueGreen BlueGreen 11 Blue Green Medium 50 N+ N, , 75 . ) T aumentou 0,200,21 020021 0,20 0,21 0 20 21 (0,20-0,21 47,82%, 4782 47 82 (47,82% 4762 62 47,62 DWpeso DW peso seco N. (PUFAs 49,69% 4969 49 69 (49,69% deficiente estudos desejado 1 5 7 200 0,200,2 02002 020 0,2 021 2 (0,20-0,2 47,82% 478 4 8 (47,82 476 6 47,6 49,69 496 (49,69 0,200, 0200 02 0, (0,20-0, 47,82 (47,8 47, 49,6 (49,6 0,200 (0,20-0 47,8 (47, 49, (49, (0,20- (47 (49 (0,20 (4 (0,2 ( (0, (0

Abstract: Aim Our goal was to relate the phytoplankton metacommunity to its possible determinants in a micro watershed: (I) determinants related to landscape-scale filtering, (II) determinants referring to local microhabitat filtering, (III) determinants referring to previous colonization, and (IV) determinants representing three different dispersal routes. Methods Eight sampling stations were selected along the Cascavel River watershed, located in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Samples were collected quarterly for three years. All phytoplankton samples were quantitatively analyzed to determine the density of the metacommunity. In addition, it was characterized the landscape in terms of land use and occupation, and environmental characterization in terms of physical and chemical variables of the water. All data underwent relevant statistical analysis, where variance partitioning was carried out using partial RDA models, with prior selection of predictor variables, to estimate the relative role of each predictor in the community. We also compared three possible dispersal routes: “Asymmetric Eigenvector Map” (AEM), “Overland” and “Watercourse”. Results It was found that the metacommunity was best explained by “asymmetric eigenvector mapping” (AEM), indicating that because it is a small spatial scale the high connectivity between the sampling stations enables species to disperse overland as well. The different filters act together and depend on rainfall variation. Besides fluctuating temporally, the influence of these mechanisms is subject to which dispersal hypothesis is being considered. Conclusions At the watershed scale, we argue that small-scale processes should be considered, since they homogenize the landscape and consequently leave the environmental gradient similar between sampling stations. In addition, the connectivity of colonization patches is essential to understand the behavior of microalgae that have a high dispersal capacity and are not restricted only to the river course. Abstract I (I landscapescale filtering II (II III (III IV (IV routes Paraná Brazil years addition occupation water analysis models community Asymmetric Map AEM, AEM , (AEM) Overland “Overland Watercourse. Watercourse . “Watercourse” asymmetric mapping well variation temporally considered smallscale course (AEM “Watercourse

Resumo: Objetivo O objetivo do trabalho foi relacionar a metacomunidade fitoplanctônica com seus possíveis determinantes em uma microbacia hidrográfica: (I) determinantes relacionados à filtragem em escala de paisagem, (II) determinantes referentes à filtragem local de micro-habitat, (III) determinantes referentes a colonização anterior e (IV) determinantes representando três diferentes rotas de dispersão. Métodos Foram selecionadas oito estações de amostragem ao longo da microbacia do Rio Cascavel, localizada no estado do Paraná, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente durante três anos. Todas as amostras de fitoplâncton passaram por análise quantitativa para averiguar a densidade da metacomunidade. Além disso fizemos a caracterização da paisagem tanto o uso e ocupação do solo e caracterização ambiental quanto as variáveis físicas e químicas da água. Todos os dados passaram por análises estatísticas pertinentes, onde a partição da variância foi realizada utilizando modelos RDA parciais, com seleção prévia das variáveis preditoras, para estimar o papel relativo de cada preditor na comunidade. Ainda comparamos três possíveis rotas de dispersão: Mapa de Autovetores Assimétricos” (AEM), “Terrestre” e “Curso d´água”. Resultados Constatou-se que a metacomunidade foi mais bem explicada pelo “mapa de autovetores assimétricos” (AEM), indicando que por se tratar de uma pequena escala espacial a alta conectividade entre as estações de amostragem possibilita que as espécies se dispersem também por terra. Os diferentes filtros atuam em conjunto e dependem da variação de chuva. Além de flutuar temporalmente, a influência desses mecanismos está sujeita a qual hipótese de dispersão está sendo considerada. Conclusões Na escala da microbacia hidrográfica, argumentamos que os processos de pequena escala devem ser considerados, uma vez que homogeneízam a paisagem e, consequentemente, deixam o gradiente ambiental semelhante entre as estações de amostragem. Além disso, a conectividade das manchas de colonização é essencial para entender o comportamento das microalgas que têm alta capacidade de dispersão, não se restringindo apenas ao curso do rio. Resumo hidrográfica I (I II (II microhabitat, microhabitat micro habitat, habitat micro-habitat III (III IV (IV Cascavel Paraná Brasil anos água pertinentes parciais preditoras comunidade Assimétricos AEM, AEM , (AEM) Terrestre “Terrestre Curso d´água. dágua d´água . d d´água” Constatouse Constatou mapa assimétricos terra chuva temporalmente considerada considerados consequentemente rio (AEM

Photosynthetic microorganisms have been widely studied as an alternative technology for CO2 capture. Aiming to overcome some operational challenges in the application of these microorganisms for gas treatment on a large scale, the immobilization of microalgae in solid matrices emerges as an alternative to facilitate effective management of microalgae culture during harvesting process. In this work, different matrices for microalgae immobilization composed of silica/alginate were obtained varying silica precursors. The synthesized materials were characterized in terms of their specific surface area, cell viability, transparency and physical-chemical properties. Additionally, a new methodology was developed to evaluate the CO2 capture by microalgae using a pressurized system with natural gas mixture. Tests were carried out exploring the influence of some variables, such as headspace volume, cell concentration, stirring and pressure. Once the optimized parameters were established, the amount of CO2 captured by immobilized microalgae was investigated for 7 days by determining the CO2 relative concentrations using gas chromatography. The results of immobilized microalgae showed levels of CO2 removal of 41.4%. This work proved the potential application of the studied biomaterial for natural gas processing, making even more feasible the adoption of this technology for selective capture of CO2 on an industrial scale. CO scale process silicaalginate alginate precursors area viability physicalchemical physical chemical properties Additionally mixture variables volume concentration pressure established chromatography 414 41 4 41.4% processing 41.4 41.

Resumo A tendência de produção de biocombustíveis a partir de triacilgliceróis de microalgas está aumentando, porque esse substrato é uma boa alternativa sustentável e vantajosa ao combustível de petróleo e gás. No presente estudo, isolados de microalgas indígenas foram selecionados de amostras de água (n = 30) e solo (n = 30) coletadas em três distritos de Punjab, Paquistão, para avaliar seu potencial de produção de biocombustíveis. As amostras foram inoculadas em placas de meio BG – 11 agar por incubação em temperatura ambiente de 25°C proporcionando 1000 lux por 16h de ciclo claro seguido de 8h de escuro por 15 dias. As amostras de água foram ricas em microalgas e 65.33% de microalgas (49 isolados) foram isolados do distrito de Faisalabad. Com base na morfologia microscópica, isolados de microalgas (n = 180) foram selecionados e submetidos à detecção de lipídios por ensaio de coloração com vermelho do Nilo. Isolados positivos para vermelho do Nilo (n = 23) foram processados para caracterização bioquímica (lipídica, proteica e de carboidratos). O isolado AIN63 apresentou maior teor de lipídios (17.4%) conforme detectado pelo ensaio de microvanilina. O isolado de alga AIN128 apresentou os melhores teores de proteína (42.91%) detectados pelo ensaio de Bradford, e o isolado AIN172 apresentou maiores teores de carboidratos (73.83%), conforme detectado pelo ensaio de anthrone. Os isolados de algas selecionados também foram analisados por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para confirmação da análise de carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios. Essas algas nativas têm potencial para a produção de biocombustíveis in vitro a partir de resíduos agrícolas.

Abstract Trend of biofuel production from microalgal triacylglycerols is enhancing, because this substrate is a good sustainable and advantageous alternative to oil and gas fuel. In the present study, indigenous micro algal isolates were screened from water (n=30) and soil (n=30) samples collected from three districts of Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate their biofuel production potential. The samples were inoculated on BG – 11 agar medium plates by incubating at room temperature of 25°C providing 1000 lux for 16h light cycle followed by 8h of dark cycle for 15 d. Water samples were found to be rich in microalgae and 65.33% microalgae (49 isolates) were isolated from Faisalabad district. On the basis of microscopic morphology microalgal isolates (n=180) were selected and subjected to lipid detection by Nile red staining assay. Nile red positive isolates (n=23) were processed for biochemical (lipid, protein and carbohydrates) characterization. AIN63 isolate showed higher lipids (17.4%) content as detected by micro vanillin assay. Algal isolate AIN128 showed best protein contents (42.91%) detected by Bradford assay and AIN172 isolate showed higher carbohydrate contents (73.83%) as detected by anthrone assay. The selected algal isolates were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for confirmation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid analysis. These indigenous algae have the potential for in-vitro biofuel production from agricultural waste.

Abstract The present study evaluated the hematological, antiparasitic and growth responses in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fed with diets supplemented with the microalgae Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris (0%; 10% A. platensis; 10% C. vulgaris; and 5% A. platensis+5% C. vulgaris). Tambaqui (n=60, 62.57 ± 8.76 g) were fed for 20 days with experimental diets. Blood samples collection was done to determine hematological parameters, and gills were removed to identify and count monogenetic parasites. Supplementation with A. platensis 10% reduced red blood cells count, in consequence mean corpuscular volume and mean hemoglobin concentration increased. Total leukocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts reduced with the use of A. platensis. Higher monocytes, eosinophil, and basophil numbers in tambaqui fed with diet supplemented with 10% C. vulgaris were observed and may have been due to the presence of immunostimulants in this microalga composition. Reduction on total cholesterol in tambaqui that received both microalgae (A. platensis 5%+C. vulgaris 5%) may indicate that combined supplementation presented greater benefits to the health for C. macropomum than separately. Both microalgae were efficient against monogenetic parasites of tambaqui. Thus, the dietary use of the microalgae A. platensis and C. vulgaris provided immunostimulant and antiparasitic efficacy in C. macropomum. Colossoma 0% 0 (0% 10 A C 5 platensis5 platensis+5 vulgaris. . vulgaris) n=60, n60 n 60 (n=60 6257 62 57 62.5 876 8 76 8.7 g 2 parameters increased leukocyte monocyte eosinophil monocytes composition (A 5C 5%+C separately Thus (0 1 platensis+ n=60 n6 6 (n=6 625 62. 87 7 8. ( n=6 (n= n= (n

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou as respostas hematológicas, antiparasitária e de crescimento de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) após alimentação com dietas suplementadas com microalgas Arthospira platensis e Chlorella vulgaris (0%; 10% A. platensis; 10% C. vulgaris; e 5% A. platensis+5% C. vulgaris). Exemplares de tambaqui (n=60, 62,57±8,76 g) foram alimentados por 20 dias com as dietas experimentais. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinação dos parâmetros hematológicos e brânquias foram retiradas para contagem de parasitos monogenéticos. A suplementação com A. platensis 10% reduziu o RBC, consequentemente aumentando os valores de VCM e HCM. As contagens de leucócitos (total) e de monócitos, eosinófilos e basófilos reduziram com o uso de A. platensis. Números altos de monócitos, eosinófilos e basófilos em tambaqui alimentado com dietas com 10% C. vulgaris foram observados e podem ter ocorrido devido à presença de imunoestimulantes na composição da microalga utilizada. Redução dos níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total em tambaqui indicou que a inclusão das duas microalgas (A. platensis 5%+C. vulgaris 5%) pode indicar que maiores benefícios à saúde do peixe do que quando separadamente suplementada. Ambas mostraram eficácia contra parasitos monogenéticos das brânquias de tambaqui. Assim, conclui-se que o uso das microalgas C. vulgaris e A. platensis promovem ação imunoestimulante com eficácia antiparasitária em C. macropomum. hematológicas Colossoma macropomum 0% 0 (0% 10 C 5 platensis5 platensis+5 vulgaris. . vulgaris) n=60, n60 n 60 (n=60 6257876 62 57 8 76 62,57±8,7 g 2 experimentais RBC HCM (total monócitos utilizada (A 5C 5%+C suplementada Assim concluise conclui se (0 1 platensis+ n=60 n6 6 (n=6 625787 7 62,57±8, ( n=6 (n= 62578 62,57±8 n= (n 6257 62,57± 625 62,57 62,5 62,

ABSTRACT Using organic residues and bioinputs is a promising and sustainable practice to produce seedlings with forest essences, such as Cedrela fissilis Vell. (cedar), a vulnerable species close to extinction due to intensive exploitation in native areas. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of different substrates based on organic residues associated with or without the application of Parachlorella sp. microalgae in the emergence and morphophysiology of C. fissilis seedlings. Sowing was carried out on six substrates: Oxisol with a clayey texture; Oxisol + Parachlorella sp.; Oxisol with sheep manure (3:1, v v–1); Oxisol with sheep manure + Parachlorella sp.; Oxisol with cattle manure (3:1, v v–1); and Oxisol with cattle manure + Parachlorella sp. The addition of organic residues to the soil, especially cattle manure, contributes to increasing the percentage of emergence, plant height, chlorophyll index, CO2 assimilation rate, and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco due to the superior chemical attributes in the substrate, which promote greater physiological efficiency. Organic residues increased the water use efficiency of seedlings. The application of Parachlorella sp. microalgae contributes to increases in the CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance when seedlings are grown only in Oxisol. C. fissilis seedlings produced in the substrate with sheep and cattle manure showed better growth and gas exchange characteristics. essences Vell cedar, cedar , (cedar) areas Thus sp C texture 31, 31 3 1, 1 (3:1 v–1 v1 v–1) soil height index CO characteristics (cedar (3: v– (3 (

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effect of co-feeding with commercial feed and live food (enriched or not with microalgae) on the growth and survival of Trachelyopterus galeatus larvae. Five treatments were carried out: commercial feed as a control (F); brine shrimp nauplii (BS); brine shrimp nauplii enriched with Chaetoceros sp. Microalgae (BSM); combined feed with brine shrimp nauplii (F+BS) and combined feed with brine shrimp nauplii enriched with microalgae (FBSM). The larvae (5.00±0.02 mg and 5.95±0.33mm) were reared for 30 days. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in water quality between treatments, but there were significant differences in weight, weight gain and survival. The F+BS and F+BSM treatments, which involved co-feeding, showed the best results in final weight (0.168±0.004g and 0.169±0.007g) and weight gain (0.1278±0.004 g and 0.1294±0.007g), respectively. The treatments with live food, enriched or not, showed high survival rates of over 73%, with no significant differences between them. On the other hand, the exclusive use of feed resulted in low survival (36.7 ± 9.53%), indicating that this may result in low growth and make the production of T. galeatus larvae unfeasible. cofeeding co feeding out F (F) BS (BS) sp BSM (BSM) FBS (F+BS FBSM. FBSM . (FBSM) 5.00±0.02 500002 5 00 0 02 (5.00±0.0 5.95±0.33mm 595033mm mm 95 33mm 3 days P>0.05 P005 P 05 (P>0.05 cofeeding, feeding, 0.168±0.004g 01680004g 168 004g 0.169±0.007g 01690007g 169 007g 0.1278±0.004 012780004 1278 004 (0.1278±0.00 0.1294±0.007g, 012940007g 0.1294±0.007g , 1294 0.1294±0.007g) respectively 73 73% them hand 36.7 367 36 7 (36. 9.53%, 953 9.53% 9 53 9.53%) T unfeasible (F (BS (BSM (FBSM 5.00±0.0 50000 (5.00±0. P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 16 0.1278±0.00 01278000 127 (0.1278±0.0 129 36. (36 9.53 5.00±0. 5000 (5.00±0 P>0. P0 (P>0. 1 0.1278±0.0 0127800 12 (0.1278±0. (3 9.5 5.00±0 500 (5.00± P>0 (P>0 0.1278±0. 012780 (0.1278±0 ( 9. 5.00± 50 (5.00 P> (P> 0.1278±0 01278 (0.1278± 5.00 (5.0 (P 0.1278± 0127 (0.1278 5.0 (5. 0.1278 012 (0.127 5. (5 0.127 01 (0.12 0.12 (0.1 0.1 (0. 0. (0

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou o efeito da coalimentação com ração comercial e alimentos vivos (enriquecidos ou não com microalgas) no crescimento e na sobrevivência das larvas de Trachelyopterus galeatus. Foram realizados cinco tratamentos: ração comercial como controle (F); náuplios de artêmia (BS); náuplios de artêmia enriquecidos com microalga Chaetoceros sp. (BSM); ração combinada com náuplios de artêmia (F+BS) e ração combinada com náuplios de artêmia enriquecidos com microalga (F+BSM). As larvas (5,00±0,02mg e 5,95±0,33mm) foram criadas por 30 dias. Não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) na qualidade da água entre os tratamentos, mas houve diferenças significativas no peso, no ganho de peso e na sobrevivência. Os tratamentos F+BS e F+BSM, que envolveram coalimentação, mostraram os melhores resultados em peso final (0,168±0,004g e 0,169±0,007g) e em ganho de peso (0,1278±0,004g e 0,1294±0,007g), respectivamente. Os tratamentos com alimentos vivos, enriquecidos ou não, mostraram altas taxas de sobrevivência acima de 73%, sem diferenças significativas entre eles. Por outro lado, o uso exclusivo de ração resultou em baixa sobrevivência (36,7±9,53%), indicando que isso pode resultar em baixo crescimento e inviabilizar a produção de larvas de T. galeatus. microalgas galeatus F (F) BS (BS) sp BSM (BSM) FBS (F+BS F+BSM. FBSM F+BSM . (F+BSM) 5,00±0,02mg 500002mg mg 5 00 0 02mg 5,95±0,33mm 595033mm mm 95 33mm 3 dias P>0,05 P005 P 05 (P>0,05 0,168±0,004g 01680004g g 168 004g 0,169±0,007g 01690007g 169 007g 0,1278±0,004g 012780004g 1278 0,1294±0,007g, 012940007g 0,1294±0,007g , 1294 0,1294±0,007g) respectivamente 73 73% eles lado 36,7±9,53%, 367953 36,7±9,53% 36 7 9 53 (36,7±9,53%) T (F (BS (BSM (F+BSM P>0,0 P00 (P>0,0 16 127 129 36795 36,7±9,53 (36,7±9,53% P>0, P0 (P>0, 1 12 3679 36,7±9,5 (36,7±9,53 P>0 (P>0 367 36,7±9, (36,7±9,5 P> (P> 36,7±9 (36,7±9, (P 36,7± (36,7±9 36,7 (36,7± 36, (36,7 (36, (36 (3 (

ABSTRACT Microalgal lipids exhibit physical-chemical characteristics similar to vegetable oils, representing alternative sources of long-chain fatty acids for food supplements. However, separating intracellular lipids from microalgae biomass is still challenging due to downstream processing technology limitations that depend on the particular microalgal species and its cultivation conditions. Thus, this work evaluated a multistep process for lipid extraction from Tetradesmus obliquus biomass instead of conventional single extraction methods to improve the lipid yield. The wet biomass was freeze-dried, the cells of the dried biomass were disrupted in a ball mill, and the milled biomass was suspended in water to obtain solid contents of 5 % and 10 % w v–1. Lipids were extracted from the aqueous suspension using the ethanol polar solvent and the hexane apolar solvent with ethanol:hexane ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 3:5 v v–1. Tests were also carried out on the deproteinized biomass to evaluate the effect of proteins on emulsion formation since deproteinization can avoid emulsion formation. Thus, lipid downstream processing could be designed without an emulsion removal stage. The biomass was deproteinized before lipid extraction with NaOH at pH 10. The highest lipid content was verified for the 1:2 ethanol:hexane ratio, in which up to 42 % of the total lipids were extracted from the biomass. With the 3:5 ratio, the organic and aqueous phases emulsified due to the presence of lipoproteins, which hindered the lipid extraction process. Under the studied conditions, no increase in lipid extraction yield was observed with increases in the solid content or biomass deproteinization. physicalchemical physical chemical oils longchain long chain supplements However conditions Thus freezedried, freezedried freeze dried, freeze-dried mill 1 v1 v–1 ethanolhexane 11, 11 1, 1:1 12, 12 2, 2 35 3 3: stage 1: ratio 4 lipoproteins v–