ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Maritime transportation is an activity of vital importance for societies. The Mar Grande-Salvador crossing is an intercity waterway transport line in Brazil that transports 3,500 passengers/day, including residents and tourists. In 2017, an accident on this crossing was considered to be the biggest maritime tragedy in Bahia in the last decade. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and epidemiology characteristics of victims of this maritime accident, with analysis on bodily injuries, causes of death and means/instruments that caused the fatal injuries. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case-series study at the Forensic Medical Institute of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Reports on 73 victims who were examined for bodily injury or were necropsied by the Forensic Medical Institute were analyzed. This study was approved by the institution’s Research Ethics Committee (protocol 04012218.1.0000.5032). RESULTS: The victims’ mean age was 33.0 years [95% confidence interval, CI, 26.3-47.0]. The mean age of those who died was 43.0 years [95% CI, 30.5-53.5]. Bodily injuries were found in 74% of the victims. The most frequent bodily injuries were ecchymoses among females (69.7%) and abrasions among males (76.2%). Blunt instruments produced most bodily injuries (85.2%). Among the victims who died, 68.4% were female. Mechanical asphyxiation through drowning was the leading cause of death (89.4%). The overall lethality rate was 26%, and this was higher among females (28.2%). CONCLUSION: Women were the main victims of this maritime accident. Bodily injuries occurred more frequently than death, but these injuries proved to be quite significant, thus demonstrating the importance of measures to improve the safety of navigation.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze the use of dock infrastructure and productivity at the port of Veracruz in Mexico for the period 2002-2020. With the use of proposed methodology by Mexican Institute of Transport (IMT), this article analyzes the port indicators for ship-port interface. The results indicate that there was an increase in the intensity of use and occupancy at the docks, this suggests that improved the port efficiency; in addition, there is an increase in the productivity of loading and unloading over the period analyzed. However, the port of Veracruz shows a stagnation in maritime transport connectivity and reached a saturation point during the years 2017 and 2018. Likewise, the ships spent between 35% and 45% of port turnaround times to non-productive activities, which is explained by congestion at the docks and users’ decisions.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el uso de la infraestructura y productividad en muelles del puerto de Veracruz en México para el periodo 2002-2020. Se utilizó la metodología del Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (IMT), específicamente se usaron los indicadores portuarios de la interfase buque-puerto. Los resultados indican un aumento de la intensidad de uso y la ocupación de la infraestructura de muelles, esto sugiere que mejoró la eficiencia del flujo de mercancías en el puerto; además, hay un incremento de la productividad de carga y descarga en muelle en el periodo analizado. No obstante, el puerto de Veracruz mostró un estancamiento en la conectividad de transporte marítimo y alcanzó un punto de saturación en 2017 y 2018. Asimismo, los buques destinaron entre el 35% y 45% del tiempo total en puerto a actividades no productivas, el cual se debe en gran medida a la congestión de los muelles y a las decisiones de los usuarios.

Abstract: This article analyzes the role of the "Instituto de Desarrollo de Tarapacá" and its Fishing Plan in the conformation of the fishing industries in the coasts of northern Chile. It is inferred from the analysis of historical sources of the time and contemporary sources, that this process was possible to implement due to the critical situation brought about by the global crisis of capitalism that began in 1929 and the decline of the nitrate industry in Tarapacá. In this context, it is argued that industrial fishing activity, marine resources and halieutic means of production were priorities for the new economic logic directed by the State. And that these elements were a concrete pole of development that enhanced the strategic importance of the maritime territory and its national sovereignty, opening up a national and international market for industrial capitalism in fishing.

Resumen: En este artículo se analiza el rol del Instituto de Desarrollo de Tarapacá y su Plan de Pesca en la conformación de las industrias pesqueras en las costas del norte de Chile. Se infiere desde el análisis de fuentes históricas de la época y contemporáneas, que este proceso fue posible de implementar debido a la situación de crisis que se vivía a causa de la crisis global del capitalismo iniciada en 1929 y al declive de la industria del nitrato en Tarapacá. En este contexto, se sostiene que la actividad pesquera industrial, los recursos marinos y los medios de producción haliéuticos fueron prioridades para la nueva lógica económica dirigida desde el Estado, y que estos elementos fueron un polo de desarrollo concreto que potenció la importancia estratégica del territorio marítimo y de su soberanía nacional, abriéndose un mercado tanto nacional como internacional al capitalismo industrial en la pesca.

Abstract Marine fisheries and seafood provide important economic and social benefits for communities in the Western Tropical Atlantic Region, including food security, livelihoods, and tourist activities. However, these resources have experienced a global decline due to overfishing, pollution, and warming oceans. To help halt and reverse this decline, interventions should prioritize the threats that are identified as most severe. The UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) presents itself as an opportunity to enhance ocean sustainability with “A sustainably harvested and productive ocean ensuring the provision of food supply and ocean resources” as one of its seven major societal outcomes. This paper addresses the proposed research priorities identified during the workshop for the UN Decade Working Group V which agree with the findings from two previous workshops conducted during 2017 and 2019 by the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI) and the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). Over 300 scientists, policymakers, managers, government officials, representatives from tourism, maritime sector and communicators discussed regional priorities, and recognized the urgent need to expand stakeholder and partnership engagement. The respondents generally agreed on the major gaps within science and governance; however, managers and stakeholders view science as a critical source of information for the decision-making process. Respondents recommended that science should be inclusive of various knowledge types across sectors, including community and traditional knowledge. Furthermore, science quality assurance requires review processes that are impartial, reliable, and transparent. Ultimately, science-based management and policies require effective scientific input which must be achievable. There are good opportunities over the next decade to improve the sustainability and governance of the region’s fisheries resources. However, ensuring that fishers, resource users, civil society, and scientists work together with national and regional government resource management agencies will be the key for the development of successful governance structures overseeing these resources.

Abstract: This article, which is based on observations contained in the minutes of the Binational Borders Committee for the period 2005-2011 and official statistics issued by the Bolivian Institute of Foreign Trade, explains the current functioning of free movement under the framework of the 1904 Treaty between Chile and Bolivia, highlighting the joint work carried out by the two countries during this period. The analysis demonstrates the existence of ongoing dialogue between states, which evolves towards a gradual “maritime focus” - understood as the on-going situation of conflict created during Evo Morales administration with respect to Bolivia’s maritime claim - and bilateral relations in which a discourse of discontent is present regarding the issue of free transit. Based on the contextualization of the signing and functioning of the 1904 Treaty, the study reviews the disputes, characteristics and economic cost to Chile, providing a practical analysis of port management and effective connectivity between Bolivia and the Pacific Ocean.

Resumen: Este artículo, elaborado sobre la base de observaciones en las actas del Comité de Fronteras Binacional del período 2005-2011, y de las estadísticas oficiales del Instituto Boliviano de Comercio Exterior, explica el funcionamiento actual del libre tránsito en el marco del Tratado de 1904 firmado entre Chile y Bolivia, poniendo en valor el trabajo conjunto realizado entre ambos países en el período. En el análisis, se demuestra la existencia permanente de un diálogo entre Estados, lo que evoluciona hacia una paulatina maritimización -entendida como la continua situación de conflicto producida durante el gobierno de Evo Morales en torno al reclamo marítimo- de las relaciones bilaterales, en la que se instala un discurso de disconformidad sobre el libre tránsito. El estudio revisa, a partir de la contextualización de la firma y funcionamiento del Tratado de 1904, el libre tránsito, sus controversias, características y gasto económico chileno en la materia, dándose cuenta práctica de la gestión portuaria y de la conectividad efectiva de Bolivia hacia el Pacífico.

Abstract Background: One of the most extreme environments on our planet is the Maritime Antarctic territory, due to its low-water availability, which restricts the development of plants. Sanionia uncinata Hedw. (Amblystegiaceae), the main colonizer of the Maritime Antarctic, has effective mechanisms to tolerate this environment. It has been described that the tolerance to desiccation is mediated by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), antioxidants systems, accumulation of compatible solutes and proteins of the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA). However, to date, these mechanisms have not been described in S. uncinata. Therefore, in this work, we postulate that the tolerance to desiccation in the Antarctic moss S. uncinata is mediated by the accumulation of ABA, the osmolytes proline and glycine betaine, and dehydrins (an LEA class 11 proteins). To demonstrate our hypothesis, S. uncinata was subjected to desiccation for 24 h (loss in 95% of water content), and the effects on its physiological, photosynthetic, antioxidant and biochemical parameters were determined. Results: Our results showed an accumulation of ABA in response to water loss, and the activation of protective responses that involves an increment in levels of proline and glycine betaine, an increment in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX and POD, and the accumulation of dehydrins proteins. Conclusion: The results showed, suggest that S. uncinata is a desiccation-tolerant moss, property mediated by high cellular plasticity regulated by ABA.

Abstract: Through an analysis of diplomatic correspondence, this article analyzes the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Belgium in 1879 and the various efforts towards rapprochement between the two countries, which had the goal of establishing a legal framework for political, commercial and maritime ties, leading to the signing of the Friendship, Trade and Navigation Treaty in 1895. Examining the resumption and institutionalization of diplomatic ties between these two countries allows us to see how nations adopted standardized international practices as the Americas joined the system of foreign relations ruled by the Western powers. This had a different meaning for each nation. For Mexico, it was important to defend the Juárez doctrine, as well as to institute Díaz’s commercial policies, which had the goal of balancing the economic influence of foreign powers. For Belgium, it was necessary to strengthen its overseas markets in order to be seen as a power on the same level as the empires of the day.

Resumen: Por medio del estudio de la correspondencia diplomática este artículo analiza el restablecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Bélgica (1879) y los distintos acercamientos entre ambos gobiernos, los cuales tenían el objetivo de instaurar un marco jurídico para guiar los lazos políticos, comerciales y marítimos que llevaron a la firma del Tratado de Amistad, Comercio y Navegación (1895). La reanudación diplomática y la institucionalización de los lazos permiten ver cómo las naciones se adhirieron a las prácticas internacionales estandarizadas una vez que las Américas se insertaron en el marco de las relaciones regidas por las potencias occidentales. Así, para cada nación, la relación tuvo un significado diferente. Para México, era importante defender la vigencia de la doctrina juarista, así como el establecimiento de una fuerte política comercial porfirista, que tenía el fin de encontrar un balance económico entre las potencias extranjeras. Para Bélgica, era necesario fortalecer mercados en el extranjero para ser vista como una potencia al nivel de los poderes imperiales del periodo.

Zircon is a naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and as such is subject to a variety of regulations around the world. The regulatory processes and their implementation are summarized and the key issues affecting zircon and zirconia highlighted. Having absorbed the activities of the former Zircon Minerals Committee, the strategy of the Zircon Industry Association (ZIA) is to be the 'go-to place' for information on these matters, and its activities in the NORM space are described. Chemical industry regulations such as REACH are spreading around the world, and the paper provides an update of their status in the key jurisdictions. As mineral sands are transported to market in oceangoing vessels, they are subject to the regulations of the International Maritime Organization, which are summarized in the paper.

BACKGROUND: This is a study of current pollen rain on soil disturbed by human use on the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. A sector strongly affected by human activity, an area between the Eduardo Frei Montalva Chilean Air Force (FACH) base and the Professor Julio Escudero base of the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH) were sampled. A less used sector associated with scientific activity and controlled tourism, Ardley Island, and an area of low human activity, the terminal moraine of the Collins glacier, were also sampled. The samples were collected in the southern summer of 2015 and kept in the Palynology and Plant Ecology Laboratory of the Los Angeles Campus of the Universidad de Concepción, Chile FINDINGS: The area of greatest human activity concentrated the greatest diversity (12 taxa) of pollen grains. Three taxa are considered native to the region. Non-native taxa determined for this sector in turn had the greatest invasion (INV) factor. The dominant families were Brassicaceae and Asteraceae. The results for Ardley and Collins represent the cryptogamic flora and grasses typical of the ecosystem CONCLUSION: Under the current climate change scenario, the pollen rain in Antarctic soil, in addition to obeying the random patterns of its natural dispersion, could be interpreted as an indirect measurement of the potential risk of the passive transport of propagules to Antarctica mediated by human beings.

La presente investigación es un estudio de la lluvia de polen actual en suelo perturbado por uso antrópico en la Península Fildes, Isla Rey Jorge, Islas Shetland del Sur. Se muestreó un sector fuertemente afectado por actividad humana en un área comprendida entre la base de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile (FACH) Eduardo Frei Montalva y la base del Instituto Antártico Chileno (INACH) Profesor Julio Escudero. Un sector con menos presión de uso, Isla Ardley, asociado con actividad científica y turismo controlado también fue estudiado. Finalmente, un tercer sector fue analizado, correspondiente a la morrena terminal del glaciar Collins, que presenta muy baja actividad humana. Las muestras fueron colectadas en el verano de 2015 y analizadas en el Laboratorio de Palinología y Ecología Vegetal del Campus Los Ángeles de la Universidad de Concepción, Chile. El área que presenta la mayor concentración de actividad humana concentró la mayor diversidad de granos de polen (12 taxa). Tres taxa son considerados nativos para la región. Los taxa no nativos determinados para el sector presentaron a su vez, el mayor factor de invasión (INV). Las familias dominantes fueron Brassicaceae y Asteraceae. Los resultados para los sectores de Isla Ardley y glaciar Collins representaron la flora criptogámica y de pastos típicos del ecosistema. Bajo el presente escenario de cambio climático, la lluvia de polen determinada en suelo antártico podría estar reflejando además de la azarosidad propia de la dispersión natural una medida indirecta del riesgo potencial de un transporte pasivo de propágulos a Antártica mediado por el hombre.

Este artigo compara formas de transnacionalismo do trabalho em três setores: indústria automotiva; transporte marítimo; vestuário e indústria têxtil. Em cada caso, os sindicatos se envolvem em atividades transnacionais muito diferentes para reassumir o controle sobre o mercado de trabalho e a concorrência. Conforme as instituições de cooperação transnacional se tornam mais complexas, os sindicatos continuam a lutar com as tensões competitivas (trabalhador a trabalhador e sindicato a sindicato) que variam de uma indústria para a outra.

This article compares forms of labour transnationalism in three industrial sectors: motor manufacturing, maritime shipping, and clothing and textile manufacturing. In each case, unions engage in very different transnational activities to reassert control over labour markets and competition. As institutions of transnational cooperation deepen, unions continue to struggle with competitive tensions (worker to worker and union to union) which vary from one industry to another.

In 1998, in line with the international trend, the National Geographic Institute of Argentina (IGN) in partnership with various national public institutions initiated a project for the installation of a series of GPS/GNSS (Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System) permanent stations across their national territory. At the present time, this Argentine Network of Continuous Satellite Monitoring (RAMSAC) is composed of 64 Continuous Stations (EC) that materialize the Geodetic Reference Frame ITRF-2005 (Epoch 2006.632). The sustainable development and the reliability of this RAMSAC network, along with the evolution of applications and possibilities associated with the Internet (particularly the techniques of data transmission via the Internet Protocol through the division of data into appropriate sizes) have enabled the implementation of a real-time correction system based on the data provided by these Continuous Stations. The methodology applied is based on the development elaborated by the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy of the Federal Republic of Germany (BKG) broadcast under the name Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol (NTRIP). It allows multiple users to obtain, in real-time, coordinates (latitude, longitude and height) with sub-meter accuracy levels. This article summarizes the various modes of real-time GNSS data delivery in terms of transmission protocols, data formats, links of communication, structure of messages, and content between different versions of the RTCM SC-104 formats (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services - Special Committee 104), including recent amendments.

El Instituto Geográfico Nacional de Argentina (IGN), en concordancia con la tendencia internacional y conjuntamente con diversas instituciones públicas nacionales, generó en el año 1998 un proyecto consistente en la instalación de estaciones GPS/GNSS (Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System) permanentes en el territorio nacional. En la actualidad, la Red Argentina de Monitoreo Satelital Continuo (RAMSAC) está conformada por 64 Estaciones Continuas GNSS (EC) que materializan el Marco de Referencia Geodésico ITRF-2005 (Época 2006, 632). El desarrollo sostenido y la confiabilidad de la red RAMSAC, junto con la evolución de las aplicaciones y posibilidades asociadas a internet, particularmente las técnicas de transmisión de datos a través del protocolo IP (Internet Protocol) mediante la división de datos en tamaños apropiados, han posibilitado la implementación de un sistema de correcciones en tiempo real basado en los datos provistos por las Estaciones (EC). La metodología aplicada, se basa en el desarrollo elaborado por la Agencia Federal de Cartografía y Geodesia de la República Federal de Alemania (Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy, BKG), difundida bajo la denominación de Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol (NTRIP), que permite la obtención en tiempo real de coordenadas (latitud, longitud y altura) a múltiples usuarios con niveles de precisión sub-métrica. Este artículo sintetiza los diversos modos de entrega de datos GNSS en tiempo real, en términos de protocolos de transmisión, formatos de datos, vínculos de comunicación, estructura de mensajes y contenidos entre las diversas versiones de formatos RTCM SC-104 (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services- Special Committee 104), incluyendo enmiendas recientes.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no âmbito do projecto de dragagem de cerca de 1x106m3 de sedimentos na região da barra de Aveiro (costa NW de Portugal), com obrigatoriedade de deposição no trecho costeiro a sul. Incluiu a determinação dos locais mais adequados para a realização dessas operações, tanto de dragagem, como de depósito das areias, mantendo presente os seguintes objectivos: garantir que as condições de operacionalidade e de segurança da navegação no acesso ao porto de Aveiro não fossem postas em causa pelo assoreamento na zona costeira exterior à barra e, ao mesmo tempo, acorrer à forte erosão costeira que se tem verificado no trecho a sul, entre a Costa Nova e o Areão. O estudo, que teve em consideração as condições locais da hidrodinâmica do sistema e as características impostas pelo próprio projecto, foi realizado em 2005, para as autoridades portuguesas com competências na área de intervenção: Instituto Portuário e dos Transportes Marítimos (IPTM), Administração do Porto de Aveiro (APA) e Instituto da Água (INAG). Foi entendido, por estas entidades, como um contributo fundamental para a gestão costeira integrada da zona, constituindo um meio de apoio à tomada de decisão de actuação, a considerar na resolução dos problemas associados à situação referida. O presente artigo descreve a metodologia utilizada para definir os locais de dragagem e deposição de areia, bem como os critérios utilizados na escolha da solução final. Numa primeira fase o estudo comportou uma compilação e a análise de elementos hidrográficos existentes para a zona, de forma a melhor efectuar a caracterização do local em termos da evolução morfológica. Estes elementos constituíram a base da fase seguinte, destinada a analisar e a prever o comportamento morfodinâmico da zona, com avaliação das taxas de transporte sedimentar e teste das soluções alternativas de dragagem e de deposição de areias. Nesta segunda fase recorreu-se à aplicação de um sistema de modelos matemáticos, com formulação bidimensional, que inclui a propagação da ondulação e da maré, as correntes induzidas pelas ondas e o transporte de sedimentos. Numa fase final, a escolha da solução considerada como sendo a mais adequada resultou da aplicação de um método multi-critério de análise comparativa sobre sete possíveis soluções de dragagem e de deposição, na qual foram considerados não só critérios técnicos, mas também ambientais e económicos.

The Aveiro coastal lagoon is located on the NW coast of Portugal. It is the largest Portuguese lagoon system which is permanently open to the sea. It is centred within a sand coastal section about 150km long which has regular bathymetry, with bathymetric lines almost parallel along the coast. This regular pattern is only disturbed in the vicinity of the Aveiro Lagoon, which is connected to the ocean through a channel that provides shipping access to the port of Aveiro, located inside the lagoon. The NW waves generated in the North Atlantic, by predominant N and NW winds, prevail near the NW Portuguese coast during almost 80% of the year. In the channel connecting the lagoon to the ocean, and in contrast to most of the Portuguese coast, the currents induced by the tide are very strong. Sometimes they can reach about 4ms-1 at the entrance to the lagoon. Along the shoreline, off Aveiro bar, the currents are mainly southward during most of the year, with velocities about 0,5ms-1, and tide reaches of about 2,85m during spring tide, and 1,25m in neap tide conditions. The ocean near the lagoon is characterised by an intense transport of mainly non-cohesive sediments, southwards along the shoreline. Since the 1950’s the area has been subject to several interventions intended to improve shipping access to the port, including the construction of maritime protection structures. The main north breakwater at the entrance of the lagoon improved access by reducing sediment deposition in the navigation channel, but also interrupted the littoral drift, promoting sand deposition to the north of the north breakwater, and increasing erosion to the south of the entrance. After the northern zone became saturated, silting of the channel commenced. Several coastal protection works, along the coastline, have attempted to minimize this problem, including seawalls, groins, breakwaters, and dredging of the channel to guarantee the depths required for shipping. The present study evaluated the most suitable sites for the dredging of 1 000 000 m3 of sand from the channel or surrounding area, as well as the deposit of the dredged material to the south of the lagoon entrance, in order to: guarantee safety and operability of the port of Aveiro; avoid silting-up of the coastal zone adjacent to the port entrance; and minimise erosion of the coastal areas to the south. The study was performed in 2005, for the three authorities with jurisdiction over the coastal area of Aveiro Lagoon (IPTM - Institute of Ports and Maritime Transport; APA - Aveiro Port Administration and INAG - Portuguese Water Institute) and took into account the local hydrodynamic conditions and the characteristics and constraints of the project. It contributed significantly to coastal management in the area, since supports decision-making, conducting to the definition of an integrated solution for the situation referred to above. This paper describes the methodology used to define the possible sites for dredging and deposition of the sand, as well as the criteria used to select the preferred solution. Firstly, the available hydrographic information was analysed, in order to characterize the area and the bathymetric evolution of the sea bed. This information was then used to study the morphodynamic behaviour in the area, including estimating the sediment transport. Alternative sand dredging and deposition solutions were tested using a 2D hydrodynamic numerical model, including waves and tide propagation, currents induced by the waves and sedimentary transport. Finally, the preferred solution was chosen using multi-criteria analysis for a comparative analysis of seven dredging and deposition solutions, considering technical, environmental and economic criteria. The final solution consists of dredging of 1 000 000m3 of sand in the Aveiro bar entrance, between 9,0m and 12,5m depth, and the deposition of the dredged material in the sea to the south, in the submersed sector of the beach, between 2,0m and 5,0m depth, over an area between the third and fifth groins of Costa Nova. Finally, the study recommended the development of a regular monitoring programme to take place after the project implementation, in order to objectively evaluate sedimentary and bed evolution over the dredged and deposition areas (beach and bed evolution). The chosen solution was implemented by the competent authorities after 2008.

The following article presents a summary of the session on "Paleoclimatic and Glaciological Evidence of Regional Climate Change", which was chaired by Dr.-Ing. Carlos Cárdenas from the Universidad de Magallanes (associated to the Quaternary Research Center, CEQUA), and Dr. Stefan Kraus from the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH). The chairmen frst gave a brief presentation on the state of the art of the topic, then giving the word to the invited session speakers: Dr. Patricio Moreno with his presentation titled "Response of Patagonian biota and glacial systems to the paleoclimatic changes since Last Glacial Maximum", Dr. Andrés Rivera with his presentation "Recent glacier changes in Southern Chile and in the Antarctic Peninsula", and Dr. Jefferson Simoes with his presentation "Climatic variability in the maritime Antarctic: exploring links with the subtropics". Finally, a round table was held where questions around the session topic were discussed. This session was targeted towards an introduction to past and present climate in the region including its glacial history giving also insight into the meaning of glacier advances and retreats, lake level changes and the migration of vegetation and other species.

El siguiente manuscrito presenta un resumen de la sesión denominada "Evidencia Paleo-Climática y Glaciológica del Cambio Climático regional", la que fue moderada por el Dr.- Ing. Carlos Cárdenas de la Universidad de Magallanes, asociado al Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario y el Dr. Stefan Kraus del Instituto Antártico Chileno. En primer lugar, los moderadores realizaron una breve presentación del estado del arte de la temática para posteriormente presentar a los oradores de la sesión, los cuales fueron: El Dr. Patricio Moreno con su presentación denominada "Respuesta de la biota patagónica y el sistema glacial a cambios paleoclimáticos ocurridos desde el último máximo glacial", el Dr. Andrés Rivera con su presentación "Cambios glaciares recientes en el sur de Chile y la Península Antártica", y el Dr. Jefferson Simoes con su presentación "Variabilidad Climática en la Antártica Marítima: Explorando las relaciones con el sub-trópico". Finalmente se realizó una mesa redonda donde se debatieron preguntas y se establecieron algunos precedentes. En general, la sesión mostró una introducción al clima del pasado y el presente en la región junto a su historia glaciar, dando una idea del significado del avance y/o retroceso de los glaciares, los cambios de nivel de los lagos y la migración de la vegetación y otras especies.

Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth, 1831) Bartling (Caryophyllaceae) is characterized by a wide latitudinal distribution, ranging between the tropical high Andes and the Antarctic Peninsula. Although both habitat types are characterized by cold and freezing temperatures, important microclimatic differences exist during the growing season. Hence, important differences in the response of the photosynthetic apparatus to abiotic factors could be expected between Antarctic and Andean populations of C. quitensis. We studied the relationship between net photosynthesis, leaf temperature and light intensity in two populations of C. quitensis, one from La Parva in the Andes of central Chile and the other from King George Island, in the Maritime Antarctic. Plants from both populations were grown in the laboratory at 15 °C under 250 μmol photons m-2 s-1, with a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod. Twenty plants (about two months old) of each population were transferred to a 4 °C chamber with the same light and photoperiod conditions as above to assess the photosynthetic acclimation capacity. At 15 °C, populations differed in their optimum leaf temperature for photosynthesis, being 24.0 °C in individuals from the Andes and 18.6 °C in individuals from the Antarctic. In contrast, Antarctic individuals showed the highest net photosynthesis rate under both temperature treatments, with the lowest light compensation and saturation points. Antarctic individuals had higher photosynthetic activity at lower temperatures compared to individuals from the Andes. Our results suggest that C. quitensis has adapted photosynthetic performance of individuals growing in different localities to the prevailing climatic conditions. Differences in photosynthetic responses to temperature and light are discussed in relation to ecotypic differentiation between two populations studied

Colobanthus quitensis es una especie ampliamente distribuida, que crece desde los Andes tropicales hasta la Península Antartica. A pesar de que ambos habitats se caracterizan por ser fríos y con temperaturas congelantes, existen importantes diferencias microclimáticas entre estos habitats durante el período de crecimiento. Por ello, sería esperable encontrar importantes diferencias en la respuesta del aparato fotosintético a factores abióticos entre poblaciones antarticas y andinas de C. quitensis. Estudiamos la relación de la fotosíntesis neta con la temperatura foliar y la intensidad lumínica en dos poblaciones de C. quitensis, una proveniente de La Parva en Los Andes de Chile central y la otra de la Isla Rey Jorge, en la Antartica marítima. Plantas de ambas poblaciones fueron crecidas en laboratorio a 15 °C y 250 μmol fotones m-2 s-1, con un fotoperíodo de 16/8 h luz/oscuridad. Veinte plantas de cada población fueron transferidas a una cámara a 4 °C, con las mismas condiciones de luz y fotoperíodo antes mencionadas, de modo de evaluar la capacidad de aclimatación de la fotosíntesis. A 15 °C, las poblaciones presentaron diferencias en su temperatura foliar óptima para la fotosíntesis. Estos óptimos fueron 24,0 °C en individuos provenientes de los Andes y 18,6 °C en individuos de la Antártida. En contraste, los individuos antarticos mostraron la más alta tasa de fotosíntesis neta bajo ambos tratamientos de temperatura, con puntos de compensación y saturación más bajos. Los individuos antarticos tuvieron mayor capacidad fotosintética a menores temperaturas que los individuos andinos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que C. quitensis ha adaptado el desempeño fotosintético de individuos creciendo en diferentes localidades a las condiciones climáticas predominantes en dichas localidades. Las diferencias en las respuestas fotosintéticas a la temperatura y a la luz son discutidas en relación a la diferenciación ecotípica entre las dos poblaciones estudiadas

The Bernhard Nocht Institute (BNI) is a four months younger and much smaller sibling of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. It was founded on 1 October 1900 as an Institut für Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten (Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases) and was later named after its founder and first director Bernhard Nocht. Today it is the Germany's largest institution for research in tropical medicine. It is a government institution affiliated to the Federal Ministry of Health of Germany and the Department of Health of the State of Hamburg. As the center for research in tropical medicine in Germany the BNI is dedicated to research, training and patient care in the area of human infectious diseases, which are of particular relevance in the tropics. It is the primary mission of the BNI to develop means to the control of these diseases. Secondary missions are to provide expertise for regional and national authorities and to directly and indirectly improve the health care for national and regional citizens in regard to diseases of the tropics.