Resumo Objetivo/Contexto: O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar como, apesar dos altos preços das caixas de som para o bolso das classes trabalhadoras mexicanas, esses setores utilizaram diversas práticas e mecanismos para entrar no mundo dos sons gravados. Essa história é desenvolvida num contexto concreto dos usos sociais das caixas de som no México, marcado pelo interesse de diversas empresas estadunidenses, como Victor Talking Machine Company, National Phonograph e Columbia Record, no mercado sonoro do país, cujos diretores enviaram técnicos para gravar centenas de discos e cilindros com obras interpretadas por artistas cultos e populares. Metodologia: Recorre-se às ferramentas da história cultural e a um amplo número de fontes jornalísticas, em menor medida, de petições governamentais para capturar segmentos do funcionamento da economia cotidiana e das estratégias de consumo de caixas de som. Originalidade: Trata-se de um tema escassamente abordado pelos estudos fonográficos no México, que se concentram na análise das gravações musicais, e não em entender o consumo desses produtos. Ao considerar o ingresso, a capacidade de gasto dos consumidores e as estratégias dos negócios no comércio, este texto revela diferentes aplicações das caixas de som no plano educacional, doméstico e profissional para explicar como se transformaram em cobiçados bens de consumo. Conclusões: após evidenciar o custo de vida da época e o salário de operários, artesãos e camponeses, esta pesquisa conclui que práticas como a rifa, o roubo, a oferta de fonógrafos ambulantes, a escuta em negócios comerciais e a compra a prazo, entre outras, permitiram aos menos favorecidos ter acesso aos aparentemente inatingíveis aparelhos importantes entre 1903 e 1910.

Resumen Objetivo/Contexto: El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar cómo, a pesar de los elevados precios de las máquinas parlantes para los bolsillos de las clases trabajadoras mexicanas estos sectores utilizaron diversas prácticas y mecanismos para entrar al mundo de los sonidos grabados. Esta historia se desarrolla en un contexto concreto de los usos sociales de las máquinas parlantes en México, marcado por el interés de diversas compañías estadounidenses, como Victor Talking Machine Company, National Phonograph y Columbia Record, en el mercado sonoro del país, cuyos directivos enviaron técnicos para grabar cientos de discos y cilindros con piezas interpretadas por artistas cultos y populares. Metodología: Se apela a las herramientas de la historia cultural y a un amplio caudal de fuentes periódicas, y, en menor medida, de peticiones gubernamentales, para capturar segmentos del funcionamiento de la economía cotidiana y las estrategias de consumo de máquinas parlantes. Originalidad: Se trata de un tema escasamente abordado por los estudios fonográficos en México, que se han concentrado en el análisis de las grabaciones musicales, en lugar de entender el consumo de estos productos. Al tener en cuenta el ingreso, la capacidad de gasto de los consumidores y las estrategias de los negocios en el comercio, este texto revela diferentes aplicaciones de las máquinas parlantes en el plano educativo, hogareño y laboral para explicar cómo se trasformaron en codiciados bienes de consumo. Conclusiones: Tras poner en evidencia el costo de vida de la época y los salarios de obreros, artesanos y campesinos, la pesquisa concluye que prácticas como la rifa, el robo, la oferta de fonografistas ambulantes, la escucha en establecimientos comerciales y la compra a plazos, entre otras, permitieron a los menos pudientes acceder a los aparentemente inalcanzables aparatos importados entre 1903 y 1910.

Abstract Objective/Context: This article aims to demonstrate how, despite the high prices of talking machines for the pockets of the Mexican working classes, these sectors used various practices and mechanisms to enter the world of recorded sounds. This story develops in a specific context of the social uses of talking machines in Mexico, marked by the interest of several American companies in the country’s sound market, such as Victor Talking Machine Company, National Phonograph and Columbia Record, whose directors sent technicians to record hundreds of records and cylinders with pieces performed by cultured and popular artists. Methodology: The tools of cultural history and a wide range of periodical sources, and, to a lesser extent, governmental petitions, are used to capture segments of the workings of the everyday economy and the consumption strategies of talking machines. Originality: This is a topic scarcely addressed by phonographic studies in Mexico, which have concentrated on analyzing musical recordings rather than understanding the consumption of these products. By considering income, consumers’ spending capacity and the commercial strategies of businesses, this text reveals different applications of talking machines at the educational, domestic and occupational levels to explain how they were transformed into desired commodities. Conclusions: After highlighting the cost of living at the time and the wages of workers, artisans and peasants, the research concludes that practices such as raffles, theft, the offer of itinerant phonographers, listening in commercial establishments and installment purchases, among others, allowed the less privileged to have access to the apparently unattainable devices imported between 1903 and 1910.

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several heart conditions have been associated with CKD, including myocardial and pericardial diseases. This paper describes a case of Dialysis-related constrictive pericarditis in a patient diagnosed with sudden hypotension during a hemodialysis session. A 65-year-old man diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cirrhosis on hemodialysis for two years complained of symptoms during one of his sessions described as malaise, lipothymia, and confusion. The patient had a record of poor compliance with the prescribed diet and missed dialysis sessions. He was sluggish during the physical examination, and presented hypophonetic heart sounds, a blood pressure of 50/30mmHg, and a prolonged capillary refill time. The patient was referred to the intensive care unit and was started on antibiotics and vasoactive drugs. His workup did not show signs of infection, while electrocardiography showed low QRS-wave voltage. His echocardiogram showed signs consistent with a thickened pericardium without pericardial effusion. Cardiac catheterization showed equalization of diastolic pressures in all heart chambers indicative of constrictive pericarditis. The patient underwent a pericardiectomy. Examination of surgical specimens indicated he had marked fibrosis and areas of dystrophic calcification without evidence of infection, consistent with Dialysis-related constrictive pericarditis. Hypotension for unknown causes must be considered in the differential diagnosis of dialysis patients. CKD. CKD . (CKD) diseases Dialysisrelated Dialysis related session 65yearold yearold 65 year old hypertension diabetes obesity malaise lipothymia confusion examination sounds 5030mmHg mmHg 50 30mmHg 50/30mmHg time drugs infection QRSwave QRS wave voltage effusion pericardiectomy (CKD 6 5

RESUMO A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de morte em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). Várias formas de acometimento cardíaco têm sido associadas. à DRC, incluindo doenças miocárdicas e pericárdicas. Este artigo descreve um caso de pericardite constritiva relacionada a em um paciente diagnosticado com hipotensão súbita durante uma sessão de hemodiálise. Um homem de 65 anos com diagnósticos prévios de hipertensão, diabetes, obesidade e cirrose em hemodiálise por dois anos queixou-se de sintomas durante uma de suas sessões, descritos como mal-estar, lipotímia e confusão mental. Apresentava histórico de baixa adesão à dieta prescrita e faltas frequentes às sessões de diálise. Ele estava fraco durante o exame físico e apresentava bulhas cardíacas hipofonéticas, pressão arterial de 50/30mmHg e tempo de enchimento capilar prolongado. O paciente foi encaminhado para a unidade de terapia intensiva e iniciou o tratamento com antibióticos e drogas vasoativas. Investigação laboratorial não mostrou sinais de infecção, enquanto o eletrocardiograma mostrou baixa voltagem de complexo QRS. Seu ecocardiograma evidenciou sinais consistentes com um pericárdio espessado, sem derrame pericárdico. O cateterismo cardíaco mostrou equalização das pressões diastólicas em todas as câmaras cardíacas, indicativo de pericardite constritiva. O paciente foi submetido a uma pericardiectomia. O exame anatomopatológico mostrou sinais de acentuada fibrose acentuada fibrose e áreas de calcificação distrófica sem evidência de infecção, consistente com pericardite constritiva relacionada a por diálise. A hipotensão por causas desconhecidas deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes em diálise. DRC. DRC . (DRC) associadas pericárdicas 6 hipertensão diabetes queixouse queixou se malestar, malestar mal estar, estar mal-estar mental diálise hipofonéticas 5030mmHg mmHg 50 30mmHg prolongado vasoativas infecção QRS espessado pericárdico pericardiectomia (DRC 5

This paper aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of depressors by offering a comparative perspective of the types of depressors from Bantu, Khoisan and Chinese Wu. Depressor effects in Bantu/Khoisan, on the one hand, and Chinese, on the other, are hardly dealt with together leaving a more holistic approach untapped. This paper begins to bridge that gap by bringing together current findings to establish the full scope of depressor effects, from which future analyses can then build on. It is systematically observed that depressors in these languages are not restricted to voicing only. Rather, they range from voiced and breathy sounds - the most unmarked - to voiceless unaspirated sounds and even voiceless aspirated sounds as the most marked depressor type. The expansion of depressors to voiceless aspirated sounds is particularly interesting, since these sounds are traditionally assumed to correlate with a high pitch which is characteristic of high tone. Thus, the laryngeal configurations for voiceless depressors are examined and compared between Bantu, Khoisan and Chinese Wu. Proposed feature analyses for depressors are also discussed and compared.

Abstract The main goal of this study was to determine whether the geminate-singleton consonant length contrast attrites across three different generations of Farsi-English-speaking bilinguals living in Canada. The secondary aim of the study was to shed light on the role of universal phonetic factors on the process of geminate-singleton length contrast attrition in the same population. The effect of manner/class of sounds and voicing was examined as predictors of geminate attrition in eight Farsi-English-speaking bilinguals living in Toronto forming three categories of generations: first generation, 1.5 generation and second generation. The 1.5 generation category distinguishes children of Iranian immigrants who had acquired Farsi as their first language and came to Canada between the ages of five to fourteen from second generation heritage speakers of Farsi. The productions of the bilinguals were compared with the productions of three homeland variety controls. A word-naming task, which included 108 words was conducted. Using Praat software, 2398 tokens were acoustically analyzed. Attrition was defined in terms of changes in mean duration of geminates relative to their singleton counterparts, percentage of geminate-singleton degemination, and category overlap. Mean durations were then analyzed using a 3-way, mixed-model, repeated-measures ANOVA. Results showed that geminates attrite across different successive generations. Moreover, there was some evidence to suggest that geminate realization across generations patterns with typological patterns previously reported, showing that universal phonetic principles such as aerodynamic constraints/articulatory difficulty and acoustic/perceptual salience also constrain geminate realization in bilingual Farsi-English speakers. However, there was no evidence to suggest that more marked geminates suffer a higher degree of attrition. This is the first study to examine the attrition of a typologically marked contrast, which considers the role of universal phonetic principles, markedness in an understudied bilingual community across different generations.

CONTEXTO: Traqueobroncomalácia (TBM) é resultado de alterações funcionais e estruturais do aparelho respiratório. É caracterizada pelo colapso excessivo de pelo menos 50% da área de secção transversal da traqueia e dos brônquios principais. Neste trabalho, descrevemos um raro caso de paciente com TBM que primeiro apresentou estridor e insuficiência respiratória devido à exacerbação da bronquite crônica. RELATO DE CASO: Homem de 81 anos de idade, caucasiano, foi admitido apresentando tosse, expectoração purulenta, estridor e falência respiratória. Ele apresentava história médica prévia de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), silicose e era ex-tabagista. A tomografia axial computadorizada de tórax revelou marcado colapso da traqueia em seu terço médio. A broncoscopia mostrou aspectos compatíveis com TBM. Foi submetido a ventilação não invasiva, sem boa resposta. Na sequência, foi colocado stent Dumon em Y por broncoscopia rígida. Após o procedimento, o paciente teve alta com melhora clínica. CONCLUSÃO: TBM é uma entidade fatal e muitas vezes subdiagnosticada. Em pacientes com DPOC, o estridor e a insuficiência respiratória podem ser sinais úteis que devem alertar os médicos a considerar TBM como diagnóstico precoce. Assim, pode ser importante para otimizar o tratamento e a evolução dos pacientes.

CONTEXT: Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) results from structural and functional abnormalities of the respiratory system. It is characterized by excessive collapse: at least 50% of the cross-sectional area of the trachea and main bronchi. In this paper, we present a rare case of a patient with TBM who first presented with stridor and respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. CASE REPORT: An 81-year-old Caucasian man was admitted presenting coughing, purulent sputum, stridor and respiratory failure. He had a medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and silicosis and was a former smoker. Axial computed tomography on the chest revealed marked collapse of the trachea in its middle third. Bronchoscopy showed characteristics compatible with TBM. He was treated with noninvasive ventilation, without any good response. Subsequently, a Dumon Y stent was placed by means of rigid bronchoscopy. After the procedure, he was discharged with a clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: TBM is fatal and often underdiagnosed. In COPD patients, stridor and respiratory failure may be helpful signs that should alert physicians to consider TBM as an early diagnosis. Thus, these signs may be important for optimizing the treatment and evolution of such patients.

OBJETIVO: investigar, com auxílio de análise acústica, o estabelecimento do contraste fonológico de produções de um sujeito com transtorno fonológico que apresenta neutralização (pela análise de oitiva) do contraste entre as oclusivas alveolar e velar. MÉTODOS: foram analisadas as produções das oclusivas /t/ e /k/ combinadas com as vogais /a/ e /u/ na posição acentuada em dois sujeitos - com e sem transtorno fonológico - ambos do sexo masculino, com faixa etária entre 5 e 6 anos. Os parâmetros fonético-acústicos analisados incluíram a inspeção acústica da forma de onda, os parâmetros relativos às características espectrais do burst; os parâmetros acústicos relativos às características acústicas das vogais adjacentes às oclusivas e os parâmetros acústicos relativos ao padrão temporal. RESULTADOS: nas produções da criança com transtorno fonológico observou-se a presença de contrastes encobertos entre as oclusivas investigadas, marcadas tanto pelo uso inadequado quanto pelo correto das pistas fonéticas, mas com valores insuficientes. Nas produções da criança sem transtorno fonológico observou-se o uso de pelo menos uma pista fonética relativa às principais características de um segmento oclusivo que, com magnitude suficiente, propicia o resgate do contraste entre /t/ e /k/ pelos ouvintes. Nas produções de ambos os sujeitos as pistas fonéticas foram dependentes do contexto vocálico. CONCLUSÃO: um determinado contraste fônico pode ser entendido como uma constelação de pistas fonéticas que variam em sua interdependência e significância perceptual.

PURPOSE: to investigate, using an acoustic analysis, the establishment of phonological contrast between alveolar and velar stop sounds in a child with phonological disorders that neutralizes this contrast. METHODS: productions of stop /t/ and /k/ sounds combined with the vowels /a/ and /u/ in the stressed position were investigated in two male children between 5 and 6-year old, one with phonological disorders and the other with no disorder. The analyzed acoustic parameters included acoustic waveform inspection, acoustic parameters related to spectral burst characteristics, acoustic parameters related to the characteristics of vowels adjacent to occlusive sounds and acoustic parameters related to temporal patterns of the productions. RESULTS: findings from this study indicated presence of covert contrast in the two stop sounds produced by the child with phonological disorders, marked by both inadequate phonetic cues and adequate phonetic cues, but with insufficient values. Productions of the child without phonological contrast evidenced the use of at least one phonetic cue related to the primary acoustic characteristics of stop segments, which allows for auditory perception of the contrast between /t/ and /k/ sounds. The productions of both children - with and without phonological disorders - were vocalic context dependent. CONCLUSION: a determined phonetic contrast can be understood as a constellation of phonetic cues that vary in terms of their interdependency and/or perceptual significance.

Abordo nesse artigo diferentes momentos do movimento hip hop na cidade de São Paulo. Analiso as íntimas relações desse fenômeno com os processos de segregação urbana. Discuto inicialmente o surgimento do break no centro urbano, em meados dos anos 80. Constato que os temas e sonoridades presentes nas músicas desse período expressam aspectos da centralidade da vida pública na metrópole. Nas décadas seguintes ocorreu o deslocamento do hip hop em direção aos bairros periféricos. Analiso nesse contexto as relações entre o rap e uma nova modalidade de segregação urbana, marcada pelo recolhimento das elites em enclaves fortificados e a transformação dos bairros periféricos em “zonas de guerra”, controladas por micro-poderes locais e violência policial. Os rappers assumem nesse instante a posição de cronistas de uma realidade urbana violenta, segregada e silenciada. Mapeio ainda as novas produções culturais centradas nos saraus, instâncias que agregam músicos de rap, mas também poetas e escritores marginais. As fronteiras entre esses grupos são cada vez mais tênues, muitos artistas possuem, inclusive, a dupla filiação. O que os unifica é a reação, o protesto contra a violência e a segregação urbana.

In this article I examine different moments of the hip hop movement in the city of São Paulo. I analyze the intimate relationship of this phenomenon with urban segregation. I first discuss the rise of break dancing in the downtown region in the mid-1980s. I find that the themes and sounds present in the music of this period express aspects of the centrality of public life in the metropolis. In the following decades, there was a shift of hip hop towards peripheral neighborhoods. In this context, I analyze the relationships between rap and a new modality of urban segregation, marked by a withdrawal of the elites into vibrant v.8 n.1 josé carlos gomes da silva fortified enclaves and the transformation of peripheral neighborhoods into “war zones,” controlled by local micro-powers and police violence. At this time, rappers assumed a position as chroniclers of a violent, segregated and silenced urban reality. I also map new cultural productions with a focus on saraus, which are spaces that bring together rap musicians, as well as poets and marginal writers. The frontiers between these groups are increasingly tenuous, many artists have dual affiliation. What unifies them is their reaction to and protest against violence and urban segregation.

Afrikaans is a Germanic language, characterised by a rich vowel system, comprising twelve phonemic vowels, among them three abnormal (marked) rounded non-back vowels, viz., in SAMPA notational system /9, y, 2/, corresponding to the more familiar IPA symbols /œ, y, ø/. These sounds are the rounded counterparts of the three normal unrounded non-back vowels /@, i, e/ (SAMPA), in IPA convention transcribed as /ə, i, e/. Rounded non-back vowels are a rarity among the languages of the world. Maddieson (1995) mentions only about 7% of the 535 languages investigated by him. No other case of extensive presence of derounding in languages other than Afrikaans could be traced. It is a well-known view that Afrikaans is typified by a process of active derounding of /œ, y, ø/. This process is an important distinguisher between Afrikaans on the one hand, and the other Germanic languages such as Dutch and Swedish on the other hand. Initially the result of this process was viewed in strong negative terms as being substandard; more recently the presence thereof is described in neutral terms as a typical feature of Afrikaans as language over a broad spectrum. The present contribution concentrated on two additional facets, viz. details concerning production and perception of the vowels in question. In this mixed method study a triangulation design was utilised. This entails quantitative as well as qualitative techniques of data collection and analysis; production over and above perception studies were incorporated with a view to a better understanding of this phenomenon and its characteristics. Apart from a variety of smaller investigations, the main experiment focused on the speech productions of 16 adult speakers of Afrikaans, two male and two female persons each of the age brackets 20-30 years, 40-50 years, 60-70 years, and 80-90 years old. A detailed description is presented of the main acoustic features in terms of the second vowel formant (F2) of these six vowels as produced by the participants. They read a word list as well as some full sentences comprising a balanced set of words containing the vowels in question mentioned above. Furthermore, they produced in a spontaneous manner some frequently used words or phrases that include some of the same vowels. Interesting results were found with respect to a battery of listening tests carried out. A group of listeners (ranging from 14 to 20 participants) had to discriminate between members of roundedunrounded vowels in one instance, and to identify some others in two other tasks. Whereas they generally had no difficulty with auditory stimuli produced by speakers of the oldest group, the same cannot be said for vowels of younger speakers. Most telling is the following fi nding: A word containing either a rounded vowel or its unrounded counterpart (e.g. klere vs. kleure - resp. clothing, colours) when read by a 23 year old speaker were presented auditorily to 14 listeners. Their success rate in identifying the vowels correctly was only 43%. These results too suggest less derounding in the case of the older speaker, and, consequently, also point in the direction of the existence of two chronolects. This in turn also could be a sign of a diachronic shift in the case of the vowel system of Afrikaans. Indications of similar modifications to other vowels of Afrikaans seem relatively clear, but defi nite results are not yet available. This study mainly reveals the following: derounding indeed seems to be a robust phenomenon of Afrikaans. Nontheless, seemingly a complete neutralisation is not present (yet). Even in cases where no salient derounding takes place the phonemic rounded vowels /9, y, 2/ turn out to be much closer in acoustic terms to their unrounded phonemic counterparts /@, i, e/. Typical F2 values that are associated with the presence of derounding are in the case of full sentences: 1819 Hz for unrounded /@/ compared to 1782 Hz for its rounded counterpart /9/, and, likewise, 2298 Hz for unrounded /e/ but 2250 Hz for the rounded member of this pair, viz. /2/. Unrounded /i/ shows a similar small difference with the rounded /y/, namely 2328 Hz and 2349 Hz respectively. These differences are clearly not significant, seemingly sharply different to languages such as Swedish and Dutch, where F2 values for /i/ and /y/ are highly different - values for Swedish were measured as F2's 2747 Hz for (/i/), and only 2477 Hz for (/y/). Respective measurements Dutch (F2 = 2895 Hz; 2327 Hz) show a similar clear difference. Comparatively similar results for vowels in the case of isolated words were found. In this regard I found some indication of the presence of two different chronolects: in some instances the 80-90 year old speakers tend not to deround to the same degree as especially the youngest group (20-30). Older speakers also showed a presence of derounding in their spontaneous speech, but not to the same extent as in the case of the more formal tasks. Furthermore, the youngest group shows a smaller difference between rounded and unrounded vowels than the other groups. Again, the comparative difference in the case of the oldest group is more salient. The findings may have some relevance for language typology and the sociolinguistics of Afrikaans. As the main focus of this study lies on the descriptive level, I will not elaborate on this facet here.

Afrikaans word gekarakteriseer deur 'n besonder ryk vokaalsisteem. Onder die twaalf vokale tel die drie gemerktegeronde nonagtervokale /9, y, 2/, (SAMPA-simbole, wat korrespondeer met die IPA simbole /œ, y, ø/). Hierdie klanke is die geronde teenhangers van die drie ongemerkte non-agter vokale /@, i, e/ (SAMPA), in IPA konvensie getranskribeer as /y, i, e/. Neem in berekening dat hierdie transkripsies 'n kanoniese of fonologiese weergawe van die vokale is; dit neem dus nie fonetiese variansie, soos die wyd-voorkomende breking van /e/ tot /i@/ in ag nie. Die ontrondingsproses, waarvolgens eersgenoemde drie vokale as ongerond uitgespreek word, is een van die heel bekendstes in Afrikaans. Geen besonderhede van foneties-akoestiese of persepsieaard is egter in die literatuur te vinde nie. In hierdie bydrae word gepoog om hierdie leemte te vul, en wel deur gebruik te maak van die sogenaamde gemengde metode (Eng. mixed method). Nie net word 'n verskeidenheid metodes van data-insameling gebruik nie, maar eweneens ook van verskillende analisemetodes. Sowel produksie- as persepsiegegewens word ingespan. Die hoofeksperiment, 'n akoestiese eksperiment, fokus op die spraak van 16 volwasse moedertaalsprekers van Afrikaans. Vier groepe is ondersoek; vier deelnemers, telkens twee elk per geslag, van die ouderdomsgroepe 20-30 jaar, 40-50 jaar, 60-70 jaar, en 80-90 jaar oud. Almal is inwoners van die noordelike gebiede van Suid-Afrika. Hulle uitspraak van die twee stelle vokale is onder verskillende omstandighede versamel en geanaliseer. Dit hou in meer formele spraak (die lees van leeslyste en volsinne) en minder formeles (die sê van bekende frases - soos een uur ... twaalf uur - asook die tel van een tot twintig). 'n Gedetailleerde beskrywing is gedoen deur gebruik te maak van die belangrikste akoestiese aanduider van ronding (die tweede vokaalformant, F2). Die hoofbevinding van die ondersoek dui op 'n sterk teenwoordigheid van die ontrondingsfenomeen in Afrikaans, en in gevalle waar ontronding nie duidelik teenwoordig is nie, is die akoestiese verskille tussen die twee stelle vokale besonder klein vergeleke by dié in ander, aanverwante tale, soos Sweeds en Nederlands. Hier is egter nog nie sprake van 'n volledige neutralisasie van die eienskap Ronding nie. Daar is wel gevind dat daar blyke is van ten minste twee chronolekte, naamlik dié van heel jong en van heel ou sprekers van Afrikaans. Laastens, op 'n metodologiese vlak, is daar nie, soos moontlik die geval kon wees, radikale verskille in terme van ontronding gevind in die verskeie wyses van data-insameling nie. Die duidelikste blyke daarvan is gevind in die leestake, met name dié waar leeslyste gebruik is. Van die bevindinge is ook relevant vir 'n aantal linguistiese en toegepaste linguistiese areas, soos taaltipologie en die sosiolinguistiek van Afrikaans. Die hooffokus van hierdie artikel is egter nie hierop nie, sodat nie verder daarop ingegaan word nie.

Presentamos el caso de un niño pre escolar procedente de Los Yungas Paceños, que ingresó al Hospital del Niño de la ciudad de La Paz, por disentería, desnutrición y antecedentes de eliminación de Ascaris por boca, nariz y recto. Recibió mebendazol para su enteroparasitosis, con franca mejoría de su cuadro enteral, permaneciendo hospitalizado para otros agentes de disentería y rehabilitación nutricional. A los siete días de internación presenta en forma súbita dificultad respiratoria, datos clínicos de pulmón sibilante (sibilancias, roncus y crépitos finos en ambos pulmones), marcada eosinofília periférica de 24% (recuento absoluto de eosinófilos 3.360) e imágenes radiográficas de tórax con infiltrado intersticial difuso, bilateral compatible con una neumonía difusa intersticial. Por proceder de una región con elevada incidencia de enteroparasitosis masiva, eliminación de nematodos, eosinofilia simultánea, compromiso pulmonar sibilante, intersticial y transitorio antes descrito; se considera el cuadro como síndrome de Loeffler, recibiendo tratamiento como tal, con mejoría clínica.

We present the case of a preschool child coming from the Yungas of La Paz which was admitted to the Hospital del Niño in La Paz with dysentery , malnutrition and a history of elimination of Ascaris through mouth, nose and rectum. The child received mebendazol against the enteroparasites, resulting in a clear improvement of the dysentery, while remaining hospitalized for treatment of other dysentery agents and nutritional rehabilitation. At seven days of his stay, the child suddenly presented breathing difficulty, clinical signs of a "sibilant lung" (crepitating, sibilant and roncus sounds in both lungs), marked peripheral eosinophilia of 24% ( eosinophil count 3,360 cells) and radiografíc images of the torax with diffuse bilateral interstitial infiltrations compatible with diffuse interstitial pneumonía . Since the child comes from a region with a high incidence of massive enteroparasitism, elimination of nematodes, simultaneous eosinophilia, sibilant lung, interstitial and temporal previously described, the disease is considered as Loeffler's Syndrome and treated accordingly with clinical improvement.

Intoxicação por narasina foi induzida pela administração oral da droga a 11 bovinos. Desses, cinco tiveram morte espontânea, um foi sacrificado in extremis e outros cinco apresentaram sinais clínicos da toxicose, mas se recuperaram. Os sinais clínicos iniciaram entre 12 horas e 4 dias após ingestão da narasina e a duração do curso clínico variou de 24 horas até 9 dias. Houve anorexia, redução na intensidade e número de movimentos ruminais, fezes pastosas, ressequidas ou diarréicas. Os animais apresentavam relutância em movimentar-se, tinham andar incoordenado e rígido, e caminhavam arrastando as pinças dos membros posteriores. Em alguns a mastigação era lenta, com salivação abundante e havia disfagia. A intensidade dos sons cardíacos estava aumentada e, em um caso, ocorreu discreto pulso positivo da jugular. Alguns animais apresentaram depressão, gemidos, dispnéia, respiração abdominal e polidipsia. Em um caso houve mioglobinúria. As principais alterações observadas à necropsia localizavam-se no miocárdio e consistiam de áreas pálidas irregulares focais ou palidez difusa. Sinais de insuficiência cardíaca como edema pulmonar, hidrotórax, edema subcutâneo de declive e sangue coagulado no ventrículo esquerdo foram também observados. Alterações degenerativas representadas por áreas pálidas foram vistas nos músculos esqueléticos de 3 bovinos, mas de forma marcada somente em um. Os músculos mais envolvidos foram masseter, extrínsecos da língua, tensor da fáscia lata, semitendíneo, semimembranáceo, psoas, quadriceps femoris, músculos da face medial da escápula, grande dorsal e gastrocnêmio. A histopatologia consistiu de miopatia e cardiomiopatia degenerativas. Regeneração de miofibras e fibrose foram observadas, respectivamente, nos músculos esqueléticos e no miocárdio.

Experimental poisoning by narasin was induced in 11 calves through oral administration of the drug. Five calves died, one was killed in extremis and 5 recovered after presenting mild clinical signs of the toxicosis. The onset of clinical signs was 12 hours to 4 days after the administration of the drug and clinical courses lasted from 24 hours to 9 days. Clinical signs were anorexia, decreased intensity and frequency of ruminal movements. Consistency of the feces varied from dry to semiliquid or liquid. Affected calves were reluctant to move, had incoordinated and stiff gait, and dragged the point of the hooves while walking. There was sluggish masticatory movements with drooling of saliva and dysphagia. The intensity of cardiac sounds were increased and, in one case, the jugular was distended and pulsating. Some animals were depressed, presented dyspnea, polydipsia and groanings. One calf presented myoglobinuria. Main necropsy findings were in the myocardium and consisted of focal or diffuse pale irregular areas. Signs of heart failure such as pulmonary edema, hydrotorax and clotted blood in the left ventricle of the heart were also observed. Degenerative lesions characterized by pale areas were seen in the skeletal muscles of three calves, but were marked in only one. Most affected muscles were masseter, extrinsec muscles of the tongue, tensor fasciae latae, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, psoas, quadriceps femoris, infraspinatus and gastrocnemius. Main histopathological changes consisted of degenerative myopathy and cardiomyopathy characterized by vacuolization of myofibers, hyalin and flocular necrosis either associated or not with reparative events. Myofiber regeneration and fibrosis were observed respectively in the skeletal muscles and in the myocardium.

The main wild doves of the region of Piracicaba (State of S. Paulo, Brazil) are Columba cayennensis sylvestris Vieillot, Oreopeleia montana montana (L.), Leptotila verreauxi decipiens Salvadori, Columbigallina talpacoti talpacoti. (Temminck) and Scardafella squammata squammata (Lesson). The last one is well known for the beauty of the coloration of its feathers and for the characteristic sounds produced when flying up. Of common occurrence around the local farms, that species can easily be recognized not only for the mentioned peculiarities as for the voice of the adults, which was translated into the Brazilian onomatopoeia by the expression "fogo-apagou". S. squammata's biology being not well known, the Author presents some notes on its nidification, behaviour of both sexes and of the young birds. The data were gotten in nature and with specimens kept in captivity, where the reproduction took place. In such a situation, the male dove used thin and small wooden shavings to build the nest, an artificial material unknown by him when in nature. This fact may be considered as another proof of the plasticity of the instinctive conduct of birds, not so marked as the one given by SCHIRCH (1931) concerning Synallaxis sp. (Furnariidae), which made use of wire pieces and also barbed wires in confectioning the nest. The copulation was sometimes verified, being preceded by the phenomena well known in other Columbidae species. The nest had its building ready just on the day in which the first egg was laid. As it generally happens amongst doves, the nest was not carefully made - a simple and shallow bowl (diameter = 10 cm), where two entirely white eggs were put.. .. ..(22,5-24,5 x 18,0-19,0 mm). The eclosion took place 14 days after the laying of the last egg. As soon as the young doves (at least the male one) can feed by themselves, they try to produce the characteristic species sounds. "Pararu", a common name oly applied to another species - Claravis godefrida (Temminck) - is reported, which is preferably used by people in this region to call the studied dove. No differences between the coloration of the fathers of the two sexes were observed. The female dove seemed to be a little thinner than the male. In addition, the slight differences between the sounds produced by the male and female are pointed out.