The present work focused on the screening process of different inorganic oxides and different temperatures for the epoxidation reaction of macaw palm vegetable oil without using solvent, a promising Brazilian biomass that can substitute other vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) in technological applications. This oil has an iodine value of 108.48 g of I2 per 100 g being categorized as a semi-dry oil. The epoxidized vegetable oil can be applied in manifold areas in polymer science. The epoxidation reaction here presented avoided organic solvents and organic acids and aimed to produce a greener route using metal oxides or niobium phosphate as a peroxide-activating catalyst. The experimental parameters were maintained as 10 mol% of catalyst loading and a time of 24 h; however, the temperature for some catalysts was changed to improve the epoxide conversion. Experiments were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Experiments using titanium oxide (TiO2) as a catalyst reached a conversion greater than 84.7%, while experiments using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or lanthanum oxide (La2O3) achieved conversions of 22.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that both niobium compounds instantly react with hydrogen peroxide to form peroxy derivatives. solvent e.g., eg e (e.g. applications 10848 108 48 108.4 I semidry semi dry science peroxideactivating activating 1 mol 2 h however 1H H NMR. NMR . NMR) TiO2 TiO (TiO2 847 84 7 84.7% Al2O3 AlO Al O (Al2O3 La2O3 LaO La (La2O3 226 22 6 22. 301 30 30.1% respectively Furthermore derivatives e.g. (e.g 1084 4 108. (TiO 8 84.7 Al2O (Al2O La2O (La2O 3 30.1 e.g 84. 30.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to analyze variations in intraoperative corneal thickness during corneal cross-linking in patients with keratoconus and to investigate its possible correlation with presurgical maximal keratometry (Kmax) and pachymetry. Methods: This was a prospective case series. We used a method similar to the Dresden protocol, with the application of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.1% hypo-osmolar riboflavin in corneas between 330 and 400 µm after epithelium removal. Corneal thickness was measured using portable calipers before and immediately after epithelium removal, and 30 and 60 min after the procedure. Results: The 30 patients in this study were followed up for one year. A statistically significant difference was observed in pachymetry values during the intraoperative period (p<0.0001) and an increase of 3.05 µm (95%C1: 0.56-5.54) for each diopter was seen after epithelium removal (p0.019). We found an average Kmax difference of —2.12 D between men and women (p0.013). One year after treatment, there was a statistically significant reduction in pachymetry (p<0.0001) and Kmax (p0.0170) values. Conclusions: A significant increase in pachymetry measurements was seen during the procedure, and most patients showed a regression in Kmax and pachymetry values one year after surgery. Purpose crosslinking cross linking (Kmax Methods series protocol 01 0 1 0.1 hypoosmolar hypo osmolar 33 40 3 6 procedure Results p<0.0001 p00001 p 0001 (p<0.0001 305 05 3.0 95%C1 95C1 C 95 C1 (95%C1 0.565.54 056554 0.56 5.54 56 5 54 0.56-5.54 p0.019. p0019 p0.019 . p0 019 (p0.019) 2.12 212 2 12 —2.1 p0.013. p0013 p0.013 013 (p0.013) treatment p0.0170 p00170 0170 (p0.0170 Conclusions surgery 0. 4 p<0.000 p0000 000 (p<0.000 3. 95%C 95C 9 (95%C 565 0.565.5 05655 056 0.5 554 5.5 0.56-5.5 p001 p0.01 (p0.019 2.1 21 —2. (p0.013 p0.017 p0017 017 (p0.017 p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 0.565. 0565 55 5. 0.56-5. p00 p0.0 (p0.01 2. —2 p<0.0 (p<0.0 0.565 0.56-5 p0. (p0.0 — p<0. (p<0. 0.56- (p0. p<0 (p<0 (p0 p< (p< (p

RESUMO: Em geral, alelopatia pode ser definido como o processo biológico no qual um organismo produz metabolitos que alteram a germinação, o crescimento, a sobrevivência e a reprodução de outros organismos, influenciando a estabilidade de agroecossistemas. O colesterol, o mais abundante esterol isolado da alga vermelha marinha Plocamium brasiliense, foi estudado quanto ao seu potencial efeito inibitório na germinação de sementes, alongamento das radículas e desenvolvimento do hipocótilo das ervas daninhas Mimosa pudica (malicia) e Senna obtusifolia (mata-pasto). Colesterol foi isolado do extrato em Hexano por métodos cromatográficos. Durante 15 dias, os bioensaios de germinação foram realizados a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas, enquanto os bioensaio de alongamento da radícula e do hipocótilo foram realizados a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 24 horas. Posteriormente, placas de Petri de 9,0 cm de diâmetro foram revestidas de papelfiltro, e 25 sementes foram mantidas em câmaras de germinação, enquanto seis sementes pré-germinadas foram postas em placas de Petri por 2-3 dias. Após dez dias, a extensão da radícula e do hipocótilo foi medida. O potencial inibitório do colesterol foi avaliado a 5, 10, 15 e 20 ppm. Em ambas as ervas M. pudica e S. obtusifolia, foram afetadas significativamente pela ação do cholesterol alcançando maiores percentuais de inibição na germinação das sementes (50% e 33%, respectivamente), alongamento da radícula (68% e 60%, respectivamente) e desenvolvimento do hipocótilo (66% e 55%, respectivamente). Os efeitos inibitórios foram dose-dependentes em todos os experimentos, tendo efeitos alelopaticos mais acentuados a 20 ppm. RESUMO geral crescimento organismos agroecossistemas brasiliense malicia (malicia matapasto. matapasto mata pasto . (mata-pasto) cromatográficos 1 dias 2 horas Posteriormente 90 9 0 9, papelfiltro prégerminadas pré germinadas 23 3 2- medida 5 10 ppm M S 50% 50 (50 33 33% respectivamente, respectivamente , 68% 68 (68 60 60% 66% 66 (66 55 55% respectivamente. dosedependentes dose dependentes experimentos (mata-pasto (5 6 (6 (

ABSTRACT: In general, allelopathy can be defined as a biological process by which an organism produces one or more metabolites that can change the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms, and thus influencing the stability of agroecosystems. Cholesterol is a very abundant sterol isolated from the marine red alga Plocamium brasiliense that has been studied regarding its potential inhibitory effects on seed germination, radicle elongation, and hypocotyl development of the weeds Mimosa pudica (malicia) and Senna obtusifolia (mata-pasto). Cholesterol was isolated from a hexane extract by chromatographic methods. Over a 15-day period, germination bioassays were performed at 25 ºC with a 12-h photoperiod. Radicle elongation and hypocotyl development were assayed at 25 ºC with a 24-h photoperiod. Later, Petri dishes 9.0 cm in diameter were coated with filter paper, and 25 seeds were placed in a germination chamber. Six pre-germinated seeds were placed in the Petri dish for 2-3 days. After 10 days, radicle and hypocotyl extensions were measured, and the inhibitory potential of cholesterol was assessed at 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm. In both herbs, M. pudica and S. obtusifolia, they were significantly affected by the action of cholesterol, achieving higher percentages of inhibition in seed germination (50% and 33%, respectively), radical germination (68% and 60%, respectively), and hypocotyl development (66% and 55%, respectively). The inhibition effects were dose-dependent in all experiments, having more pronounced allelopathic effects at 20ppm. ABSTRACT general growth survival organisms agroecosystems malicia (malicia matapasto. matapasto mata pasto . (mata-pasto) methods 15day day 15 period 2 12h h 12 photoperiod 24h 24 Later 90 9 0 9. paper chamber pregerminated pre germinated 23 3 2- days 1 measured 5 ppm herbs M S 50% 50 (50 33 33% respectively, respectively , respectively) 68% 68 (68 60 60% 66% 66 (66 55 55% respectively. dosedependent dose dependent experiments 20ppm (mata-pasto (5 6 (6 (

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to assess grating visual acuity and functional vision in children with congenital Zika syndrome. Methods: Initial and final grating visual acuity was measured using Teller acuity cards. Cerebral vision impairment standardized tests were used to assess functional vision. Patients were referred to the early visual intervention program for visually disabled children. Neuroimaging was performed. Results: In this study, 10 children were included with an age range of 1-37 months. Eight patients presented with macular atrophic scars. Neuroimaging revealed microcephaly and cerebral abnormalities in all patients. Low vision and cerebral vision impairment characteristics were observed in all children. The final grating visual acuity in this group varied from 3.00 to 0.81 logMAR. Conclusions: The grating visual acuity test revealed low vision in all children with congenital Zika syndrome. Functional vision evaluation revealed cerebral vision impairment characteristics in all patients, who were referred to the early visual intervention program. Visual acuity improved in six children. Purpose syndrome Methods cards performed Results 1 137 37 1-3 months scars 300 3 00 3.0 081 0 81 0.8 logMAR Conclusions 13 1- 30 3. 08 8 0.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric and volumetric dimensions of the lacrimal gland in patients with inactive thyroid eye disease and compare them with the values reported in the literature. Methods: This case series evaluated consecutive patients with inactive thyroid eye disease treated at a tertiary eye hospital from 2015 to 2020. The patients’ baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained. The axial and coronal length, width, and volume of the lacrimal gland were measured on computed tomography scan images, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 21 patients (42 orbits) with inactive thyroid eye disease were evaluated. Their mean age was 49.0 ± 14.6 years, and 12 (57.1%) of them were men. The main complaint was dryness, and the majority of the patients had good vision and mild proptosis. The mean axial length and width of the lacrimal gland were 19.3 ± 3.9 mm and 7.5 ± 2.1 mm, respectively; coronal length and width, 20.4 ± 4.5 mm and 7.5 ± 2.1 mm, respectively; and lacrimal gland volume, 0.825 ± 0.326 mm3. Age, sex, or laterality were not found to be determinants of lacrimal gland enlargement. Conclusion: Patients with thyroid eye disease have enlarged lacrimal gland even in the nonactive phase of the disease multifactorial aspects influence the lacrimal gland in thyroid eye disease, making it difficult to establish a clear correlation with predisposing factors. Further studies are warranted to better understand the association between thyroid eye disease and the lacrimal gland. Purpose literature Methods 201 2020 obtained images analyzed Results 2 42 (4 orbits 490 49 0 49. 146 14 6 14. years 1 57.1% 571 57 (57.1% men dryness proptosis 193 19 3 19. 39 9 3. 75 7 5 7. 2. respectively 204 20 4 20. 45 4. 0825 825 0.82 0326 326 0.32 mm3 Age sex enlargement Conclusion factors 202 ( 57.1 (57.1 082 82 0.8 032 32 0.3 57. (57. 08 8 0. 03 (57 (5

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of upper eyelid ptosis repairwith Muller muscle-conjunctival resection on meibomian gland function and ocular surface parameters. Methods: Thirty-eight patients who underwent ptosis repair with Muller muscle-conjunctival resection were retrospectively reviewed. Meibomian gland loss, Ocular Surface Disease Index OXFORD score, meiboscore, and noninvasive keratograph break-up time were measured preoperatively and at 1st, 3rd, and 6th months postoperatively. Results: Noninvasive keratograph break-up time values decreased significantly at 1st and 3rd months postoperatively compared to the preoperative level, but were similar to the preoperative level at 6th months postoperatively (p<0.001 and p=0.628, respectively). Ocular surface disease index, OXFORD score, meibomian gland loss, and meiboscore values increased significantly in the 1st and 3rd postoperative months compared to the preoperative period, but these values decreased to preoperative levels in the 6th postoperative month (p<0.001 and p>0.05, respectively). Conclusion: There is a transient deterioration in meibography findings and OSDI score in the early postoperative period afterMuller muscle-conjunctival resection. Patients undergoing Muller muscle-conjunctival resection may require topical lubricants, especially in the first 3 postoperative months. Purpose muscleconjunctival muscle conjunctival parameters Methods Thirtyeight Thirty eight reviewed loss breakup break up st rd th Results p<0.001 p0001 p 0 001 (p<0.00 p0628 628 p=0.628 respectively. respectively . respectively) index p005 05 p>0.05 Conclusion lubricants p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.0 p062 62 p=0.62 p00 p>0.0 p<0.0 (p<0. p06 6 p=0.6 p0 p>0. p<0. (p<0 p=0. p>0 p<0 (p< p=0 p> p< (p p=

Resumen Marco contextual: La hospitalización y la intervención quirúrgica son percibidas por el niño como acontecimientos amenazantes que repercuten en su comportamiento, concretamente en la ansiedad y el miedo. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de una película preparatoria para los procedimientos que deben realizarse antes de la cirugía ambulatoria con el fin de reducir la ansiedad y el miedo. Metodología: Estudio aleatorizado y controlado en el que participaron 60 niños (de 6 a 14 años) sometidos a cirugía ambulatoria. El grupo de intervención vio una película en el periodo preoperatorio y el grupo de control recibió los cuidados habituales. La eficacia de la película se midió con la escala Children’s Anxiety Meter-State y el miedo con la Children’s Fear Scale. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas (p > 0,05) entre el grupo de intervención que vio la película y el grupo de control que siguió los cuidados preoperatorios habituales. Conclusión: Es importante evaluar con precisión si los costes de esta intervención compensan los beneficios. Se sugiere seguir investigando en este ámbito, ajustando otros programas que resulten más eficaces en este contexto.

Abstract Background: Children often perceive hospitalization and surgery as threatening events that can lead to feelings of anxiety and fear. These feelings may affect their behaviors. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational video in reducing anxiety and fear before outpatient surgery. Methodology: A randomized controlled study was conducted with 60 children (6 - 14 years old) undergoing outpatient surgery. The intervention group watched an educational video during the preoperative period, while the control group received standard preoperative care. The effectiveness of the video was measured using the Children’s Anxiety Meter-State scale, and fear was measured using the Children’s Fear Scale. Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between the intervention group that watched the video and the control group that received standard preoperative care. Conclusion: An accurate assessment of whether the costs of this intervention outweigh the benefits is essential. Further research is recommended, particularly in adapting other programs that have proven more effective in this context.

Resumo Enquadramento: A hospitalização e a cirurgia são consideradas pela criança como eventos ameaçadores e com repercussões no seu comportamento, nomeadamente ansiedade e medo. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de um filme preparatório para procedimentos a realizar antes de uma cirurgia de ambulatório visando a redução da ansiedade e medo. Metodologia: Estudo randomizado, controlado, envolvendo 60 crianças (6-14 anos), submetidas a cirurgia de ambulatório. O grupo de intervenção visualizou um filme no período pré-operatório e o grupo de controlo recebeu os cuidados habituais. A efetividade do filme foi medida através da escala de ansiedade Children’s Anxiety Meter-State e o medo pela escala Children’s Fear Scale. Resultados: Não se observaram diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) entre o grupo de intervenção que visualizou o filme e o grupo de controlo que seguiu os cuidados pré-operatórios habituais. Conclusão: Importa avaliar de forma precisa se os custos envolvidos nesta intervenção compensam os benefícios. Sugere-se mais investigação nesta área, ajustando outros programas que se revelem mais efetivos neste contexto.

Abstract This study investigated the effects caused by the thermal shock phenomenon on the temperature distribution in Adhered Ceramic Tiling Systems (ACTS). Cyclic thermal and hygroscopic loads are periodic events resulting from successive and sequential processes of heating by solar irradiation and sudden cooling by heavy rains. Through an experimental program carried out in a ceramic tile prototype composed of porcelain tiles settle with adhesive mortar directly on a concrete wall, monitored the surface temperatures and temperatures at the adhesive mortar-concrete interface were measured during its exposure to heating and cooling cycles according to NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021) procedures. The confinement of thermal energy (heat) inside the structure, after the beginning of cooling, demonstrates that part of the thermal stresses is maintained internally to the structure even after the drop-in surface temperature of the ceramic tile (non-homogeneous distribution), indicating that the movements structural elements of thermal origin will tend to different directions (non-uniform) and, consequently, will cause opposite stresses between layers. This results in a possible increase and concentration of stresses in certain regions that, if critical, will lead to the appearance of damage in the ceramic coating. ACTS. ACTS . (ACTS) rains wall mortarconcrete 155754 15575 4 15575- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2021 procedures heat (heat dropin drop nonhomogeneous non homogeneous distribution, , distribution) nonuniform uniform (non-uniform consequently layers critical coating (ACTS 1557 202 155 20 15 2 1

Resumo O estudo investigou os efeitos causados pelo fenômeno do choque térmico sobre a distribuição de temperatura em sistemas de revestimento cerâmico aderido (SRCA). Carregamentos cíclicos térmicos e higroscópicos são eventos periódicos resultado de processos sucessivos e sequenciais de aquecimento por irradiação solar e resfriamentos bruscos por chuvas. Por meio de um programa experimental realizado em um protótipo de revestimento cerâmico composto de placas de porcelanato assentadas com argamassa colante diretamente sobre uma parede de concreto, monitoraram-se as temperaturas superficiais e na interface argamassa colante-concreto durante sua exposição a ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento, conforme procedimentos da NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021). O confinamento de energia térmica (calor) no interior da estrutura, após o início do resfriamento, demonstra que parte dos esforços térmicos é mantida internamente à estrutura mesmo após a queda de temperatura superficial da placa cerâmica (distribuição não homogênea), indicando que as movimentações estruturais de origem térmica tenderão a ir em direções diferentes (não uniformes) e, consequentemente, ocasionarão solicitações opostas entre camadas. Isso resulta em possível acréscimo e concentração de tensões em determinadas regiões, que, se críticas, levarão ao surgimento do dano no revestimento cerâmico. SRCA. SRCA . (SRCA) chuvas concreto monitoraramse monitoraram colanteconcreto resfriamento 155754 15575 4 15575- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2021. 2021 2021) calor (calor homogênea, homogênea , homogênea) uniformes consequentemente camadas regiões críticas (SRCA 1557 202 155 20 15 2 1

Resumen Introducción. La formación de plántulas en condiciones controladas es fundamental para cultivar especies como la fresa. Dado que la tecnología de iluminación artificial LED ha permitido un mayor control de la luz, la variación de componentes como la longitud de onda y la intensidad pueden ser manipulados para generar plántulas con diferentes características. Sin embargo, es necesario generar información para el desarrollo de prácticas precisas y eficientes en el control de la luz. Objetivo. Evaluar la formación de plántulas de fresa en diferentes intensidades de luz LED violeta, azul y roja. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó durante 2020 en el Laboratorio de Genética Vegetal del Departamento de Agronomía de la Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México. Se recuperaron semillas de frutos de la variedad San Andreas y se sembraron plántulas en luz LED violeta, azul y roja a intensidades alta, media y baja. Se realizaron determinaciones de color del área del cotiledón, índice de saturación de color y ángulo Hue. Además, se midieron variables fisiotécnicas, químicas y actividad antioxidante. Resultados. Los tratamientos más adecuados fueron luz violeta de intensidades altas y medias; así como luz azul de alta intensidad, debido a que el porcentaje de germinación superó el 60 %. Las plántulas no se alargaron ni adelgazaron, presentaron las mayores áreas de cotiledones y concentraciones de clorofila. Además, estos tratamientos de luz consumieron en promedio 31,2 % menos energía eléctrica. Conclusiones. Además de la luz blanca, los tratamientos más adecuados para la formación de plántulas de fresa fueron la luz violeta a alta y media intensidad, así como la luz azul a alta intensidad. Se sugiere evaluar los tratamientos de luz violeta y azul en otros cultivares para confirmar el efecto positivo en las plántulas de fresa. La luz roja limitó la germinación y mostró mayor actividad antioxidante.

Abstract Introduction. Seedlings formation under controlled conditions is crucial for cultivating species like strawberry. With LED artificial lighting technology allowing greater control over light, variations in components such as wavelength and intensity can be manipulated to generate seedlings with different characteristics. However, there is a need to generate information for the development of precise and efficient light control practices. Objective. The evaluate strawberry seedling formation under different intensities of violet, blue, and red LED light. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2020 at the Plant Genetics Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy at the Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Seeds from San Andreas variety fruits were collected, and seedlings were grown under violet, blue, and red LED light at high, medium, and low intensities. Color determinations of cotyledon area, Chroma saturation index, and Hue angle were performed. Additionally, physio-technical, chemical, and antioxidant activity variables were measured. Results. The most suitable treatments were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light, with germination range exceeding 60 %. Seedlings did not elongate or thin out and exhibited the largest cotyledons areas and chlorophyll concentrations. Furthermore, these light treatments consumed, on average, 31.2 % less electrical energy. Conclusions. In addition to white light, the most suitable treatments for strawberry seedlings formation were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light. It is suggested to evaluate violet and blue light treatments in other cultivars to confirm their positive effect on strawberry seedlings. Red light limited germination and showing higher antioxidant activity.

Resumen Introducción. Estudios de defoliación en caña de azúcar en México son escasos, se desconoce a qué edad de la planta y en qué época del año se deben realizar. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la defoliación artificial en caña de azúcar en diferentes etapas de cultivo y su respuesta sobre parámetros de calidad y rendimiento. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la zafra 2020-2021 entre los meses de abril y mayo, en una parcela ubicada en una soca del cultivar COLPOSCTMEX 06-039, dentro de la zona de abastecimiento del Ingenio Presidente Benito Juárez de la Chontalpa, Tabasco. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar, donde los tratamientos de defoliación consistieron en eliminar las hojas completas del tallo hasta dejar la hoja +5 (H5). Los tratamientos de defoliación se aplicaron a los 8, 9 y 10 meses de edad del cultivo, más un testigo sin defoliación, con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Los parámetros de crecimiento evaluados fueron altura y diámetro de planta, número de tallos e índices de área foliar (IAF) y de vegetación de las diferencias normalizada (NDVI). Al momento de la cosecha se midieron los °Brix y los rendimientos agrícolas de la caña de azúcar. Resultados. Se encontró que los parámetros de crecimiento y calidad fueron disminuidos por los tratamientos de defoliación total. El tratamiento 2 mostró los mayores valores de altura y diámetro de planta, menor NDVI y rendimiento de tallos al momento de la cosecha y la defoliación afectó el IAF. Los °Brix no se vieron afectados por los diferentes tratamientos de defoliación. Conclusión. La defoliación a los nueve meses de edad aumentó el rendimiento agrícola y no afectó la calidad de los jugos.

Abstract Introduction. Defoliation studies on sugarcane in Mexico are scarce, and it is unknown at what age of the plant and in which season of the year it should be carried out. Objective. To evaluate the effect of artificial defoliation in sugarcane at different stages of growth and its response on quality and yield parameters. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted during the 2020-2021 harvest between the months of April and May, in a plot located in a ratoon of the cultivar COLPOSCTMEX 06-039, within the supply area of the Ingenio Presidente Benito Juárez in the Chontalpa region, Tabasco. A completely randomized block design was used, where the defoliation treatments consisted of removing the entire leaves of the stem until leaving the +5 leaf (H5). Defoliation treatments were applied at 8, 9, and 10 months of crop age, plus a control without defoliation, with five replicates per treatment. Growth parameters evaluated were plant height and diameter, number of stalks, and leaf area index (IAF) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). At harvest, °Brix and sugarcane yields of sugarcane were measured. Results. It was found that growth and quality parameters were reduced by total defoliation treatments. Treatment 2 showed the highest values of plant height and diameter, lower NDVI, and stalk yield at harvest, and defoliation affected the IAF. °Brix were not affected by different defoliation treatments. Conclusion. Defoliation at nine months of age increased agricultural yield and did not affect juice quality.

Summary: The fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) and the Leaf Area Index (LAI) are biophysical variables closely related to the evapotranspiration rate of crops and their biomass production. Despite their importance, they are usually not measured directly due to their time-consuming and costly nature; however, they can be estimated on a large scale and near-real-time using spectral information captured in satellite images, although this requires prior validation at the field level. Simple linear regression models were developed and validated using 13 vegetation indices (VI) related to LAI and FCV in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Three spectral information sources were used: (i) reflectance to derive the VI; (ii) digital photographs processed with the Canopeo application to estimate FVC; and (iii) direct LAI measurements using a ceptometer. Six field samples were taken between March and June, 2020 in four alfalfa plots located in Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, Mexico. To evaluate each VI, the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were used. We found that the most suitable VI for estimating FVC was the VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 =0.987 and RMSE = 0.093). For the LAI, the VI that performed best was the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.935 and RMSE = 0.746). The results showed the suitability and practical utility of spectral information for estimating biophysical variables in alfalfa cultivation and their monitoring.

Resumen: La fracción de cobertura vegetal (FCV) y el índice de área foliar (IAF) son variables biofísicas relacionadas estrechamente con la tasa de evapotranspiración de los cultivos y su producción de biomasa. A pesar de su importancia, usualmente no se miden de manera directa debido al tiempo invertido y costo; sin embargo, se pueden estimar a gran escala y en tiempo casi real mediante información espectral captada en imágenes de satélite, pero esto requiere de su validación a nivel de campo. Se desarrollaron y validaron modelos de regresión lineal simple utilizando 13 índices de vegetación (IV) relacionados con el IAF y la FCV en alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Se usaron tres fuentes de información espectral: (i) La reflectancia para derivar los IV; (ii) fotografías digitales procesadas con Canopeo para estimar la FCV; y (iii) mediciones del IAF utilizando un ceptómetro. Se realizaron seis muestreos de campo entre marzo y junio de 2020, en cuatro parcelas de alfalfa situadas en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. Para evaluar cada IV, se utilizó el coeficiente de determinación (R2) y la raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RCME). Se encontró que el IV más apropiado para estimar la FCV fue el VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.987 y RCME = 0.093). En el caso del IAF, el IV que presentó el mejor desempeño fue el Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), R2 = 0.935 y RCME = 0.746). Los resultados mostraron la aptitud y utilidad práctica de la información espectral para estimar las variables biofísicas en el cultivo de alfalfa y su monitoreo.

Summary: In recent decades, water scarcity has increased considerably in Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua - the most important apple-growing region of Mexico. Thus, the objective of this research is focused on evaluating growth and development responses in apple rootstocks graf ted with Golden Delicious subjected to four drought cycles, comparing them with the continuous irrigation treatment. Ten rootstocks were evaluated (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 and MM.109) used in the commercial apple orchards in the area, where all the rootstocks were obtained during the 2020 growing season. The planting was carried out in 20-L pots in March 2020 and a substrate composed of compost, soil and sand was used in a ratio of 1:1:1. The recorded variables measured were moisture percentage in the soil, the leading branch growth, leaf water potential, total biomass, and ef ficient water use. The rootstocks B.9 and M.9 Nic29 showed good results in most of the variables studied. Rootstocks with good recovery of leaf water potential af ter recovery irrigation were found. These rootstocks were; B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 and G.210. The total biomass was statistically the same in G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 and B.9. In conclusion, rootstocks tolerate a certain degree of drought and can contribute to improving water use, highlighting B.9.

Resumen: La escasez de agua en la región manzanera más importante de México; Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, se ha incrementado considerablemente en las últimas décadas. El objetivo de esta investigación se concentró en evaluar la respuesta en crecimiento y desarrollo de portainjertos de manzano injertados con Golden Delicious, sometidos a cuatro ciclos de sequía, comparándolos con el tratamiento de riego continuo. Se evaluaron 10 portainjertos (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 y MM.109), los cuales son utilizados en las huertas comerciales de manzano de la zona de Cuauhtémoc. Todos los portainjertos se obtuvieron de viveros comerciales durante la estación de crecimiento 2019. La plantación se realizó en macetas de 20 L en el mes de marzo de 2020 y se utilizó un sustrato compuesto por composta, suelo y arena en proporción 1:1:1. Las variables registradas fueron; porcentaje de humedad en el suelo, crecimiento de la rama líder, potencial hídrico de la hoja, biomasa total, y uso eficiente del agua. Los portainjertos B.9 y M.9Nic29 mostraron buenos resultados en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas. Los portainjertos B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 y G.210 mostraron buena recuperación del potencial hídrico de la hoja después del riego de recuperación. La biomasa total fue estadísticamente igual en G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 y B.9. Se concluye que existen portainjertos que toleran cierto grado de sequía y que pueden contribuir a mejorar el uso del agua, destacando B.9.

Summary: The middle area of the state of Sinaloa in Northwestern Mexico is characterized by a warm semi-arid climate where rainfall is insufficient for the adequate development of some introduced plant species. For example, those that correspond to the genus Brachiaria, despite technological advances in sencor development, the producers have limted access to sufficient meteorological information. Therefore, the aim in the present study is to determine water requirement, crop coefficient, and productivity of Convert 300 hybrid grass (Brachiaria sp) in a warm semiarid climate of Mexico by using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO56 Penman-Montiel equation) method with complete and limited data; a meteorological station was used to measure climatic parameters, and the FAO56 method with dual kc was applied to estimate crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions, and subsequently, water productiviy. The estimated water consumption for the Convert 330 hybrid in the warm semiarid climate of northwest Mexico was 1849 mm with measured data and 1973.5 mm with limited data. The statistical analyses yielded a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.92, Willmott’s coefficient of agreement (d) of 0.90, RMSE of 0.694 mm d-1, BIAS of 0.380 mm d-1 and a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (EF) of 0.98. The kc values were 0.49, 1.11 and 1.04 for initial, middle and end of season, respectively; the water productivity (WUE) was 2.666 kg m-3 for green forage, and 0.726 kg m-3, for dry matter, in the same way, 375.1 and 1378 L kg-1 were required to produce green forage and dry matter, respectively. To conclude, althought the ETc estimation with limited data overestimated the ETc with measured data by 6.7%, statistics showed that the procedure is reliable.

Resumen: La región central del estado de Sinaloa en el noroeste mexicano, se caracteriza por un clima semiárido cálido donde la precipitación es insuficiente para el desarrollo adecuado de algunas especies vegetales introducidas, como las correspondientes al género Brachiaria, a pesar del avance tecnológico en el desarrollo de sensores, es escaso el acceso de los productores a suficiente información meteorológica; el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en determinar el requerimiento hídrico, coeficiente de cultivo y productividad del pasto híbrido Convert 330 (Brachiaria sp) en un clima semiárido cálido de México, utilizando el método FAO56 con datos medidos y datos limitados; se utilizó una estación meteorológica para medir los parámetros climáticos, y se aplicó el método FAO56 con kc dual para estimar la evapotranspiración de cultivo bajo condiciones no estándar, y posteriormente, la productividad del agua. El consumo de agua estimado para el pasto Convert 330 en clima semiárido cálido del noroeste de México fue de 1849 mm con datos medidos y 1973.5 mm con datos limitados; el análisis estadístico arrojó un coeficiente de determinación (R2) de 0.92, coeficiente de concordancia de Willmott (d) de 0.90, RMSE de 0.694 mm d-1, BIAS=0.380 mm d-1 y un coeficiente de eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe (EF) de 0.98. Los valores de kc obtenidos fueron de 0.49, 1.11 y 1.04 paras las etapas inicial, media y final, respectivamente; la productividad del agua (EUA) fue de 2.666 kg m-3 para forraje verde y 0.726 kg m-3 para materia seca; asimismo, se requirieron 375.1 y 1378 L kg-1 para la producción de forraje verde y materia seca, respectivamente. Finalmente, se concluye que, aunque la estimación de la ETc con datos limitados sobrestimó en un 6.7% la ETc con datos medidos, la estadística muestra que es confiable el procedimiento.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to analyze the classification of female university students based on their unfaithful behavior, describing each category by their communication styles as a couple and sexual behavior. 454 university women aged 18 to 28 years participated (x̄ = 20.28; σ = 1.785). Each variable was measured with valid and reliable instruments. A multivariate analysis was carried out with the infidelity variable, identifying three groups: “Desire for a romantic bond”, “fidelity” and “non-fidelity”. An ANOVA was used to contrast the three groups, finding differences according to the variables couple communication and sexual behavior. It is concluded that the “not-fidelity” group is more socially receptive and communicates positively and kindly with their partners, demonstrating fewer seductive behaviors; the “Desire for a romantic bond” group shows a negative communication style with their partners, and greater sexual behavior; and the “fidelity” group shows more seduction behaviors than the other two groups.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la clasificación de estudiantes universitarias en función de su comportamiento infiel utilizando las categorías: estilos de comunicación en pareja y conducta sexual. Participaron 454 mujeres universitarias de 18 a 28 años (x̄ = 20.28; σ = 1.785). Se utilizaron instrumentos válidos y confiables. Se realizó un análisis multivariado con la variable infidelidad, identificándose tres grupos: “Deseo de vínculo romántico”, “Infieles” y “No infieles”. Se empleó un ANOVA para contrastar a los tres grupos, encontrándose diferencias de acuerdo con las variables comunicación de pareja y conducta sexual. Se concluye que el grupo “No infieles” es más receptivo socialmente y se comunica positiva y amablemente con sus parejas, demostrando menos conductas seductoras; el grupo “Deseo de vínculo romántico” muestra un estilo de comunicación negativo con sus parejas, y mayor conducta sexual; y el grupo “Infieles” manifiesta más conductas de seducción que los otros dos grupos.

Summary: Chitosan as a natural biostimulant promotes the growth and development of crops, development and yield of crops. Several studies have proven the efficacy of chitosan to improve cucumber production, the study of the response to different doses of chitosan is necessary, therefore the objective of the present study was determine the effect of six concentrations of chitosan on the growth and production of the cucumber crop. Six treatments: T1= Control; T2= QuitoMax® 100 mg L-1; T3= QuitoMax® 200 mg L-1; T4= QuitoMax® 300 mg L-1; T5= 400 mg L-1 and T6= 500 mg L-1, were applied by manual spraying at 15, 30 and 45 days after transplanting the hybrid cucumber Diamante F1, using a randomized block experimental design with three repetitions and five plants per experimental unit. The variables length of the guide, number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and weight of the fruit, and yield in kg ha-1 were recorded. The length of the guide was measured at 15, 30 and 45 days, so for this variable a model of repeated measurements in time and comparison of means by least squares, for the rest of the variables an orthogonal polynomial analysis was used to determine the response of the variables to the different concentrations of chitosan. All variables presented a positive linear response to the application of chitosan. It is concluded that chitosan influences the growth and development of the cucumber plant. Increasing its yield as the dose of chitosan increases. The dose of 500 mg L-1 in this study was the one that had the best results. The need to study higher doses of chitosan is suggested.

Resumen: El quitosano como bioestimulante natural, promueve el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos. Diversos estudios han probado la eficacia del quitosano para mejorar la producción de pepino, el estudio de la respuesta a diferentes dosis de quitosano se hace necesario, por ello el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de seis concentraciones de quitosano sobre el crecimiento y producción del cultivo de pepino. Seis tratamientos: T1 = Testigo; T2 = QuitoMax® 100 mg L-1 ; T3 = QuitoMax® 200 mg L-1 ; T4 = QuitoMax® 300 mg L-1 ; T5 = QuitoMax® 400 mg L-1 y T6 = QuitoMax® 500 mg L-1, fueron aplicados mediante aspersión manual a los 15, 30 y 45 días después del trasplante del hibrido de pepino Diamante F1, utilizando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones y cinco plantas por unidad experimental. Se registraron las variables longitud de la guía (cm), número de frutos por planta, longitud (cm), diámetro (cm) y peso del fruto (g), y el rendimiento en kg ha-1. La longitud de la guía se midió a los 15, 30 y 45 días, por lo que para esta variable se utilizó un modelo de mediciones repetidas en el tiempo y comparación de medias por mínimos cuadrados, para el resto de las variables se utilizó un análisis de polinomios ortogonales para determinar la respuesta de las variables a las diferentes concentraciones de quitosano. Todas las variables presentaron una respuesta lineal positiva a la aplicación de quitosano. Se concluye que el quitosano influye en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la planta del pepino, incrementando su rendimiento conforme se incrementa la dosis de quitosano. La respuesta lineal positiva sugiere que dosis de 500 mg L-1 o mayores de quitosano son recomendables para mejorar el rendimiento del cultivo de pepino.