RESUMO A ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) é uma técnica de espectroscopia amplamente utilizada pelos químicos e físicos para determinar a estrutura química de moléculas que foi adaptada para gerar imagens, conhecidas como tomografia por imagem de ressonância magnética nuclear (IRM), amplamente utilizada em diagnóstico médico. A importância da RMN na química, física, medicina, materiais e agricultura tem sido reconhecida por vários Prémios Nobel de Física, 1952, Química, 1991 e 2002, e Medicina em 2003. Portanto, a RMN pode ser aplicada para obter: i) imagens do corpo humano, animais e materiais; ii) espectros de alta resolução para obtenção de informações estruturais e dinâmicas de produtos químicos, materiais etc.; e iii) obter informações quantitativas e qualitativas da composição química de alimentos, produtos agrícolas, utilizando relaxometria de baixa resolução. A IRM e a RMN de alta resolução tem sido aplicadas em produtos agroalimentares, principalmente na pesquisa, uma vez que normalmente dependem de instrumentos caros de grandes dimensões, o que restringe a sua utilização em aplicações rotineiras. Sensores de RMN que têm sido utilizados com mais frequência em produtos agroalimentares baseiam-se em instrumentos de baixa resolução ou de baixo campo ou domínio de tempo TD-NMR. Esses instrumentos de baixo custo tem sido utilizados para análises qualitativas e quantitativas de produtos agroalimentares, como sementes e grãos intactos, frutas intactas, carnes, óleos e alimentos processados. Neste artigo, é apresentada uma revisão das técnicas de RMN, seus principais aspectos da instrumentação, e discutidas algumas aplicações de TD-RMN e IRM na análise não invasiva de alimentos, sementes e outros produtos agrícolas. (RMN IRM, , (IRM) médico física medicina Física 1952 Química 199 2002 2003 Portanto i humano ii etc. etc iii agrícolas pesquisa dimensões rotineiras baseiamse baseiam se TDNMR. TDNMR TD NMR. NMR TD-NMR intactos intactas carnes processados artigo instrumentação TDRMN (IRM 195 19 200 1 20 2

ABSTRACT Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopy technique widely used by chemists and physicists to determine the chemical structure of molecules that was adapted to generate imaging, known as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is widely used in medical diagnosis. The importance of NMR in chemistry, physics, medicine, materials, and agriculture has been recognized with several Nobel Prizes in Physics, 1952, Chemistry, 1991 and 2002, and Medicine in 2003. Therefore, NMR can be applied to obtain: i) imaging of the human body, animal and materials; ii) high-resolution spectra to obtain structural and dynamical information of chemicals, materials etc.; and iii) quantitative and qualitative information of chemical composition of products such as food and agricultural products, using low-resolution relaxometry. High-resolution NMR and MRI have been applied in agri-food products, mostly as a research tool as they typically rely on expensive and bulk instruments, which restrict their uses in routine applications. The NMR sensors that have been more frequently used in agri-food products are based on low-resolution or low-field or time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) instruments. These low-cost instruments have been used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of agri-food products such as intact seeds and grains, intact fruits, meat, oils, and processed foods. In this paper, an overview of the NMR techniques and its main instrumentation aspects are presented, and some applications of TD-NMR and MRI in the non-invasive analysis of food, seeds, and others agricultural products are discussed. (NMR MRI, , (MRI) diagnosis chemistry physics medicine Physics 1952 Chemistry 199 2002 2003 Therefore i body ii highresolution high resolution chemicals etc. etc iii lowresolution low relaxometry Highresolution High agrifood agri lowfield field timedomain time domain TDNMR TD (TD-NMR lowcost cost grains fruits meat oils foods paper presented noninvasive non invasive discussed (MRI 195 19 200 1 20 2

RESUMO Este estudo foca no desempenho de vacas para produção de carne, criadas nos pântanos do Paraguai, examinando cinco genótipos bovinos; Brahman, Brangus, Nelore, bem como duas raças locais em risco de extinção. O principal objetivo é identificar e classificar variáveis fenotípicas que incluem variáveis sanguíneas, clínicas, de pelagem e saúde, demonstrando ligação causal com o peso vivo das vacas analisadas. Inicialmente, foram identificadas correlações elevadas entre diferentes variáveis incluídas neste estudo, e, então, utilizando técnicas avançadas de aprendizado de máquina e a aplicação de explicações aditivas de Shapley (SHAP), foi proporcionado um entendimento mais profundo dos fatores fortemente associados à adaptabilidade nestes ambientes, e, portanto, o respectivo desempenho zootécnico. A associação entre o componente genotípico bovino ligado à estação do ano mostrou ser o fator influente mais predominante sobre o peso vivo bovino. Variáveis como comprimento do pelo, hematócrito, fosfatase, fósforo, creatina phosphokinase, creatinina, proteína, cortisol, cálcio e a presença de endoparasitas foram destacadas, demonstrando sua importância hierárquica para a seleção animal. Os modelos de ML são ferramentas eficazes para estabelecer hierarquias de relevância em multivariáveis fenotípicas complexas, o que é crucial em programas de melhoramento genético em diferentes espécies zootécnicas, bem como em ambientes especiais e específicos, como os pântanos. carne Paraguai bovinos Brahman Brangus Nelore extinção sanguíneas clínicas saúde analisadas Inicialmente então SHAP, SHAP , (SHAP) portanto zootécnico pelo hematócrito fosfatase fósforo phosphokinase creatinina proteína cortisol destacadas animal complexas zootécnicas específicos (SHAP

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the performance of cows for meat production raised in the wetlands of Paraguay, examining five cattle genotypes: Brahman, Brangus, and Nelore, as well as two local breeds at risk of extinction. The main objective is to identify and rank phenotypic variables, including blood, clinical, hair, and health variables, demonstrating causal linkage with the live weight of the cows analyzed. Initially, high correlations were identified between different variables included in this study; then, using advanced Machine learning (ML) techniques and the application of Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), a deeper understanding was provided of the factors strongly associated with adaptability in these environments, and, therefore, the respective zootechnical performance. The association between cattle genotypic components linked with the season of the year proved to be the most influential factor on cattle live weight. Variables such as hair length, hematocrit, phosphatase, phosphorus, creatine phosphokinase, creatinine, protein, cortisol, calcium, and the presence of endoparasites were highlighted, demonstrating their hierarchical importance for animal selection. ML models are effective tools for establishing hierarchies of relevance in complex phenotypic multivariable, which is crucial in breeding programs for different zootechnical species and in special and specific environments like wetlands. Paraguay genotypes Brahman Brangus Nelore extinction blood clinical analyzed Initially then (ML SHAP, SHAP , (SHAP) therefore length hematocrit phosphatase phosphorus phosphokinase creatinine protein cortisol calcium highlighted selection multivariable (SHAP

This paper presents an analytical multiresidue method for the quantification of 7 nitroimidazoles, 19 anthelmintics, 3 amphenicols, and 4 dyes in poultry, pork, beef, horse, shrimp, and fish samples by isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in a single 6 min run. Samples were prepared using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS)-type extraction with ethyl acetate and Na2SO4-NaCl (2:1), concentration into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and defatting by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-hexane. No clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges or dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) was necessary. The linearity ranges (in μg kg-1) were 0.10-0.60 for chloramphenicol, 0.50-3.0 for dyes, 1.5-9.0 for nitroimidazoles, and 5.0-30.0 for the other drugs. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were established at the lowest calibration curve levels. Except for chloramphenicol in the horse matrix, analyte recovery and reproducibility were satisfactory (recovery (fREC): 75.0 to 116.6%; coefficient of variation (CV): 1.2 to 29.9%). For the unapproved substances and the substances with a maximum residue level (MRL), respectively, the decision limits (CCα) were 0.14-4.10 and 5.28-1003.60 μg kg-1, while the detection capabilities (CCβ) were 0.13-3.33 and 5.46-11.56 μg kg-1. nitroimidazoles 1 anthelmintics amphenicols poultry pork beef shrimp ultrahigh ultra high UHPLCMS/MS UHPLCMSMS UHPLC MS/MS MS (UHPLC-MS/MS run quick easy cheap effective QuEChERStype QuEChERS type Na2SO4NaCl NaSONaCl Na2SO4 NaCl Na SO 21, 21 2 , (2:1) DMSO, DMSO (DMSO) liquidliquid LLE (LLE nhexane. nhexane n hexane. hexane n-hexane cleanup clean up solidphase solid phase SPE (SPE DSPE (DSPE necessary kg1 kg kg-1 0.100.60 010060 0.10 0.60 0 10 60 0.10-0.6 0.503.0 05030 0.50 3.0 50 0.50-3. 1.59.0 1590 1.5 9.0 5 9 1.5-9. 5.030.0 50300 5.0 30.0 30 5.0-30. drugs LOQ (LOQ levels matrix fREC (fREC) 750 75 75. 116.6% 1166 116 CV (CV) 12 1. 29.9%. 299 29.9% . 29 29.9%) MRL, MRL (MRL) respectively CCα (CCα 0.144.10 014410 0.14 4.10 14 0.14-4.1 5.281003.60 528100360 5.28 1003.60 28 1003 5.28-1003.6 kg1, 1, CCβ (CCβ 0.133.33 013333 0.13 3.33 13 33 0.13-3.3 5.4611.56 5461156 5.46 11.56 46 11 56 5.46-11.5 kg1. UHPLCMS MSMS NaSO Na2SO (2:1 (DMSO kg- 100 0.100.6 01006 010 0.1 060 0.6 0.10-0. 503 0.503. 0503 050 0.5 3. 0.50-3 59 1.59. 159 15 90 9. 1.5-9 030 5.030. 5030 5. 300 30. 5.0-30 (fREC 116.6 (CV 29.9 (MRL 144 0.144.1 01441 014 410 4.1 0.14-4. 281003 5.281003.6 52810036 528 5.2 100360 1003.6 5.28-1003. 133 0.133.3 01333 013 333 3.3 0.13-3. 4611 5.4611.5 546115 546 5.4 1156 11.5 5.46-11. (2: 0.100. 0100 01 0. 06 0.10-0 0.503 05 0.50- 1.59 1.5- 03 5.030 5.0-3 116. 29. 0.144. 0144 41 4. 0.14-4 28100 5.281003. 5281003 52 10036 1003. 5.28-1003 0.133. 0133 0.13-3 461 5.4611. 54611 54 115 11. 5.46-11 (2 0.100 0.10- 5.03 5.0- 0.144 0.14- 2810 5.281003 528100 5.28-100 0.133 0.13- 5.4611 5461 5.46-1 ( 281 5.28100 52810 5.28-10 5.461 5.46- 5.2810 5281 5.28-1 5.281 5.28-

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da silagem de ração total de Megathyrsus maximus colhido com 70 cm de altura e concentrado no momento da silagem ou ração total de capim cortado a 70 cm, composta por Megathyrsus maximus colhido com 70 cm de altura (nos Exp. I e III) e silagem de ração total cortada a 130 cm, composta por Megathyrsus maximus colhido com 130 cm de altura e concentrado no momento da silagem ou ração total de Megathyrsus maximus colhido a 130 cm de altura (nos Exp. II e IV), sobre o metabolismo ruminal, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, e o desempenho e as características de carcaça de cordeiros confinados. Os resultados mostraram que TMRS70 aumentou o pH ruminal no Exp. I, e TMRS130 exibiu maior digestibilidade do extrato etéreo, concentração de propionato e menor razão acético/propionato e pH ruminal em comparação com TMR130 no Exp. II. Nos Exp. III e IV, não houve efeito significativo sobre o desempenho e a qualidade da carcaça. No entanto, no Exp. IV, TMRS130 levou a uma diminuição no consumo de matéria seca e no ganho médio diário, enquanto cordeiros alimentados com TMR130 mostraram uma maior área de olho de lombo. A ensilagem da ração total poderia ser usada como um método de conservação para gramíneas jovens (70 cm) sem prejudicar o desempenho, metabolismo, carcaças e qualidade da carne. No entanto, recomenda-se mais estudos avaliando a análise econômica da alimentação com ensilagem de ração total (70 cm) em vez de ração totalmente misturada como método de conservação de forragem. RESUMO 7 nos Exp 13 IV , IV) nutrientes confinados TMRS TMRS7 TMRS13 etéreo acéticopropionato acético TMR TMR13 entanto diário lombo (7 carne recomendase recomenda se forragem 1 TMRS1 TMR1 (

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the impact of total mixed ration silage of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 70 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested at 70 cm in height and concentrate at the time of silage or total mixed ration of grass cut at 70 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 70 cm in height (in Exp. I and III) and total mixed ration silage cut at 130 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested 130 cm height and concentrate at the time of silage or total mixed ration of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 130 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested at 130 cm height (in Exp. II and IV), on rumen metabolism, nutrient digestibility, and the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs. The results showed that TMRS70 increased ruminal pH in Exp. I and TMRS130 exhibited higher ether extract digestibility, propionic concentration, and lower acetic to propionic ratio and ruminal pH compared to TMR130 in Exp. II. In Exp. III and IV, there was no significant effect on the performance and quality of the carcass. However, in Exp. IV, TMRS130 led to decreased dry matter intake and average daily gain, while lambs fed with TMR130 showed a higher rib-eye area. Total ration ensilage could be used as a conservation method for young grasses (70 cm) without impairing performance, metabolism, carcasses, and meat quality. However, further research is recommended to evaluate the economic analysis of feeding total ration ensilage (70 cm) instead of total mixed ration as a forage conservation method. ABSTRACT 7 Exp 13 IV , IV) metabolism digestibility TMRS TMRS7 TMRS13 concentration TMR TMR13 However gain ribeye rib eye area (7 carcasses 1 TMRS1 TMR1 (

ABSTRACT: Meat consumption has been declining in favor of a shift towards poultry due to its lower price, health benefits and consumers’ preference. One of the ways to enhance broiler production and quality is to substitute standard maize (SM) with quality protein maize (QPM) in animal diets. QPM is a high lysine maize with improved nutritional and biological values, developed by the selection of a naturally occurring recessive opaque2 mutation, which can reduce the use of costly feed components - synthetic lysine and protein ingredients such as soybean and fishmeal. Different feeding trials with QPM in broiler diets indicated that body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), breast meat yield (BMY), and abdominal fat (AF) are the main improved features. Herein, an overview of the effects of QPM on broiler performance and carcass characteristics, as well as the financial effects of its use, is presented. Different effects of QPM were observed, depending, in the main, on the QPM hybrid used in the trial. The possible reasons for the discrepancies and suggestions for overcoming them, focused on the utilization of the full potential of QPM, are discussed. ABSTRACT price consumers preference SM (SM (QPM values opaque mutation fishmeal BWG, BWG , (BWG) FCR, FCR (FCR) BMY, BMY (BMY) AF (AF features Herein characteristics presented observed depending trial them discussed (BWG (FCR (BMY

Abstract In Mexico, the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has great sociocultural and economic importance for generating more than a million jobs, being part of cultural traditions and preserving the dietary identity of the population; however, the productive-commercial structure of this legume faces problems that justify identifying whether the price of the grain associated with that of corn tortillas and chicken meat or the income of the population are the factors that affected its competitiveness. during the period 1980-2004. Methodologically, a simultaneous equations model is structured from two supply equations, one for demand and two for price transmission, a total production identity and a foreign trade balance identity. The r2 values produced by the regressions reveal no correlation between the quantity of beans produced under irrigation and the expected price and a low correlation between these two variables over time. The elasticities obtained from the econometric model classify beans as an inferior good on the demand side because they respond to changes in the price of tortillas and because they can be converted into a substitute food for chicken meat, and on the production side supply, it was identified that the price of beans produced in irrigation is more sensitive than that of rainfed, since, when associated with corn, production depends on rainfall. The results provide valuable information that allows us to know the response of bean consumers to changes in price and how it affects competitiveness.

Resumen En México, el frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tiene gran importancia sociocultural y económica al generar más de un millón de empleos, formar parte de tradiciones culturales y preservar la identidad alimentaria de la población; no obstante, la estructura productivo-comercial de esta leguminosa enfrenta problemáticas que justifican identificar si el precio propio del grano asociado con el de la tortilla de maíz y el de la carne de pollo o el ingreso de la población son los factores que afectaron su competitividad durante el período 1980-2004. Metodológicamente se estructura un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas a partir de dos ecuaciones de oferta, una de demanda y dos de transmisión de precios, una identidad de producción total y una de saldo de comercio exterior. La estimación econométrica se realizó por el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios con el procedimiento SYSLIN del paquete SAS. Los valores de r2 arrojados por las regresiones revelan nula correlación entre la cantidad de frijol producida en riego y el precio esperado y, correlación baja entre estas dos variables en temporal. Las elasticidades obtenidas del modelo econométrico clasifican por el lado de la demanda al frijol como un bien inferior, ya que responde a cambios en el precio de la tortilla y porque se puede convertir en un alimento sustituto de la carne de pollo y, por el lado de la oferta se identificó que el precio del frijol producido en riego es más sensible que el de temporal, ya que, al asociarse con el maíz, la producción depende de la precipitación pluvial. Los resultados aportan información valiosa que permite conocer la respuesta de los consumidores del frijol ante cambios en el precio y la forma en cómo afecta la competitividad.

Resumo No México, o feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem grande importância sociocultural e econômica por gerar mais de um milhão de empregos, fazer parte das tradições culturais e preservar a identidade alimentar da população; No entanto, a estrutura produtivo-comercial desta leguminosa enfrenta problemas que justificam identificar se o preço do grão associado ao das tortilhas de milho e da carne de frango ou o rendimento da população são os factores que afectaram a sua competitividade durante o período 1980-2004. . Metodologicamente, um modelo de equações simultâneas é estruturado a partir de duas equações de oferta, uma para demanda e duas para transmissão de preços, uma para produção total e outra para balança comercial exterior. A estimação econométrica foi realizada pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários com o procedimento SYSLIN do pacote SAS. Os valores de r2 produzidos pelas regressões não revelam nenhuma correlação entre a quantidade de feijão produzido sob irrigação e o preço esperado e uma baixa correlação entre estas duas variáveis ao longo do tempo. As elasticidades obtidas no modelo econométrico classificam o feijão como um bem inferior do lado da demanda, pois responde às variações do preço das tortilhas e porque pode ser convertido em alimento substituto da carne de frango e, por outro lado, do abastecimento identificou-se que o preço do feijão produzido na irrigação é mais sensível do que o do sequeiro, uma vez que, quando associado ao milho, a produção depende das chuvas. Os resultados fornecem informações valiosas que nos permitem conhecer a resposta dos consumidores de feijão às mudanças de preço e como isso afeta a competitividade.

Abstract The Europeans of the Middle Ages have always valued bread within their food system, especially as meat, another highly valued food, became scarcer. But by tradition, more than a thousand years old, in Europe and the Mediterranean, bread was the food par excellence, the only one that the faithful asked God for in their prayers because it was the one whose lack meant hunger. Grain was grown everywhere, but this didn't stop times of scarcity and famine, both in the countryside and in the cities. While the latter had other means of responding to these crises and these phenomena have been better studied there, we barely know how rural people reacted to such adversities. The response of the rural world to the cereal crisis of 1438-1440 is analyzed through a book containing the accounts of the monastery of Alcobaça for the years 1437-1440. This is clearer for the monastery, since the peasants' reactions are more difficult to discern, as they are filtered through the eyes of the landlord. In 1439, the reduction of two-thirds in the abbey's cereal revenues was countered by the cultivation of target maize, a spring cereal that could replace wheat and barley. But the crisis had other effects, such as spiraling grain prices, rising flour extraction rates and a decline in the quality of daily bread, or the resort to substitute foods. From monks to peasants, everyone felt the consequences of this crisis, albeit on very different scales and in very dissimilar ways.

Resumo Os europeus da Idade Média sempre valorizaram o pão dentro do seu sistema alimentar, sobretudo à medida que a carne, outro alimento altamente valorizado, se ia tornando mais escassa. Mas, por tradição mais que milenar, na Europa e no Mediterrâneo, o pão era o alimento por excelência, o único que os fiéis pediam a Deus nas suas orações por ser aquele cuja falta era sinónimo da fome. O cereal cultivava-se por toda a parte, sem que isso impedisse as épocas de escassez e de carestia, tanto no campo, como nas cidades. Se estas últimas tinham outros meios para responder a essas crises e estes fenómenos foram aí mais estudados, mal se conhece o modo como os homens dos campos reagiam a tais adversidades. A partir de um livro com a contabilidade do mosteiro de Alcobaça dos anos de 1437-1440, analisa-se a resposta do mundo rural à crise cerealífera de 1438-1440. Mais clara no que respeita ao mosteiro, já que as reacções dos camponeses são mais difíceis de sondar, por estarem filtradas pelo olhar do senhorio. Em 1439, a redução em dois terços das receitas de cereal da abadia foi compensada pelo cultivo do milho-alvo, um cereal de primavera que podia substituir o trigo e a cevada. Mas a crise teve outros efeitos, como a espiral dos preços do cereal, o aumento das taxas de extração de farinha e a diminuição da qualidade do pão de cada dia, ou o recurso a alimentos de substituição. Dos monges aos camponeses, todos sentiram as consequências desta crise, embora em escalas e em modos muito diferentes.

Abstract Coffee fruit processing residues have been proposed to prevent meat quality loss. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of coffee silverskin aqueous extract (CSE) on the oxidative stability of a pork meat homogenate. CSE was subjected to polyphenols determination (total phenol, flavonoids, and caffeoylquinic acid contents) and antiradical and reducing power assays. In addition, raw pork meat homogenates were divided into four treatments (CN, control or without antioxidant; T1 and T2, CSE at 250 and 500 ppm, respectively; BHT, synthetic antioxidant at 500 ppm), oxidized for 1 h with potassium ferrocyanide (0, 0.5, and 1.0 %, w/v), and subjected to meat quality evaluation (pH, lipid oxidation, color, and metmyoglobin content). Results demonstrated that CSE is an important source of polyphenols with antioxidant activity, and their incorporation in a raw pork meat homogenate led to reduce pH values, lipid oxidation, and metmyoglobin content, as well as decreased color changes (p < 0.05). These results suggest that CSE has great potential as an antioxidant additive for meat products.

Resumen Los residuos del procesamiento del fruto de café se han propuesto como una estrategia para prevenir la pérdida de calidad de la carne. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la efectividad del extracto acuoso de cascarilla de café (CSE) sobre la estabilidad oxidativa en un sistema de homogenizados de carne cruda de cerdo. El CSE se sometió a la determinación de polifenoles (fenoles, flavonoides y ácido cafeoilquínico), así como a ensayos de actividad antirradical y poder reductor. Además, los homogenizados de carne cruda de cerdo se dividieron en cuatro tratamientos (CN, control o sin antioxidante; T1 y T2, CSE a 250 y 500 ppm, respectivamente; BHT, antioxidante sintético a 500 ppm), oxidados por 1 h con ferrocianuro de potasio (0, 0.5 y 1.0 %, p/v), y fueron sometidos a evaluación de calidad de la carne (pH, oxidación de lípidos, color y contenido de metamioglobina). Los resultados demostraron que los CSE son una fuente importante de polifenoles con actividad antioxidante, y su incorporación en un homogenizado de carne de cerdo cruda condujo a una reducción de los valores de pH, oxidación de lípidos y contenido de metamioglobina, así como a una disminución de los cambios de color (p < 0.05). Estos resultados sugieren que el CSE tiene un gran potencial como aditivo antioxidante para productos cárnicos.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene por objetivo presentar un método de evaluación y análisis de la cadena de suministro como estructura organizativa cuya salida es un producto de calidad y alta demanda en el sector agropecuario. Se presentan definiciones, así como los elementos que definen a la cadena de suministro como estructura organizativa. Se brinda un método de evaluación y análisis, estableciendo sus dimensiones de trabajo y las etapas para su desarrollo. Su aplicación práctica permite realizar una síntesis de los factores que entorpecen y/o facilitan la efectividad de la cadena en el contexto de la economía cubana. Se expone el resultado del proyecto de investigación «Mejorar la cadena de suministro de productos cárnicos del sector agroalimentario para la exportación en fronteras. Código: PN131SS014-011», perteneciente a un Programa Nacional de Ciencia y Técnica.

ABSTRAC This work aims to present a method of evaluation and analysis of the supply chain as an organizational structure whose output is a quality product and high demand in the agricultural sector. Definitions are presented, as well as the elements that define the supply chain as an organizational structure. An evaluation and analysis method is provided, establishing its dimensions of work and the stages for its development. Its practical application allows a synthesis of the factors that hinder and/or facilitate the effectiveness of the chain in the context of the Cuban economy. The result of the research project «Improving the supply chain of meat products in the agri-food sector for export at borders Code PN131SS014-011», belonging to add files National Program of Science and Technique

Abstract Introduction. Livestock farming with Creole cattle is practiced in rural areas with challenging characteristics for species management. Objective. To describe the production system and the socio-cultural and technical-economic factors affecting the production of Nunkiní Creole cattle (Bos taurus). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021 in nine livestock production units of Nunkiní, Calkiní municipality, Campeche, Mexico. Information was obtained from an interview form with social, cultural, technical, and economic study variables, applied to selected producers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results. Livestock farming was carried out by men (100 %), with an average age of 58.44 years. The average years of experience were 34.61. Younger producers had higher levels of education and less experience, and were responsible for the production units of higher technological levels. The size of the livestock production unit ranged from five to twenty-two cattle (average of 14). Feeding management followed a transhumance scheme, with cattle being free-ranging on ejido lands and from May to December and semi-stabled from January to April, grazing on cultivated pastures and supplemented with agricultural residues. With the zootechnical management implemented by the producers, an average pregnancy rate of 83 % was achieved. The main product marketed was fresh meat in cuts and direct sale to consumers, with an average price of 2.675 USD$/kg. Conclusion. It is traditional extensive system that takes advantage of the common use of grasslands. It involves experienced but older producers, with small investments, and serves to strengthen their family economy. This activity is threatened by the lack of revaluation of Creole cattle and the introduction of exotic breeds in the area to maximize production.

Resumen Introducción. La ganadería con bovinos criollos se práctica en espacios rurales con características difíciles para el manejo de las especies. Objetivo. Describir el sistema productivo y los factores socioculturales y técnico-económicos que afectan la producción del bovino criollo de Nunkiní (Bos taurus). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre del 2020 a octubre del 2021, en nueve unidades de producción pecuarias de Nunkiní en el municipio de Calkiní, Campeche, México. La información se obtuvo de una cédula de entrevista con variables de estudio sociales, culturales, técnicas y económicas, aplicada a productores seleccionados. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y ANDEVA. Resultados. La crianza del ganado la realizaron hombres (100 %), con edad promedio de 58,44 años. Los años de experiencia promedio fueron de 34, 61. Los productores jóvenes tuvieron mayor escolaridad y menor experiencia, y se encargaron de las unidades de producción de mayor nivel tecnológico. El tamaño de la unidad de producción pecuaria varió de cinco a veintidós bovinos (media de 14). El manejo alimenticio tuvo un esquema de trashumancia, donde de mayo a diciembre estuvieron libres en tierras ejidales y de enero a abril se manejaron semiestabulados, con pastoreo en potreros cultivados y suplementados con residuos agrícolas. Con el manejo zootécnico implementado por los productores, se obtuvo un promedio de 83 % de preñez. El producto principal comercializado fue carne fresca en cortes y venta directa al consumidor, con un precio promedio de 2,675 USD$/kg. Conclusión. Es un sistema tradicional extensivo que aprovecha el uso común de los agostaderos. Con productores de experiencia, pero de edad avanzada, de pequeña inversión y le sirve para fortalecer su economía familiar. Dicha actividad se ve amenazada por la falta de revalorización del bovino criollo y la introducción de razas exóticas en la zona para maximizar la producción.

Abstract Introduction. In some countries of the Andean region, interest in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) breeding is growing due to the potential of this species’ meat to contribute to food security. Genetic improvement in guinea pigs has resulted in animals with high productive yields. However, these advancements have not been accompanied by studies on the net energy requirements of guinea pigs. Objective. To perform a theoretical estimation of the energy requirements for maintenance and weight gain in guinea pigs. Development. Based on bibliographic information regarding of the energy of rabbits and guinea pigs, an approximate calculation of energy requirements for weight gain and maintenance in guinea pigs was established. For this purpose, an animal with an initial weight of 0.3 kg and a final weight of 1.2 kg, with an average gain of 13 g/day, was considered. It was found that energy studies in guinea pigs for meat production are mostly expressed in energy densities, primarily in digestible energy (DE), whose values were between 2700 and 3000 kcal/kg of dry matter, and to a lesser extent of metabolizable energy. According to theoretical calculations, for an animal with an average live weight of 0.75 kg, the DE requirements for maintenance and weight gain were 92.8 and 49.34 kcal/day, respectively. With a diet providing 3000 kcal of DE in the feed, the animal must consume 47.38 g of dry matter to meet its total requirements. Conclusion. The energy requirements derived from theoretical calculations were biological consistent for meat production guinea pigs.

Resumen Introducción. En algunos países de la región andina el interés por la crianza de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) está creciendo, debido al potencial que la carne de esta especie tiene para contribuir con la seguridad alimentaria. El mejoramiento genético realizado en cuyes ha permitido que se obtengan animales de elevados rendimientos productivos. Sin embargo, estos logros no han sido acompañados con estudios de requerimientos de energía neta del cuy. Objetivo. Realizar una estimación teórica de los requerimientos de energía para mantenimiento y ganancia de peso en cuyes. Desarrollo. Mediante información bibliográfica de la nutrición energética en conejos y cuyes, se estableció un cálculo aproximado de los requerimientos de energía para ganancia de peso y mantenimiento en cuyes. Para esto, se consideró un animal con un peso inicial de 0,3 y un peso final de 1,2 kg con una ganancia promedio de 13 g/día. Se encontró que los estudios de energía en cuyes para la producción de carne están dados en densidades energéticas, en su mayoría en energía digestible (ED), cuyos valores estuvieron entre 2700 y 3000 kcal/kg de materia seca de alimento, y en menor proporción de energía metabolizable. Según los cálculos teóricos, para un animal de 0,75 kg de peso vivo promedio, los requerimientos de ED de mantenimiento y ganancia de peso fueron de 92,8 y 49,34 kcal/día, respectivamente. Con una dieta de 3000 kcal de ED en el alimento, el animal debe consumir 47,38 g de materia seca para llenar sus requerimientos totales. Conclusión. Los requerimientos de energía encontrados desde los cálculos teóricos, fueron coherentes para cuyes de producción de carne desde el punto de vista biológico.

ABSTRACT The beef is one of the main sources of nutrients for a balanced diet. In this context, several authors have reported that grass-fed beef presents low levels of intramuscular fat and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some studies have noted that forage fatty acid content is variable between species and their varieties, and that can affect fatty acid profile in beef. The aim of this study was to evaluate beef quality from three different types of pastures in southern Chile. A group of 45 Holstein Friesian steers were finished in the spring months with three different types of pastures from temperate rainy climate: Improved pasture (P), Lolium perenne L.-based pasture (LT), and Lolium multiflorum Lam.-based pasture (LM). The steers were separated into groups of 15 for treatment. Nonsignificant differences were found in carcass measurements and P treatment showed a higher intramuscular content than LM treatment (2.26% vs. 1.42%) and greater presence of SFA: 42.4% vs. 40.3% reported in LM treatment. While LM presented a higher n-6 fatty acids: 4.42% related to P treatment: 3.13%. Regardless of the type of pasture, it can be confirmed that meat from pasture systems presents low intramuscular fat and a better ratio of n-6/n-3.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the impact of a high-fat finishing diet on the in vivo performance, anatomical and carcass characteristics, and meat quality of adult culled goats. Over a period of 28 days leading up to slaughter, eighteen adult culled goats were subjected to a finishing diet provided in quantities sufficient to meet 3.0 times the nutritional requirements of adult non-dairy maintenance goats. The female goats were divided into two groups: one fed with the baseline diet without fat supplementation (n = 9) and the other fed a diet concentrated supplemented with whole full-fat linseed (n = 9). The diets varied in fat content (2.8% vs. 8.4% DM). The high-fat group exhibited a higher dry matter intake compared to the control group (+37%), along with elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The control group experienced a significant decrease in daily weight gain between the second and final week of the finishing period (-70%), in contrast to the increase observed in the high-fat group (+59%). At slaughter, no differences were noted between the groups in anatomical and carcass characteristics. Additionally, no differences were found between the diets regarding proximate composition, pH, yellow color component, and lightness of loin. The high-fat group exhibited a higher redness of loin. The inclusion of high-fat levels in finishing diets for culled adult goats allows for increased feed intake and performance but does not appear to affect carcass or meat quality.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del sexo sobre el peso vivo final, las características de la canal, los rasgos de calidad de la carne y las propiedades sensoriales de una línea específica de cerdos mestizos (Landrace 75% x Yorkshire 25% “Degesa”). En el presente estudio se utilizaron ocho machos castrados (MC) y ocho nulíparas (H) seleccionados al azar. No se observaron diferencias (P˃0.05) entre sexos en cuanto a las características de la canal, el valor de la fuerza de cizallamiento o la longitud del sarcómero. Sin embargo, el grosor de la grasa dorsal, el pH@45, el pH@24, la capacidad de retención de agua, el puntaje de marmoleado y el contenido de grasa intramuscular fueron mayores (P˃0.05) en MC que en H. La carne de MC tuvo menor (P=0.04) luminosidad que la de H, pero similar (P≥0.34) rojez y amarillez. La proporción total de ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), así como los AGS individuales (C16:0 y C18:0) fueron mayores en MC que en H, pero la relación n-6:n-3 fue menor en los machos que en las hembras. En general, la carne de los machos fue mejor calificada que la carne de hembras por el panel entrenado en atributos de sabor, pero el resultado fue opuesto cuando se evaluaron las propiedades de textura. Además, una mayor puntuación general de color, así como los atributos de sabor, se asociaron positivamente con el contenido de grasa intramuscular y la tasa de AG monoinsaturados, pero se asociaron negativamente con la proporción de AG poliinsaturados. En conclusión, los resultados sugieren que la calidad de la carne de cerdos mestizos Degesa mostró marcadas diferencias relacionadas con el sexo y, por lo tanto, podría ser comercializado diferencialmente por sexo en el mercado de carne.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex on final live weight, carcass characteristics meat quality traits and sensory properties of a specific cross breed pig line (Landrace 75% x Yorkshire 25% “Degesa”). Eight randomly selected barrows (CM) and eight gilts (F) were used in the present study. No differences (P˃0.05) between sexes for carcass characteristics, shear-force value or sarcomere length were observed. However, back fat thickness, pH@45, pH@24, water-holding capacity, marbling score and intramuscular fat content were higher (P˃0.05) in CM than in F. Meat from CM had lower (P=0.04) lightness than F but similar (P≥0.34) redness and yellowness. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) proportion as well as individual SFAs (C16:0 and C18:0) were greater in CM than in F, but n-6:n-3 ratio was lower in males than females. In general, meat from males were better scored than meat from females by the trained panel in flavor attributes but the result was opposed when textural properties were evaluated. In addition, greater overall color score as well as flavor attributes were positively associated with intramuscular fat content and rate of monounsaturated FA but negatively associated with rate polyunsaturated FA proportion. In conclusion, results suggest that pork quality from Degesa crossbred pigs showed marked sex-related differences and therefore, it could be deferentially commercially by sex in the meat market.

Resumen Asegurar la calidad e inocuidad de la carne de animales de abasto es tema de preocupación mundial. De los factores que se deben cuidar están las actividades que generan estrés al animal durante el manejo ante-mortem (transporte, descanso y aturdimiento) y el manejo de la canal post-mortem (maduración y almacenamiento), aunado a las prácticas de higiene en instalaciones y personal. El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar unidades de matanza ovina con base a la normatividad mexicana vigente dentro del municipio de Capulhuac de Mirafuentes, Estado de México. Para lo cual, se realizó un análisis de componentes principales (CP), destacando que los que representaron mayor variabilidad en los centros de matanza fueron el precio de las canales y sus productos, lugar de comercialización, volumen de matanza, sexo del animal e inocuidad de las canales, los cuales representaron el 50.4 % de la varianza explicada. Así mismo se realizó un análisis de conglomerados el cual representó la integración de cuatro grupos de descriptores de matanza (P<0.05). Como resultados se encontró que 65 % de animales son faenados en locales comerciales y casas habitación, los cuales no cumplen con la tecnificación descrita en la normatividad; además de que presentan manejos deficientes ante-mortem y post-mortem de animales; también se observó que el 98.3 % de los establecimientos utiliza un método de matanza denominado descabellado, no reportado en la NOM-033-SAG/ZOO/ 2014, aunado al desconocimiento del personal en temas de bienestar animal. Afectando la calidad e inocuidad de la carne y poniendo en riesgo la salud de los consumidores.

Abstract Ensuring the quality and safety of meat from slaughter animals is a matter of global concern. Among the factors that must be taken care of are the activities that generate stress to the animal during antemortem handling (transport, rest, and stunning), postmortem carcass handling (aging and storage), and hygiene practices in facilities and staff. This work aimed to characterize sheep slaughter units within the municipality of Capulhuac de Mirafuentes, State of Mexico, based on current Mexican regulations. For this, a principal component (PC) analysis was carried out, highlighting that those that represented the highest variability in the slaughter centers were the price of the carcasses and their products, place of marketing, slaughter volume, sex of the animal, and safety of the carcasses, which represented 50.4 % of the explained variance. A cluster analysis was also carried out, which represented the integration of four groups of slaughter descriptors (P<0.05). As a result, it was found that 65 % of animals are slaughtered in commercial premises and houses that do not comply with the technification described in the regulations; they also present deficient antemortem and postmortem handling of animals; it was also observed that 98.3 % of the establishments use a slaughter method called “descabellado” (pithing), not reported in NOM-033-SAG/ZOO/2014, coupled with the lack of knowledge of the staff on animal welfare issues. This affects the quality and safety of meat and puts consumers’ health at risk.