RESUMEN Este documento analiza la cartografa social en el sector pesquero de Oaxaca, México. El objetivo principal es representar el sistema pesquero a través de la identificación de los actores clave, sus relaciones y el territorio. La metodología incluyó tres fases: 1) documental, para establecer el marco teórico; 2) de campo, con la aplicación de 110 encuestas a pescadores utilizando la técnica de bola de nieve; y 3) de resultados, con el análisis y presentación de los datos. Los principales resultados muestran que el sector agroalimentario, al cual pertenece el sector pesquero, enfrenta retos como potencializar las capacidades de producción, abastecimiento, transformación, comercialización y distribución. Se identificaron los principales actores gubernamentales, empresariales y de educación superior involucrados. En cuanto al sistema pesquero en Oaxaca, se mapearon los contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidad y sanidad, financiero y comercial, de capital humano, productivo e infraestructural, así como el contexto regional de las zonas Costa e Istmo. Se destaca la importancia de reconocer las relaciones históricas que han marcado la pesca en México, especialmente en Oaxaca, uno de los estados con mayores índices de pobreza y rezago. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o mapeamento social no setor de pesca em Oaxaca, México. O principal objetivo é representar o sistema de pesca por meio da identificação dos principais atores, suas relações e o território. A metodologia incluiu três fases: l) documental, para estabelecer a estrutura teórica; 2) campo, com a aplicação de 110 pesquisas a pescadores usando a técnica de bola de neve; e 3) resultados, com a análise e apresentação dos dados. Os principais resultados mostram que o setor agroalimentar, ao qual pertence o setor pesqueiro, enfrenta desafios como o fortalecimento das capacidades de produção, fornecimento, processamento, comercialização e distribuição. Foram identificados os principais atores governamentais, empresariais e de ensino superior envolvidos. Com relação ao sistema de pesca em Oaxaca, foram mapeados os contextos político-legislativo, geográfico, de sustentabilidade e saúde, financeiro e comercial, de capital humano, produtivo e de infraestrutura, bem como o contexto regional das zonas da Costa e do Istmo. O estudo destaca a importância de reconhecer as relações históricas que marcaram a pesca no México, especialmente em Oaxaca, um dos estados com os mais altos índices de pobreza e atraso. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL: P42, J01, J54, Y90

ABSTRACT This document analyzes social cartography in the fishing sector of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main objective is to represent the fishing system through the identification of the key actors, their relationships and the territory The methodology included three phases: 1) documentary to establish the theoretical framework; 2) field, with the application of 110 surveys to fishermen using the snowball technique; and 3) results, with the analysis and presentation of the data. The main results show that the agri-food sector; to which the fishing sector belongs, faces challenges such as enhancing production, supply, transformation, marketing and distribution capacities. The main government, business and higher education actors involved were identified. Regarding the fishing system in Oaxaca, the political-legislative, geographical, sustainability and health, financial and commercial, human capital, productive and infrastructural contexts were mapped, as well as the regional context of the Coast and Isthmus areas. The importance of recognizing the historical relationships that have marked fishing in Mexico is highlighted, especially in Oaxaca, one of the states with the highest rates of poverty and backwardness. JEL CLASSIFICATION: P42, J01, J54, Y90

The social and political history of South Africa yielded massive transformation in the higher education landscape, including access to education and the merger of universities. Despite the many successes of transformation, it brought with it challenges such as increasing participation, student retention, throughput, and graduation rates; changes in government funding models; declining student subsidies and providing quality education with limited resources. The South African higher education sector is multi-faceted, and students have a wide range of higher education options. This study explored factors influencing decision-making of first-year students when selecting a university. Data was collected from first-year students and employees at a University of Technology. Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the researchers analysed the complex factors that guide students' decision-making when selecting a university. The findings revealed that factors significantly influencing decision-making on university selection are, the reputation and quality of university programmes offered, response time and support provided by staff; location; and infrastructure and facilities. This research is significant in that it will assist higher education institutions, particularly marketing and communications departments to be more responsive to students' needs by shifting toward active engagement in its marketing and recruitment approaches to attract, retain, and satisfy students.

RESUMEN La comprensión de las prácticas de movilidad de mujeres agricultoras en función de la comercialización de sus productos resulta de suma importancia para identificar sus necesidades y desafíos como grupo social vulnerable. La investigación analizó las prácticas de movilidad y comercialización que utilizan las mujeres agricultoras de la parroquia rural Sinincay, del cantón Cuenca, Ecuador. Mediante la asunción de una metodología mixta de carácter transversal, se aplicaron encuestas para la recolección de información. Los resultados revelaron que las oportunidades para comercializar productos se concentran en el área urbana. El 57.7 de las mujeres comercializa sus productos en lugares no aptos para ello, principalmente en la vía pública, cerca de mercados y plazas. El 72.3 %, al no disponer de vehículo propio dependen de otros medios de transporte, situación que incide en la inversión de tiempo y costo de los desplazamientos. Además, el 93.8 % no forma parte de ninguna organización, lo que conlleva a la realización de la mayoría de viajes de forma individual. Estos hallazgos constituyen un insumo importante para que los organismos pertinentes generen acciones para mejorar la situación de este importante grupo poblacional.

ABSTRACT Understanding women farmers' mobility practices in marketing their products is of utmost importance in identifying their needs and challenges as a vulnerable social group. The research analyzed the mobility and marketing practices used by women farmers in the rural parish of Sinincay in the canton of Cuenca, Ecuador. Using a mixed methodology of a cross-sectional nature, surveys were applied to collect information. The results revealed that the opportunities for marketing products are concentrated in the urban area. A total of 57.7% of the women market their products in places not suitable for this purpose, mainly on public roads, near markets and squares. Since 72.3 % do not have their own vehicle, they depend on other means of transportation, a situation that affects the investment of time and the cost of travel. In addition, 93.8% do not belong to any organization, which means that most trips are made individually. These findings constitute an essential input for the relevant agencies to generate actions to improve the situation of this important population group.

Abstract SMEs are small and medium-sized enterprises that arise from an idea of marketing a product or service. The growth of these companies entails an increase in the complexity of their organization. From the increase in internal structure to the relationship with some external actors, such as regulatory and fiscal entities, it poses challenges for which adequate preparation is not always available or the most efficient path to address them is not clear. An example of this can be seen with the management of company assets, which is often rudimentary and there is no quantified notion of the criticality of assets for the SME’s business. Through an Asset Management Model, an SME can chart a path towards efficient use of its assets, avoiding unnecessary expenses in repairs, as well as problems that can affect business continuity. This better use of assets results in greater value to the SME’s business model. This technical note proposes a methodology for the implementation of Asset Management based on the INTE/ISO 55001 standard. The objective is to adapt the different steps for the early implementation of Asset Management Models that are common in large consolidated companies to small and medium-sized enterprises. This methodology was validated in a real case study in a medium-sized company in Costa Rica. The results not only showed the rudimentary asset management in SMEs but also the viability of implementing an Asset Management Model in early stages of SMEs.

Resumen Las Pymes son pequeñas y medianas empresas que nacen a partir de una idea de comercialización de un producto o servicio. El crecimiento de estas empresas conlleva un aumento en la complejidad de su organización. Desde el aumento de la estructura interna hasta la relación con algunos actores externos, como entes reguladores y fiscales, supone retos para los cuales no siempre se cuenta con la preparación adecuada o no se tiene claro el camino más eficiente para afrontarlos. Un ejemplo de esto se puede observar con la gestión de los activos de la empresa, el cual con frecuencia es rudimentario y no se tiene noción cuantificada de la criticidad de los activos para el negocio de la Pyme. A partir de un Modelo de Gestión de Activos una Pyme puede trazar una ruta hacia un aprovechamiento eficiente de sus activos, evitando gastos innecesarios en reparaciones, así como problemas que pueden afectar la continuidad del negocio. Este mejor aprovechamiento de los activos resulta en un mayor valor al modelo de negocio de la Pyme. La presente nota técnica plantea una metodología para la implementación de Gestión de Activos basada en la norma INTE/ISO 55001. El objetivo es la adaptación de los diferentes pasos para la implementación temprana de Modelos de Gestión de Activos que son usuales en empresas consolidadas de gran tamaño en pequeñas y medianas empresas. Dicha metodología fue validada en un caso de estudio real en una mediana empresa de Costa Rica. Los resultados no solo evidenciaron la gestión rudimentaria de activos en Pymes si no también la viabilidad de implementar un Modelo de Gestión de Activos en etapas tempranas de las Pymes.

Abstract: Wildlife holds an important role within the Amazon biome. However, wildlife identification and documentation methods in the Amazonian wilderness pose considerable challenges for fauna biology and ecology professionals. This complexity arises from the demand for specialized expertise and the substantial investment of time required. This challenge is compounded by the remarkable resemblance between various animal species. In this study, we delve into the feasibility of diverse iterations of the YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm in order to detect wildlife species in the Peruvian Amazon. Our assessment covers a spectrum of YOLO versions, including YOLOv5x6, YOLOv5l6, YOLOv7-W6, YOLOv7-E6, YOLOv8I, and YOLOv8x. To empower our models, we embarked on a training journey using a dataset comprising 653 images thoughtfully collected from reputable sources in ecology and tourism marketing. This dataset encompasses six species: Ara ararauna, Ara chloropterus, Ara macao, Opisthocomus hoazin, Pteronura brasiliensis, and Saimiri sciureus. Our efforts show the efficiency of the YOLOv5l6 model, which stands out prominently in all metrics evaluated. This model achieves a Precision rate of 86.1%; Recall of 84.7%, F1-Score measuring 85.39%, and mean Average Precision (mAP) of 88.1%. Noteworthy is the fact that this model also boasts the swiftest training time among its counterparts, with a total 30.71 minutes. These findings offer promising prospects for refining our understanding of Amazonian wildlife species and establishing proactive measures to safeguard those that face potential vulnerability or endangerment. The YOLO algorithm's capabilities underscore the confluence of technology and ecological conservation, providing optimism for the preservation of the Amazon's intricate biodiversity.

Abstract At this stage of the economic recovery in which exporting companies in Latin America and the Caribbean are resuming their activities after the contraction of COVID-19 worldwide, it is necessary to identify the practices that were effective and the current barriers to achieve international expansion in the company. In addition, the marketing strategy is the pillar to provide value to customers. The objectives of the article are to identify the key elements in marketing strategies and to know the main successful practices that were implemented and the challenges in marketing strategies in exporting companies in Peru. Method/s a systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA strategy of the theses published in the RENATI repository about marketing strategies in exporting companies in Peru, analyzing with an observation sheet according to the objective, methodology, results, conclusions, recommendations which was interpreted according to the qualitative approach revealing the categories with the Spss program version 23 Result/s In the main results of the published theses the potentialities of exporting mypes is their takeoff in use of digital marketing strategies, employment of marketing mix strategies and the environment through state policies such as financing funds to innovate and market contribute directly and the challenges is to generate added value. And the theses are from the area of Administration and International Business with centralism of private universities in the variables of export (31%), marketing strategies (27%) and international performance with 15%.

Resúmen En esta etapa de la reactivación económica en que las empresas exportadoras de América Latina y el Caribe están retomando sus actividades después de la contracción del COVID-19 a nivel mundial, es necesario identificar las prácticas que fueron efectivas y las barreras actuales para que se logre la expansión internacional en la empresa. Además, la estrategia de marketing es el pilar para dar valor a los clientes. Objetivos del artículo responde a identificar los elementos claves en las estrategias de marketing y conocer las principales prácticas exitosas que se implementaron y los desafíos en las estrategias de marketing en empresas exportadoras de Perú. Método/s se realizó una revisión sistemática según la estrategia PRISMA de las tesis publicadas en el repositorio RENATI acerca de las estrategias de marketing en empresas exportadoras en Perú analizando con una ficha de observación según el objetivo, metodología, resultado, conclusiones, recomendaciones que se interpretó según el enfoque cualitativo que revela las categorías con el programa Spss versión 23 Resultado/s En los principales resultados de las tesis publicadas las potencialidades de las mypes exportadoras es su despegue en uso de estrategias de marketing digital, empleo de estrategias de marketing mix y el entorno mediante las políticas del estado como fondos de financiamiento para innovar y comercializar contribuyen de manera directa y los desafíos es generar valor agregado. Y las tesis son del área de Administración y Negocios Internacionales con centralismo de universidades privadas en las variables de la exportación (31%), las estrategias de marketing (27%) y el desempeño internacional con 15%.

Editorial |EN The latest trends in qualitative research clamor to include practices that are ever more creative, more visual, more critical, more reflective, more collaborative, and even more multimodal. Rethinking and validating qualitative research as a more integral practice revives the original celebratory feeling related to qualitative research in its most intimate dimension: humanity. Why do we undertake qualitative research? Essentially, we engage in qualitative research to understand more and to understand better. In becoming closer to our humanity and the constructivist experiences that shape us on a daily basis, we forge ourselves as qualitative researchers in the constant search for the very meaning of the social phenomena relevant to our realities. Human, ever more human. Part of this human reality must bring with it significant doses of individual and collective reflection, of closeness to other latitudes, of constant criticality, of the systematic questioning as to the what, how and why of our qualitative research. We must investigate more on upcoming future trends so that they can form part of the conversation in the present. This conversation must include discussion about the effective and ethical use of communication and information technologies. It must question our data collection and analysis processes. Are we promoting free, safe, artistic, and symbolic spaces for our participants to explore their experiences and perceptions? Should we rethink the interview as an official mechanism for the collection of in-depth data? Could we think about other data collection techniques in which the participants can become the true protagonists of their own realities? Do we dare to rethink new trends that could guide participants in representing their realities more organically? As qualitative researchers, we must open ourselves to more participatory processes at community and regional levels; we must open the door to internationalization. We must, in turn, internalize conductive practices of reflective and critical questioning to challenge our own biases. Could the ethical and conscientious driving force in our work revolve around our self-awareness, our taking into account our own positioning in qualitative research studies? Could we celebrate open mindedness, embracing difference and embodying humility as fundamental pillars for those of us who dare to do qualitative research? Humble, ever more humble. Volume 20, Issue 1, of the journal New Trends in Qualitative Research, presents an enriching collection of these trends in qualitative research. Mohd Anis and Olisa (2024) present a pilot study that uses artificial intelligence in focus group processes as a mechanism to rethink data collection in a way that guarantees depth and scalability. Along similar lines, De Almeida et al. (2024) problematize pedagogical practices for teacher training and to guarantee the right to education in Brazil. Veras Meira and Fernandes (2024) reflect on decolonization and the need to institute new beliefs for a more emancipatory education. Picolo Gimenes et al. (2024) show how the use of the Drawing-Story Procedure promotes graphic expression through therapeutic play, and humanizes the collection of qualitative data, establishing ludic-affective links between children and nursing staff. Another study seeks to identify appropriate practices and strategies to minimize risks and impacts for patients who suffered from COVID-19 (Miranda et al., 2024). From Peru, an article reflects on the semantic and conceptual distinctions between theses, thesis reporting and scientific articles as academic practices in higher education, while another reflects on effective marketing strategies along with the challenges faced by some exporting companies in this nation. A research team from the University of Aveiro conducted a bibliometric and systematized study asking what is meant by plagiarism and self-plagiarism. In addition, a study carried out in Canada exemplifies creativity in qualitative research by using teaching innovation and research on primary school Social Science teachers. The authors Araújo-Oliveira et al. (2024) used socio-spatial analysis and the evaluation of musical works to promote professional development in teachers. Similarly, considerations rethinking the training of teachers in teacher-training colleges are presented, such that teachers can learn about the ontological, epistemological, and methodological dimensions of their educational research. Summers et al. (2024) make a reflective call for the collection of qualitative data on online contexts. Finally, presentation is made of an exploratory compilation of arts-based methods to assist in understanding the experiences of people working in care provision for the elderly. Techniques found in the compilation include the visual arts, photoelicitation and storytelling, among others. Such techniques deepened understanding of the emotional, psychological, and social perspectives of caregivers, while also promoting processes of self-reflection and dialogue in these. Such arts-based methods promise to position themselves as integral processes in qualitative research. The articles presented in this issue position qualitative research as a driving force focusing on reflection and the constant rethinking of the what, how and why of what we do. We hope that on reading this issue, you find more questions than you do answers, because we all owe ourselves this constant questioning, knowing that the conversation arising from qualitative research will always lead on to more. Reflective, ever more reflective.

Editorial |PT As novas tendências na investigação qualitativa clamam pela inclusão de práticas mais criativas, visuais, críticas, reflexivas, colaborativas e até mesmo multimodais. Repensar e validar a investigação qualitativa como uma prática mais integral é reviver o sentimento original de celebrar a investigação qualitativa desde a sua dimensão mais íntima: a humanidade. Porque fazemos investigação qualitativa? Essencialmente, fazemos investigação qualitativa para entender mais e melhor. Ao estarmos mais próximos da nossa humanidade e das experiências construtivistas que nos moldam dia após dia, forjamo-nos como investigadores qualitativos em busca constante do próprio significado dos fenómenos sociais relevantes para as nossas realidades. Humanos, ainda mais humanos. Parte desta realidade humana deve trazer consigo uma dose significativa de reflexão individual e coletiva, de proximidade com outras latitudes, de uma criticidade constante, de um questionamento sistemático sobre o quê, como e porquê fazemos investigação qualitativa. Devemos explorar mais as novas tendências para o futuro, para que sejam a conversa do presente. Esta conversa deve incluir o uso efetivo e ético das tecnologias de comunicação e informação, deve levantar questões sobre os nossos processos de recolha e análise de dados. Estamos a promover, nas nossas “personas” participantes, espaços livres, seguros, artísticos e simbólicos sobre as suas experiências e perceções? Será que devemos repensar a entrevista como o mecanismo oficial para a recolha de dados aprofundados? Pensamos noutras técnicas de recolha de dados onde as participantes sejam as verdadeiras protagonistas das suas realidades? Atrevemo-nos a repensar novas tendências que guiem as participantes a representar as suas realidades de uma forma mais orgânica? Como investigadores qualitativos, devemos abrir-nos a processos mais participativos a nível comunitário e regional; devemos abrir a porta à internacionalização. Devemos, por sua vez, internalizar práticas que conduzam a questionamentos reflexivos e críticos para desafiar os nossos próprios preconceitos. Será que o motor ético e de responsabilidade gira em torno da consciência que temos, tendo em conta o nosso posicionamento nos estudos de investigação qualitativa? Será que celebramos a mente aberta, abraçamos o distintivo e incorporamos a humildade como pilares fundamentais para aqueles que se atrevem a fazer investigação qualitativa? Humildes, ainda mais humildes No volume 20, número 1, da revista New Trends in Qualitative Research, apresenta-se uma coleção enriquecedora destas tendências em investigação qualitativa. Mohd Anis e Mohd (2024) apresentam um estudo piloto que utiliza a inteligência artificial em processos de grupos focais como mecanismo para repensar a forma de recolher dados, garantindo profundidade e escalabilidade. Na mesma linha, De Almeida et al. (2024)problematizam as práticas pedagógicas iniciais para treinar docentes e garantir o direito à educação no Brasil. Veras Meira e Fernandes (2024) refletem sobre a descolonização e a necessidade de instituir novas crenças para uma educação mais emancipadora. Picolo Gimenes et al. (2024) evidenciam como o uso de desenho-história promove a expressão gráfica através do jogo terapêutico e humaniza a recolha de dados qualitativos para estabelecer vínculos lúdico-afetivos entre as crianças e o pessoal de enfermagem. Outro estudo procura identificar práticas e estratégias apropriadas para minimizar riscos e impactos em pacientes que sofreram de COVID-19 (Miranda et al., 2024). Dois artigos com contexto peruano refletem sobre as distinções semânticas e conceptuais entre tese, relatório de tese e artigo científico, como práticas académicas no ensino superior, e sobre as estratégias de marketing eficazes, bem como os desafios enfrentados por algumas empresas exportadoras no Peru. Uma equipa de investigação da Universidade de Aveiro abordou a questão do que se entende por plágio e auto-plágio através de um estudo bibliométrico e sistematizado. Além disso, um estudo realizado no Canadá exemplifica a criatividade na investigação qualitativa ao usar a inovação no ensino e na investigação de professores do ensino primário em Ciências Sociais. Os autores Araújo-Oliveira et al.(2024) utilizaram a análise socioespacial e a avaliação de obras musicais para promover o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores. De forma semelhante, são apresentadas considerações revistas na formação de professores em escolas superiores, com o objetivo de que os docentes aprendam sobre as dimensões ontológicas, epistemológicas e metodológicas das suas investigações educativas. Summers et al. (2024) fazem um apelo reflexivo sobre a recolha de dados qualitativos em contextos online. Por último, apresenta-se uma compilação exploratória sobre métodos baseados nas artes para compreender as experiências vividas por pessoas remuneradas que cuidam de idosos. Dentro das técnicas encontradas na compilação, destacam-se as artes visuais, a fotoelicitação e a narração de histórias, entre outras. Estas técnicas aprofundaram as perspetivas emocionais, psicológicas e sociais das pessoas cuidadoras, promovendo nelas processos de autorreflexão e diálogo. Estes métodos baseados nas artes mantêm a promessa de se posicionarem como processos integrais na investigação qualitativa. Os artigos apresentados neste volume posicionam a investigação qualitativa como um motor centrado na reflexão e no constante reexame do quê, como e porquê fazemos o que fazemos. Esperamos que ao ler este volume tenha mais perguntas do que respostas, porque devemos a nós mesmos essa constante inquisição, porque a conversa sobre investigação qualitativa sempre dará para mais. Reflexivos, ainda mais reflexivos.

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ABSTRACT Addressing household energy efficiency is among the main challenges worldwide towards sustainable development. The residential sector is one of the main energy users globally and one of the most difficult to address. Barranquilla is the fourth most developed city in Colombia and has significant electricity consumption in households. However, currently, there are no campaigns promoting energy efficiency strategies to reduce household consumption. This study shows that most people in the city are aware of their electricity consumption, mainly because of the costs, which is also one main motivation to introduce energy efficiency strategies. A public campaign must prioritize social media and WEB communication channels. Moreover, energy efficiency strategies must focus on the use of air conditioners, refrigerators, and lighting systems. Moreover, since the cost of electricity and climate change are the main motivators for energy saving, the different measures proposed in a campaign should be associated with cost and carbon footprint savings.

RESUMEN Abordar la eficiencia energética de los hogares es uno de los principales retos a nivel global en la ruta hacia el desarrollo sostenible. El sector residencial es uno de los principales consumidores de energía a nivel mundial y uno de los más difíciles de abordar. Barranquilla es la cuarta ciudad más desarrollada de Colombia y tiene un consumo de electricidad residencial significativo. Sin embargo, actualmente no existen campañas que promuevan estrategias de eficiencia energética para reducir el consumo doméstico. Este estudio muestra que la mayoría de los habitantes de la ciudad son conscientes de su consumo de electricidad, principalmente debido a los costos económicos, lo que es también una motivación importante para introducir estrategias de eficiencia energética. Una campaña pública debe priorizar las redes sociales y a los canales de comunicación WEB. Además, las estrategias de eficiencia energética deben centrarse en el uso de aparatos de aire acondicionado, equipos de refrigeración doméstica y sistemas de iluminación. Además, dado que el costo de la electricidad y el cambio climático son las principales motivaciones para el ahorro energético, las diferentes medidas propuestas en una campaña deben estar asociadas al ahorro económico y a la reducción de la huella de carbono.

La comprensión de las prácticas de movilidad de mujeres agricultoras en función de la comercialización de sus productos resulta de suma importancia para identificar sus necesidades y desafíos como grupo social vulnerable. La investigación analizó las prácticas de movilidad y comercialización que utilizan las mujeres agricultoras de la parroquia rural Sinincay, del cantón Cuenca, Ecuador. Mediante la asunción de una metodología mixta de carácter transversal, se aplicaron encuestas para la recolección de información. Los resultados revelaron que las oportunidades para comercializar productos se concentran en el área urbana. El 57.7 de las mujeres comercializa sus productos en lugares no aptos para ello, principalmente en la vía pública, cerca de mercados y plazas. El 72.3 %, al no disponer de vehículo propio dependen de otros medios de transporte, situación que incide en la inversión de tiempo y costo de los desplazamientos. Además, el 93.8 % no forma parte de ninguna organización, lo que conlleva a la realización de la mayoría de viajes de forma individual. Estos hallazgos constituyen un insumo importante para que los organismos pertinentes generen acciones para mejorar la situación de este importante grupo poblacional.

Compreender as práticas de mobilidade das mulheres agricultoras com base na comercialização dos seus produtos é de extrema importância para identificar as suas necessidades e desafios como grupo social vulnerável. A pesquisa analisou as práticas de mobilidade e marketing utilizadas pelas mulheres agricultoras na freguesia rural de Sinincay, no cantão de Cuenca, Equador. Assumindo uma metodologia transversal mista, foram aplicados inquéritos para recolha de informação. Os resultados revelaram que as oportunidades de comercialização dos produtos estão concentradas na zona urbana. 57,7% das mulheres vendem seus produtos em locais não adequados para isso, principalmente na via pública, próximo a mercados e praças. 72,3%, por não possuírem veículo próprio, dependem de outros meios de transporte, situação que afeta o investimento de tempo e custo da viagem. Além disso, 93,8% não fazem parte de nenhuma organização, o que faz com que a maioria das viagens seja feita individualmente. Estas conclusões constituem um contributo importante para que as organizações relevantes possam gerar ações para melhorar a situação deste importante grupo populacional.

Understanding women farmers' mobility practices in marketing their products is of utmost importance in identifying their needs and challenges as a vulnerable social group. The research analyzed the mobility and marketing practices used by women farmers in the rural parish of Sinincay in the canton of Cuenca, Ecuador. Using a mixed methodology of a cross-sectional nature, surveys were applied to collect information. The results revealed that the opportunities for marketing products are concentrated in the urban area. A total of 57.7% of the women market their products in places not suitable for this purpose, mainly on public roads, near markets and squares. Since 72.3 % do not have their own vehicle, they depend on other means of transportation, a situation that affects the investment of time and the cost of travel. In addition, 93.8% do not belong to any organization, which means that most trips are made individually. These findings constitute an essential input for the relevant agencies to generate actions to improve the situation of this important population group.

RESUMEN Si bien es extendida la evidencia de los beneficios de la lactancia materna, diversos son los desafíos para iniciarla y sostenerla. Las empresas productoras de fórmulas infantiles utilizan estrategias de marketing violatorias de las regulaciones existentes, contribuyendo a su temprano abandono. Exploramos la exposición al marketing digital de las fórmulas infantiles en Argentina mediante el análisis de las interacciones de la población con las marcas y las huellas de dichas interacciones en conversaciones entabladas en grupos de Facebook durante 2022, desde un enfoque cualitativo basado en la etnografía digital. Los resultados muestran que las empresas despliegan tácticas elusivas de las regulaciones y buscan el contacto con las madres. Las usuarias no interactúan con las cuentas, pero están expuestas a sus estrategias dado el correlato entre los atributos del producto presentes en la publicidad con sus motivaciones y aspiraciones. Los mediadores entre el marketing y las madres son los profesionales médicos, utilizados como recursos del marketing. Concluimos que las autoridades deben promover nuevos acuerdos sobre las prácticas de los profesionales médicos y desarrollar regulaciones teniendo en cuenta los entornos digitales.

ABSTRACT Although evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding is widespread, there are several challenges to initiate and sustain it. Infant formula companies use marketing strategies that violate existing regulations, contributing to its early abandonment. We explore the digital marketing exposure of infant formulas in Argentina by analyzing people’s interactions with brands and the traces of these interactions in conversations engaged in Facebook groups during 2022, from a qualitative approach based on digital ethnography. Results show that companies deploy regulatory avoidance tactics and seek contact with mothers. Users do not interact with the accounts but are exposed to their strategies given the correlation between product attributes present in advertising with their motivations and aspirations. The mediators between marketing and mothers are medical professionals, used as marketing resources. We conclude that authorities should promote new agreements on the practices of medical professionals and develop regulations taking into account digital environments.

RESUMEN Si bien es extendida la evidencia de los beneficios de la lactancia materna, diversos son los desafíos para iniciarla y sostenerla. Las empresas productoras de fórmulas infantiles utilizan estrategias de marketing violatorias de las regulaciones existentes, contribuyendo a su temprano abandono. Exploramos la exposición al marketing digital de las fórmulas infantiles en Argentina mediante el análisis de las interacciones de la población con las marcas y las huellas de dichas interacciones en conversaciones entabladas en grupos de Facebook durante 2022, desde un enfoque cualitativo basado en la etnografía digital. Los resultados muestran que las empresas despliegan tácticas elusivas de las regulaciones y buscan el contacto con las madres. Las usuarias no interactúan con las cuentas, pero están expuestas a sus estrategias dado el correlato entre los atributos del producto presentes en la publicidad con sus motivaciones y aspiraciones. Los mediadores entre el marketing y las madres son los profesionales médicos, utilizados como recursos del marketing. Concluimos que las autoridades deben promover nuevos acuerdos sobre las prácticas de los profesionales médicos y desarrollar regulaciones teniendo en cuenta los entornos digitales.

ABSTRACT Although evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding is widespread, there are several challenges to initiate and sustain it. Infant formula companies use marketing strategies that violate existing regulations, contributing to its early abandonment. We explore the digital marketing exposure of infant formulas in Argentina by analyzing people’s interactions with brands and the traces of these interactions in conversations engaged in Facebook groups during 2022, from a qualitative approach based on digital ethnography. Results show that companies deploy regulatory avoidance tactics and seek contact with mothers. Users do not interact with the accounts but are exposed to their strategies given the correlation between product attributes present in advertising with their motivations and aspirations. The mediators between marketing and mothers are medical professionals, used as marketing resources. We conclude that authorities should promote new agreements on the practices of medical professionals and develop regulations taking into account digital environments.

Abstract Objective: To characterize the agro-productive situation of farms in the Mayabeque province, Cuba. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out in the Mayabeque province. It covered 57 farms in the San José de las Lajas, Güines, Nueva Paz, Madruga, Batabanó and Jaruco municipalities. The participatory action research methodology (PAR) was applied. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and analysis of relative frequency distribution for the studied variables was applied. Results: Thirty-six cultivated agricultural species were identified. Of these, 27 are in high demand in markets or for animal feeding. With regards to training in the use of biofertilizers, 56,0 % of the farmers have participated in some type of training; while 47,0 % have not received training. There was a significant preference for the use of organic fertilizers (83,6 %) and mineral fertilizers (81,8 %). Most farmers (85,0 %) use irrigation systems compared with those practicing rainfed agriculture (15,0 %). The main identified challenges include pests and diseases, lack of herbicides, shortage of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers, soil fertility, labor, and lack of incentives for production and marketing. Conclusions: The research highlights the need for innovation and training in sustainable agricultural practices, which was evidenced by the lack of knowledge in the use of green manures, organic fertilizers and biofertilizers. This finding shows the importance of strengthening education and adopting technologies that promote the efficient use of natural resources and environmental sustainability.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar la situación agroproductiva de fincas en la provincia Mayabeque, Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: La investigación se llevó a cabo en la provincia Mayabeque. Cubrió 57 fincas en los municipios San José de las Lajas, Güines, Nueva Paz, Madruga, Batabanó y Jaruco. Se aplicó la metodología de investigación-acción-participación (IAP). Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas para la recopilación de datos y el análisis de distribución de frecuencia relativa para las variables estudiadas. Resultados: Se identificaron 36 especies agrícolas cultivadas. De ellas, 27 son de alta demanda en los mercados o para la alimentación animal. Con respecto a la capacitación en el uso de biofertilizantes, 56,0 % de los productores han participado en algún tipo de formación, mientras que 47,0 % no ha recibido capacitación. Se observó preferencia significativa por el uso de abonos orgánicos (83,6 %) y fertilizantes minerales (81,8 %). La mayoría de los campesinos (85,0 %) utilizan sistemas de riego en comparación con los que practican agricultura de secano (15,0 %). Los desafíos principales identificados incluyen las plagas y enfermedades, la falta de herbicidas, la escasez de fertilizantes químicos y los abonos orgánicos, la fertilidad del suelo, la mano de obra y la falta de incentivos para la producción y comercialización. Conclusiones: La investigación destaca la necesidad de la innovación y capacitación en las prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, lo que se evidenció en la falta de conocimiento en el uso de abonos verdes, orgánicos y biofertilizantes. Este hallazgo deja ver la importancia de fortalecer la educación y adoptar tecnologías que promuevan el uso eficiente de recursos naturales y la sostenibilidad ambiental.

Resumo Apesar de favorecidas pela proximidade em relação ao principal mercado consumidor do estado, as famílias assentadas da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA) vivem os mesmos dilemas e desafios dos diversos assentamentos de reforma agrária do Brasil. A produção agroecológica de legumes e verduras tem sido o caminho adotado pelos assentados para atender às necessidades de consumidores identificados com a qualidade do produto, mas também com os princípios éticos que regem essa forma de produzir. Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa que envolveu a realização de 57 entrevistas em profundidade. O objetivo central foi examinar as estratégias de reprodução social das famílias com ênfase nas relações estabelecidas no âmbito das feiras agroecológicas da RMPA. Pudemos comprovar que essa forma de comercialização direta assume um papel transcendental na vida dos assentados. A relação de confiança construída com os consumidores é um dos fatores de êxito. As famílias que operam nessas feiras são agentes ativos nessa dinâmica, enxergando-se como sujeitos dos processos de produção e comercialização. Os achados da pesquisa convergem para a chamada abordagem “food as a common”, que visa recuperar o valor dos produtos agroalimentares como um elemento essencial da vida e não como uma simples mercadoria. estado RMPA (RMPA Brasil produto produzir 5 profundidade êxito dinâmica enxergandose enxergando se food common, common , common” mercadoria

Abstract Despite being favored by their proximity to the state's main consumer market, families settled in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre (RMPA) experience the same dilemmas and challenges as the various agrarian reform settlements in Brazil. The agroecological production of vegetables has been the path adopted by the settlers to meet the needs of consumers identified with the quality of the product, but also with the ethical principles that govern this way of producing. This article is the result of research that involved conducting 56 in-depth interviews. The central objective was to examine families' social reproduction strategies with an emphasis on relationships established within the scope of RMPA's agroecological fairs. We were able to prove that this form of direct marketing plays a transcendental role in the lives of the settlers. The relationship of trust built with consumers is one of the success factors. The families that operate in these fairs are active agents in this process, seeing themselves as subjects of the production and commercialization processes. The research findings converge on the so-called “food as a common” approach, which aims to recover the value of agri-food products as an essential element of life and not as a simple commodity. states state s market RMPA (RMPA Brazil product producing 5 indepth depth interviews RMPAs factors process processes socalled so called food common approach agrifood agri commodity

ABSTRACT Considering the importance of backyard broiler production in Zambia, this study aimed to characterize this practice in the Serenje district (Zambia). A structured questionnaire was administered to 55 households. Results revealed a male predominance (56.36%) in broiler ownership, with most (69.09%) falling within the 30 to 50 years age group. Most (72.73%) had received at least secondary education. Notably, broiler producers primarily depended on farming (41.82%) and formal employment (32.73%) for income. Marketing channels predominantly involved direct sales to consumers (78.18%), minimizing intermediary involvement. The study highlighted the seasonal demand for broilers. Broiler consumption was common (90.91%) among producers, with most (85.45%) consuming broiler meat up to twice a week. Biosecurity practices varied, and mortality management predominantly involved burning or burial (67.27%). While most (96.36%) farmers practiced vaccinations, disease outbreaks persisted (92.73%), with limited consultation of veterinarians (67.27%). Access to information on broiler production primarily relied on agricultural agencies and organizations (49.09%). Common challenges included feed costs (94.55%), diseases (92.73%), and price fluctuations (87.27%). This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of backyard broiler production in an urban setting, shedding light on its potential impacts on public health and the overall poultry industry. Zambia Zambia. . (Zambia) 5 households 56.36% 5636 56 36 (56.36% ownership 69.09% 6909 69 09 (69.09% 3 group 72.73% 7273 72 73 (72.73% education Notably 41.82% 4182 41 82 (41.82% 32.73% 3273 32 (32.73% income 78.18%, 7818 78.18% , 78 18 (78.18%) involvement broilers 90.91% 9091 90 91 (90.91% 85.45% 8545 85 45 (85.45% week varied 67.27%. 6727 67.27% 67 27 (67.27%) 96.36% 9636 96 (96.36% vaccinations 92.73%, 9273 92.73% 92 (92.73%) 49.09%. 4909 49.09% 49 (49.09%) 94.55%, 9455 94.55% 94 (94.55%) 87.27%. 8727 87.27% 87 (87.27%) setting industry (Zambia 56.36 563 (56.36 69.09 690 6 0 (69.09 72.73 727 7 (72.73 41.82 418 4 8 (41.82 32.73 327 (32.73 781 78.18 1 (78.18% 90.91 909 9 (90.91 85.45 854 (85.45 672 67.27 2 (67.27% 96.36 963 (96.36 927 92.73 (92.73% 490 49.09 (49.09% 945 94.55 (94.55% 872 87.27 (87.27% 56.3 (56.3 69.0 (69.0 72.7 (72.7 41.8 (41.8 32.7 (32.7 78.1 (78.18 90.9 (90.9 85.4 (85.4 67.2 (67.27 96.3 (96.3 92.7 (92.73 49.0 (49.09 94.5 (94.55 87.2 (87.27 56. (56. 69. (69. 72. (72. 41. (41. 32. (32. 78. (78.1 90. (90. 85. (85. 67. (67.2 96. (96. 92. (92.7 49. (49.0 94. (94.5 87. (87.2 (56 (69 (72 (41 (32 (78. (90 (85 (67. (96 (92. (49. (94. (87. (5 (6 (7 (4 (3 (78 (9 (8 (67 (92 (49 (94 (87 (

Resumo Objetivo: Trata-se de um caso de ensino, projetado para cursos de pós-graduação e graduação em disciplinas de negócios internacionais, marketing internacional ou empreendedorismo internacional. Descreve o processo de identificação e exploração de oportunidade internacional por uma pequena empresa empreendedora - Fumajet - e os dilemas de decisão de seus fundadores em relação à estratégia de internacionalização, e modo de entrada. Dilema ou problema: Diante de diversas alternativas potenciais para estruturar suas atividades internacionais, os empreendedores precisam analisar e selecionar uma estratégia de modo de entrada internacional para apresentar ao recém-criado Conselho de Administração após recente entrada de recursos financeiros. Relevância / originalidade: Baseado em uma situação real, este estudo de caso utiliza dados coletados de fontes primárias e secundárias ao longo de um período de dois anos. Provê assim aos estudantes uma situação real, relevante e usual para tomada de decisão. Ao final deste estudo de caso, os alunos devem ser capazes de aplicar esses aprendizados a cenários do mundo real. Os desafios únicos retratados tornam este estudo de caso particularmente envolvente e estimulante para os estudantes. Objetivo Tratase Trata se ensino pósgraduação pós internacionais internacionalização problema recémcriado recém criado financeiros originalidade real anos

Abstract Objective: This paper is a teaching case designed for graduate and undergraduate courses on subjects involving international business, international marketing, or international entrepreneurship. It describes how a small entrepreneurial company - Fumajet - could recognize and exploit an international opportunity, and the dilemmas its founders confronted regarding the choice of internationalization strategy and entry mode. Dilemma or problem: Faced with several potential alternatives to structure Fumajet’s international activities, the entrepreneurs had to analyze and select an international entry mode strategy to present to the recently created board of directors, following a significant infusion of capital into the company. Relevance/Originality: Grounded in real-life experiences, this case study draws from primary and secondary sources gathered over two years, presenting students with a real, practical, and relevant dilemma. By the end of this case study, students should be able to apply these learnings to real-world scenarios. The unique challenges portrayed make this case study particularly engaging and thought-provoking for students. Objective business marketing entrepreneurship opportunity problem Fumajets s activities directors Relevance/Originality RelevanceOriginality Relevance Originality reallife real life experiences years practical dilemma realworld world scenarios thoughtprovoking thought provoking