RESUMO: A migração de crianças adultas rurais suscitou preocupações crescentes sobre a fragilidade do apoio intergeracional das crianças aos seus pais que ficaram para trás. Com base nos dados dos China Family Panel Studies, este artigo analisa sistematicamente o impacto da migração de crianças adultas rurais no apoio intergeracional aos seus pais de meia-idade e idosos que ficaram para trás e explora ainda mais o efeito moderador da cultura do clã sobre ela. Constatou-se que a migração de crianças adultas rurais não enfraquece o apoio intergeracional aos seus pais em todos os domínios, mas afeta as formas de apoio intergeracional; ou seja, muda de “servir ao lado” para “focar no material”, e de conforto emocional “face a face” para comunicação “em rede”. A cultura tradicional do clã não facilitou a mudança nas formas de apoio intergeracional das crianças, mas reforçou o apoio financeiro. Estes resultados são relevantes para uma conceção eficiente de políticas de cuidados para pais que ficaram para trás em todo o mundo. RESUMO Studies meiaidade meia idade ela Constatouse Constatou se domínios seja servir lado focar material, material , material” face rede. rede . rede” financeiro mundo

ABSTRACT: Rural adult children’s migration has raised growing concerns about the weakness in children’s intergenerational support to their left-behind parents. Based on the data from the China Family Panel Studies, this paper systematically analyzed the impact of rural adult children’s migration on intergenerational support to their middle-aged and elderly left-behind parents and further explores the moderating effect of clan culture on it. It has found that the migration of rural adult children does not weaken intergenerational support for their parents across the board, but affects the forms of intergenerational support; that is, it changes from “serving on the side” to “focusing on material”, and from “face-to-face” emotion comfort to “network” communication. The traditional clan culture has not eased the shift in the forms of children’s intergenerational support but strengthened the financial support. These findings are relevant for an efficient policy design of care for left-behind parents worldwide. ABSTRACT childrens s leftbehind left behind Studies middleaged middle aged board is serving side focusing material, material , material” facetoface face “face-to-face network “network communication worldwide

ABSTRACT In several works by the Circle (Bakhtin, Vološinov, Medvedev), the reference to Saussure and/or the specificities of Linguistics, as a science of language, can be found in a dialogue, more or less controversial, between thinkers and epistemological, theoretical and methodological trends that propose different approaches to the complexity represented by human language and, consequently, to its study. In this article, the objective is to circumscribe and discuss the presence of Linguistics, as a science of language established by Saussure, in the writings of Mikhail Bakhtin. After an introduction, the text is organized into three sections, which deal with (1) Saussure’s strong presence in the Circle’s writings; (2) Bakhtin’s dialogue with science in the unity of culture; (3) the dialogue with the linguistic science of the Geneva school in “PCMF”; and, finally, of inconclusive but necessary considerations. Important key moments of reflection stand out in texts signed by Bakhtin, in which Saussure (although not named, but designated by the science he established) deserves to be highlighted, as a necessary scientific-philosophical counterpoint for the constitution of another possibility of understanding and study of language: the dialogical perspective. As a result, it is expected to demonstrate that, since the 1920s, the Bakhtin/Saussure dialogue has been established to distinguish and qualify two complementary ways of understanding language and the place of science in the unity of culture. Bakhtin (Bakhtin Vološinov Medvedev, Medvedev , Medvedev) andor Linguistics controversial epistemological consequently article introduction sections 1 (1 Saussures s Circles 2 (2 Bakhtins culture 3 (3 PCMF “PCMF” finally considerations although named highlighted scientificphilosophical scientific philosophical perspective result 1920s BakhtinSaussure ( “PCMF

RESUMO Em diversas obras do Círculo (Bakhtin, Volóchinov, Medviédev), a referência a Saussure e/ou às especificidades da Linguística, enquanto ciência da língua, pode ser encontrada em diálogo, mais ou menos polêmico, entre pensadores e tendências epistemológicas, teóricas e metodológicas que propõem diferentes abordagens para a complexidade representada pela linguagem humana e, consequentemente, para seu estudo. Neste artigo, o objetivo é circunscrever e discutir a presença da Linguística, enquanto ciência da língua instaurada por Saussure, nos escritos de Mikhail Bakhtin. Após uma introdução, o texto se organiza em três seções, que tratam (1) de uma forte presença de Saussure nos escritos do Círculo; (2) do diálogo de Bakhtin com a ciência na unidade da cultura; (3) do diálogo com a ciência linguística da escola de Genebra em “O problema do conteúdo, do material e da forma”; e, finalmente, de considerações inconclusas, mas necessárias. Destacam-se importantes momentos-chave de reflexão em textos assinados por Bakhtin, em que Saussure (ainda que não nomeado, mas designado pela ciência por ele estabelecida) merece destaque, como contraponto científico-filosófico necessário para a constituição de outra possibilidade de compreensão e estudo da linguagem: a perspectiva dialógica. Como resultado, espera-se demonstrar que, desde os anos 1920, o diálogo Bakhtin/Saussure se estabelece, para distinguir e qualificar duas formas complementares de compreensão da linguagem e do lugar da ciência na unidade da cultura. (Bakhtin Volóchinov Medviédev, Medviédev , Medviédev) eou Linguística polêmico epistemológicas consequentemente artigo introdução seções 1 (1 2 (2 cultura 3 (3 O conteúdo forma forma” finalmente inconclusas necessárias Destacamse Destacam momentoschave momentos chave ainda nomeado estabelecida destaque científicofilosófico científico filosófico dialógica resultado esperase espera 1920 BakhtinSaussure estabelece ( 192 19

Abstract. The objective of this text is to develop an analytical proposal on the social construction of night as a specific time, which, through the material and symbolic appropriation of spaces, enables the structuring of varied nocturnal social universes among heterogeneous actors, which I call nocturnities. The contribution of this text lies in the nocturnalities of urban villages, thereby expanding the discussion on the culture of night and nocturnalities to rural and rural-urban contexts, not limiting it to urban realms and youth sectors. Methodologically, I drew on three years of fieldwork focused on nocturnal places and testimonies from their protagonists in the city of Puebla. Night is spelled out through nocturnal spaces where actors, practices, places, and significations build nocturnalities as a sociocultural construct within a specific temporality.

Resumen. El objetivo de este texto es elaborar una propuesta analítica sobre la construcción social de la noche a manera de tiempo específico que, a través de la apropiación material y simbólica de espacios, posibilita estructurar, entre actores heterogéneos, variados universos nocturnos de sociabilidad, que denomino nocturnidades. La aportación del texto son las nocturnidades de pueblos urbanos, con ello la discusión sobre la cultura de la no che y las nocturnidades se expande a los contextos rurales y rural-urbanos y no se queda en los ámbitos urbanos y en los sectores de jóvenes. Metodológicamente recurrí al trabajo de campo realizado durante tres años, centrado en lugares nocturnos y testimonios de sus protagonistas en la ciudad de Puebla. La noche se deletrea por espacios nocturnos en el que actores, prácticas, lugares y significaciones edifican nocturnidades como un constructo sociocultural en una temporalidad específica.

Resumo:Embora a maioria das obras de arte tenha uma componente física incontornável, o estudo da cultura material na história da arte tem sido menos desenvolvido do que o de outros tipos de objectos, como os das artes conhecidas como "artes menores" ou "artes aplicadas". No caso das obras artísticas, a primazia do fator estético/visual tem muitas vezes obscurecido a materialidade. No entanto, não podemos perder de vista que as obras de arte são, antes de mais, objectos e que a materialidade precede as imagens que transmitem. Este artigo primeiro reflete sobre o estado da arte dos estudos da cultura material como fonte de pesquisa histórica tanto no mundo anglófono quanto na América Latina, e depois explora alguns de seus escopos, oportunidades e possíveis projeções para os campos da história da arte e da história da arte. Para essa última disciplina, identificamos três abordagens para o objeto de estudo a partir da perspectiva da cultura material: o estudo da obra de arte como artefato, o estudo dos objetos representados e o estudo do ambiente material do artista (seu estúdio). Ilustraremos essas três abordagens com exemplos da literatura acadêmica revisada.

Abstract:Although most artworks have an inescapable physical component, the study of material culture in the history of art has been less developed than that of other types of objects such as those known as “minor arts” or “applied arts”. In the case of artistic works, the primacy of the aesthetic/visual factor has often obscured materiality. However, we cannot lose sight of the fact that artworks are objects in the first place, and that the materiality precedes the images they convey. This article first reflects on the state of the art of material culture studies as a source for historical research both in the English-speaking world and in Latin America, and then explores some of its scope, opportunities and possible projections for the fields of art history and art history. For the latter discipline we identify three approaches to the object of study from the perspective of material culture: the study of the work of art as artefact, the study of the objects represented and the study of the artist's material environment (his studio). We will illustrate these three approaches with examples from the reviewed academic literature.

Resumen:Aunque la mayoría de las obras de arte tienen un componente físico ineludible, el estudio de la cultura material en la historia del arte ha estado menos desarrollado que el de otro tipo de objetos como los de las llamadas artes "artes menores" o "artes aplicadas". En el caso de las obras artísticas, la primacía del factor estético/visual ha oscurecido a menudo la materialidad. Sin embargo, no podemos perder de vista que las obras de arte son objetos en primer lugar, y que la materialidad precede a las imágenes que transmiten. Este artículo quiere reflexionar primero sobre el estado de la cuestión respecto a los estudios de la cultura material como fuente para la investigación histórica tanto en el ámbito anglosajón como latinoamericano, para luego explorar algunos de sus alcances, oportunidades y posibles proyecciones para los campos de la historia y la historia del arte. Para esta última disciplina identificamos tres aproximaciones al objeto de estudio desde la perspectiva de la cultura material: el estudio de la obra de arte como artefacto, el estudio de los objetos representados y el estudio del entorno material del artista (su taller). Ilustraremos estos tres enfoques con ejemplos desde la literatura académica revisada.

Resumen La historia reciente de la educación sexual en la Argentina tuvo un giro importante desde el retorno democrático, a fines de 1983. De ser un tema silenciado, privativo únicamente de la educación familiar o bien reservado a ciertas voces “expertas”, la educación de la sexualidad en la postdictadura formó parte de las agendas de las gestiones educativas, y tuvo desarrollos de iniciativas estatales como en el caso de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Este trabajo se interesa por conocer las políticas, las acciones y el enfoque educativo que se difundieron en torno a la educación sexual desde la Dirección General de Escuelas y Cultura de la provincia, entre 1984 y 1987. Se explora, para ello, la proyección del Plan provincial de Educación Sexual (1984), los fundamentos y acciones de la Comisión Especial de Educación Sexual (1985-1987) y el material educativo Una educación para SER (1986). El enfoque pedagógico propuesto fue el integral, que pretendió renovar la definición misma de sexualidad, y que coexistió también con discursos sanitario-preventivos. Finalmente, desde la política educativa provincial, la educación sexual fue significada en esos años como un compromiso educativo colectivo, que debía debatirse y desarrollarse desde los principios de la participación democrática.

Abstract The recent history of sex education in Argentina took an important turn since the democratic return at the end of 1983. From being a silenced topic, exclusive only to family education or reserved to certain “expert” voices, the education of sexuality in the post-dictatorship was part of the agendas of educational efforts and had developments in state initiatives as in the case of the province of Buenos Aires. This work is interested in knowing the policies, actions, and educational discourse disseminated around sexual education by the General Directorate of Schools and Culture of the province between 1984 and 1987. For this purpose, we analyze the projection of the Provincial Plan on Sex Education (1984), the foundations and actions of the Special Commission on Sex Education (19851987) and the educational material “An education to BE” (1986). The pedagogical approach proposed was comprehensive, which sought to renew the very definition of sexuality and which also coexisted with health-preventive discourses. Finally, from the provincial educational policy, sexual education was understood in those years as a collective educational commitment, which should be debated and developed from the principles of democratic participation.

Abstract Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) is the choice of treatment for improving the horizontal and vertical bone volume through bone grafting. GBR membranes work on the principle of preventing epithelial migration into the defect space while maintaining the space for cell migration and differentiation at the defect site. Hydroxyapatite has been commonly used as a bone graft for infrabony defects. The study was conducted at the Department of Biomaterials at Saveetha Dental College. GBR membrane was prepared and its material characterization was done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR), and Confocal Analysis. The developed GBR membrane revealed SEM properties conducive to cell attachment. EDX and FTIR analysis showed the successful development of the collagen-gelatin-hydroxyapatite membrane. Cell culture and confocal analysis revealed excellent biocompatibility with a homogenous layer of viable cells. The developed composite GBR membrane is a biogenic membrane with relevant biomineralization potential that should be applied for GBR applications.

Resumen La regeneración ósea guiada (GBR) es el tratamiento de elección para mejorar el volumen óseo horizontal y vertical mediante injertos óseos. Las membranas GBR funcionan según el principio de prevenir la migración epitelial hacia el espacio del defecto. La hidroxiapatita se ha utilizado habitualmente como injerto óseo para defectos infraóseos. El estudio se realizó en el Departamento de Biomateriales del Saveetha Dental College. Se preparó un scaffold o andamio, el cual se caracterizó mediante microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM), análisis de rayos X de dispersión de energía (EDAX), radiación infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y análisis confocal. El andamio desarrollado reveló propiedades propicias para la unión celular. Los análisis EDAX y FTIR mostraron el desarrollo exitoso de la membrana de colágeno-gelatina-hidroxiapatita. El cultivo celular y el análisis confocal revelaron una excelente biocompatibilidad con una capa homogénea de células viables. El andamio desarrollado es una membrana biogénica con un potencial de biomineralización relevante que puede utilizarse para aplicaciones GBR.

SUMMARY: The purpose of this research was to understand how second-semester students of the Medicine and Surgery academic program at Universidad del Valle learn about the main ideas of Human Macroscopic Anatomy (HMA). As a methodological proposal, a case study was carried out. Students' knowledge and understanding of HMA was assessed. For this, the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) model was taken into account, which includes the motivations and interests for learning, as well as the student’ previous ideas. A participant observation of the theoretical and practical classes was carried out for 16 weeks, recording observations in a field diary, and obtaining audiovisual material. All the information was organized in an analytical index, creating codes for the analysis. The analysis, interpretation and representation of results were done using the ATLAS.ti 22 software. It was found that students learn the main ideas of HMA through a process that implies commitment to their academic training, where interests, motivations, prior knowledge and participation are involved. It is important that different study methods are used during this process, and that there is the support from the professor and the institution, who should favor the learning and immersion of the students into the academic world and university culture, through the design of proposals that integrate teaching, learning and assessment, and also take into account the social and cultural realities of their students.

RESUMEN: El propósito de esta investigación fue comprender cómo los estudiantes de segundo semestre del programa académico de Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad del Valle aprenden sobre las ideas principales de la Anatomía Macroscópica Humana (AMH). Como propuesta metodológica se realizó un estudio de caso. Se evaluó el conocimiento y comprensión de los estudiantes sobre la AMH. Para ello se tomó en cuenta el modelo de Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido (CPC), que incluye las motivaciones e intereses por el aprendizaje, así como las ideas previas de los estudiantes. Se realizó una observación participante de las clases teóricas y prácticas durante 16 semanas, registrando las observaciones en un diario de campo y obteniendo material audiovisual. Toda la información se organizó en un índice analítico, creando códigos para el análisis. El análisis, interpretación y representación de los resultados se realizó mediante el software ATLAS.ti 22. Se encontró que los estudiantes aprenden las ideas principales de la AME a través de un proceso que implica compromiso con su formación académica, en donde se involucran intereses, motivaciones, conocimientos previos y participación. Es importante que durante este proceso se utilicen diferentes métodos de estudio, y que se cuente con el apoyo del docente y de la institución, quienes deben favorecer el aprendizaje y la inmersión de los estudiantes en el mundo académico y la cultura universitaria, mediante el diseño de propuestas que integren la enseñanza, el aprendizaje y la evaluación, y que además tengan en cuenta las realidades sociales y culturales de sus estudiantes.

Resumen La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa producida por el Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Actualmente se considera un problema de salud pública debido a las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población mundial y al incremento de otras infecciones causantes de in munosupresión, como el virus de la inmunodeficien cia humana (HIV). La afección pulmonar es la forma de presentación clínica más frecuente aunque en las últimas décadas el compromiso extrapulmonar se ha visto incrementado. Dentro de este la afección digestiva representa menos del 10%. Presentamos un caso de localización exclusivamente pancreática en un paciente inmunocomprometido. Varón de 43 años HIV positivo, con bajo recuento de CD4 y alta carga viral, sin tratamiento antirretroviral, consultó por cuadro de un mes de evolución caracteri zado por registros subfebriles asociado a pérdida de peso y dolor abdominal inespecífico. Se realizó tomografía de abdomen la cual arrojó colección en cola de páncreas, y posteriormente punción del material con rescate en cul tivo de M. tuberculosis. Se inició tratamiento antifímico y antirretroviral con buena respuesta al mismo. La tuberculosis pancreática primaria es una forma ex trapulmonar infrecuente, dado que es una glándula que estaría biológicamente protegida por las enzimas que origina. Destacamos la infrecuencia del caso y aunque el pronóstico es bueno con el tratamiento antifímico, po dría ser fatal sin un diagnóstico y tratamiento correctos. El alto índice de sospecha de tuberculosis pancreática por parte del médico y la realización de punción as piración con aguja fina (PAAF) para obtener evidencia histopatológica son importantes para un diagnóstico correcto, especialmente en pacientes HIV.

Abstract Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Myco bacterium tuberculosis. It is currently considered a public health problem due to the socioeconomic conditions of the world population and the increase in other infec tions such as that due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Pulmonary involvement is the most common form of clinical presentation, although in recent decades extrapulmonary involvement has increased. Among these, digestive disorders represent less than 10%. We present a case of exclusive pancreatic tuberculo sis, in the context of an immunocompromised patient. A 43-year-old man with a history of HIV with a low CD4 count and high viral load, without antiretroviral treatment, with one-month history of symptoms char acterized by low-grade fever associated with weight loss and nonspecific abdominal pain. An abdominal tomography was performed which showed a collection in the tail of the pancreas; the puncture revealed material with positive culture for M. tuberculosis. Antifimic and anti retroviral treatment was started with a good response. Primary pancreatic tuberculosis is an uncommon extrapulmonary form, given that it is a gland that would be biologically protected by the enzymes it produces. We highlight the rarity of the case and although the prognosis is good with anti-tuberculosis treatment, it could be fatal without correct diagnosis and treatment. The high index of suspicion of pancreatic tuberculosis by the physician and the performance of fine needle aspiration puncture to obtain histopathological evidence are important for a correct diagnosis, especially in HIV patients.

Resumo A esporotricose é uma micose subaguda a crônica causada por espécies do gênero Sporothrix. A forma linfocutânea predomina na maioria dos casos, porém indivíduos imunocomprometidos podem apresentar variantes disseminadas. Embora mais prevalente em adultos, sua ocorrência em lactentes é um fenômeno raro, com fatores de risco e aspectos epidemiológicos pouco estudados. Descrevemos um caso de infecção por esporotricose em criança de 9 meses, que se manifestou por dois nódulos de crescimento progressivo, de consistência mole, localizados nas regiões cervical direita e pré-auricular, associados a uma deterioração na condição geral e febre ao longo de um mês. Apesar de múltiplos tratamentos com antibióticos, não houve melhora das lesões. A cultura do material aspirado de um dos nódulos revelou Sporothrix. O paciente foi então tratado com itraconazol oral, levando à regressão das lesões em 2 meses. A identificação do agente de transmissão neste caso não foi possível. Este relato visa ampliar a compreensão da manifestação da esporotricose em lactentes e fornecer informações valiosas para o aprimoramento de estratégias específicas de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento para esse grupo particular de pacientes dermatológicos.

Abstract Sporotrichosis is a subacute to chronic mycosis caused by species of the genus Sporothrix. While the lymphocutaneous form predominates in most cases, immunocompromised individuals may present with disseminated variants. It is more prevalent in adults and rare in infants, with poorly studied risk factors and epidemiological aspects in this age group. We describe a case of sporotrichosis infection in a 9-month-old child, presenting with two progressively growing nodules, soft in consistency, located in the right cervical and pre-auricular regions, associated with a decline in general condition and fever over a month’s duration. Despite multiple oral antibiotics, there was no lesional improvement. Aspiration of one of the nodules, and culture of the secretion revealed Sporothrix. The patient was then treated with oral itraconazole, leading to regression of the lesions within 2 months. The identification of the transmission agent in this case was not possible. This report aims to broaden the understanding of sporotrichosis manifestation in infants and to provide valuable insights for the enhancement of specific preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for this age group of dermatological patients.

Resumen Se presenta el caso de un varón de 64 años que fue internado por delirium asociado a ictericia con patrón de colestasis en el hepatograma, y una masa en el pulmón derecho en el contexto de pérdida de peso y síndro me constitucional de 8 meses de evolución. Se realizó punción de la masa pulmonar cuyo cultivo desarrolló colonias blanquecinas identificadas como Nocardia cyria cigeorgica por espectrometría de masas (MALDI-TOF MS). Se llegó al diagnóstico de lupus eritematosos sistémico (LES) por presentar 8 de los criterios de acuerdo con el grupo SLICC 2012 y 24 puntos de acuerdo a los criterios EULAR/ACR 2019. La biopsia hepática mostró leve y variable infiltrado inflamatorio mixto en espacios porta, con ausencia de hepatitis de interfase y presencia de reacción ductular periférica. Se interpretaron estos hallazgos como vincu lados a hepatopatía por LES. El delirium fue interpretado como afectación neuroló gica por LES en base al descarte de otras enfermedades. Recibió tratamiento antibiótico y tras constatarse reducción del tamaño de la masa pulmonar se adminis traron pulsos de ciclofosfamida intravenosa. Evolucionó favorablemente, con normalización del hepatograma y el estado de conciencia, y recuperación del peso en forma progresiva. Al año se lo encontró en buen estado de salud. Justifica el reporte del caso la rara forma de presenta ción del LES de comienzo tardío, así como la nocardiosis pulmonar concomitante sin tratamiento inmunosupre sor previo.

Abstract A case is presented of a 64-year-old male patient who was admitted because of delirium, jaundice, a pattern of cholestasis in the liver profile and a right lung mass in the context of a constitutional syndrome and weight loss in the last eight months. The lung mass was punctured and the culture of the obtained material developed white colonies, identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) as Nocardia cyriacigeorgica. Regarding the clinical diagnosis, it was considered as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), on the basis of fulfilling 8 criteria according to SLICC 2012 group, and 24 points according to EULAR/ACR 2019. The liver biopsy showed a mixt cellular infiltrate in portal spaces, with absence of interphase hepatitis and presence of peripheral ductular reaction. These findings were interpreted as liver compromise relate to SLE. Delirium was also considered as a neurological mani festation related to SLE on the basis of ruling out other causes. After being treated with antibiotics and documenting a reduction in the size of the lung mass he received cy clophosphamide in intravenous pulses, achieving normal ization of his liver profile and his state of consciousness, and a progressively weight recovering. A year after he was in good health. The report of this case is justified because of the rare presenting form of late onset SLE, as well as the concomi tant pulmonary nocardiosis in the absence of previous immunosuppressant treatment.

Abstract Television became the most important communication device in the 1990s, reaching all middle-class households and playing a relevant role in constructing shared social meaning. The aim of this article is to examine different dimensions and senses of humor in El palacio de la risa, a very popular television comedy show hosted by Antonio Gasalla between 1992 and 1996 -broadcast by ATC and Canal 13- in Argentina. We will focus on the sketches starred by the actors Alejandro Urdapilleta and Humberto Tortonese, who, together with Gasalla, introduced relevant innovations in the production of television humor. In the first section, we will analyze which elements of performing arts of the 1980s underground are used and put into play in this television comedy. Then, we will examine three dimensions that function as crucial material for the trio's humorous production: the critique of the Argentinean high classes, the tension between dominant and dissident sexualities, and the parodic mentions made about television itself. In terms of methodology, the work was based on an analysis of 30 sketches by the Urdapilleta-Gasalla-Tortonese trio, frequent subjects, aesthetic aspects, body gestures and discursive uses. In short, the work seeks to make a contribution to the knowledge of mass culture, as well as the parody and destabilization of the common sense upheld by television during the 1990s in Argentina.

Resumen La televisión se constituyó en el dispositivo comunicacional de mayor importancia en los años 1990, al llegar a todos los hogares de clase media y ocupar un rol preponderante en la elaboración de sentidos sociales compartidos. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar distintas dimensiones y sentidos del humor en El palacio de la risa, programa humorístico de gran relevancia conducido por Antonio Gasalla entre 1992 y 1996 y transmitido por ATC y Canal 13, en Argentina. Nos enfocaremos en los números protagonizados por los actores Alejandro Urdapilleta y Humberto Tortonese, quienes, junto a Gasalla, introducen importantes innovaciones en la producción humorística televisiva. En la primera sección, analizaremos qué elementos del teatro underground de los años 1980 son recuperados y puestos en juego en la propuesta televisiva. A continuación, se examinarán tres dimensiones que funcionan como materia prima para la producción humorística del trío: la crítica a las clases dominantes argentinas, la tensión entre sexualidades dominantes y disidentes, y las menciones paródicas realizadas sobre la propia televisión. En cuanto a la metodología, el trabajo fue realizado en base a un análisis de 30 sketches del trío Urdapilleta-Gasalla-Tortonese, registrando temas, aspectos estéticos, gestualidad corporal y usos discursivos. En suma, el trabajo realiza una contribución al conocimiento de la cultura de masas y las posibilidades paródicas y de desestabilización del sentido común de la televisión durante los años 1990 en Argentina.

ABSTRACT Citrus fruits are one of the most important sources of phenolic substances, known as antioxidants and protector agents against ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Orange peels were used to extract bioactive compounds such as phenols and measure their concentrations, in addition to evaluate antioxidant activity of the extracts. Soybean plant was used to study the effect of several concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 1%) of orange peel water extract as protector material to which EMS (0.7%) was added, as well as nanoencapsulated extract at 0.1%. Several parameters were measured to evaluate the effect of these concentrations on soybean as germination rate, plant height, number of leaves, leaves characteristics, total number of flowers after 40 days from germination, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and weight of 100 seeds. The results showed that 1% of orange peel water extract had the highest protective effect, however no positive effect was detected when it was used without EMS. Using 0.01% of orange peels extract was indeed advantageous for plant growth. On the other hand, pectin-calcium nanoencapsulated extract at 0.1% showed better effectiveness when compared to non-encapsulated extract at the same concentration. These results revealed that using plant extracts could be a promising approach to protect plants from harmful substances existing in some mediums (tissue culture) and environments.

RESUMEN Los cítricos son una de las fuentes más importantes de sustancias fenólicas, conocidas como antioxidantes y agentes protectores frente al metanosulfonato de etilo (EMS). Se utilizaron cáscaras de naranja para extraer compuestos bioactivos como los fenoles, de los cuales se midieron sus concentraciones, además de evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los extractos. Se utilizó planta de soja para estudiar el efecto de varias concentraciones (0,01; 0,1; 1%) de extracto acuoso de cáscara de naranja como material protector al que se le añadió EMS (0,7%), así como extracto nanoencapsulado al 0,1%. Se midieron varios parámetros para evaluar el efecto de estas concentraciones en la soja (tasa de germinación, altura de la planta, número de hojas, características de las hojas, número total de flores después de 40 días desde la germinación, número de vainas por planta, número de semillas por planta, número de semillas por vaina, peso de 100 semillas). Los resultados mostraron que el 1% de extracto acuoso de cáscara de naranja tuvo el mayor efecto protector; sin embargo, no se mostró ningún efecto positivo cuando se usó sin EMS; el uso de 0,01% de extracto de cáscara de naranja fue realmente ventajoso para el crecimiento de las plantas. Por otro lado, el extracto nanoencapsulado de pectina-calcio al 0,1% mostró mejor efectividad en comparación con el extracto no encapsulado a la misma concentración. Estos resultados revelaron que el uso de extractos de plantas podría ser un enfoque prometedor para proteger las plantas de sustancias nocivas existentes en algunos medios (cultivo de tejidos) y entornos.

Resumo A primeira parte deste dossiê refletiu sobre a dinâmica da vergonha e do orgulho como eixo articulador do universo LGTB no contexto espanhol. Esta segunda parte retoma esse eixo de análise, mas se concentra em quatro países latino-americanos: México, Porto Rico, Cuba e Argentina. As histórias de vida, autobiografias, poemas, cartas e material de imprensa estudados nos diferentes artigos confirmam a hipótese de que o orgulho não é a experiência dominante a partir da década de 1970, nem a vergonha reina de forma homogênea no período anterior. Há, no entanto, uma especificidade própria da América Latina –além de sua diversidade lógica– na maneira como a vergonha e o orgulho se configuram entre os sujeitos dissidentes devido às circunstâncias políticas e socioeconômicas específicas da região. Assim, a vergonha não está vinculada apenas ao gênero e à sexualidade, mas também à classe social, à raça ou ao status socioeconômico, enquanto o orgulho também assume formas muito heterogêneas, nem sempre de natureza pública, devido à pressão de regimes autoritários ou de sociedades mais conservadoras em decorrência do machismo e da influência determinante da religião católica.

Resumen La primera parte del presente dossier reflexionaba sobre las dinámicas de la vergüenza y el orgullo como eje articulador del universo LGTB en el contexto español. Esta segunda parte retoma ese eje de análisis, pero pone el foco en cuatro países de Latinoamérica: México, Puerto Rico, Cuba y Argentina. Las historias de vida, autobiografías, poemarios, epistolarios y material de prensa que estudian los diferentes artículos permiten confirmar la hipótesis de que ni el orgullo es la experiencia dominante a partir de los años de 1970, ni la vergüenza rige de manera homogénea en el período precedente. Hay, sin embargo, una especificidad propia de Latinoamérica –más allá de su lógica diversidad– en el modo en que la vergüenza y el orgullo se configuran entre los sujetos disidentes debido a las circunstancias políticas y socioeconómicas propias de la región. Así, la vergüenza no se vincula únicamente al género y a la sexualidad, sino también a la clase social, la raza o el estatus socioeconómico, mientras que el orgullo asume también formas muy heterogéneas, no siempre de carácter público, debido a la presión de regímenes autoritarios o de sociedades más conservadoras a consecuencia del machismo y de la influencia determinante de la religión católica.

Abstract The first part of this dossier reflected on the dynamics of shame and pride as the articulating axis of the LGTB universe in the Spanish context. This second part takes up that axis of analysis but focuses on four Latin American countries: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba and Argentina. The life stories, autobiographies, poems, letters and press material studied in the different articles confirm the hypothesis that pride is not the dominant experience from the 1970s onwards, nor does shame rule homogeneously in the preceding period. There is, however, a specificity to Latin America –beyond its logical diversity– in the way in which shame and pride are configured among dissident subjects due to the political and socioeconomic circumstances specific to the region. Thus, shame is not only linked to gender and sexuality, but also to social class, race or socio-economic status, while pride also assumes very heterogeneous forms, not always of a public nature, due to the pressure of authoritarian regimes or more conservative societies as a result of machismo and the determining influence of the Catholic religion.

We present a series of 12 OSL/IRSL dates that revise and complete the chronology of the important Middle (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) site Umbeli Belli in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These dates shift the previous radiometric ages thousands of years older than earlier measurements and play a key role in revising the cultural stratigraphy of KwaZulu-Natal. We also discuss how these dates bring the chrono- and cultural stratigraphy of southern Africa into clearer focus. The Robberg sequence of Umbeli Belli is now firmly dated to 21 ± 2 ka, whereas the preceding Early LSA assemblage dates to ~32 ka, representing one of the earliest dates for this cultural expression in the broader region. The final MSA assemblages from Layer 7 to 9 now date to between 35 ka and 40 ka, overlapping more tightly with comparable assemblages from Sibhudu, Umhlatuzana and other sites. Layer 10, which was previously also assigned to the final MSA, now dates to ~47-54 ka, placing the assemblage within the temporal range of the Late MSA. The new dates provide a good explanation for the clear differences in material culture between Layer 10 and the younger layers. We also present two new ages for the deeper horizons 11b and 12 at Umbeli Belli, dating to 76 ± 9 ka and 80 ± 9 ka, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: • Revised and new age estimates are given for the Middle and Later Stone Age sequence of Umbeli Belli. • These age changes allow new comparisons with nearby prehistoric sites. • They change our view of the regional variability of technologies and cultures between ca. 80 and 20 ka on the east coast of South Africa.

Abstract Ever since the inception of the classroom teachers have made use of its walls for displaying posters with letters and syllables. However, near the end of the XIX century, a renovation of the reading materials took place that changed its design, pedagogical basis and teaching methods. This article analyses three compilations of graphics that were endorsed by the Consejo Nacional de Educacion for jurisdiction of national law: - “Los Carteles de lectura y logografía”, by Francisco Berra - “Los carteles El Nene”, by Andrés Ferreyra - “Los carteles El Alfa”, by Eleodoro Suárez All three of these compilations support concepts such as simultaneous teaching of reading and writing, relaying on the concept of intuition, introduced by Pestalozzi (in conjunction with positivist elements), and the advantages of “smart reading” over “mechanical reading”. The combination of these components allows us to consider these posters “modern material”. Nevertheless, even though the authors agree on the importance of the “generative word” method, they differed on which was the most effective approach for its implementation. As a final point of analysis, the article exposes what realistically took place in classrooms in the city of Buenos Aires, where the use given to the posters depended on the interaction of multitude of dimensions that affected the pedagogical practices, such as the availability and conservation of the didactical materials, as well as the personal interpretation of each teacher.

Resumen La práctica de exponer carteles con letras y sílabas en las paredes de las aulas estaba presente desde sus primeras configuraciones, sin embargo, hacia fines del siglo XIX, se produjo una renovación en los soportes materiales destinados en la enseñanza inicial de la lectura que innovaba en cuanto a su diseño, sus fundamentos pedagógicos y los métodos de enseñanza. El artículo analiza tres colecciones de carteles aprobados por el Consejo Nacional de Educación para uso en la jurisdicción nacional: - Los Carteles de lectura y logografía, de Francisco Berra. - Los carteles El Nene, de Andrés Ferreyra. - Los carteles El Alfa, de Eleodoro Suárez. Las tres colecciones coinciden en la imposición de la enseñanza simultánea de la lectura y la escritura, el sustento en el concepto pestalozziano de intuición (en algunos aspectos, articulado con elementos positivistas) y la primacía del concepto de “lectura inteligente” sobre la “lectura mecánica”. La combinación de estos componentes nos lleva a plantear que se trata de soportes materiales modernos. Por otra parte, a pesar de que los autores coincidían en la importancia del método de “palabra generadora” diferían en cuanto a los procedimientos más efectivos para implementarlo. Como último punto de análisis, el artículo se refiere a lo que efectivamente sucedía dentro de las aulas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, donde el uso de los carteles dependía de la interacción con otras dimensiones que afectan las prácticas pedagógicas, como por ejemplo la disponibilidad y conservación de estos materiales didácticos así como la apropiación particular que hacían los/as maestros y maestras.