Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in which microbes adapt to and resist current therapies, is a well-recognised global problem that threatens to reverse gains made by modern medicine in the last decades. AMR is a complex issue; however, at its core, it is driven by the overuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials. Socioeconomic factors have been identified as significant contributors to the emergence and exacerbation of AMR, especially in populations facing inadequate access to healthcare, poor sanitation services and high morbidity and mortality rates. Weak healthcare systems and water, sanitation and hygiene have been highlighted as fundamental risk factors for AMR emergence and transmission. Behavioural factors, such as purchasing antibiotics without a prescription from a registered healthcare professional, not completing the prescribed course or overly prolonged courses of antibiotics, using antibiotics to treat viral infections, lack of access to quality antibiotics, and the proliferation of substandard or falsified (SF) drugs, have also been identified as significant contributors to AMR. Low- and middle-income countries have a higher incidence of antibiotics being dispensed without a prescription than higher-income countries.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los errores de prescripción abarcan una amplia gama de faltas que pueden ir desde una selección incorrecta del medicamento hasta la ausencia de información importante en la receta médica, estos últimos llamados errores de omisión, los cuales pueden afectar la salud del paciente. Sin embargo, en México no hay reportes sobre errores de omisión en centros de atención de primer nivel, los cuales son las instituciones que atienden la mayoría de los problemas de salud de la población. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de los errores de omisión identificados en las prescripciones médicas emitidas en un centro de salud de primer nivel de la Ciudad de México en el año 2021. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal y retrospectivo. Se analizaron 11 tipos de errores de omisión presentes en las recetas médicas de acuerdo con la normativa mexicana vigente. Se estimó la prevalencia de cada tipo de error y se calculó la tasa de errores de omisión. Resultados: Se analizó un total de 5822 recetas médicas y se encontraron 3424 errores de omisión. La tasa de error fue de 1,08 errores por receta. Los errores más frecuentemente encontrados fueron la omisión de la relación diagnóstico/medicamento (38,91 %), la forma farmacéutica (30,54 %) y la concentración (12,11 %). Discusión: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de errores de omisión en las prescripciones médicas en el centro de salud sede del estudio en el año 2021. Es necesario implementar sistemas de apoyo al personal de salud con miras a disminuir los errores de prescripción.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Prescription errors cover a wide range of errors that can range from an incorrect selection of the medication to the lack of important information in the medical prescription, the latter called omission errors, which can affect the patient's health. However, in Mexico there are no reports on omission errors in first-level care centers, which are the institutions that address the majority of the population's health problems. Objective: To determine the prevalence of omission errors identified in medical prescriptions issued in a first-level health center in Mexico City in 2021. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. Eleven types of omission errors present in medical prescriptions were analyzed according to current Mexican regulations. The prevalence of each type of error was estimated and the rate of omission errors was calculated. Results: A total of 5822 medical prescriptions were analyzed and 3424 omission errors were found. The error rate was 1.08 errors per prescription. The most frequently found errors were the omission of the diagnosis/medication relationship (38.91%), the pharmaceutical form (30.54%) and the concentration (12.11%). Discussion: A high prevalence of omission errors was found in medical prescriptions at the health center that hosted the study in 2021. It is necessary to implement support systems for health professionals with a view to reducing prescription errors.

Abstract Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to global public health. Contributing to this process, among other factors, is the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in community-acquired respiratory infections. Each country has implemented strategies to confront this growing phenomenon. The objective of this review was to determine Chilean initiatives to deal with Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), antibiotic use and prescribing, and availability of susceptibility data, for the critical community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophi/us influenzae and to spot areas where more information is needed and suggest a call to action to enhance patient clinical outcomes, through a narrative review of the literature. In Chile, antibiotics sales only occur under medical prescription; however, in later years, a new consumption associated with physician drug prescription has emerged in the community, especially for penicillin derivatives, quinolones, and macrolides. Data have shown a susceptibility reduction to amoxicillin and clavulanate combination and other antibiotics against S. pneumoniae. As a consequence, the local government proposed the National Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2017-2020. The new version from 2021 to 2025 led to a decreasing trend in Chile's 5. pneumoniae and H. influenzae isolates. Such results highlight the importance of the development of local guidelines.

Resumen Introducción: La resistencia a antimicrobianos (RAM), es una de las mayores amenazas para la salud pública mundial. Contribuyen a este proceso, entre otros factores, el indiscriminado uso de antimicrobianos en las infecciones respiratorias adquiridas en la comunidad. Cada país ha puesto en práctica estrategias para enfrentar este creciente fenómeno. El objetivo de esta revisión fue determinar las iniciativas chilenas para abordar la RAM, el uso y la prescripción de antimicrobianos y la disponibilidad de datos de susceptibilidad para los patógenos Streptococcuspneumoniae y Haemophilus influenzae, patógenos críticos de la infección del tracto respiratorio adquirida en la comunidad (ITRAC) y detectar las áreas donde se necesita más información y sugerir un llamado a la acción para mejorar los resultados clínicos de los pacientes, a través de una revisión narrativa de la literatura. En Chile, la venta de antimicrobianos solo se realiza bajo prescripción médica; sin embargo, en los últimos años ha surgido un nuevo consumo asociado a la prescripción de medicamentos en el ámbito comunitario por parte de los médicos, especialmente para derivados de penicilina, quinolonas y macrólidos. Los datos han demostrado una reducción de la susceptibilidad in vitro a la combinación de amoxicilina y ácido clavulánico y otros antimicrobianos frente a 5. pneumoniae. En consecuencia, el gobierno local propuso el plan nacional de resistencia antimicrobiana 2017-2020. La nueva versión de 2021 a 2025 podría explicar la tendencia decreciente de aislados de 5. pneumoniae y H. influenzae en Chile. Tales resultados destacan la importancia del desarrollo de guías locales.

Abstract Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância da terapêutica com medicamentos modificadores de prognóstico (MMP) em pessoas com insuficiência cardíaca crónica com fração de ejeção reduzida (P-CICFEr), em cuidados de saúde primários (CSP) na região Centro de Portugal, com as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) de agosto de 2021. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal de uma amostra representativa do tamanho, intervalo de confiança de 95% e margem de erro de 8%, da população com CICFEr em 31/dezembro/2021. Foram estudados idade, sexo, ano de diagnóstico da introdução da Classificação Internacional para Cuidados Primários-2 (ICPC-2, K-77), anos desde o último ecocardiograma, MMPs para P-CICFEr e outras terapêuticas para P-CICFEr. Participaram, convidadas por conveniência, 11 Unidades de Saúde Familiar após parecer positivo da Comissão de Ética. Resultados: Num universo de n=2.381 pessoas com insuficiência cardíaca (PCIC) encontraram-se n=453 (19,0%) (P-CICFEr) estudando-se uma amostra representativa de n=133 (5,6%), n=95 homens (71,4%). Verificou-se prescrição de medicamentos inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (iSRAA) 91,0%, de betabloqueadores em 75,2%, de antagonistas mineralocorticoides em 40,6%, de inibidores da SGLT2 em 44,4%, de inibidores da neprilisina em 38,3% e de diuréticos de ansa em 72,2%. A terapêutica farmacológica quádrupla verificou-se em n=28 (21,1%) P-CICFEr e a tripla em n=38 (28,6%). Verificou-se idade média de 74,3±11,6 anos, 75,1±4,0 no homem e 76,6±6,0 na mulher, p=0,088. A mediana de tempo desde o diagnóstico ICPC-2 foi de 6,0 anos no homem e de 4,0 anos na mulher, p=0,031. O tempo mediano desde o último ecocardiograma foi de três anos, p=0,750. Conclusão: Os medicamentos modificadores de prognóstico, segundo as diretrizes mais recentes da ESC para a CICFEr, estavam subutilizados em 50,4% dos casos. Apesar dos resultados encontrados é necessária reflexão acerca das barreiras que os médicos possam encontrar para aplicar as diretrizes em P-CICFEr.

Resumo Objective: To evaluate the accordance of prognostic medicines prescription (PMP), for persons with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (P-CHFrEF), attended in primary health care units in Central Portugal, with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2021 August, guidelines. To know about mean age, median time since the diagnosis and last echocardiogram performance in P-CHFrEF. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study of a random size representative sample, 95% confidence interval, and 8% error margin of the P-CHFrEF of a population on 31st December 2021. Age, gender, year of International Classification for Primary Care-2 (ICPC-2, K-77) problem classification input data, years since the last echocardiogram, ongoing PMP and the use of other chronic heart failure (CHF) drugs were gathered. Data were obtained from 11 Portugal Primary Health Care Units, invited by convenience, after an Ethics Committee approval. Results: From a universe of n=2,381 persons with CHF, n=453 (19.0%) P-CHFrEF was found. A size representative sample of P-CHFrEF of n=133 (5.6%), n=95 males (71.4%) was studied. Prescription of a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (RAAS-I) was ongoing in 91.0%, beta-blocker (BB) in 75.2%, mineralocorticoid antagonists (MRA) in 40.6%, inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2i) in 44.4%, neprilisine inhibitors 38.3% and loop diuretics in 72.2%. The optimized medical quadruple therapy was established in 28 patients (21.1%) and the triple one in 38 (28.6 %). Mean age was of 74.3±11.6 years, males 73.4±11.0 and females 76.6±12.9, p=0.088. The median time since the diagnosis was 6.0 for men and 4.0 for women, p=0.031. The median time since the last echocardiogram was 3.0, p=0.750 between genders. Conclusion: According to the 2021 ESC guidelines, prognostic modifying medicines were underused for 50.4% of P-CHFrEF. Even with these results, a reflection must be made, on the barriers physicians encounter, to comply with the ESC guidelines in such patients.

Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, non-infectious inflammatory dermatosis, with increasing prevalence in recent decades. Due to its chronic and recurrent nature, it diminishes the quality of life of patients and their families. In recent years, advances in the understanding of AD’s pathophysiology have driven the development of targeted therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) which modulate the immune system through specific signaling pathways, providing effective alternatives to traditional systemic immunosuppressive agents. Four targeted therapies have been approved in the USA for the treatment of severe/refractory cases: dupilumab, tralokinumab, abrocitinib, and upadacitinib. This manuscript aims to present an update on the pathophysiology of AD, describe the new treatments available, and provide an analysis of the initial results of the use of these treatments in the pediatric population. We concluded that the high cost of these treatments often limits their prescription to situations where cases of atopic dermatitis are resistant to other conventional therapeutic options or when the disease reaches a severe degree. This underscores the importance of careful and accurate decision-making in the medical management of AD to ensure the efficient use of these therapeutic resources.

Resumen: La dermatitis atópica (DA) es una dermatosis crónica e inflamatoria no infecciosa, con prevalencia creciente en las últimas décadas. De curso crónico y recurrente, deteriora la calidad de vida de los pacientes y su familia. Los avances en la comprensión de la fisiopatología de la DA han impulsado el desarrollo de terapias dirigidas, como los anticuerpos monoclonales (mAb) y los inhibidores de la quinasa Janus (JAKis), las cuales modulan el sistema inmunológico a través de vías de señalización específicas, ofreciendo alternativas efectivas a los agentes inmunosupresores sistémicos tradicionales. En EE.UU. se han aprobado cuatro terapias dirigidas para el tratamiento de los casos severos/refractarios: dupilumab, tralokinumab, abrocitinib y upadacitinib. El objetivo de este manuscrito es presentar una actualización sobre la fisiopatología de la DA, describir los nuevos tratamientos disponibles y realizar un análisis de los resultados iniciales de la utilización de dichos tratamientos en pediatria. Se concluye que el alto costo de estos tratamientos suele limitar su prescripción a situaciones en las que los casos de DA son resistentes a otras opciones terapéuticas convencionales o cuando su curso es severo. Se resalta la importancia de toma de decisiones cuidadosa y precisa en la atención médica de la DA, con el fin de garantizar el uso eficiente de estos recursos terapéuticos.

Resumo Introdução: O papel da tomografia computorizada torácica de ultrabaixa dose (ULDCT) em contexto de urgência é desconhecido. Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a viabilidade da ULDCT em adultos na urgência com suspeita de pneumonia. Foram medidos a dose de radiação, o tempo entre a solicitação e os relatórios do exame, prescrições de antimicrobianos também foram correlacionadas. Métodos: Este estudo avaliou a viabilidade da ULDCT em adultos na urgência com suspeita de pneumonia. Foram medidas a dose de radiação, o tempo entre a solicitação e a disponibilização dos relatórios do exame, e também foram correlacionadas as prescrições de antimicrobianos. Entre outubro de 2017 e dezembro de 2018, incluímos prospectivamente adultos com suspeita de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade, sem diagnóstico definitivo por avaliação clínica. Os critérios de exclusão abrangeram condições clínicas que pudessem afetar a interpretação da imagem. Resultados: Foram incluídos 131 pacientes elegíveis (idade média de 43,5 anos; 57% homens) encaminhados para ULDCT. Dezoito (13,7%) foram excluídos. A dose média de radiação da ULDCT foi de 0,14 mSv. O intervalo de tempo entre a solicitação médica e o resultado da ULDCT foi de 43 minutos. Conclusão: A ULDCT mostrou-se viável para pacientes adultos com suspeita de pneumonia em contexto de urgência. Os relatórios foram disponibilizados num intervalo razoável e os resultados negativos foram associados a uma baixa taxa de prescrição de antibióticos.

Abstract Background: The role of ultra-low-dose chest CT (ULDCT) in the emergency department is unknown. Purpose: This study sought to examine feasibility of ULDCT in adults presenting to the emergency department for whom pneumonia was suspected. Radiation dose and time interval between medical request and ULDCT results were measured, antibiotic prescriptions were correlated. Methods: Between October 2017 and December 2018, we prospectively enrolled consecutive healthy adult patients in a single-center for whom community-acquired pneumonia was suspected and for whom no definitive diagnosis was possible by clinical judgment. Exclusion criteria comprised all chronic conditions that could impact severity and interpretation of image. Results: 131 eligible patients (mean age 43.5 years; 57% men) were enrolled to ULDCT. Eighteen (13.7%) patients were excluded. Average CT radiation dose was 0.14 mSv. Time interval between medical request and ultra-low-dose chest CT result was 43 minutes. Only 15.9% of patients with negative CT received antibiotics. Conclusion: Ultra-low-dose chest CT was feasible for almost all patients in a group of healthy adults presenting to the emergency department with suspected community-acquired pneumonia. Results were made available in a reasonable interval, and negative ones were associated with a low antibiotic prescription rate.

RESUMEN En la carrera Estomatología, las relaciones interdisciplinarias entre las asignaturas clínicas y la Farmacología resultan necesarias para lograr en los estudiantes un mayor desarrollo de habilidades teóricas y prácticas dirigidas la prescripción racional de medicamentos de uso estomatológico. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo describir dos vías para lograr lo antes expuesto. Las vías propuestas resultaron ser: la identificación de los nodos potenciales de articulación interdisciplinaria entre estas unidades curriculares y la interrelación de métodos de enseñanzas. Se concluye que ambas propuestas constituyen vías concretas para el establecimiento y desarrollo de las relaciones interdisciplinarias entre las asignaturas clínicas y la Farmacología en la carrera Estomatología.

ABSTRACT In the Stomatology degree, interdisciplinary relationships between clinical subjects and Pharmacology are necessary to achieve in students a greater development of theoretical and practical skills aimed at the rational prescription of medications for stomatological use. The objective of this research was to describe two ways to achieve the above. The proposed paths turned out to be: the identification of potential nodes of interdisciplinary articulation between these curricular units and the interrelation of teaching methods. It is concluded that both proposals constitute concrete ways for the establishment and development of interdisciplinary relationships between clinical subjects and Pharmacology in the Stomatology career.

Abstract Background: Acute pancreatitis is observed more frequently in the pediatric age. Currently, there are recommendation guidelines for its proper diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge of the international recommendations on acute pancreatitis in pediatrics of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition in a group of pediatricians. Methods: Observational, multicenter study, through a survey applied to pediatricians and pediatric residents. Results: 48.8% of physicians had prior knowledge of the guidelines for the treatment of acute pancreatitis in children. 72.4% knew the current criteria for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. There were no differences in the majority of responses between pediatricians and pediatric residents. Conclusions: Although only half of the respondents followed the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis, about three-quarters adequately use the criteria for diagnosis. There is adequate knowledge about the prescription of antibiotics and pancreatitis follow-up. There is lack of knowledge on the recommendation of monitoring vital signs and the precise time to perform cholecystectomy in the pancreatitis of biliary origin.

Resumen Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda se observa con mayor frecuencia en la edad pediátrica. Actualmente existen guías de recomendaciones para su adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de las recomendaciones internacionales sobre pancreatitis aguda de la North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition en un grupo de pediatras. Métodos: Estudio observacional, multicéntrico, mediante una encuesta aplicada a médicos pediatras y médicos pediatras en formación. Resultados: El 48.8% de los médicos tenían conocimiento de las guías para tratamiento de pancreatitis aguda en niños. El 72.4% conocían los criterios actuales para el diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda. No hubo diferencias en la mayoría de las respuestas entre médicos pediatras y médicos pediatras en formación. Conclusiones: Aunque solo la mitad de los encuestados conocían la guía para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda, cerca de tres cuartas partes utilizan adecuadamente los criterios para el diagnóstico. Existe adecuado conocimiento sobre la prescripción de antibióticos y el seguimiento posterior a la pancreatitis aguda. Hay déficit en el conocimiento sobre las recomendaciones de la monitorización de los signos vitales y el momento adecuado para realizar la colecistectomía ante una pancreatitis de origen biliar.

Resumo Introdução: As patologias músculo-esqueléticas constituem um dos motivos mais frequentes de consulta em medicina geral e familiar. A elevada incidência destas patologias traduz-se também numa elevada necessidade de cuidados de reabilitação pelo que, em 2021, a prescrição de medicina física e reabilitação (MFR) destacou-se como o segundo maior gasto relativamente ao total da despesa com meios complementares de diagnóstico e terapêutica na região Norte. Assim, importa caracterizar os principais motivos de prescrição. Objetivos: Caracterizar a prescrição de consultas de MFR relativas a patologia osteoarticular e músculo-esquelética no Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde de Matosinhos (ACeS). Métodos: Estudo observacional e retrospetivo de todas as prescrições de MFR realizadas de janeiro a dezembro/2021 em todas as unidades de saúde constituintes de um ACeS, com caracterização sociodemográfica dos utentes e análise do número de prescrições e códigos de Classificação Internacional de Cuidados de Saúde Primários associados às mesmas. Resultados: O número médio de prescrições por USF foi de 1710,07. Verificou-se que 47,94% das prescrições corresponderam a primeira consulta de MFR, enquanto 52,06% corresponderam a consulta subsequente. A maioria das prescrições foi feita a utentes do sexo feminino (65,54%), com isenção do pagamento de taxas moderadoras (58,65%) e idade média de 57,15 anos. O problema de saúde mais frequentemente codificado foi L86 - Síndrome da Coluna com irradiação de dor, seguindo-se L92 - Síndrome do Ombro Doloroso, quer para primeira consulta quer para consulta subsequente. As patologias que originaram maior número de prescrições subsequentes/utente foram esclerose múltipla e parkinsonismo. Observou-se ainda que 46,76% das prescrições se acompanhavam de código ICPC-2 correspondente a diagnóstico passível de prescrição de fisioterapia. Conclusão: Trata-se de um estudo relevante que caracterizou as prescrições de MFR, permitindo conhecer as patologias que levaram à requisição destes cuidados, podendo constituir um ponto de partida para melhorar a adequação dos recursos em saúde.

Abstract Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most frequent reasons for medical appointments in primary care. The high incidence of these pathologies also translates into a high need for rehabilitation care. This is why, in 2021, the prescription of physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM) stood out as the second highest expense in the total costs of complementary means of diagnostic and therapeutic, in the North of Portugal. Thus, it is important to describe the main reasons for prescription. Objective: To describe the prescriptions of PRM appointments related to osteoarticular and musculoskeletal pathology, in the Matosinhos group of Family Health Units (FHUs). Methods: Observational and retrospective study of all PRM prescriptions carried out from January to December 2021 in 14 FHUs, with sociodemographic characterization of users and analysis of the number of prescriptions and codes of the International Classification of Primary Health Care associated with them. Results: The mean number of prescriptions per FHU was 1710.07. It was found that 47.94% of the prescriptions corresponded to the first PRM appointment, while 52.06% corresponded to the subsequent appointments. Most prescriptions were made to female patients (65.54%), exempted from paying user fees (58.65%), and mean age of 57.15 years. The most frequently coded health problem was L86 - Painful Spine Syndrome, followed by L92 - Painful Shoulder Syndrome, both for first and subsequent appointments. The pathologies that originated the highest number of subsequent prescriptions per user were multiple sclerosis and parkinsonism. It was also observed that 46.76% of the prescriptions were accompanied by an ICPC-2 code corresponding to a valid diagnosis for physiotherapy prescription. Conclusion: This is a relevant study that characterized PRM prescriptions and allowed us to understand the pathologies that led to the need for this care, which may constitute a starting point for improving the adequacy of health resources.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el impacto de una intervención educativa sobre la frecuencia de prescripciones médicas adecuadas de tromboprofilaxis en un servicio de medicina de un hospital general. Material y métodos Estudio quasi experimental, en el cual en la fase pre-intervención se obtuvieron las frecuencias de indicación de tromboprofilaxis adecuada por parte de los médicos del servicio de medicina. Se realizó una intervención educativa de 8 semanas a este mismo grupo de médicos. En la fase post intervención se midió la frecuencia de la tromboprofilaxis adecuada a los 2 y 4 meses después de la intervención. Resultados La intervención educativa se implementó en 112 médicos residentes de las especialidades de medicina. La totalidad de prescripciones fueron hechas por los médicos residentes de primer año y refrendadas por su médico supervisor. Previamente a la intervención se obtuvieron 47 (44,35%) prescripciones adecuadas, 13 (12,26%) subóptimas, 4 (3,77%) inadecuadas y 42 (39, 62%) ausencia de prescripción. Luego de la intervención se obtuvieron a los 2 meses subsiguientes: 78 (75,72%) prescripciones adecuadas, 7 (6,79%) subóptimas, 4 (2,91%) inadecuadas y 15 (14,58%) ausencias de prescripción, habiendo diferencia significativa con el nivel basal. A los 4 meses subsiguientes postintervención se obtuvieron: 86 (83,49%) adecuada, 5(4,85%) subóptima, 2 (1,94%) inadecuada y 10 (9,72%) ausencia de prescripción, habiendo diferencia significativa con el nivel basal. No hubo aumento en la frecuencia de sobre uso. Conclusiones La aplicación de una estrategia educativa al personal médico fue efectiva en el incremento de las prescripciones de tromboprofilaxis correctamente indicadas en un servicio de medicina. No se encontró sobreuso de la tromboprofilaxis luego de la intervención.

SUMMARY Objective To determine whether an educational intervention strategy would improve the frequency of medical prescriptions for adequate thromboprophylaxis in a medicine service. Methods Quasi-experimental study, in which in the pre-intervention phase the frequencies of indication of appropriate thromboprophylaxis by physicians from the medicine service were obtained. An 8-week educational intervention was carried out with this same group of doctors. In the post-intervention phase, the frequency of adequate thromboprophylaxis was measured at 2 and 4 months after the intervention. Results The educational intervention was implemented in 112 resident physicians in medicine specialties. All prescriptions were made by the first-year resident physicians and endorsed by their supervising physician. Prior to the intervention, 47 (44.35%) adequate prescriptions were obtained, 13 (12.26%) suboptimal, 4 (3.77%) inadequate, and 42 (39, 62%) no prescription. After the intervention, the following 2 months were obtained: 78 (75.72%) adequate prescriptions, 7 (6.79%) suboptimal, 4 (2.91%) inadequate and 15 (14.58%) no prescriptions, there being a significant difference with the baseline level. At the subsequent 4 months post-intervention, the following were obtained: 86 (83.49%) adequate, 5 (4.85%) suboptimal, 2 (1.94%) inadequate and 10 (9.72%) no prescription, with a difference significant with the baseline level. There was no increase in the frequency of overuse. Conclusions The application of an educational strategy to medical personnel was effective in increasing correctly indicated thromboprophylaxis prescriptions in a medical service. No overuse of thromboprophylaxis was found after the intervention.

RESUMEN El control de la saturación de oxígeno durante el ingreso hospitalario es un desafío cotidiano para el médico tratante, ya sea en contexto de una exacerbación de EPOC o cualquier enfermedad aguda que curse con insuficiencia respiratoria. El ajuste de flujo del oxígeno administrado al paciente es en la mayoría de los casos manual, habitual mente sin una prescripción médica clara del rango de SpO2 deseado, lo que implica una sobrecarga del servicio de enfermería con el riesgo de realizar un aporte inade cuado de este, ya sea por sobreadministración o por aporte insuficiente. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir una experiencia preliminar con la administración automatizada del flujo de O2 mediante el uso del dispositivo O2matic. Se estudió un grupo de pacientes adultos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda quienes se encontraban internados usando oxigenoterapia continua con flujímetros convencionales y controles manuales periódicos de enfermería, por lo que se indica, luego, iniciar oxigenoterapia en forma controlada usando el dispositivo O2matic durante 30 min. Se ha observado que el flujo de oxígeno alcanzado utilizando el dispositivo de control automático O2ma tic ha sido menor al flujo utilizado en el control manual, con diferencias significativas entre ambos valores hallados, con adecuada seguridad y tolerancia del paciente. Que la automatización de la oxigenoterapia durante el ingreso hospitalario pueda reducir la duración de la admisión, y posiblemente mejorar la supervivencia entre pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda queda aún por determinar, por lo que son necesarios futuros estudios aleatorizados con una muestra mayor de pacientes.

ABSTRACT The control of oxygen saturation during hospital admission is a daily challenge for the treating physician, whether in the context of a COPD exacerbation or any acute disease that occurs with respiratory failure. The adjustment of the oxygen flow administered to the patient is mostly manual, usually without a clear medical prescription for the desired SpO2 range, implying an overload of the nursing service with the risk of making an inad equate contribution, either over-administering it or providing it incorrectly. insufficient. The objective of this work is to describe a preliminary experience with the automated administration of the O2 flow through the use of the O2matic device. A group of adult patients with acute respiratory failure who were hospitalized using continuous oxygen therapy with conventional flowmeters and periodic nursing manual controls was studied, after which it was indicated to start oxygen therapy in a controlled manner using the O2matic device for 30 minutes. It was observed that the oxygen flow achieved using the O2matic automatic control device has been lower than the flow used in manual control, with significant differences between both values found, with adequate safety and patient tolerance. Whether the automation of oxygen therapy during hospital admission could reduce the length of admission, and possibly improve survival among patients with acute respiratory failure remains to be determined, requiring future randomized studies with a larger sample of patients.

RESUMEN El control de la saturación de oxígeno durante el ingreso hospitalario es un desafío cotidiano para el médico tratante, ya sea en contexto de una exacerbación de EPOC o cualquier enfermedad aguda que curse con insuficiencia respiratoria. El ajuste de flujo del oxígeno administrado al paciente es en la mayoría de los casos manual, habitualmente sin una prescripción médica clara del rango de SpO2 deseado, lo que implica una sobrecarga del servicio de enfermería con el riesgo de realizar un aporte inadecuado de este, ya sea por sobreadministración o por aporte insuficiente. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir una experiencia preliminar con la administración automatizada del flujo de O2 mediante el uso del dispositivo O2matic. Se estudió un grupo de pacientes adultos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda quienes se encontraban internados usando oxigenoterapia continua con flujímetros convencionales y controles manuales periódicos de enfermería, por lo que se indica, luego, iniciar oxigenoterapia en forma controlada usando el dispositivo O2matic durante 30 min. Se ha observado que el flujo de oxígeno alcanzado utilizando el dispositivo de control automático O2matic ha sido menor al flujo utilizado en el control manual, con diferencias significativas entre ambos valores hallados, con adecuada seguridad y tolerancia del paciente. Que la automatización de la oxigenoterapia durante el ingreso hospitalario pueda reducir la duración de la admisión, y posiblemente mejorar la supervivencia entre pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda queda aún por determinar, por lo que son necesarios futuros estudios aleatorizados con una muestra mayor de pacientes.

ABSTRACT The control of oxygen saturation during hospital admission is a daily challenge for the treating physician, whether in the context of a COPD exacerbation or any acute disease that occurs with respiratory failure. The adjustment of the oxygen flow administered to the patient is mostly manual, usually without a clear medical prescription for the desired SpO2 range, implying an overload of the nursing service with the risk of making an inadequate contribution, either over-administering it or providing it incorrectly. insufficient. The objective of this work is to describe a preliminary experience with the automated administration of the O2 flow through the use of the O2matic device. A group of adult patients with acute respiratory failure who were hospitalized using continuous oxygen therapy with conventional flowmeters and periodic nursing manual controls was studied, after which it was indicated to start oxygen therapy in a controlled manner using the O2matic device for 30 minutes. It was observed that the oxygen flow achieved using the O2matic automatic control device has been lower than the flow used in manual control, with significant differences between both values found, with adequate safety and patient tolerance. Whether the automation of oxygen therapy during hospital admission could reduce the length of admission, and possibly improve survival among patients with acute respiratory failure remains to be determined, requiring future randomized studies with a larger sample of patients.

Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, non-infectious inflammatory dermatosis, with increasing prevalence in recent decades. Due to its chronic and recurrent nature, it diminishes the quality of life of patients and their families. In recent years, advances in the understanding of AD’s pathophysiology have driven the development of targeted therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) which modulate the immune system through specific signaling pathways, providing effective alternatives to traditional systemic immunosuppressive agents. Four targeted therapies have been approved in the USA for the treatment of severe/refractory cases: dupilumab, tralokinumab, abrocitinib, and upadacitinib. This manuscript aims to present an update on the pathophysiology of AD, describe the new treatments available, and provide an analysis of the initial results of the use of these treatments in the pediatric population. We concluded that the high cost of these treatments often limits their prescription to situations where cases of atopic dermatitis are resistant to other conventional therapeutic options or when the disease reaches a severe degree. This underscores the importance of careful and accurate decision-making in the medical management of AD to ensure the efficient use of these therapeutic resources.

Resumen: La dermatitis atópica (DA) es una dermatosis crónica e inflamatoria no infecciosa, con prevalencia creciente en las últimas décadas. De curso crónico y recurrente, deteriora la calidad de vida de los pacientes y su familia. Los avances en la comprensión de la fisiopatología de la DA han impulsado el desarrollo de terapias dirigidas, como los anticuerpos monoclonales (mAb) y los inhibidores de la quinasa Janus (JAKis), las cuales modulan el sistema inmunológico a través de vías de señalización específicas, ofreciendo alternativas efectivas a los agentes inmunosupresores sistémicos tradicionales. En EE.UU. se han aprobado cuatro terapias dirigidas para el tratamiento de los casos severos/refractarios: dupilumab, tralokinumab, abrocitinib y upadacitinib. El objetivo de este manuscrito es presentar una actualización sobre la fisiopatología de la DA, describir los nuevos tratamientos disponibles y realizar un análisis de los resultados iniciales de la utilización de dichos tratamientos en pediatria. Se concluye que el alto costo de estos tratamientos suele limitar su prescripción a situaciones en las que los casos de DA son resistentes a otras opciones terapéuticas convencionales o cuando su curso es severo. Se resalta la importancia de toma de decisiones cuidadosa y precisa en la atención médica de la DA, con el fin de garantizar el uso eficiente de estos recursos terapéuticos.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze teleconsultation at a public ophthalmic teaching hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods: Medical records of patients who requested ophthalmological teleconsultation between June 2020 and March 2021 were reviewed. The main outcomes included demographic data, eye disease symptoms, hypothesized diagnosis, and management. Moreover, the results of a satisfaction survey administered after the consultation were analyzed. Results: Medical records of a total of 161 patients were reviewed. The mean age was 45.98 ± 17.57 (8-90) years, and most were women (113, 70.20%). Only 57 (35.60%) of the patients had made previous follow-up visits to the hospital. The most frequent reason for consultation was the need for a new eyeglass prescription (73, 45.34%), followed by dry eye symptoms (16, 9.93%) and pterygium (13, 8.07%). Other reasons were the monitoring of previously diagnosed eye diseases, such as glaucoma, retinopathies, strabismus, and keratoconus. Regarding the satisfaction survey, 151 (93.78%) patients answered the online questionnaire. Most reported that they were satisfied with the teleconsultation (94.03%) and would participate in a future teleconsultation (90.06%). Conclusion: Teleconsultation could be widely used to assist patients in public ophthalmology healthcare and teaching hospitals. Even though new eyeglass prescriptions are a frequent reason for ophthalmological appointments, patients tend to be satisfied with teleconsultation, as it also provides guidance. Purpose COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Brazil Methods 202 reviewed data diagnosis management Moreover analyzed Results 16 4598 45 98 45.9 1757 17 17.5 890 8 90 (8-90 years 113, 113 (113 70.20%. 7020 70.20% . 70 20 70.20%) 5 35.60% 3560 35 60 (35.60% followup follow up 73, 73 (73 45.34%, 4534 45.34% , 34 45.34%) 16, (16 9.93% 993 9 93 13, 13 (13 8.07%. 807 8.07% 07 8.07%) diseases glaucoma retinopathies strabismus keratoconus 15 93.78% 9378 78 (93.78% questionnaire 94.03% 9403 94 03 (94.03% 90.06%. 9006 90.06% 06 (90.06%) Conclusion hospitals appointments guidance COVID1 1 COVID- 459 4 45. 175 17. 89 (8-9 11 (11 702 70.20 7 2 35.60 356 3 6 (35.60 (7 453 45.34 (1 9.93 99 80 8.07 0 93.78 937 (93.78 94.03 940 (94.03 900 90.06 (90.06% (8- 70.2 35.6 (35.6 ( 45.3 9.9 8.0 93.7 (93.7 94.0 (94.0 90.0 (90.06 (8 70. 35. (35. 9. 8. 93. (93. 94. (94. 90. (90.0 (35 (93 (94 (90. (3 (9 (90

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a teleconsulta em um hospital público de ensino oftalmológico, durante o período da pandemia do COVID-19. Métodos: Foram revisados os registros médicos dos pacientes que solicitaram teleconsulta oftalmológica, no período de Junho de 2020 a Março de 2021. Os resultados incluem dados demográficos, sintomas de queixas oculares e hipóteses diagnósticas. Além disso, foram analisados dados da pesquisa de satisfação aplicada após cada teleconsulta. Resultados: Um total de 161 prontuários foram revisados. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 45.98 ± 17.57 (8 a 90) anos, a maioria mulheres, 113 (70,20%). Apenas 57 (35,60%) eram pacientes acompanhados no hospital previamente. A principal razão pela busca pela teleconsulta foi o erro refracional, 73 (45.43%), seguido de olho seco, 16 (9.93%), pterígio, 13 (8.07%). Outros motivos foram o acompanhamento de doenças prévias como glaucoma, retinopatias, miopia, estrabismo e ceratocone. Quanto a pesquisa de satisfação, 151(93,87%) pacientes responderam a pesquisa on-line. A maioria deles mostrou-se satisfeito com a teleconsulta (94.03%) e fariam uma nova teleconsulta (90.06%). Conclusão: A teleconsulta pode auxiliar a saúde pública em oftalmologia podendo ser utilizada em hospitais universitários. Embora o erro refracional tenha sido o motivo mais frequente nas consultas, os pacientes mostraram-se satisfeitos com essa modalidade de atendimento que serve como um serviço de orientação. Objetivo oftalmológico COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 Métodos oftalmológica 202 2021 demográficos diagnósticas disso Resultados 4598 45 98 45.9 1757 17 17.5 8 ( 90 anos mulheres 11 70,20%. 7020 70,20% . 70 20 (70,20%) 5 35,60% 3560 35 60 (35,60% previamente 7 45.43%, 4543 45.43% , 43 (45.43%) seco 1 9.93%, 993 9.93% 9 93 (9.93%) pterígio 8.07%. 807 8.07% 07 (8.07%) glaucoma retinopatias miopia ceratocone 15193,87% 1519387 151 93,87% 87 151(93,87% online. online on line. line on-line mostrouse mostrou se 94.03% 9403 94 03 (94.03% 90.06%. 9006 90.06% 06 (90.06%) Conclusão universitários consultas mostraramse mostraram orientação COVID1 COVID-1 459 4 45. 175 17. 702 70,20 2 (70,20% 35,60 356 3 6 (35,60 454 45.43 (45.43% 99 9.93 (9.93% 80 8.07 0 (8.07% 15193 15193,87 151938 15 9387 93,87 151(93,87 94.03 940 (94.03 900 90.06 (90.06% COVID- 70,2 (70,20 35,6 (35,6 45.4 (45.43 9.9 (9.93 8.0 (8.07 1519 15193,8 938 93,8 151(93,8 94.0 (94.0 90.0 (90.06 70, (70,2 35, (35, (45.4 9. (9.9 8. (8.0 15193, 93, 151(93, 94. (94. 90. (90.0 (70, (35 (45. (9. (8. 151(93 (94 (90. (70 (3 (45 (9 151(9 (90 (7 (4 151(

Resumo A prescrição farmacêutica avança no mundo, com diferentes países regulando a prática. No Brasil, essa regulação ocorreu em 2013, porém são escassas as informações sobre sua inserção no cotidiano do exercício farmacêutico. Este estudo objetivou analisar a prescrição farmacêutica no município de Vitória-ES, Brasil, e os fatores que influenciam na adesão da prática. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com 20 farmacêuticos e 10 gestores de farmácias comunitárias públicas e privadas, realizado a partir de entrevistas, com posterior análise de conteúdo temática para apreender percepções e opiniões. Os farmacêuticos desta pesquisa não prescreviam. Farmacêuticos e gestores identificaram facilitadores para a implementação da atividade, com destaque para os fatores: infraestrutura; fácil acesso ao farmacêutico; e boa receptividade à prescrição. Como barreiras, os fatores foram: número insuficiente de recursos humanos; falta de estímulo institucional à prescrição; e fatores individuais. Além da observação da não execução da prescrição farmacêutica, este estudo trouxe uma oportunidade para identificar elementos que podem estar contribuindo para que o exercício dessa atividade não seja realizado nas farmácias comunitárias. Adaptar rotinas ou contratar pessoal se mostraram as principais modificações necessárias. Paralelamente, ações destinadas a qualificar a formação por meio da educação permanente também se apresentam como necessárias.

Abstract Pharmacist prescribing advances in the world with different countries regulating this activity. In Brazil, this regulation took place in 2013, but there is little information about its insertion in the routine of pharmacist practice. This study aimed to analyze the pharmacist prescribing in the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo state, Brazil, and the factors that influence adherence to the practice. This is a qualitative study based on interviews with 20 pharmacists and 10 managers of public and private community drugstores with subsequent content analysis to apprehend perceptions and opinions. The pharmacists in this research did not prescribe. Pharmacists and managers identified facilitators for the implementation of the activity, highlighting the following factors: infrastructure; easy access to the pharmacist; and good receptivity to the prescription. As barriers, the factors were insufficient number of human resources; lack of institutional stimulus to prescribing; and individual factors. In addition to the observation of non-execution of pharmacist prescribing, this study provided an opportunity to identify elements that may contribute to the non-existence of this activity in community drugstores. Adapting routines or hiring staff were the main necessary changes. At the same time, actions aimed at qualifying training through permanent education are also necessary.