ABSTRACT The search for more sustainable systems of rice cultivation, especially in relation to water use, has included the evaluation of more-efficient irrigation systems in addition to alternative water sources. The aim of this study was to conduct a phytosociological survey of weeds in rice crops irrigated by subsurface drip with different concentrations of treated dairy effluent, maintaining the soil moisture at saturation or field capacity. A pilot scale experiment was carried out in a protected environment using a randomised block design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The IAC 301 cultivar (Arborio rice) was chosen. The phytosociological surveys were carried out on four different dates, and considered the composition as well as the distribution of plant species in each of the applied treatments, using the importance value index (IVI) to evaluate the influence of each treatment. The results showed that cultivating irrigated rice, giving priority to water management, altered the ecology of invasive plants. Fourteen weed species were identified, distributed over 10 families. The effluent dose did not alter the incidence of invasive plants, and only at the final evaluation was there a reduction in the IVI value at effluent concentrations of 50% and 75%. For soil moisture, the highest IVI values occurred on the first two days of the survey under saturated conditions; this result was reversed closer to plant maturity, when the IVI values were higher at field capacity. cultivation use moreefficient efficient sources capacity scheme replications 30 Arborio chosen dates treatments (IVI treatment management plants identified 1 families 50 75 75% conditions maturity 3 7

ABSTRACT: The development of a selection strategy and to obtain a precocious white oat progenies, homogeneous for flowering and with additions to panicle grain mass, reconciled to environmental stimuli controlled by air temperature. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Augusto Pestana, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was in augmented blocks with intermediate control, the regular treatments corresponded to 238 white oat progenies and the common treatment was represented by the commercial control (URS Taura) arranged in three replications. The selection for grains weight per panicle, percentage of flowered plants, days to physiological maturity and accumulation of degrees day are due to a high genetic contribution, which indicated promising selection for these characters already in initial breeding generations. The accumulation of degrees days for physiological maturity defines that 41.94% of the progenies are selected as precocious. The genotype ideotype distance index (MGIDI) selected 20% of the white oat progenies with greater flowering uniformity, less accumulation of degrees days and high potential for grain mass per panicle. ABSTRACT temperature Pestana Sul Brazil 23 URS Taura replications plants contribution generations 4194 41 94 41.94 MGIDI (MGIDI 20 uniformity 2 419 4 9 41.9 41.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma estratégia de seleção e obter progênies de aveia branca precoces, homogêneas para o florescimento e com acréscimos a massa de grãos da panícula, conciliados aos estímulos ambientais controlados pela temperatura do ar. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Augusto Pestana, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O delineamento experimental de blocos aumentados com testemunha intercalar, os tratamentos regulares correspondem a 238 progênies de aveia branca e o tratamento comum foi representado pela testemunha comercial (URS Taura) disposta em três repetições. A seleção para peso de grãos por panícula, porcentagem de plantas floridas, dias para maturidade fisiológica e acúmulo de graus-dia devem-se a uma alta contribuição genética, o que indica uma seleção promissora para esses caracteres já nas gerações iniciais de melhoramento. O acúmulo de graus dias para a maturidade fisiológica define que 41,94% das progênies são selecionadas como precoces. O índice de distância genótipo ideótipo (MGIDI) selecionou 20% das progênies da aveia branca com maior uniformidade do florescimento, menor acúmulo de graus dias e alto potencial de massa de grãos por panícula. RESUMO precoces panícula ar Pestana Sul Brasil intercalar 23 URS Taura repetições floridas grausdia dia devemse devem se genética melhoramento 4194 41 94 41,94 MGIDI (MGIDI 20 2 419 4 9 41,9 41,

Abstract Incorporating BIM in the education of professionals has become a demand and a topic of high importance for higher education. Several proposals for a curricular implementation of BIM exist. However, in most cases, they are specific to a single university or domain, do not consider academic policies or simplify practice by segmenting knowledge. This work proposes a protocol for the curricular implementation of BIM similar to the industry, considering aspects of process, technology, and policies aligned with the educational institution's mission and with existing competencies. Action research was the used method. Three actions were conducted: (1) proposition, (2) systematization and (3) application. The actions were executed in cycles incrementally, resulting in (1) guidelines, (2) supporting tools and (3) implementation plans. Two Brazilian universities participated in pilot studies of Project Construa Brasil. The pilot studies inspired a network of BIM cells that have synchronously applied curricular BIM implementation guidelines on a large scale. The guidelines proved to be generic and comprehensive, guiding the transformation with an empirical basis for the academics' decision-making. Leadership of a BIM specialist was confirmed as an essential factor of success. It is observed that even with a timid introduction of BIM competence in a limited scope of engineering solutions, the impact on the BIM maturity curriculum is significant. exist However cases domain knowledge industry process technology institutions institution s competencies method conducted 1 (1 proposition 2 (2 3 (3 application incrementally plans Brasil scale comprehensive academics decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making success solutions significant (

Resumo Incorporar o BIM na formação de profissionais tornou-se uma demanda e um tema de grande importância para o ensino superior. Existem várias propostas de implementação curricular do BIM. No entanto, na maioria dos casos, são específicos de uma única universidade oudomínio, não contemplam políticas acadêmicas ou simplificam a prática segmentando o conhecimento. Este trabalho propõe um protocolo para a implementação curricular do BIM semelhante aoda indústria, considerando aspectos de processo, tecnologia e políticas alinhados com a missão da instituição de ensino e com as competências existentes. Pesquisa-ação foi o método utilizado. Três ações foram realizadas: (1) proposição, (2) sistematização e (3) aplicação. As ações foram realizadas em ciclos de forma incremental, resultando em (1) diretrizes, (2) ferramentas de apoio e (3) planos de implementação. Duas universidades brasileiras participaram de estudos-piloto do Projeto Construa Brasil. Os estudos-piloto inspiraram uma rede de células BIM que aplicaram as diretrizes curriculares de implementação BIM em larga escala. As diretrizes mostraram-se genéricas e abrangentes, orientando a transformação com base empírica para a tomada de decisão dos acadêmicos. A facilitação de um especialista BIM foi confirmada como fator essencial de sucesso. Observa-se que, mesmo com uma tímida introdução de competências BIM em um escopo limitado de soluções de engenharia, o impacto na maturidade BIM do currículo é significativo. tornouse tornou se superior entanto casos oudomínio conhecimento indústria processo existentes Pesquisaação Pesquisa ação utilizado 1 (1 proposição 2 (2 3 (3 aplicação incremental estudospiloto estudos piloto Brasil escala mostraramse mostraram abrangentes acadêmicos sucesso Observase Observa engenharia significativo (

Abstract The objective of this work was to identify areas of opportunity in purchasing management, its operations, and functions in small and medium-sized companies in the metal-mechanic sector in the city of Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. The hypothesis was raised that there are practices in the purchasing area that are poorly managed and that represent areas of opportunity for improvement, thereby contributing to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain. To obtain the necessary information, a questionnaire designed in Google forms was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 13 companies in the metal-mechanic industry in the city of Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test for small samples and the Chi-square statistic. The maturity test of the practices was carried out using the SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference Model) model. The results, obtained through the identification of weaknesses in the process, made it possible to find areas of opportunity in some purchasing practices, as well as also specific opportunity areas for the 13 companies studied.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar áreas de oportunidad en la gestión de compras, sus operaciones y funciones en pequeñas y medianas empresas del sector metalmecánico de la ciudad de Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. Se planteó la hipótesis de que existen prácticas en el área de compras que se gestionan de manera deficiente y que representan áreas de oportunidad para su mejora contribuyendo con ello a mejorar la eficacia y la eficiencia de la cadena de suministro. Para obtener la información necesaria se aplicó un cuestionario diseñado en Google forms a una muestra no probabilística de 13 empresas del ramo metalmecánico de la ciudad de Gómez Palacio, Durango., México. El análisis estadístico se realizó con la prueba no paramétrica para muestras pequeñas Kruskal-Wallis y el estadístico Chi cuadrado. La prueba de maduréz de las prácticas se realizó con el uso del modelo SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference Model. Los resultados, obtenidos a través de la identificación de debilidades en el proceso, permitieron encontrar áreas de oportunidad en algunas prácticas de compras, asi como también áreas de oportunidad específicas para las 13 empresas estudiadas.

Resumen. Los tambores y roncadores (Sciaenidae) son parte importante de la composición específica de las capturas costeras en el Golfo de California, México. Dentro de este grupo de especies, la curvina rayada (Cynoscion reticulatus) destaca por su alto potencial pesquero, gran demanda y debido a que ha incrementado su valor de mercado. La curvina rayada ha estado bajo constante presión pesquera durante los últimos 20 años. Sin embargo, se necesita contar con información biológica actual o puntos de referencia que permitan establecer medidas de manejo pesquero. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la longitud estándar media de madurez sexual (LE 50 ) utilizando varios modelos para sugerir una talla mínima de captura (TMC) de C. reticulatus en la costa sur de Sinaloa. Para esto, se realizaron muestreos mensuales en las descargas de la flota costera desde diciembre de 2020 hasta diciembre de 2021 en la costa sur de Sinaloa. La LE 50 se evaluó con base en 3 modelos candidatos (Gompertz, Lysack y White) a través de un enfoque binomial. Los intervalos de confianza para la LE 50 se estimaron utilizando perfiles y contornos de verosimilitud, y se utilizó el criterio de información de Akaike (CIA) para seleccionar el mejor modelo. Se examinaron un total de 284 individuos, de los cuales 131 se utilizaron en el análisis. El modelo de White fue el más adecuado; sin embargo, con base en los pesos de CIA, los 3 modelos mostraron un rendimiento similar, por lo que la LE50 (24.48 cm; IC 95% 12.9-36.0 cm) se estimó como el promedio de estos. Por último, como medida de manejo, proponemos una TMC bajo un enfoque precautorio de 36 cm LE para C. reticulatus en la costa sur de Sinaloa.

Abstract. Drums and croakers (Sciaenidae) are important to the species composition of coastal catches in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Among these species, the striped corvina (Cynoscion reticulatus) stands out because of its high fishery potential, high demand, and increased market value. The striped croaker has been under constant fishing pressure over the past 20 years. Still, there needs to be current biological information or reference points to allow the establishment of management measures for fisheries. The objective of the present study was to estimate the mean standard length at sexual maturity (SL 50 ) of females using various models and to suggest a minimum catch size (MCS) for C. reticulatus off the southern coast of Sinaloa. Monthly samplings of coastal fishery landings were done from December 2020 to December 2021 on the south coast of Sinaloa. The SL 50 was evaluated based on 3 candidate models (Gompertz, Lysack, and White) through a binomial approach. Confidence intervals for SL 50 were estimated using likelihood profiles and contours, and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best model. A total of 284 individuals were examined, of which 131 were used in calculations. White’s model was the most adequate; however, based on AIC weights, all 3 models performed similarly, and SL 50 (24.48 cm; C.I. 95% 12.9-70 36.0 cm) was estimated as their average. As a management measure, we propose a precautionary MCS of 36 cm SL for C. reticulatus off southern Sinaloa.

Abstract Introduction: Semaprochilodus laticeps is a freshwater fish species native to the Orinoco Basin that is exploited in Colombia at two different stages of its life cycle: fry (for the ornamental trade) and adults (for the consumer market). This double exploitation of juveniles and adults raises concerns about the population stability of the species. Objective: To evaluate the sustainability of the exploitation of the species in these two life stages. Methods: 1 277 specimens of S. laticeps were sampled between June and December 2017. Population parameters were estimated from length-frequency data using ELEFAN 1 routine of the FISAT II package. Length at first maturity (Lm) and length at maximum yield (Lopt) were determined using the Froese and Binohlan equations. Virtual population analysis was performed based on Jones length cohort analysis. Results: Population parameters were as follows: K = 0.75, L∞ = 53.1 cm LE, Z = 2.92 yr-1, M = 1.24 yr-1 and F = 1.68. Lm was estimated to be 29.6 cm SL and Lopt at 33.4 cm SL. Of note, 96.3 % of the fish caught in the consumer fishery exceeded Lm and 80 % exceeded Lopt. The results of the virtual population analysis suggested that a very low proportion (0.85 %) of the population was caught as fry, possibly due to natural mortality. Conclusions: Based on the results, as no indicators of overexploitation were identified, it is recommended to continue with the dual use of S. laticeps. It is recommended to maintain the existing conservation measures, such as the closed season during the reproductive period, to ensure sustainable fishery exploitation. The results obtained can serve as a reference to analyze the situation of other species currently fished for both the ornamental (fry) and food (adult) markets.

Resumen Introducción: Semaprochilodus laticeps es una especie de pez de agua dulce originaria de la cuenca del Orinoco, explotada en Colombia en dos etapas distintas de su ciclo de vida: alevín (para el comercio ornamental) y adulto (para el mercado de consumo). Esta doble explotación de alevines y adultos genera preocupación sobre la estabilidad poblacional de la especie. Objetivo: Evaluar la sostenibilidad de la explotación de la especie en estas dos etapas de vida. Método: Entre junio y diciembre de 2017 se muestrearon 1 277 ejemplares de S. laticeps. Los parámetros poblacionales se estimaron utilizando datos de frecuencia de tallas con la rutina ELEFAN 1 del paquete FISAT II. La longitud de primera madurez (Lm) y la de máximo rendimiento (Lopt) se determinaron mediante ecuaciones de Froese y Binohlan. El análisis de la población virtual se realizó basándose en el análisis de cohorte de longitud de Jones. Resultados: Los parámetros poblacionales fueron los siguientes: K = 0.75, L∞ = 53.1 cm LE, Z = 2.92 año-1, M = 1.24 año-1 y F = 1.68. Lm se estimó en 29.6 cm SL y Lopt en 33.4 cm SL. En particular, el 96.3 % del pescado capturado en la pesquería de consumo superó Lm y el 80 % superó Lopt. El análisis de la población virtual sugirió que una fracción muy baja (0.85 %) de la población fue capturada como alevines, posiblemente atribuible a la mortalidad natural. Conclusiones: Con base en los hallazgos, al no identificarse indicadores de sobreexplotación, se recomienda continuar con el doble uso de S. laticeps. Se recomienda mantener las medidas de protección existentes, así como una veda durante el período reproductivo, para garantizar una explotación pesquera sostenible. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir como referencia para analizar la situación de otras especies actualmente capturadas para el mercado tanto ornamental como de consumo.

Abstract Introduction: Studies on the microsporogenesis of Rubus glaucus are non-existent and little is known about the ultrastructure of the pollen grains. Objectives: To describe the microsporogenesis process, and ultrastructural aspects of the pollen grains in Rubus glaucus. Methods: Flowers at different developmental stages were embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with Safranin-Alcian Blue, PAS-Amidoblack and Lacmoid or included in resin and stained with toluidine blue. Ultrathin sections were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, the material was fixed and dehydrated in 2.2 dimethoxypropane, then with Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and the samples were coated with gold. Results: Anthers are differentiated by a cellular mass at the ends distal to the staminal filaments. During development, the anther wall presents several cellular layers and at maturity, they are reduced to the epidermis and the endothecium. Microsporocytes undergo simultaneous meiosis and form tetrahedral tetrads. The tapetum develops secretory activity until pollen grains are released, then the cellular content undergoes autolysis. During sporodermis formation, the exine is first deposited and then the intine in a centripetal form. The pollen grains are tricolporate, isopolar, oblate to peroblate, with radial simetry, circular in outline with blunt apices in polar view, ellipsoidal in equatorial view. The exine is thick, tectated, striate perforate. The sporodermis presents an ectexine formed by a tectum interrupted by perforations and thick columellae. Colpus membrane presents small exine granules and orbicules on the surface. The intine develops known structural patterns. Pollenkitt is inconspicuous. Conclusion: Anthers structure and development follows the known patterns of angiosperms. Simultaneous microsporogenesis and centripetal deposition of the sporodermis, as well as ornamentation patterns, have been previously described for the Rosaceae Family.

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios sobre la microsporogénesis de Rubus glaucus son inexistentes y poco es conocido sobre la ultraestructura del polen. Objetivos: Describir la microsporogénesis, y la ultraestructura de los granos de polen en Rubus glaucus. Métodos: Flores en diferentes etapas de desarrollo fueron incluidas en parafina o en resina. Las secciones se tiñeron con Safranin-Alcian Blue, PAS-Amidoblack y Lacmoid o incluidas en resina y teñidas con Azul de Toluidina. Secciones ultrafinas fueron observadas mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET). Para la observación con microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), el material se fijó y se deshidrató en 2.2 dimetoxipropano, luego se usó hexametildisilazano (HMDS) y las muestras se recubrieron con oro. Resultados: Las anteras se diferencian a partir de una masa celular en los extremos distales de los filamentos estaminales. Inicialmente, la pared de las anteras presenta varias capas celulares y al madurar se reducen a la epidermis y al endotecio. Los microsporocitos experimentan meiosis simultánea y forman tétradas tetraédricas. El tapete desarrolla actividad secretora hasta que se liberan los granos de polen, luego el contenido celular se desorganiza y experimenta autólisis. Al formarse la esporodermis, primero se deposita la exina y luego la intina en forma centrípeta. Los granos de polen son tricolporados, isopolares, oblados a peroblados, con simetría radial, de contorno circular con ápices romos en vista polar, elipsoidales en vista ecuatorial. La exina es gruesa, tectada, perforada estriada. La ectexina está formada por un tectum interrumpido por perforaciones y gruesas columelas. La membrana del colpo posee pequeños gránulos como restos de exina y orbículas en la superficie. La intina desarrolla patrones estructurales conocidos. El polenkit es inconspicuo. Conclusión: El desarrollo de las anteras sigue los patrones de las angiospermas. La microsporogénesis simultánea, el depósito centrípeto de la esporodermis, y los patrones de ornamentación observados han sido descritos previamente para la Familia Rosaceae.

SUMMARY: The study was designed to explore the association between the immunolocalization of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α- SMA) and S100 proteins within the efferent ductules (ED) from one side, and the sexual maturity and seasonality from the other side. For each season, tissue specimens were obtained from 7 adult and 7 juvenile, clinically healthy male dromedaries. Specimens were investigated by the standard immunohistochemical procedures. The immunohistochemical findings displayed that the pattern of expression was similar for both proteins, either in adults or in juveniles. Expression was significantly higher in adults during season of sexual activity (winter), fairly reduced during periods of transition from activity to inactivity (spring) or from inactivity to activity (autumn) and reaches its lowest magnitude during season of sexual inactivity (summer). On the other hand, a moderate immunoreactivity of both proteins in ED from juvenile male camels was nearly uniform throughout the year. The immunoreactivity for both α-SMA (smooth muscle cells in ductular and vascular walls) and S100 (ductular ciliated cells), was evident during periods of sexual activity. It can be concluded that the immunoreactivity is androgen- dependent and positively correlated with both of sexual activity and maturity, suggesting a crucial role of both α-SMA and S100 proteins in the regulation of the diverse functions of the ED in male dromedaries.

RESUMEN: El estudio fue diseñado para explorar la asociación entre la inmunolocalización de la actina de músculo liso alfa (α-SMA) y las proteínas S100 dentro de los conductos eferentes (ED) por una pate, y la madurez sexual y estacionalidad por otra parte. Para cada estación, se obtuvieron muestras de tejido de 7 dromedarios machos adultos jóvenes y clínicamente sanos. Las muestras se investigaron mediante procedimientos inmunohistoquímicos estándar. Los hallazgos inmunohistoquímicos mostraron que el patrón de expresión era similar para ambas proteínas, ya sea en adultos o en jóvenes. La expresión fue significativamente mayor en adultos durante la temporada de actividad sexual (invierno), bastante reducida durante los períodos de transición de actividad a inactividad (primavera) o de inactividad a actividad (otoño) y alcanzaba su magnitud más baja durante la temporada de inactividad sexual (verano). Por otro lado, una inmunorreactividad moderada de ambas proteínas en el DE de camellos machos juveniles fue casi uniforme durante todo el año. La inmunorreactividad tanto para α-SMA (células musculares lisas en las paredes ductulares y vasculares) como para S100 (células ciliadas ductulares), fue evidenciada durante los períodos de actividad sexual. Se puede concluir que la inmunorreactividad es dependiente de los andrógenos y se correlaciona positivamente tanto con la actividad sexual como con la madurez, lo que sugiere un papel crucial de las proteínas α-SMA y S100 en la regulación de las diversas funciones del DE en dromedarios machos.

ABSTRACT Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease and bruchids are the common disease and insect pest causing yield loss in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). ‘KUML4’ is an improved mung bean cultivar grown in Thailand having high yield, early and highly synchronous maturity, large seed size, but susceptible to CLS disease and bruchids. This study was conducted to improve ‘KUML4’ through introgression of VrTAF5 for CLS resistance and VrPGIP2 for bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) resistance from landrace mung bean accessions ‘V4718’ and ‘V2808’, respectively, by marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). In the MABC, foreground selections were performed using VrTAF5- and VrPGIP2-specific markers. The BC3F3 pyramided lines with KUML4 background carrying both VrTAF5 and VrPGIP2 genes were developed and evaluated for agronomic and yield-related traits, CLS resistance, and bruchid resistance. Three BC3F3 lines, KUML4-2020-21, KUML4-2020-23, and KUML4-2020-60, exhibiting superior agronomic and yield-related traits, CLS resistance, and bruchid resistance than ‘KUML4’ were successfully obtained via MABC. Under the CLS outbreak, these lines showed 248.5%-331.7% higher seed yield than ‘KUML4’. The lines expressed nearly perfect resistance to bruchid (< 5% seeds damaged). These lines can be developed into new resistant mung bean cultivars in the future.

A notion exists that organisations with higher levels of project management maturity execute projects more effectively and efficiently and so have a higher probability of achieving project success. This paper reports on a single case study that measured the project management maturity of four project management knowledge areas, and also investigated the impact of project management maturity on perceived project success in a mining operation. The study found that project management maturity plays a pivotal role in achieving project management deliverables. However, project management maturity alone is not sufficient to guarantee project success.

Dit word gereken dat organisasies met hoër vlakke van projekbestuurvolwassenheid projekte meer effektief en doeltreffend uitvoer. Gevolglik het hulle 'n groter waarskynlikheid om projeksukses te behaal. Hierdie artikel handel oor 'n gevallestudie wat die projekbestuursvolwassenheid van vier projekbestuur kennisareas gemeet het, asook die impak van projekbestuurvolwassenheid op waargenome projeksukses in 'n mynbou-operasie ondersoek het. Die studie het bevind dat, alhoewel projekbestuurvolwassenheid 'n deurslaggewende rol speel om projekbestuur-aflewerbares te bereik, projekbestuurvolwassenheid alleen egter nie voldoende is om projeksukses te waarborg nie.

This paper identifies the essential support functions of project management offices (PMO) for various organisational project management maturity (OPMM) levels. A case study of a South African petrochemical company compares a PMO within the company with a small projects department that is not supported by a PMO. OPMM development drivers and essential PMO support functions are identified for both structures. It is proposed that the requirements of essential PMO support functions depend on the OPMM level, but are also affected by business needs. The highest OPMM level is not required for every organisation, as the optimum OPMM level depends on the specific business' requirements.

Hierdie artikel identifiseer noodsaaklike ondersteuningsfunksies van projekbestuurskantore (PBKe) vir verskillende vlakke van organisatoriese projekbestuur-volwassenheid. 'n Gevalstudie vergelyk 'n PBK en 'n klein projekte departement van 'n Suid-Afrikaanse petrochemiese maatskappy. Die ontwikkelingsdrywers van organisatoriese projekbestuur-volwassenheid en noodsaaklike PBK ondersteunings-funksies is vir beide strukture geïdentifiseer. Dit blyk dat die noodsaaklike PBK-funksies afhang van die vlak van organisatoriese projekbestuur-volwassenheid, maar ook beïnvloed word deur besigheids-behoeftes. Die optimale vlak van organisatoriese projekbestuur-volwassenheid hang af van spesifieke besigheidsvereistes, en vereis nie noodwendig die hoogste vlak van organisatoriese projekbestuur-volwassenheid nie.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em apresentar a agenda futura sobre os modelos de maturidade que avaliam o desenvolvimento de PMEs e sua aptidão para adaptar-se à Indústria 4.0. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura, por meio de bibliometria, a fim de identificar os potenciais elementos da Indústria 4.0 que podem contribuir com as PMEs; e as principais dificuldades que serão enfrentadas por esses negócios perante as possíveis transformações apresentadas pela era da digitalização. Desse modo, foram compilados dados dos 700 trabalhos que a base retornou e, após a aplicação dos filtros definidos para este estudo, 375 artigos foram lidos em profundidade para desenvolver o escopo da presente pesquisa. Os resultados elencam barreiras, tais como o fato de os modelos existentes não atenderem ao contexto das PMEs e às oportunidades, já que PMEs possuem dificuldades em explorar possíveis benefícios. Além disso, destacam-se os determinantes para implementações bem-sucedidas, de modo a contemplar um modelo sistêmico para a Indústria 4.0 em PMEs, assim como os pontos que devem ser considerados para compor novos modelos dedicados para avaliar a maturidade de PMEs em relação à Indústria 4.0, como as estratégias de longo prazo, e a sugestão de uma agenda de estudos futuros. adaptarse adaptar se 40 4 0 isso realizouse realizou literatura bibliometria 4. digitalização 70 estudo 37 barreiras oportunidades benefícios disso destacamse destacam bemsucedidas, bemsucedidas bem sucedidas, sucedidas bem-sucedidas prazo futuros 7 3

The research aims to present a future agenda for maturity model that assess SMEs ability to adapt to the Industry 4.0 development. To this end, a literature review was carried out, using bibliometrics to identify potential elements of Industry 4.0 that can contribute to SMEs, and the main difficulties that will be faced by these businesses in face of the transformations presented by digitalization era. In this way, data compiled from database returned 700 works, and, after applying filters defined to this study, 375 articles were read in depth to develop the research scope. The results list barriers, such as the fact that existing models do not meet SMEs context, and the opportunities since SMEs have difficulties in exploring possible benefits. Furthermore, there are highlighted determinants for successful implementations, in order to contemplate a systemic model for Industry 4.0 in SMEs as well as the points that must be considered to compose new dedicated models to assess SMEs maturity with respect Industry 4.0, such as long-term strategies, and the suggestion of an agenda for future studies. 40 4 0 4. development end out era way 70 works study 37 scope barriers context benefits Furthermore implementations longterm long term strategies studies 7 3

El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar la agenda futura sobre modelos de madurez que evalúen el desarrollo de las pymes y su capacidad de adaptación a la Industria 4.0. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, utilizando bibliometría, con el fin de identificar los elementos potenciales de la Industria 4.0 que pueden aportar a las PYMEs y las principales dificultades que enfrentarán estos negocios ante las posibles transformaciones que presenta la era de la digitalización. De esta manera, se recopilaron datos de los 700 trabajos que arrojó la base de datos y, tras aplicar los filtros definidos para este estudio, se leyeron en profundidad 375 artículos para desarrollar los alcances de esta investigación. Los resultados enumeran las barreras, como el hecho de que los modelos existentes no se adaptan al contexto de las PYMEs, y las oportunidades, ya que las PYMEs tienen dificultades para explorar posibles beneficios. Además, se destacan los determinantes para implementaciones exitosas, con el fin de contemplar un modelo sistémico para la Industria 4.0 en las PYMEs, así como los puntos que deben ser considerados para componer nuevos modelos dedicados a evaluar la madurez de las PYMEs en relación a la Industria 4.0, tales como como estrategias de largo plazo, y la sugerencia de una agenda para futuros estudios. 40 4 0 ello bibliográfica bibliometría 4. digitalización manera 70 estudio 37 barreras oportunidades beneficios Además exitosas plazo estudios 7 3

ABSTRACT Quinoa is an Andean grain recognized for its high nutritional value and its ability to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Most publications on this species have focused on agronomic or agroindustrial aspects, leaving uncertainties about the relationship between biological yield and compositional characteristics of the grain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the biological performance and agroindustrial properties of the seeds of three quinoa cultivars widely used in Colombia. A completely randomized design was used with the Pasankalla, Soraca and Titicaca cultivars. In the first phase, the physiological behavior of the plants under controlled conditions was evaluated. In the second phase, seed production and some compositional characteristics were determined in the laboratory. In general, the three cultivars showed significant diversity and differences in morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. The Titicaca cultivar presented the earliest maturity, taking 115.6 days to reach harvest, while Soraca was the cultivar with the highest production, achieving 321 g of seeds per plant. Regarding the characteristics of the grain, the Soraca and Pasankalla cultivars had the highest protein content, with values of 14.33 and 13.76%, respectively.

RESUMEN La quinua es un grano andino reconocido por su alto valor nutricional y su capacidad para tolerar condiciones ambientales extremas. La mayoría de las publicaciones sobre esta especie se han centrado en aspectos agronómicos o agroindustriales, dejando incertidumbres sobre la relación entre el rendimiento biológico y las características composicionales del grano. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el desempeño biológico y las propiedades agroindustriales de las semillas de tres cultivares de quinua ampliamente utilizados en Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con los cultivares Pasankalla, Soracá y Titicaca. En la primera fase se evaluó el comportamiento fisiológico de las plantas en condiciones controladas. En la segunda fase se determinó en laboratorio la producción de semillas y algunas características composicionales. En general, los tres cultivares mostraron diversidad y diferencias significativas en rasgos morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El cultivar Titicaca presentó la madurez más temprana, tardando 115,6 días en alcanzar a cosecha, mientras que Soracá fue el cultivar con mayor producción, logrando 321 g de semillas por planta. En cuanto a las características del grano, los cultivares Soracá y Pasankalla presentaron el mayor contenido de proteína, con valores de 14,33 y 13,76%, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The availability of hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) hybrid varieties is limited compared to those in chili, bell or sweet pepper hybrid. Heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and reciprocal are critical indicators in F1 hybrids, valuable for developing hybrid varieties. This research aimed to evaluate both phenotypic and genotypic changes in F1 hybrids from single cross-hybridization. The study observed 53 phenotypic characteristics encompassing morphological (plant, leaves, flowers, and fruits), four production-related (fruit weight, fruit number per plant, fruit weight per plant, and yield per hectare), and 10 chemical characteristics (proximate, simple sugar, and secondary metabolite). Genotypic changes were analyzed using ten SSR markers. Employing a randomized complete block design, the study included two parents, F1, and reciprocal F1 hybrids, across four treatments with two replicates each. Phenotypic changes were analyzed using ANOVA and comparison test, while genotypic changes were analyzed through cluster analysis. Result indicated heterosis in 12 characters, heterobeltiosis in eight characters, and reciprocal effects in eight characters. Significant improvements were noted in key characteristics such as plant height, fruit maturity, fruit weight per plant, yield per hectare and vitamin C. Genotypic evaluation revealed distinct genetic differences between F1 and its parents, including the reciprocal F1. These phenotypic and genotypic changes suggest that hot pepper could be more productive and of higher quality when developed as a hybrid variety, indicating promising avenue for future breeding programs.

Abstract The state of Yucatan, known for its shallow Leptosol soils poses challenges to agriculture. Therefore, this study focused on examining ecophysiological attributes influencing the growth and yield determinants of six maize genotypes. The study assessed vegetative characteristics, growth rates, dry matter allocation, grain yield, and harvest index. All maize genotypes exhibited early maturity, a favorable trait under the climate conditions of Yucatan. Most genotypes exhibited superior growth rate and dry matter content when compared to the landrace Elotillo. Stem and grain were identified as the primary organs for dry matter accumulation, with 36% and 22% respectively. The highest grain yield was noted in hybrids Impacto and DK-390. This study provided valuable information for farmers in selecting suitable maize genotypes in Yucatan, although additional evaluations of different genotypes and management conditions are recommended.

Resumen El estado de Yucatán, conocido por sus suelos poco profundos de Leptosol plantea desafíos a la agricultura. Por lo tanto, este estudio se centró en examinar los atributos ecofisiológicos que influyen en los determinantes del crecimiento y rendimiento de seis genotipos de maíz. El estudio evaluó características vegetativas, tasas de crecimiento, distribución de materia seca, rendimiento de grano e índice de cosecha. Todos los genotipos de maíz mostraron madurez temprana, una característica favorable bajo las condiciones de clima de Yucatán. La mayoría de los genotipos exhibieron una tasa de crecimiento y un contenido de materia seca superiores en comparación con el genotipo nativo Elotillo. El tallo y el grano fueron identificados como los órganos primarios de acumulación de materia seca con 36% y 22%, respectivamente. El mayor rendimiento de grano se observó en los híbridos Impacto y DK-390. Este estudio proporcionó información valiosa para los agricultores al seleccionar genotipos de maíz adecuados en Yucatán, aunque se recomienda realizar evaluaciones adicionales con diferentes genotipos y condiciones de manejo.