ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to develop the mobile application that allows determining the number of means of transport, in the process of mechanized harvesting of sugar cane, for different transportation distances, field performance and capacity of the means of transport used (20 and 60 t). It is a mobile application, designed in Android, based on the analytical modeling carried out by the SMCTCA software, developed by a group of authors at the Center for Agricultural Mechanization (CEMA). With the CMT application it is possible to evaluate the mechanized process of harvesting and transporting sugar cane, for different operation conditions, enabling the rational organization of the system with an increase in the time utilization coefficient, productivity and a decrease in expenses of operation.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar la aplicación móvil que permite determinar la cantidad de medios de transporte, en el proceso de cosecha mecanizada de la caña de azúcar, para diferentes distancias de transportación, rendimiento del campo y capacidad de los medios de transporte empleados (20 y 60 t). Es una aplicación móvil, diseñada en Android, basada en la modelación analítica que realiza el software SMCTCA, elaborado por un grupo de autores en el Centro de Mecanización Agropecuaria (CEMA). Con la aplicación CMT es posible la evaluación del proceso mecanizado de cosecha y transporte de caña de azúcar, para diferentes condiciones de explotación, posibilitando la organización racional del sistema con el incremento del coeficiente de utilización del tiempo, la productividad y la disminución de los gastos de explotación.

Abstract Background: The Amies-gel transport medium with a rayon swab is widely used, but it has been shown that this swab absorbs microorganisms during sample collection, and they are not fully released into the culture medium. There is a new format of liquid Amies with a flocked swab (ESwab®), which would release more microorganisms into the culture medium. In this study we compare both means of transport, determining which is better for microbiological use according to the M40-A2 CLSI document and its use in some clinical samples. Aim: To determine the conservation and recovery of microorganisms in Amies-gel and liquid media. Methods: Three ATCC strains were studied in both media by qualitative and quantitative method according to document M40-A2 CLSI. Clinical samples (ocular mucous, vaginal discharge and chronic wounds) were also processed, taken in both transport media to compare the count and diversity of microorganisms Results: The ATCC strains, with the exception of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were qualitatively and quantitatively validated by both methods. The samples of ocular mucosa and vaginal discharge did not present significant differences between each means of transport, although ESwab® facilitated the reading of the Gram stain. In the case of chronic wounds, ESwab® showed better results than the Amies-gel medium.

Resumen Introducción: El medio de transporte Amies-gel con torula de rayón es ampliamente utilizado, pero se ha demostrado que esta tórula absorbe microorganismos durante la toma de muestra, y no son liberados totalmente al medio de cultivo. Existe un nuevo formato de Amies líquido con tórula flocada (ESwab®), la que liberaría más microorganismos al medio de cultivo. En este estudio comparamos ambos medios de transporte determinando cuál es mejor para uso microbiológico según documento M40-A2 CLSI y su uso en algunas muestras clínicas. Objetivos: Determinar la conservación y recuperación de los microorganismos en los medios Amies-gel y líquido. Metodología: Se estudiaron tres cepas ATCC en ambos medios por método cualitativo y cuantitativo según el documento M40-A2 CLSI. También se procesaron muestras clínicas (mucosa ocular, flujo vaginal y heridas crónicas), tomadas en ambos medios de transporte para comparar recuento y diversidad de microorganismos. Resultados: Las cepas ATCC, a excepción de Neisseria gonorrhoeae, fueron validadas cualitativa y cuantitativamente por ambos métodos. Las muestras de mucosa ocular y flujo vaginal no presentan diferencias significativas entre cada medio de transporte, aunque ESwab® facilitó la lectura de la tinción de Gram. En el caso de las heridas crónicas ESwab® mostró mejores resultados que el medio Amies-gel.

Abstract The sound impact of the urban passenger train is a phenomenon little studied in the country and in Latin America. In the particular case of Costa Rica, the train was reactivated without considering aspects such as the development of land use in the surroundings, so there is a potential impact on the population that for years lived next to inactive railway lines. The methodology followed combined field measurements at key locations for each station studied, geographic information systems, and opinions of the populations involved through surveys applied to users, neighbors, and merchants in the area of direct influence (ADI). The results show that the levels of noise pollution produced in the event of arrival and departure of the train in the stations of the San José - Tres Ríos branch exceed those allowed by law in at least 10% of the time. In addition, by intertwining the field data with the perception study, the sensory effect of noise was quantified. The main findings show that in general all populations feel a significant sound impact that affects their quality of life and the quality of service; that the people who live or work in points closer to the stations have felt a decrease in the acoustic environmental quality and that promoting a change in planning oriented towards this means of transport can be a solution to the problem.

Resumen El impacto sonoro del tren urbano de pasajeros es un fenómeno poco estudiado en el país y en América Latina. En el caso particular de Costa Rica, el tren fue reactivado sin considerar aspectos como el desarrollo del uso del suelo en los alrededores, por lo que existe una potencial afectación a la población que durante años vivió al lado de líneas férreas inactivas. La metodología seguida combinó mediciones de campo en puntos clave para cada estación estudiada, el uso de sistemas de información geográfica y sondeos de opiniones de las poblaciones implicadas mediante encuestas a personas usuarias, vecinas y comerciantes en el área de influencia directa (AID). Los resultados evidencian que los niveles de contaminación sónica producidos en el evento de llegada y salida del tren en las estaciones del ramal San José – Tres Ríos sobrepasan los permitidos por ley en al menos un 10% del tiempo. Además, al entrelazar los datos de campo con el estudio de percepción se cuantificó el efecto sensorial del ruido. Los principales hallazgos evidencian que en general todas las poblaciones sienten un impacto sonoro significativo que altera su calidad de vida y la calidad del servicio; que las personas que viven o trabajan en puntos más cercanos a las estaciones han sentido una disminución de la calidad acústica y que propiciar un cambio en la planificación orientada a este medio de transporte puede ser una solución al problema.

ABSTRACT: The road system is the main mode used for the transportation of agricultural cargo, and in some cases, it is the only option for handling this type of product. This dependence means that the implementation of tools to support the management of logistical costs can reduce the financial impact with the transport felt by the economic agents operating in the soybean chain. This study contributed to a better understanding of the variables that make up the cost of road freight, generating a system of road freight prediction from a multiple linear regression model using the selection of variables Stepwise, Forward, and Backward elimination. This being said, this research intends to evaluate whether the behavior of soybean road freight is influenced by the variables that make up the productive, economic, and infrastructure dimensions in price formation. The regression models had an explanatory power of 87.20%. In the infrastructure dimension, the most impact variable in soybean road freight was the distance traveled; in the economic dimension, the variables of inflation and fuel price stood out; while in the productive dimension, the main contribution was the volume of production. A more assertive predictability of logistical costs and better understanding of the dynamics of freight price formation helps industry agents in planning and decision-making. Another contribution of this study is that it can be used as a practical tool for predicting soybean road freight on several transportation routes. ABSTRACT cargo cases product chain Stepwise Forward elimination said 8720 87 20 87.20% dimension traveled out production decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making routes 872 8 2 87.20 87.2 87.

RESUMO: O sistema rodoviário é o principal modal utilizado para o transporte de cargas agrícolas, e em alguns casos, é a única opção para movimentação desse tipo de produto. Esta dependência faz com que a implementação de ferramentas para apoiar a gestão dos custos logísticos possa reduzir o impacto financeiro com o transporte sentido pelos agentes econômicos que atuam na cadeia da soja. O presente trabalho visa contribuir para um melhor entendimento das variáveis que compõem o custo dos fretes rodoviários, gerando um sistema de previsão de fretes rodoviários a partir de um modelo de regressão linear múltipla usando a seleção de variáveis Stepwise, Forward e a eliminação Backward. Isto posto, a pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar se o comportamento do frete rodoviário da soja é influenciado pelas variáveis que compõem as dimensões produtivas, econômicas e de infraestrutura na formação do preço. Os modelos de regressão tiveram um poder explicativo de 87,20%. Na dimensão infraestrutura o destaque foi a variável distância percorrida como a mais impactante no frete rodoviário da soja, na dimensão econômica as variáveis inflação e preço do combustível, enquanto que na dimensão produtiva a principal contribuição foi o volume de produção. A previsibilidade mais assertiva dos custos logísticos e melhor compreensão da dinâmica de formação do preço do frete auxilia os agentes do setor no planejamento e na tomada de decisão. Outra contribuição deste trabalho é que pode ser usado como uma ferramenta prática para a predição de fretes rodoviários da soja em diversas rotas de transporte. RESUMO agrícolas casos produto Stepwise Backward posto produtivas 8720 87 20 87,20% combustível produção decisão 872 8 2 87,20 87,2 87,

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la asociación de los determinantes sociales de la salud con el acceso de los pacientes con COVID-19 a los servicios de salud. Método: Estudio analítico, transversal, realizado en tres estados del Nordeste de Brasil (Ceará, Maranhão y Pernambuco), con 968 pacientes, utilizando cuestionarios con datos sociodemográficos, determinantes y la Herramienta de Evaluación de la Atención Primaria (PCATool), adaptada a la realidad de la COVID-19, con 58 ítems, clasificados en alto (puntuación ≥ 6,6) y bajo (puntuación < 6,6), cuyo valor alto revela mejores estándares de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para analizar las comparaciones. Resultados: Hubo diferencia significativa (p < 0,05) entre los dominios del instrumento y los siguientes determinantes: edad, color de piel, índice de masa corporal, origen, escolaridad, empleo, servicios cercanos al domicilio, primer servicio, ingreso y medio de transporte. Conclusión: El acceso a los servicios de salud de las personas con COVID-19 se asoció a diversos determinantes, entre ellos individuales, comportamentales y sociales, correlacionados con los aspectos estructurales y organizativos de los servicios de salud ofrecidos por los tres estados del nordeste de Brasil. Objetivo COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Método analítico transversal Ceará, Ceará (Ceará Pernambuco, Pernambuco , Pernambuco) 96 sociodemográficos PCATool, PCATool (PCATool) COVID19, 19, 5 ítems puntuación 6,6 66 6 6,6, chicuadrado chi cuadrado comparaciones Resultados p 0,05 005 0 05 edad piel corporal origen escolaridad empleo domicilio servicio transporte Conclusión individuales COVID1 1 COVID- 9 (PCATool 6, 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between social determinants of health and access to health services for COVID-19 patients. Method: Analytical, cross-sectional study, carried out in three states in the Northeast of Brazil (Ceará, Maranhão and Pernambuco), with 968 patients, using questionnaires with sociodemographic data, determinants and the Primary Care Assessment Tool, adapted to the reality of COVID-19, with 58 items, classified as high (score ≥ 6.6) and low (score < 6.6), whose high value reveals better standards of access to health services. The Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis. Results: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the domains of the instrument and the following determinants: age, skin color, body mass index, origin, schooling, employment, services close to home, first service, income and means of transport. Conclusion: Access to health services for people with COVID-19 was associated with various determinants, including individual, behavioural and social ones, correlated with the structural and organizational aspects of the health services offered by the three states of Northeastern Brazil. Objective COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 patients Method Analytical crosssectional cross sectional study Ceará, Ceará (Ceará Pernambuco, Pernambuco , Pernambuco) 96 data Tool COVID19, 19, 5 items score 6.6 66 6 6.6, Chisquare Chi square analysis Results p 0.05 005 0 05 age color index origin schooling employment home service transport Conclusion individual ones COVID1 1 COVID- 9 6. 0.0 00 0.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação dos determinantes sociais da saúde com o acesso de pacientes com COVID-19 aos serviços de saúde. Método: Estudo analítico, transversal, desenvolvido em três estados do Nordeste brasileiro (Ceará, Maranhão e Pernambuco), com 968 pacientes, utilizando-se de questionários de dados sociodemográficos, determinantes e do Primary Care Assessment Tool, adaptado para realidade da COVID-19, com 58 itens, classificado em alto (escore ≥ 6,6) e baixo (escore < 6,6), cujo valor alto revela melhores padrões de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Para análise comparativa, empregou-se o teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultados: Verificou-se diferença significativa (p < 0,05) entre os domínios do instrumento e os seguintes determinantes: idade, cor da pele, índice de massa corporal, procedência, escolaridade, vínculo empregatício, serviços próximos à residência, primeiro serviço de atendimento, renda e meios de transporte. Conclusão: O acesso aos serviços de saúde de pessoas com COVID-19 esteve associado aos diversos determinantes, sendo estes individuais, comportamentais, sociais, correlacionados aos aspectos estruturais e organizacionais dos serviços de saúde ofertados pelos três estados do Nordeste brasileiro. Objetivo COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Método analítico transversal Ceará, Ceará (Ceará Pernambuco, Pernambuco , Pernambuco) 96 utilizandose utilizando se sociodemográficos Tool COVID19, 19, 5 itens escore 6,6 66 6 6,6, comparativa empregouse empregou Quiquadrado. Quiquadrado Qui quadrado. quadrado Qui-quadrado Resultados Verificouse Verificou p 0,05 005 0 05 idade pele corporal procedência escolaridade empregatício residência atendimento transporte Conclusão individuais comportamentais COVID1 1 COVID- 9 6, 0,0 00 0,

Abstract The presence of land use mix (LUM) in a neighborhood has been shown as an important aspect to promote walking as a daily means of transport. However, few studies in the area have applied different measurement strategies to test their effect on alternative modes of travel behavior, such as older adults walking. We applied six LUM measures of land use mix in two neighborhood definitions (500 and 1000m network buffers) and assessed their associations with walking for transport outcomes in adults over age 60 years from the EpiFloripa Aging study, living in the municipality of Florianópolis, Brazil, in 2013/14. Accounting for sociodemographic and environmental variables, adjusted associations found a positive relationship between four LUM and walking. The entropy index and three alternative measures defined by the intensity of commercial and nonresidential uses were positively associated with the walking for transportation, regardless of neighborhood definition. Stronger positive associations were seen when using smaller buffers and measures of the proportion of commercial uses, proportion of nonresidential uses and destination density. The results show that alternative measurements can overcome the entropy index, pointing out the need to adapt LUM measures and neighborhood scale to the geographic context and age group under analysis. (LUM However behavior 500 (50 m 6 study Florianópolis Brazil 201314 2013 14 2013/14 variables transportation definition density analysis 50 (5 20131 201 1 2013/1 5 ( 20 2013/ 2

Resumo A presença de diferentes usos do solo em um bairro tem se mostrado um aspecto importante para promover a caminhada como meio de transporte diário. No entanto, poucos estudos na área aplicaram diferentes estratégias de mensuração para testar seu efeito em modos alternativos de comportamento de viagem, como a caminhada de idosos. Aplicamos seis medidas de uso do solo em duas definições de bairro (buffers de rede de 500 e 1000m) e avaliamos suas associações com a caminhada para fins de transporte em participantes (≥ 60 anos) do estudo EpiFloripa Idoso (2013/14) de Florianópolis, Brasil. Considerando variáveis sociodemográficas e ambientais, as associações ajustadas encontraram uma relação positiva entre quatro medidas e a caminhada. O índice de entropia e três medidas alternativas de intensidade de usos não residenciais associaram-se positivamente com a caminhada para transporte, independentemente da definição de bairro. Associações positivas mais fortes foram observadas ao usar buffers menores e medidas de proporção de usos comerciais, proporção de usos não residenciais e densidade de destinos. Os resultados mostram que medidas alternativas podem superar o índice de entropia, apontando a necessidade de adaptação das métricas e da escala de vizinhança ao contexto geográfico e à faixa etária em análise. diário entanto viagem idosos 50 1000m m ≥ ( 6 anos 2013/14 201314 2013 14 (2013/14 Florianópolis Brasil ambientais associaramse associaram comerciais destinos análise 5 2013/1 20131 201 1 (2013/1 2013/ 20 (2013/ 2 (2013 (201 (20 (2

BACKGROUND: According to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) the Southern African railway network extends homogenously through 1067mm cape gauge across 12 of the 15 SADC nations. Nonetheless, the network is constrained from efficient and effective operation due to insufficient investment in maintaining and upgrading affected tracks and equipment apart from inadequate human capital. This article presents the case of regulation as a plausible solution OBJECTIVES: To advocate for railway economic regulation as a means for enabling investment in SADC regional railway corridors METHOD: Literature review on global best practices on regulation that induces transport and infrastructure sector investment, and a market research study on railway corridor investment policy assertions and Economic Regulation of the Regional Railway Corridor for Investment RESULTS: Current SADC regional railway corridor markets do not encourage steady or sustainable investments and there is a need for further exploration on more investment subsidies and crowding-in on intergovernmental agreements for pertinent development CONCLUSION: Attracting investments into a railway corridor market is an aspect of economic regulation, which necessitates the establishment of market confidence, predictability, and transparency, as observed in Brazil. The legislative provisions, market access codes, and incentives as implemented in the USA, Europe, Australia, and Japan are also crucial investment inducement CONTRIBUTION: The articles presents a profound approach to regional railway corridor investments consideration as it puts to questions the current practice of isolated sovereign attempts. It advocates for joint intergovernmental effort for sustainable and competitive regional railway corridor investments

Abstract Background: Inter-hospital transport of critically ill patients between islands in an island nation is driven by the need for access to more complex health resources. In this context, transport and care delivery conditions are crucial to patient survival. Objective: To identify the main feelings and difficulties of nurses from a Cape Verdean island regarding the inter-hospital transport of critically ill patients. Methodology: This qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with a focus group of nurses. Results: From the main difficulties identified, the following subcategories emerged: Lack of/difficulties with means of transport; Lack of adequate material resources to assist during transport; Difficulties in ensuring patient comfort and privacy; Problems with inter-hospital referral/communication network; Absence of a physician during transport; and Costs associated with the inability of the nurse to return immediately after delivering the patient. Several negative feelings, such as anguish, fear, and worry, resulted from the difficulties experienced by the nurses. Conclusion: The nurses&apos; statements provide an initial diagnosis of the situation regarding the resources, planning, and execution of inter-hospital transport of critically ill patients.

Resumen Marco contextual: El traslado interhospitalario de un paciente en estado crítico entre islas de un país insular se debe a la necesidad de acceder a recursos más complejos, cuyas condiciones de transporte/asistencia son decisivas para la supervivencia del paciente. Objetivo: Identificar las principales sensaciones y dificultades experimentadas por los enfermeros de una isla de Cabo Verde en relación con el transporte interhospitalario de pacientes en estado crítico. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas con un grupo focal de enfermeros. Resultados: De las principales dificultades surgieron las siguientes subcategorías - Carencia/dificultades de medios de transporte; Carencia de recursos materiales adecuados para la asistencia durante el transporte; Dificultades para garantizar el confort y la intimidad del paciente; Problemas con la red de derivación/comunicación interhospitalaria; Ausencia de médico durante el transporte; Problemas relacionados con el regreso de los enfermeros al hospital de origen. De las dificultades experimentadas se derivan una serie de sentimientos negativos como angustia, miedo, preocupación, entre otros. Conclusión: Los informes de los enfermeros proporcionan un diagnóstico inicial de la situación, en cuanto a recursos, planificación y ejecución del transporte.

Resumo Enquadramento: A transferência inter-hospitalar da pessoa em situação crítica entre ilhas de um país insular decorre da necessidade de acesso a recursos de maior complexidade, cujas condições de transporte/assistência são determinantes para a sobrevivência do doente. Objetivo: Identificar os principais sentimentos e dificuldades vivenciados pelos enfermeiros de uma ilha de Cabo Verde no que concerne ao transporte inter-hospitalar da pessoa em situação crítica. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, por entrevista semiestruturada a um grupo focal de enfermeiros. Resultados: Das principais dificuldades apontadas emergiram como subcategorias - Carência/dificuldades ao nível dos meios de transporte; carência de recursos materiais apropriados para assistência durante o transporte; Dificuldades para assegurar o conforto e privacidade do doente; Problemas ao nível da rede referenciação/comunicação inter-hospitalar; Ausência de médico durante o transporte; Problemas relativos ao regresso dos enfermeiros ao hospital de origem. Um leque de sentimentos negativos como a angústia, o medo, as preocupações, entre outros, decorrem das dificuldades vivenciadas. Conclusão: Os relatos dos enfermeiros possibilitam um primeiro diagnóstico da situação, ao nível dos recursos, planeamento e efetivação do transporte.

Abstract Primary health care services play a fundamental role in preventive and general health care, becoming essential services for the access of the population to health in remote and rural areas. In this work is examined the physical accessibility of older adults to health services in the departments of Chicalcó and Chalileo, in the west of the province of La Pampa. With this aim, an exploratory analysis using geographic information systems and a qualitative thematic analysis based on semi-structured interviews were carried out. Long distances and the characteristics of transport in relation to the state of roads, connections, means of transportation and their adequacy emerge as key factors in the access to health in these rural geographies.

Resumen Los servicios de atención primaria juegan un papel fundamental en el cuidado preventivo y general de la salud, convirtiéndose en prestaciones esenciales para el acceso de la población a la salud, en zonas remotas y rurales. En este trabajo se examina la accesibilidad física de personas mayores a los servicios sanitarios en los departamentos de Chicalcó y Chalileo, en el oeste de la provincia de La Pampa. Con este objetivo se realizó un análisis exploratorio basado en sistemas de información geográfica y un análisis cualitativo temático a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Las grandes distancias y las características del transporte en relación con el estado de los caminos, las conexiones, los medios de transporte y su adecuación, emergen como factores clave del acceso a la salud en estas geografías rurales.

Resumen Los mecanismos de transporte de radiación ionizante en presencia de campos magnéticos pueden ser descritos mediante formulaciones basadas en la aplicación de la ecuación principal de Boltzmann. Sin embargo, cuando el transporte no es en vacío sino en medios materiales dispersores la dificultad en el cálculo analítico de la trayectoria de los electrones se incrementa considerablemente debido al carácter aleatorio de los procesos de interacción de la radiación con el medio dispersor. En este contexto, el presente trabajo propone y describe una metodología para caracterizar mediante técnicas numéricas, como la simulación Monte Carlo, el efecto de campos magnéticos intensos, presentes típicamente en los dispositivos de MRI-LINAC, sobre la trayectoria de partículas cargadas, propagándose en un medio material comúnmente presente en situaciones de radioterapia. Los resultados obtenidos para el aire como medio dispersor, indican que las variaciones de las trayectorias de los electrones dependen conjuntamente de la intensidad y dirección del campo magnético y de las interacciones por colisión con el medio material. El aumento de la intensidad de campo magnético incrementa la curvatura de las trayectorias y disminuye el desplazamiento, o corrimiento, en la dirección radial.

Abstrac Ionizing radiation transport mechanisms in presence of magnetic fields can be described in terms of formalisms based on the Boltzmann radiation transport equation. However, when the transport occurs not in vacuum but in scattering media the difficulty of its analytical calculation considerably increases because of the random character of the radiation interaction processes with the scattering medium. In this context, the present work proposes and describe a methodology to characterize effects due to strong magnetic fields on electron trajectories by means of numerical techniques, such as Monte Carlo simulation, to be applied to scattering media, typically present in MRI-LINAC devices in radiotherapy situations. The obtained results for air as the scattering material show that variations of the electrons' trajectories depend jointly on the magnetic field and the interactions with the scattering medium. Increasing the magnetic field intensity enhances the curvature of the trajectories while decreasing the displacement in the radial direction.

Resumen El diseño y la construcción de las vías de transporte en Costa Rica durante el siglo XIX, se hizo, fundamentalmente, para las agroexportaciones. De esta forma, las líneas férreas hacia el Pacífico y el Caribe, cumplieron el objetivo de comunicar las zonas productoras de café (inicialmente en el Valle Central) y, posteriormente, de banano (en el Caribe costarricense), con los principales puertos del país. De forma secundaria, desde el punto de vista de la planificación, se integra el tema del transporte de pasajeros. Y si bien, en el Ferrocarril al Atlántico se trató de renegociar este asunto, en el contrato con la compañía estaba estipulado que estos debían brindar el transporte de pasajeros. El presente artículo analiza algunos de los accidentes ferroviarios ocurridos entre 1920 y 1940. Esto porque después de la construcción del ferrocarril, hubo una serie de cambios en la ubicación de las vías, en función del abandono de terrenos debido a las plagas y posiblemente, a los movimientos sociales. La mayoría de los casos que se abordan, son de pasajeros del tren o de peatones que fueron golpeados o atropellados por la máquina, pues el objetivo de este trabajo radica en explicar algunos factores humanos y socioculturales, involucrados en la participación en los accidentes ferroviarios, desde la casuística.

Abstract The design and construction of transport routes in Costa Rica during the 19th century was mainly for agro-exports. In this way, the railways to the Pacific and the Caribbean met the objective of communicating coffee-producing areas (initially in the Central Valley) and, later, bananas (in the Costa Rican Caribbean), with the main ports of the country. Secondly, from the planning point of view, the issue of passenger transport is integrated. And while the Atlantic Railroad tried to renegotiate this matter, the contract with the company stipulated that they should provide passenger transport. This article analyzes some of the railway accidents that occurred between 1920 and 1940. This is because after the construction of the railway, there were a number of changes in the location of the tracks, depending on the abandonment of land due to plagues and possibly social movements. Most of the cases that are addressed, are of passengers of the train or of pedestrians that were beaten or run over by the machine, because the objective of this work lies in explaining some human and sociocultural factors, involved in the participation in railway accidents, from the casuistry.

Resumen La inversión en transporte se usa a menudo como herramienta de urbanización y desarrollo económico. Sin embargo, aún se debate si las mejoras en transporte promocionan el desarrollo y la urbanización o, por el contrario, éstas últimas crean las condiciones que impulsan el transporte. En teoría, el sistema de transporte contribuye al desarrollo y urbanización porque agiliza el intercambio de bienes y servicios, pero los efectos también podrían ser a la inversa, por lo que la dirección de causalidad no se identifica tan fácilmente. Este trabajo se basa en información estatal de México agrupada en panel para conocer la magnitud y dirección de los impactos durante 1988-2018. La metodología consiste en pruebas de cointegración y regresiones VECM. Los resultados revelan que la causalidad de largo plazo va de desarrollo económico a transporte y sus subsectores, lo que significa que en México el desarrollo económico es una condición necesaria para modernizar el transporte. Con urbanización, la causalidad y magnitud de los efectos varían dependiendo del subsector de transporte. Las inversiones en la economía total y el sector pasajeros causan urbanización, pero transporte total y los subsectores de carga y comunicaciones estiman causalidad bidireccional. Se concluye que la urbanización depende de las mejoras en transporte y este, a su vez, del desarrollo económico.

Abstract The transport investment is often used as a tool for economic development and urbanization. However, there is still debate about whether transport improvements promote development and urbanization or, conversely, these latter create the conditions that stimulate the transport. In theory, the transport system contributes to development and urbanization because it speeds up the exchange of goods and services, but the effects can also be reversed, so the direction of causality is not so easily identified. This work uses Mexican state information of the 1988-2018 period, grouped as panel, to know both magnitude and direction of the impacts. Methodology consists in cointegration tests and VECM regressions. The results reveal that long-term causality goes from economic development to transport and its subsectors, which means that economic development is a necessary condition to modernize transport in Mexico. For urbanization, the causality and magnitude of the effects vary depending on the transport subsector. The total economy and passenger sector’s investments cause urbanization, but transportation and subsectors of cargo carriers and communications estimate two-way causality. The conclusions suggest that urbanization depends on improvements in transportation and the latter, in turn, on economic development.

Abstract External otitis is a common condition that usually has a multifactorial etiology. The present study was carried out in a veterinary clinic in the city of Fernando de la Mora in the year 2020 and the samples were processed in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Forty-eight canine patients who presented one or more clinical sign of otitis were examined, regardless of sex or breed, in order to determine the frequency of bacteria isolated in otitis, their sensitivity and resistance to antimicrobials. For this purpose, the samples were extracted by means of ear swabs, these were placed in tubes with Stuart transport medium, later. The identified species were: Staphylococcus spp. 19 (45%), Pseudomonas spp. 11 (26%), Streptococcus spp. 5 (12%), Proteus spp. 4 (10%), Escherichia coli 2 (5%) and Citrobacter koseri 1 (2%). With regard to sensitivity, the most frequent bacteria show sensitivity of ≥80% to fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, cephalosporins, beta-lactams in the case of Staphylococcus spp and, in the case of Pseudomonas spp. to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Regarding resistance, Staphylococcus spp. is resistant to penicillin (100%), and Pseudomonas spp. it is resistant to co-trimoxazole (100%). These data imply a commitment to vigilance in order to promote the control of antimicrobial resistance.

Resumen En una clínica veterinaria ubicada en la ciudad de Fernando de la Mora en el año 2020, fueron examinados 48 caninos que presentaron uno o más signos clínicos de otitis, sin distinción de sexo ni raza, con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de bacterias aisladas en otitis, su sensibilidad y resistencia a los antimicrobianos en pacientes caninos. Se extrajeron las muestras por medio de hisopados óticos para realizar el cultivo, aislamiento, identificación y posterior antibiograma. Los resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: 38 muestras, presentaron crecimiento bacteriano correspondió al 78%. En 19 (45%) muestras se aisló al Staphylococcus spp., en 11 (26%) muestras Pseudomonas spp., 5 (12%) muestras presentaron Streptococcus spp., 4 (10%) correspondieron a Proteus spp., 2 (5%) Escherichia coli y de 1(2%) se asiló Citrobacter koseri. Los resultados del antibiograma indicaron, el Staphylococcus spp resultó sensible a: enrofloxacina en el (100%), clindamicina (94,7%), cefalexina (94,4%), oxacilina (89,4%), eritromicina (76,4%). La Pseudomonas spp. sensible a: gentamicina (en el 81,8%), ciprofloxacina (81,2%). El Streptococcus spp sensible a: ampicilina (100%), penicilina (100%), eritromicina (100%), cloranfenicol (100%), cefpodoxima (100%), enrofloxacina (100%). Por último, se halló al Staphylococcus spp. resistente a penicilina (100%), la Pseudomona spp. resistente a cotrimoxazol en el (100%) y el Streptococcus spp. no presentó ninguna resistencia.

Abstract Bicycles are a low cost and healthy means of transport, however accidents represent the negative downside. This study sought to describe the characteristics of cyclist deaths, their recent evolution, and the status of the cycle path structure in the city of São Paulo. It involved a descriptive study using information from the Mortality Information System (SIM-DATASUS) between 2000 and 2017. The relationship between the cyclist mortality rate and the cycling path network was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation test. A comparison was made with bicycle journeys in the same period. The sociodemographic profile of deaths was compared with that of the general population. The mortality rate peaked at 7.91/million inhabitants in 2006 and decreased to 1.8/million in 2017; in this period, there was an increase in cycling journeys and in the cycle path structure. A negative correlation was observed between the mortality rate and the cycle path structure. The analysis of deaths indicates a predominantly male, white, young profile, with ≤7 years of schooling; 65% died in collisions with vehicles. There was a decrease in cyclist deaths in the city of São Paulo correlated with the increase in the bicycle path grid from 2008 onwards, in a scenario of increased demand for bicycle transport. transport downside evolution SIMDATASUS SIM DATASUS (SIM-DATASUS 200 2017 Pearsons Pearson s test period population 791million million 7 91 18million 1 8 male white ≤ schooling 65 vehicles onwards 20 201 9 6 2

Resumo A bicicleta é um transporte barato e saudável, porém os acidentes constituem sua externalidade negativa. Objetivou-se descrever as características dos óbitos de ciclistas, sua evolução recente e o papel da estrutura cicloviária no município de São Paulo. Estudo descritivo utilizando informações do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade (SIM-DATASUS) entre 2000-2017. A relação entre taxa de mortalidade de ciclistas e malha cicloviária foi avaliada por meio de teste de correlação de Pearson. Foi realizada uma comparação com as viagens de bicicleta no mesmo período. O perfil sociodemográfico dos óbitos foi comparado com o da população geral. A taxa de mortalidade atingiu pico de 7,91/milhão de habitantes em 2006 e diminuiu até 1,8/milhão em 2017; neste período houve aumento das viagens de bicicleta e da estrutura cicloviária. Observou-se correlação negativa entre a taxa de mortalidade e a estrutura cicloviária. A análise dos óbitos indica perfil predominantemente masculino, branco, jovem, com ≤7 anos de estudo; 65% morreram em colisão com veículos. Observou-se diminuição dos óbitos de ciclistas no município de São Paulo correlacionada ao incremento de ciclovias a partir de 2008, em um cenário de aumento da demanda por transporte em bicicleta. saudável Objetivouse Objetivou se SIMDATASUS SIM DATASUS (SIM-DATASUS 20002017. 20002017 2000 2017. 2017 2000-2017 Pearson geral 791milhão milhão 7 91 200 18milhão 1 8 Observouse Observou masculino branco jovem ≤ estudo 65 veículos 2008 2000201 201 2000-201 9 20 6 200020 2000-20 2 20002 2000-2 2000-

Abstract The perspective on sustainable mobility has been the object of investigation with a view to providing answers to the major problems faced in cities, with congestion being the main aggressor to the quality of life and the functioning of cities. This article aims to carry out a bibliometric analysis that allows describe the evolution of the generation of knowledge on the topic Bicycle, Transport and Mobility and is justified by contributing to the identification of perspectives that consider the bicycle in approaches to urban mobility. The time frame runs from 1999 to 2021 and resulted in 333 articles published in journals indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus. A proposed analysis in this article mapped as a means of transport bicycle has been studied in the context of sustainable mobility. The article is based on evidence that this theme is emerging in the literature, that there is recent literature on the theme and opportunities for international collaboration that we see advancing among the researchers of the selected databases. Turning now to the authors, among the 20 authors with the most publications revealed by the biblioshiny analysis platform, Fishman et al. (2014) has been of great relevance, having reached more than 289 citations by the year 2022.

Resumo A perspectiva sobre mobilidade sustentável tem sido objeto de investigação com vistas a trazer respostas aos grandes problemas enfrentados nas cidades, tendo nos congestionamentos o principal agressor à qualidade de vida e ao funcionamento das cidades. Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise bibliométrica que permita descrever a evolução da geração de conhecimento sobre o tema Bicicleta, Transporte e Mobilidade e se justifica por contribuir com a identificação das perspectivas que consideram a bicicleta nas abordagens sobre a mobilidade urbana. O recorte temporal vai de 1999 até o ano de 2021 e resultou em 333 artigos publicados em periódicos indexados na Web of Science (WOS) e na Scopus. A análise proposta neste artigo mapeou como o meio de transporte bicicleta tem sido estudado no contexto da mobilidade sustentável. O artigo trás evidencias de que o tema é emergente na literatura, que há literatura recente sobre a temática e oportunidade de colaboração internacional que vem avançando entre os pesquisadores das bases selecionadas. Voltando-se agora para os autores, vê-se que dentre os 20 autores com mais publicações, revelados pela plataforma de análise biblioshiny, Fishman et al. (2014) tem sido de grande relevância, tendo alcançado mais de 289 citações até o ano de 2022.