Resumen El artículo aborda la relación sino-latinoamericana desde la perspectiva del constructivismo, desafiando los enfoques materialistas que han predominado en los estudios sobre este tema. El constructivismo busca explorar aspectos que han sido subestimados por los discursos materialistas y abrir nuevas dimensiones de análisis en las relaciones internacionales entre China y América Latina. Tradicionalmente, la visión de las relaciones exteriores se ha centrado en categorías históricas y teorías como el liberalismo neoliberalismo y la teoría de la dependencia. Sin embargo, el constructivismo busca comprender una nueva cultura internacional que trascienda lo material, incorporando aspectos culturales e ideacionales. En este contexto, se analizan las identidades estatales de China y los países latinoamericanos como punto de partida para estudiar sus relaciones internacionales. Se reconoce que las percepciones compartidas, las normas y las narrativas culturales son fundamentales en la construcción de la identidad de los estados y en la formulación de sus políticas exteriores. Se explora la correspondencia cultural entre el Estado chino y América Latina mediante el análisis de las “estructuras culturales” propuestas por Wendt en el sistema internacional: las culturas hobbesiana, lockeana y kantiana. Esta exploración permite comprender las lógicas culturales actuales entre los actores en el sistema internacional. Es crucial destacar la influencia de los Estados Unidos en el sistema internacional y en su relación con China y los países de América Latina. Este enfoque resalta las complejidades y contrastes en las relaciones sino-estadounidenses y latino-estadounidenses, enmarcándolas dentro de la dinámica de la lógica lockeana que caracteriza la estructura global del sistema internacional. La comprensión de las dimensiones culturales e ideacionales en estas interacciones internacionales ofrece una visión más completa de las relaciones y contribuye a una mayor comprensión de cómo estas dinámicas culturales moldean la identidad de los Estados y sus decisiones en el sistema internacional. El constructivismo emerge como un marco teórico valioso para enriquecer el análisis de las relaciones internacionales y abrir nuevas perspectivas en el estudio de las interacciones entre China y América Latina.

Abstract In this critical analysis, the Sino-Latin American relationship is approached from the constructivist perspective, challenging the materialistic approaches that have predominated in studies on this topic. Constructivism seeks to explore aspects underestimated by materialistic discourses and open new dimensions of analysis in the international relations between China and Latin America. Traditionally, the focus of foreign relations has been on historical categories and theories such as neoliberalism and dependency theory. However, constructivism aims to understand a new international culture that transcends the material, incorporating cultural and ideational aspects. In this context, the article centers on the state identities of China and Latin American countries as a starting point for analyzing their international relations. It acknowledges that shared perceptions, norms, and cultural narratives are crucial in shaping states’ identities and formulating their foreign policies. The cultural correspondence between the Chinese state and Latin America is explored through the analysis of Wendt’s “cultural structures” in the international system: the Hobbesian, Lockean, and Kantian cultures. This exploration allows an understanding of the current cultural logic among actors in the international system. It is crucial to highlight the United States’ influence in the international system and its relationship with China and Latin American countries. This approach emphasizes the complexities and contrasts in Sino-American and Latin American United States relations, framing them within the dynamics of the Lockean logic that characterizes the global structure of the international system. Understanding the cultural and ideational dimensions of these international interactions provides a more comprehensive view of relationships and contributes to a deeper understanding of how these cultural dynamics shape states’ identities and decisions in the international system. Constructivism emerges as a valuable theoretical framework to enrich the analysis of international relations and open new perspectives in the study of interactions between China and Latin America.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se analiza un episodio en la vida de los objetos de culto ignacianos que, previo a la expulsión de la Compañía de Jesús, habían servido para alhajar iglesias y colegios de la orden en el territorio rioplatense. Nuestros protagonistas serán imágenes y objetos de culto que otrora tuvieron una especial significancia por su centralidad en componer la liturgia y su cercanía a lo sagrado. A pesar de su heterogeneidad, todos estos objetos, elaborados en ricos metales, conformaron una cultura material jesuítica rioplatense que exaltó la identidad de la orden. Desde una perspectiva centrada en la cultura material, analizaremos cómo, una vez iniciado el proceso de administración de temporalidades, estos objetos transitaron un camino insospechado que alteró sus biografías, sus sentidos simbólicos y sus valorizaciones como bienes sagrados. A partir de entonces, desfuncionalizadas y desacralizadas, estas piezas atravesaron procesos de embargo, mercantilización y disputas por su posesión hasta su posterior desaparición. Recomponer estos caminos nos permitirá evidenciar la importancia que tuvieron los objetos para componer el culto y la liturgia, enmarcado en uno de los procesos históricos que conllevaron a uno de los mayores expolios y diásporas del patrimonio artístico en el siglo XVIII.

Abstract This paper intends to analyze an episode in the life of Ignatian cult objects that had been used to house churches and schools of the order in the River Plate territory. Our protagonists will be images and objects of worship that once had a special significance due to their centrality in composing the liturgy and their proximity to the sacred. Despite their heterogeneity, all these objects, made of rich metals, had formed a River Plate Jesuitical material culture that had exalted the identity of the order. From a perspective focused on material culture, we will analyze how, once the process of managing temporalities began, these objects traveled an unsuspected path that altered their biographies, their symbolic meanings, and their valuations as sacred goods. From then on, desacralized and defunctionalized, these pieces went through processes of embargoes, commodification and disputes over their possession until their subsequent disappearance. Recomposing these paths will allow us to demonstrate the importance that these objects had in composing worship and liturgy followed by historical processes that led to one of the largest looting and diasporas of artistic heritage in the 18th century within the framework of its growing desecration.

Resumo Este trabalho analisa um episódio da vida de objetos de culto inacianos que, antes da expulsão da Companhia de Jesus, serviam para decorar igrejas e escolas da ordem no território fluvial. Nossos protagonistas serão imagens e objetos de culto que outrora tiveram um significado especial pela sua centralidade na composição da liturgia e pela sua proximidade com o sagrado. Apesar da heterogeneidade, todos esses objetos, feitos de metais ricos, formaram uma cultura material jesuíta do Rio da Prata que exaltou a identidade da ordem. Numa perspectiva focada na cultura material, analisaremos como, uma vez iniciado o processo de administração das temporalidades, esses objetos percorreram um caminho insuspeitado que alterou suas biografias, seus significados simbólicos e suas valorações como bens sagrados. A partir de então, desfuncionalizadas e dessacralizadas, essas peças passaram por processos de embargo, comercialização e disputas pela sua posse até o seu posterior desaparecimento. A recomposição destes percursos permitir-nos-á demonstrar a importância que os objetos tiveram na composição do culto e da liturgia enquadrados num dos processos históricos que conduziram a um dos maiores saques e diásporas do património artístico no século XVIII.

Resumen Este artículo trata la transferencia de la cultura material realizada por los jesuitas desde Europa a la provincia del Paraguay durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Aborda su impacto en la vida social, económica y religiosa en los indígenas de las reducciones guaraní-jesuíticas, como de la creación de nuevos saberes, compuestos por la sabiduría indígena y las tecnologías europeas en los talleres de los oficios manuales introducidos en dichas reducciones. Este estudio se basa en los resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre la materialidad de las tallas policromadas de dichas reducciones y en el análisis de documentos alojados en diferentes archivos de Latinoamérica y Europa.

Abstract This article deals with the transfer of material culture made by the Jesuits from Europe to the province of Paraguay during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and its impact on social, economic and religious life on the indigenous people of the Guarani-Jesuit reductions, and the creation of new knowledge, composed of indigenous wisdom with European technologies in the workshops of the manual craft introduced in these reductions. This study is based on the results of a research project on the materiality of the polychrome wooden sculptures of these reductions and on the analysis of documents from different archives in Latin America and Europe.

Resumo Este artigo trata da transferência de cultura material realizada pelos jesuítas da Europa para a província do Paraguai durante os séculos XVII e XVIII. Aborda o seu impacto na vida social, econômica e religiosa dos povos indígenas das reduções guarani-jesuítas, bem como a criação de novos conhecimentos, compostos pela sabedoria indígena e pelas tecnologias europeias nas oficinas de ofícios manuais introduzidas nas referidas reduções. Este estudo baseia-se nos resultados de um projeto de pesquisa sobre a materialidade das talhas policromadas dessas reduções e na análise de documentos depositados em diferentes arquivos da América Latina e da Europa.

Em um contexto local de estudos estritamente tipológicos e com a ausência manuais para o estudo da cerâmica relacionada a cultura arqueológica Puruhá, Serra Central do Equador, verificamos a possibilidade associar a questão teórica e metodológica à prática arqueológica, resultando na localização da produção ceramista como um subsistema intrínseco a compreensão dos sistemas socioculturais que definem uma cultural. Com esta premissa, este manuscrito apresenta uma proposta de classificação em arqueologia com fulcro na análise da cultura material cerâmica contextualizada ou não contextualizada por intermédio da aplicação dos conceitos de antropologia das técnicas e das cadeias operatórias associada às análises tecnotipológicas com o estudo de caso da produção ceramista Puruhá. Tendo como marco metodológico o método empírico indutivo, com enfoque qualitativo que mescla a revisão de literatura, inserção conceitual, técnica e análises, de alcance exploratório e não experimental enquanto desenho de investigação. A proposta de classificação em arqueologia possibilitou verificar a factibilidade e potencial de sua utilização em um contexto Puruhá, assim como sua correlação entre outros sítios, resultando em uma leitura que permite realizar inferências sobre continuidades e mudanças culturais.

En un contexto local de estudios estrictamente tipológicos y con ausencia de manuales para el estudio de la cerámica relacionada con la cultura arqueológica Puruhá, Sierra Central del Ecuador, verificamos la posibilidad de asociar la cuestión teórica y metodológica con la práctica arqueológica, resultando en la ubicación de la producción cerámica como un subsistema intrínseco a la comprensión de los sistemas socioculturales que definen una cultura. Con esta premisa, este manuscrito presenta una propuesta de clasificación en arqueología basada en el análisis de la cultura material cerámica contextualizada o no contextualizada mediante la aplicación de los conceptos de antropología de técnicas y cadenas operativas asociadas a los análisis tecnotipológicos con el estudio de caso de la producción alfarera Puruhá. Teniendo como marco metodológico el método empírico inductivo, con un enfoque cualitativo que mezcla revisión de la literatura, inserción conceptual, técnica y análisis, con un alcance exploratorio y no experimental como diseño de investigación. La propuesta de clasificación en arqueología permitió verificar la factibilidad y potencial de su uso en un contexto Puruhá, así como su correlación con otros sitios, resultando en una lectura que permite hacer inferencias sobre continuidades y cambios culturales.

In a local context of strictly typological studies and with the absence of manuals for the study of ceramics related to the Puruhá archaeological culture, Sierra Central do Ecuador, we verified the possibility of associating the theoretical and methodological issue with archaeological practice, resulting in the location of ceramic production as an intrinsic subsystem understanding the sociocultural systems that define a cultural. With this premise, this manuscript presents a proposal for classification in archeology based on the analysis of contextualized or non-contextualized ceramic material culture through the application of the concepts of anthropology of techniques and operational chains associated with techno-typological analyzes with the case study of production Puruhá potter. Having as a methodological framework the inductive empirical method, with a qualitative approach that mixes literature review, conceptual insertion, technique and analysis, with an exploratory and non-experimental scope as a research design. The proposed archeological classification allowed us to check the feasibility and potential of its usage in a Puruhá setting, as well as its linkage with other sites, yielding a reading that allows us to draw conclusions regarding cultural continuities and changes.

Abstract This article seeks to reflect on the construction of the personal clothing narrative, based on the reconstruction of the inherited family history. Parallelize the memory and the tangible material by putting them in dialogue in a different context from the event itself, updated through a contemporary receiver. It seeks, in turn, to reflect on the superposition of temporalities that are embodied in memories and materialities, written in a timeline and told through written, material or spoken stories. This story heard in the stories, read in the letters and observed in the photographs, is transformed into an investiture that embraces the recipient, endowing him with meaning, containing him, dressing him and composing him beyond his contemporaneity. Based on this conceptualization, we seek to analyze clothing practice as a symbolic act that brings to a present time, a cultural heritage that is resignified from generation to generation. It is intended to analyze the concept of history / story as subjectivity reflecting on the symbolic reconstruction of what is understood as family culture. From stories, photographs and objects of daily use already separated from those who previously owned them, to delve into the emotional reconstruction of the story told of our ancestors, as someone who chooses a garment every day from their wardrobes, in this article will take up the echo of some stories that have survived for several generations. This article is built from the development of “Herencia”, an upcycled capsule of clothing made by the writer, on a journey in time and space towards family ancestors.

Resumen Este artículo busca reflexionar sobre la construcción de la narrativa vestimentaria personal, a partir de la reconstrucción de la historia familiar heredada. Paralelizar el recuerdo y el material tangible poniéndolos en diálogo en un contexto diferente al del hecho en sí, actualizado a través de un receptor contemporáneo. Se busca, a su vez, reflexionar sobre la superposición de las temporalidades que se encarnan en memorias y materialidades, escritas en una línea de tiempo y contada a través de relatos escritos, matéricos o hablados. Esta historia escuchada en los relatos, leída en las cartas y observada en las fotografías, se transforma en una investidura que abraza al receptor dotándolo de significado, conteniéndolo, vistiéndolo y componiéndolo más allá de su contemporaneidad. A partir de esta conceptualización se busca analizar la práctica vestimentaria como acto simbólico que trae a un tiempo presente, una herencia cultural que se resignifica de generación en generación. Se pretende analizar el concepto de historia/relato como subjetividad reflexionando sobre la reconstrucción simbólica de lo comprendido como cultura familiar. A partir de relatos, fotografías y objetos de uso cotidiano ya apartados de quienes los poseyeron con anterioridad, profundizar sobre la reconstrucción emocional de la historia contada de nuestros antepasados, como quien elige cada día de su guardarropas una prenda cada día, en este artículo se retomará el eco de algunas historias que han subsistido varias generaciones. Este artículo se construye a partir del desarrollo de “Herencia” una cápsula upcycled de indumentaria realizada por quien lo escribe, en un viaje en tiempo y espacio hacia los antepasados familiares.

Resumo Este artigo busca refletir sobre a construção da narrativa do vestuário pessoal, a partir da reconstrução da história familiar herdada. Paralelizar a memória e o material tangível, colocando-os em diálogo em um contexto diferente do próprio evento, atualizado por meio de um receptor contemporâneo. Busca, por sua vez, refletir sobre a superposição de temporalidades que se materializam em memórias e materialidades, escritas em uma linha do tempo e contadas por meio de histórias escritas, materiais ou faladas. Essa história ouvida nas histórias, lida nas cartas e observada nas fotos, se transforma em uma investidura que abraça o destinatário, dotando-o de sentido, contendo-o, vestindo-o e compondo-o para além de sua contemporaneidade. A partir dessa conceituação, buscamos analisar a prática do vestuário como um ato simbólico que traz para a atualidade uma herança cultural que se redefine de geração em geração. Pretende-se analisar o conceito de história / história como subjetividade refletindo na reconstrução simbólica do que se entende por cultura familiar. A partir de histórias, fotografias e objetos de uso cotidiano já separados de quem os possuía anteriormente, para mergulhar na reconstrução emocional da história contada de nossos ancestrais, como quem escolhe uma vestimenta todos os dias de seus guarda-roupas, neste artigo vai retomar o eco de algumas histórias que sobreviveram por várias gerações. Este artigo é construído a partir do desenvolvimento de “Herencia”, uma cápsula reciclada de roupa feita pelo escritor, em uma viagem no tempo e no espaço em direção aos ancestrais familiares.

Abstract Potato plants are often subjected to heat stress during growth and development, resulting in loss of yield and quality. However, the possibility exists that commercially important genotypes show tolerance to heat stress. In this study, we aim to investigate the morphological and physiological effects of moderate conditions of heat stress on tuberization in nine potato genotypes, and how it affects propagation using an ex vitro and in vitro system. The plant material came from the In Vitro Germplasm Bank of the International Potato Center (CIP). The incubation temperatures of the cultures in in vitro and ex vitro conditions were the ambient in the laboratory and greenhouse, respectively. In in vitro system a randomized complete block design was employed in nine genotypes, two treatments: multiplication culture medium and the same culture medium supplemented with 8.0% sucrose and 500 mg/L-1 CCC, six flasks and five explants per experimental unit. Among all genotypes evaluated, Leona and Liberteña did not form tubers under ex vitro treatment conditions. Under in vitro conditions, Amarilis, Capiro, Perricholi and Tacna showed no evidence of tuberization, and Canchán was the only genotype where 100% formation of tuberous structures were produced in all evaluations. The findings concluded in this study showed that of all the potatoes evaluated, Canchán best responded to the evaluations under both in ex vitro and in vitro conditions, at maximum temperatures between 22.4 to 26.9 and 27.0 to 28.2 oC, respectively. Therefore, it is vitally important to consider its development potential in different producing locations around the world, which are directly and indirectly affected by climate change.

ABSTRACT This article seeks to reconstitute the ways in which the monjolo, an oriental hydraulic hammer brought to Brazil during the colonial period, was elected as symbol of the paulista identity by artists and men of letter between late 19th and early 20th century. As well as its incorporation by historical studies and museums. The articles also focus on how such artifacts was exposed in the São Paulo museums since its understand that musealization constituted a pivotal moment in this development. The cases here studied are the collections of the Museu Paulista, the Casa do Bandeirante museum and the commemorative exhibitions of the 4th centenary of the São Paulo city.

RESUMO O artigo busca reconstituir a construção do monjolo, maquinismo de origem oriental trazido ao Brasil durante o período colonial como signo da identidade cultural de São Paulo por artistas e literatos entre o fim do séc. XIX e o início do séc. XX e a sua posterior incorporação pelo discurso historiográfico e museológico. O artigo focaliza, em especial, nos modos como tais artefatos foram agenciados nos museus da cidade de São Paulo por entender que a musealização constituiu momentos decisivos desse percurso. São abordados os casos dos acervos e exposições do Museu Paulista, da Casa do Bandeirante e das exposições comemorativas do IV centenário da cidade de São Paulo.

Abstract One of the main stages of cryopreservation of meristematic tissues in vegetative plants is a clonal micropropagation, which includes isolating the explants of the raw material in vitro and optimizing the culture medium for micropropagation. As the result of our studies, the optimal periods for in vitro micropropagation are: first - isolation of explants from initiated shoots of dormant buds (blackcurrants and raspberries) in January-March; the second - from actively growing shoots (blackcurrants and raspberries) in May-June, from the formed mustache (strawberry) in July-August. The optimal drugs for sterilization of raspberry explants are: a) 0.1% HgCl2 (6 min), then 3% H2O2 (15 min); b) chlorine-containing bleach «Domestos» in the dilution of H2O 1:9 (10 min). For blackcurrant: a) 0.1% HgCl2 (5 min) in combination with 0.1% fungicide “Topaz” (30 min); b) 0.1% HgCl2 (5 min) in combination with the treatment with KMnO4 (30 min); c) “Domestos” in the dilution of H2O 1:5 (20 min). For strawberry: a) 0.1% HgCl2 (6 min) followed by treatment with 3% H2O2 10 (min); b) 1% deochlor (7 min), 3% H2O2 (10 min); c) “Domestos” in the dilution of H2O 1:5 (8 min) with subsequent treatment 0,1% HgCl2 -7 min, then 0,20 mg/l КМnO4 - 30 min. Optimal compositions of culture media for micropropagation of blackcurrant - Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 GA3, 0.1 mg L-1 IBA and 20 g L-1 glucose. For raspberry -MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 0.1 mg L-1 IBA, 10 mg L-1 iron chelate and 30 g L-1 sucrose. For strawberry - MS medium with 0.3 mg L-1 BAP, 0.01 mg L-1 IBA, 0.2 mg L-1 GA3, 10 mg L-1 iron chelate and 30 g L-1 sucrose. Based on these studies, the cryobank was created, which include the germplasm of in vitro meristematic tissues in 66 cultivars, hybrids and wild-growing forms of blackcurrant, raspberry and strawberry. Therefore, the aim of the research was to obtain aseptic plants, clonal micropropagation and the creation of a cryogenic collection of germplasm based on the developed technology.

Resumo Uma das principais etapas da criopreservação de tecidos meristemáticos em plantas vegetais é a micropropagação clonal, que inclui o isolamento dos explantes da matéria-prima in vitro e a otimização do meio de cultura para micropropagação. Como resultado deste estudo, os períodos ideais para micropropagação in vitro são: primeiro - isolamento de explantes de brotos iniciados de gemas dormentes (groselhas e framboesas) em janeiro a março; o segundo - de brotos em crescimento ativo (groselhas e framboesas) em maio a junho, do bigode formado (morango) em julho a agosto. As drogas ideais para esterilização de explantes de framboesa são: a) HgCl2 0,1% (6 min), depois H2O2 3% (15 min); b) lixívia contendo cloro “Domestos” na diluição de H2O 1:9 (10 min). Para groselha preta: a) HgCl2 a 0,1% (5 min) em combinação com fungicida “Topaz” a 0,1% (30 min); b) HgCl2 0,1% (5 min) em combinação com o tratamento com KMnO4 (30 min); c) “Domestos” na diluição de H2O 1:5 (20 min). Para morango: a) 0,1% HgCl2 (6 min) seguido de tratamento com 3% H2O2 10 (min); b) dicloro a 1% (7 min), H2O2 a 3% (10 min); c) “Domestos” na diluição de H2O 1:5 (8 min) com tratamento posterior 0,1% HgCl2 - 7 min, depois 0,20 mg/l КМnO4 - 30 min. Composições ótimas de meios de cultura para micropropagação de groselha negra - meio Murashige e Skoog (MS) com 0,5 mg L-1 BAP, 0,5 mg L-1 GA3, 0,1 mg L-1 IBA e 20 g L-1 de glicose. Para meio framboesa - MS com 0,5 mg L-1 de BAP, 0,1 mg L-1 de AIB, 10 mg L-1 de quelato de ferro e 30 g L-1 de sacarose. Para morango - meio MS com 0,3 mg L-1 BAP, 0,01 mg L-1 IBA, 0,2 mg L-1 GA3, 10 mg L-1 quelato de ferro e 30 g L-1 sacarose. Com base nesses estudos, um criobanco foi criado incluindo o germoplasma de tecidos meristemáticos in vitro em 66 cultivares, híbridos e formas silvestres de groselha, framboesa e morango. Portanto, o objetivo da pesquisa foi a obtenção de plantas assépticas, micropropagação clonal e a criação de uma coleção criogênica de germoplasma com base na tecnologia desenvolvida.

AbstractLupinus synthesizes quinolizidine alkaloids (AQ) as a defense strategy against herbivores. These compounds have a wide variety of applications; however, it is necessary to have a sufficient amount of raw material to satisfy market needs. The species rich in these compounds are wild species, which limits the obtaining of the raw material. One of the strategies for obtaining raw material and producing secondary metabolites is the use of biotechnological tools such as plant tissue culture. In this work we report the characterization of germination, callus induction of Lupinus bilineatus and L. montanus and the characterization of in vitro growth and AQ production. The culture medium and seed scarification protocol allowed the germination of seeds of both species with percentages at 12 days of 100% for L. bilineatus and 74% for L. montanus. With respect to callus induction, a sweep of indolbutyric acid (2,4-D) and cinetin (CIN) concentrations was employed using leaf, stem and root as explants. The best response for callus induction for both species was presented using root with a combination of 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and 1 mg L-1 of CIN for L. bilineatus and 1 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 of CIN for L. montanus, in both cases friable callus was obtained with two colorations: green and beige. Growth and AQ production were characterized for green callus, since AQ are synthesized in photosynthetic tissues. The growth kinetics shows a characteristic three-phase curve, an adaptation phase extending to day seven, the fastest growth phase and finally a senescence phase starting on day 18. AQ production was observed on day 21. This work contributes to the knowledge of germination behavior, the induction of dedifferentiated tissue and the growth and production of alkaloids in a callus culture in two species of Lupinus, L. montanus and L. bilineatus, both with potential in the chemical and agrochemical industry.

Resumen Lupinus sintetiza alcaloides quinolizidínicos (AQ) como estrategia de defensa en contra de herbívoros. Estos compuestos tienen una amplia variedad de aplicaciones; sin embargo, es necesario contar con la suficiente cantidad de materia prima para satisfacer las necesidades del mercado. Las especies ricas en estos compuestos son especies silvestres, lo que limita la obtención de la materia prima. Una de las estrategias para la obtención de materia prima y la producción de metabolitos secundarios es el uso de herramientas biotecnológicas como el cultivo de tejidos vegetales. En este trabajo se reporta la caracterización de la germinación, la inducción de callo de Lupinus bilineatus y L. montanus y la caracterización del crecimiento in vitro y producción de AQ. El medio de cultivo y el protocolo de escarificación permitieron la germinación de las semillas de ambas especies a los 12 días con porcentajes de 100% para L. bilineatus y de 74% para L. montanus. Con respecto a la inducción de callo, se empleó un barrido de concentraciones de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) y cinetina (CIN) utilizando como explante cotiledón, hipocótilo y raíz. La mejor respuesta para la inducción de callo para ambas especies se presentó usando raíz con una combinación de 2 mg L-1 de 2,4-D y 1 mg L-1 de CIN para L. bilineatus y 1 mg L-1 de 2,4-D y 0.5 mg L-1 de CIN para L. montanus, en ambos casos se obtuvo callo friable con dos coloraciones: verde y beige. El crecimiento y la producción de AQ se caracterizaron para el callo verde, pues los AQ se sintetizan en tejidos fotosintéticos. La cinética de crecimiento muestra una característica curva de tres fases, una fase de adaptación que se alarga hasta el día siete, la fase de crecimiento más rápido y finalmente una fase de senescencia que inicia el día 18. La producción de AQ se observó el día 21. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento del comportamiento de la germinación, la inducción de tejido desdiferenciado y el crecimiento y producción de alcaloides en un cultivo de callo de dos especies de Lupinus, L. montanus y L. bilineatus, ambas con potencial en la industria química y de agroquímicos.

Abstract This article discusses how hygienist relationships and conceptions of health and assistance - foundations of day care as an institution for childcare - return in the scenario of the Covid-19 pandemic and are instituted in documents and in the material culture that permeates early childhood education. To this end, measures and protocols for coping with the Spanish flu are analyzed, within an institution for young children in the city of São Paulo (1918), and the care provided at Child Education Centers in the city of Campinas-SP during the pandemic of Covid-19, in the year 2021. When examining the established health guidelines and practices, it is understood that the school culture changes, composing a new materiality that advocates health and hygiene, to the detriment of actions and pedagogical principles of early childhood education.

Resumen Este artículo discute cómo las relaciones higienistas y las concepciones de salud y asistencia - fundadoras de la guardería como institución de cuidado infantil - retornan en el escenario de la pandemia de la Covid-19 y se instituyen en los documentos y en la cultura material que permea desde temprano educación infantil. Para ello, se analizan medidas y protocolos de enfrentamiento a la gripe española, en una institución para niños pequeños de la ciudad de São Paulo (1918), y la atención prestada en los Centros de Educación Infantil de la ciudad de Campinas-SP durante la pandemia de la Covid-19, en el año 2021. Al examinar las pautas y prácticas sanitarias establecidas, se entiende que la cultura escolar cambia, componiendo una nueva materialidad que aboga por la salud y la higiene, en detrimento de las acciones y principios pedagógicos de la educación infantil.

Resumo O presente artigo aborda como as relações e concepções higienistas de saúde e assistência - fundantes da creche enquanto instituição de atendimento à infância - retornam no cenário da pandemia da Covid-19 e se instituem em documentos e na cultura material que permeia a educação infantil. Para tanto, analisam-se as medidas e os protocolos de enfrentamento à Gripe Espanhola, no interior de uma instituição para crianças pequenas na cidade de São Paulo (1918), e o atendimento em Centros de Educação Infantil no município de Campinas-SP durante a pandemia da Covid-19, no ano de 2021. Ao examinar as orientações sanitárias e práticas estabelecidas, compreende-se que a cultura escolar se modifica, compondo uma nova materialidade que preconiza a saúde e o higienismo, em detrimento das ações e dos princípios pedagógicos da educação infantil.

Abstract This article analyzes the material culture in primary education establishments in Maranhão (1843-1870), the respective conditions and the actions of public education agents. There is a two-way relationship between instruments and objects used, school books and available furniture, with the configuration of said establishments according to pedagogical pratices. Bibliographical and documentary research is based on the theoretical-methodological assumptions of cultural history, examining the discourses (via representations) on political/ideological positions and differentiated school practices. It is concluded that even with budgetary limitations and management intermittence, initiatives were developed aiming at the development of education in Maranhão Império.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la cultura material en los establecimientos de enseñanza primaria de Maranhão (1843-1870), las respectivas condiciones y las acciones de los agentes de la educación pública. Existe una relación bidireccional entre los instrumentos y objetos utilizados, libros escolares y mobiliario disponible, con la configuración de dichos establecimientos según las práticas pedagógicas. La investigación bibliográfica y documental se basa en los presupuestos teórico-metodológicos de la historia cultural, examinando los discursos (vía representaciones) sobre posiciones político-ideológicas y prácticas escolares diferenciadas. Se concluye que, aún con las limitaciones presupuestarias y la intermitencia de la gestión, se desarrollaron iniciativas con miras al desarrollo de la educación en Maranhão Império.

Resumo Neste artigo, analisa-se a cultura material nos estabelecimentos de ensino primário maranhenses (1843-1870), as respectivas condições e as ações dos agentes da instrução pública. Verifica-se a relação de mão dupla entre instrumentos e objetos utilizados, livros escolares e o mobiliário disponível, com a configuração de ditos estabelecimentos segundo as práticas pedagógicas. Sustenta-se a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da história cultural, examinando-se os discursos (via representações) sobre os posicionamentos políticos/ideológicos e as práticas escolares diferenciadas. Conclui-se que, mesmo com limitações orçamentárias e intermitências da gestão, iniciativas foram desenvolvidas visando-se ao desenvolvimento da instrução no Maranhão Império.

This article deals with the relationship between human and artificial intelligence in the context of an ongoing Spanish Writing Assistant project, where ChatGPT is used to assist in four key tasks related to either training the underlying language model or preparing future user communication. The project is an interdisciplinary collaboration between lexicographers with experience in language teaching and IT experts from a high-tech company. The article first describes the methodology of the overall project and the specific role of the lexicographers. It then discusses the three tasks in which the latter are directly involved: the construction of a set of two parallel Spanish corpora, one correct and the other with induced errors, the generation of validation material, and the writing of extended grammatical explanations for Spanish learners. Based on a large amount of empirical data, including 35,000 carefully reviewed sentences, the article details the different steps of the interaction between human and chatbot, as well as the experiences and reflections drawn from this process. It concludes that the two parts engage in very different types of relationships depending on the concrete task, and that human knowledge, culture, skills and language intuition are crucial for the chatbot to work properly.

Hierdie artikel handel oor die verhouding tussen menslike en kunsmatige intelligensie binne die konteks van 'n lopende Spaanse skryfhulpmiddelprojek, waar ChatGPT vir vier sleuteltake verwant aan óf die afrigting van die onderliggende taalmodel óf die voorbereiding van toekomstige gebruikerskommunikasie aangewend word. Dit is 'n interdissiplinêre samewerkingsprojek tussen leksikograwe met ervaring in taalonderrig en IT-spesialiste van'n hoëtegnologiemaatskappy. In die artikel word die metodologie van die algehele projek en die spesifieke rol van die leksikograwe eers beskryf. Daarna word die drie take waarby die laasgenoemdes direk betrokke is, beskryf: die samestelling van 'n stel van twee parallelle Spaanse korpora, een korrek en die ander met ingevoerde foute, die generering van geldigheidsmateriaal, en die skryf van uitgebreide grammatikale verklarings vir Spaanse leerders. Gebaseer op 'n groot hoeveelheid empiriese data, insluitend 35,000 versigtig beoordeelde sinne, word die verskillende stappe van die interaksie tussen mens en kletsbot, sowel as die ervarings en refleksies wat uit die proses verkry is, uiteengesit. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die twee dele, afhangende van die konkrete taak, in baie verskillende tipes verhoudings betrokke is, en dat menslike kennis, kultuur, vaardighede en taalintuïsie noodsaaklik is vir die kletsbot om behoorlik te funksioneer.

RESUMEN En el Centro de Inmunología Molecular se producen el ingrediente farmacéutico activo y la materia prima biológica empleados para la formulación de las vacunas SOBERANAS®. El antígeno de estas vacunas es la proteína del dominio de unión al receptor del coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo. La producción de esta proteína recombinante se basa en el cultivo de células de ovario de hámster chino en biorreactores tipo tanque agitado. El proceso tecnológico a escala industrial consta de varias etapas: preparación de medios de cultivo y soluciones, fermentación, clarificación de sobrenadante y purificación. En los procesos biotecnológicos derivados de líneas celulares de origen animal, la contaminación viral endógena o adventicia constituye un riesgo potencial. Por tal motivo, en el proceso de purificación se emplea un paso específico para la remoción viral mediante la nanofiltración. Los nanofiltros empleados son materiales desechables que influyen significativamente en el costo del proceso. Actualmente se desconoce la capacidad de procesamiento de los nanofiltros en el proceso de purificación en cuestión, siendo el objetivo de la presente investigación con vistas a reducir los costos de producción. Se determinó la capacidad de procesamiento de los filtros Virosart CPV, siendo de 239,74 g/m2 (71,67% de saturación) y 1.259 g/m2 (67,82% de saturación) para la especie dímero y la mezcla, respectivamente. Se determinó la disminución del costo de producción de la etapa de nanofiltración, que representa una disminución del 54,85% del costo de filtración de la especie dímero y un 25% de la mezcla.

ABSTRACT The active pharmaceutical ingredient and the biological raw material, used for the formulation of the SOBERANA® vaccines, are produced at the Molecular Immunology Center. The antigen of these vaccines is the receptor-binding domain protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome type 2 coronavirus. The production of this recombinant protein is based on the culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells in stirred tank bioreactors. The technological process on an industrial scale consists of several stages: preparation of culture media and solutions, fermentation, clarification of supernatant and purification. In biotechnological processes derived from cell lines of animal origin, endogenous or adventitious viral contamination is a potential risk. For this reason, a specific step for viral removal by nanofiltration is used in the purification process. The nanofilters used are disposable materials that significantly influence the cost of the process. The processing capacity of the nanofilters in the purification process in question is currently unknown, being the objective of the present investigation with a view to reducing production costs. The processing capacity of the Virosart CPV filters was determined to be 239.74 g/m2 (71.67% saturation) and 1,259 g/m2 (67.82% saturation) for the dimer species and the mixture, respectively. The decrease in the production cost of the nanofiltration stage was determined, representing a 54.85% decrease in the filtration cost for the dimer species and a 25% decrease for the mixture.

This article revisits the hope of the First and Fourth Missiological Institute (MI) consultations in 1965 and 1967 regarding the survival of African Spirituality as relevant to the daily life of South African churches. African Spirituality has played a significant role in the cultural context of Africans. In the African context, African Spirituality is intertwined with life, death, and health, which co-exist with material aspects and the economy as gracious gifts from God. The churches in South Africa and elsewhere in Africa have been challenged by the African worldview of healing and culture. Thus, Africans mostly prefer the African-centred church with more African Christianity, instead of Western Christianity. This has been a serious challenge in African church circles for centuries, even in the current 21st century. The question therefore arises whether this is a matter for the Africanisation, indigenisation, and decolonisation of the church in Africa. CONTRIBUTION: The article analyses the two MI consultations and whether the church in the 21st century has Africanised and decolonised itself in service of its African members. The study is a historical approach given the history of the MI's contribution in South Africa. The concept of African Spirituality is unpacked and contextualised within the African Independent Churches' (AIC) Zionist type churches such as the Zion Christian Church (ZCC), the St John's Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM), and other Ethiopian type churches such as Lutheran Bapedi Church and others in South Africa and African Traditional Religions (ATR). The article engages the importance of how African Spirituality differs from other spiritualities within the context of Christian spirituality

Cultural materiality as evident in the Old Testament (OT) was borne out of personal and corporate experiences of ancient Israelites with YHWH (Ex 16:32-34; 25-36; Nm 16-17, Jos 3-4). At the dawn of Christian Missions, certain indigenous religious objects became 'idolatrous', but across the Atlantic Ocean, they were works of art kept in museums and art galleries. This negatively impacted biblical reception by the locals. This work investigates select OT icons and wades into their ontological and existential significance in relation to the conflict and propaganda of Missionary Christianity towards indigenous icons. The narrative criticism and the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) including Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were engaged in the study while the Symbolic Interactionism was the theoretical framework. The objects preserved by ancient Israel were to serve as relics for future generations who were to have an existential knowledge of YHWH's dealings with their forebears. Western missionaries claimed to have transmitted biblical messages to Africa, yet their approach led to conflicts in biblical reception by the indigenous people who struggled between being detached from their existential realities, and accepting the gospel with its Eurocentric biases. The Western missionaries' inability to transmit the biblical understanding of cultural materiality in their dealings with Africans invites suspicion in the missionaries' efforts with a pretentious display of ignorance of the ontological significance of indigenous materiality. CONTRIBUTION: This article offers insight into the conflict and propaganda inherent in the Western missionaries' approach in transmitting biblical messages of cultural materiality, and challenges of biblical reception among indigenous people in Nigeria