ABSTRACT The biodiversity of sponges in environments beyond 50 m is poorly known, as access to this type of environment without specialized technology is difficult. This study aims to understand the biodiversity of the group present on the continental shelf of the south-western area of Isla Fuerte and Alta Guajira. Sponge samples were collected via trawls during exploration sessions in hydrocarbon blocks between 73 and 210 m, which were fixed and taken to the sponge collection of the Museum of Marine Natural History of Colombia (MHNMC, Makuriwa) in 2012. Then, in 2022, these samples were processed and identified in the laboratory using standard methods. A taxonomic list is presented, with 89 taxa belonging to the classes Demospongiae and Homoscleromorpha, which are grouped in 16 orders, 33 families, 51 genera, and 45 species, out of which 10 are new records for the Colombian Caribbean. Only one species was identified for Alta Guajira, which could be attributed to a difference in substrate composition and to the fact that, in the Isla Fuerte sector, due to diapirism and gas emanation events in the continental shelf, there is a greater availability of food, which can support the composition of sessile benthic organisms such as sponges.

RESUMEN La biodiversidad de esponjas en ambientes más allá de los 50 m es poco conocida, ya que el acceso a este tipo de ambientes es difícil si no se cuenta con tecnología especializada. Este estudio pretende conocer la biodiversidad del grupo presente sobre la plataforma continental del área suroccidental de isla Fuerte y alta Guajira. Se recolectaron muestras de esponjas mediante redes de arrastre durante jornadas de exploración de bloques de hidrocarburos entre los 73 y 210 m, las cuales fueron fijadas y llevadas a la colección de esponjas del Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia (MHNMC, Makuriwa) en 2012. Luego, en 2022, estas se procesaron e identificaron en laboratorio empleando métodos estándar. Se presenta un listado taxonómico con 89 taxa pertenecientes a las clases Demospongiae y Homoscleromorpha, agrupados en 16 órdenes, 33 familias, 51 géneros y 45 especies, de las cuales 10 son nuevos registros para el Caribe colombiano. Se identificó una sola especie para la alta Guajira, lo que podría atribuirse a una diferencia en la composición de sustrato y a que, en el sector de isla Fuerte, por eventos de diapirísmo y emanación de gases de la plataforma continental, hay una mayor disponibilidad de alimento, lo que puede solventar la composición de organismos bentónicos sésiles como las esponjas.

Abstract Treating geosystems as relatively homogeneous units brings up the possibility of attributing to the relief, a primordial role as a first taxonomic level of landscape analysis. To apply such a form of compartmentalization in an area of the Amazon is fundamental in view of the inexistence of mappings and documents that portray the landscapes of the Maranhense Amazon. The present article aims to identify the geoforms of the Pindaré River Basin-MA, as a first level of the geosystemic units, giving the factor relief and rock substrate, important highlights. The methodology consisted in using geoprocessing techniques and methods in order to find the variables slope, hypsometry, surface curvature, slope orientation, shaded relief and geology. As a result, it was possible to identify 14 units and 27 sub-units that were given the nomenclature of geoforms, each with unique geological and geomorphological characteristics that gave rise to many of the current features of the landscape of the western Maranhão region. Tabular plateaus and mountain ranges contrast with reduced plateaus and flat reliefs of the Amazon lowlands; amidst them, fluvial, fluvial-lacustrine and fluvial-marine plains also stand out in this important hydrographic basin. From these results, it was possible to obtain a proposal for hierarchization and mapping on a regional scale, helping in possible future planning proposals.

Resumo Tratar os geossistemas enquanto unidades relativamente homogêneas traz à baila a possibilidade de atribuir ao relevo, papel primordial como um primeiro nível taxonômico de análise das paisagens. Aplicar tal forma de compartimentação em uma área da Amazônia, é fundamental diante da inexistência de mapeamentos e documentos que retratem as paisagens da Amazônia maranhense. O presente artigo objetiva identificar as geoformas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pindaré-MA, como um primeiro nível das unidades geossistêmicas, dando ao fator relevo e substrato rochoso, importantes destaques. A metodologia consistiu na utilização de técnicas e métodos do geoprocessamento a fim de encontrar as variáveis declividade, hipsometria, curvatura da superfície, orientação de vertentes, relevo sombreado e geologia. Como resultados, foi possível identificar 14 unidades e 27 subunidades a que foram dadas a nomenclatura de geoformas, cada uma com características geológicas e geomorfológicas únicas e que deram origem a muitos dos aspectos atuais da paisagem da região oeste maranhense. Os planaltos tabulares e serras contrastam com patamares reduzidos e relevos planos da baixada maranhense, em meio a elas, planícies fluviais, flúvio-lacustres e flúvio-marinhas também se destacam nessa importante bacia hidrográfica. A partir desses resultados, foi possível obter uma proposta de hierarquização e mapeamento em escala regional, auxiliando em possíveis propostas futuras de planejamento.

Resumen Tratar los geosistemas como unidades relativamente homogéneas plantea la posibilidad de atribuir al relieve un papel primordial como primer nivel taxonómico del análisis del paisaje. Aplicar tal forma de parcelación en un área de la Amazonia es fundamental frente a la inexistencia de mapeos y documentos que retraten los paisajes de la Amazonia del Maranhão. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las geoformas de la cuenca del río Pindaré - MA, como un primer nivel de las unidades geosistémicas, dando al factor relieve y al sustrato rocoso, destaques importantes. La metodología consistió en utilizar técnicas y métodos de geoprocesamiento para hallar las variables dependientes, hipsometría, curvatura de la superficie, orientación de la pendiente, relieve sombreado y geología. Como resultados, fue posible identificar 14 unidades y 27 subunidades que recibieron la nomenclatura de geoformas, cada una con características geológicas y geomorfológicas únicas y que dieron origen a muchos de los aspectos actuales del paisaje de la región del oeste maranhense. Las mesetas tabulares y las cadenas montañosas contrastan con las mesetas reducidas y los relieves llanos de las tierras bajas maranhenses; entre ellas, también destacan, en esta importante cuenca hidrográfica, las llanuras fluviales, fluvio-lacustres y fluvio-marinas. A partir de estos resultados, fue posible obtener una propuesta de jerarquización y mapeo a escala regional, ayudando en posibles propuestas futuras de planificación.

Abstract Biofouling is generated by the biochemical condition of the substrate to form complex communities; this could be negative at an ecological and industrial level. To inhibit this process, coatings based on heavy metals are used. Microorganisms are promising sources of antifouling compounds that are non-toxic or less toxic than the commercial chemicals in use today. In order to evaluate the antifouling effectiveness of bacterial extracts, seven crude extracts from cultures of bacteria isolated from marine organisms were obtained. They were subjected to a toxicity test with Artemia nauplii, at different concentrations. Non-toxic extracts were incorporated into a gelling agent (Phytagel™) and exposed to the sea for 30 days to evaluate the inhibition of diatoms and macroorganisms adhesion. Sixty-seven diatoms’ taxa were identified, belonging to 45 genera, besides four groups of non-photosynthetic macroorganisms were identified; these are sea squirts, barnacles, bryozoans, and polychaetes. Toxicity test showed that only Bacillus safensis (C2) extract was toxic, and it was excluded from subsequent tests. There are significant differences between treatments, the extracts with the best activity are Shewanella algae (18) and Staphylococcus aureus (28). These extracts contain different organic compounds such as saponins, terpenes, sterols, and proteins, which could be responsible for their activity. These results suggest that microorganisms are an effective alternative to replace harmful chemical substances currently used in antifouling coatings. The extracts, being less toxic, are potential inhibitors or retardants of the epibiotic colonization process.

Resumen El bioincrustamiento es generado por un acondicionamiento bioquímico del sustrato para formar comunidades complejas; esto podría tener un impacto negativo a nivel ecológico e industrial. Para inhibir este proceso se utilizan recubrimientos a base de metales pesados. Los microorganismos son fuentes prometedoras de compuestos antiincrustantes que no son tóxicos o son menos tóxicos que los productos químicos comerciales que se utilizan en la actualidad. Para evaluar la eficacia antiincrustante de los extractos bacterianos, se obtuvieron siete extractos crudos de cultivos de bacterias aisladas de organismos marinos. Se sometieron a una prueba de toxicidad con nauplios de Artemia, a diferentes concentraciones. Los extractos no tóxicos se incorporaron a un agente gelificante (Phytagel™) y se expusieron al mar durante 30 días para evaluar la inhibición en la adhesión de diatomeas y macroorganismos. Se identificaron 67 taxones de diatomeas, pertenecientes a 45 géneros, además se identificaron cuatro grupos de macroorganismos no fotosintéticos; estos son ascidias, balanos, briozoos y poliquetos. La prueba de toxicidad mostró que solo el extracto de Bacillus safensis (C2) era tóxico y se excluyó de las pruebas posteriores. Existen diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, los extractos con mejor actividad son los de Shewanella algae (18) y Staphylococcus aureus (28). Estos extractos contienen diferentes compuestos orgánicos como saponinas, terpenos, esteroles y proteínas, los cuales podrían ser responsables de su actividad. Con estos resultados se concluye que los microorganismos son una alternativa eficaz para sustituir las sustancias químicas nocivas para la biota que actualmente se utilizan en los recubrimientos, ya que los extractos, además de ser menos tóxicos, son potenciales inhibidores o letárgicos del proceso de colonización epibiótica.

Abstract MS is extensively used in oil and gas industries, but its inherent susceptibility to corrosive attack in marine environments with high C of Cl- is a shortcoming to its applications in such inevitable medium. Coating has been a popular means of mitigating steel structures corrosion. This work assessed the effect of Zn-ZnO based AW-SS composite as AC material on a MS substrate in a marine environment. The Zn-ZnO base was separately subject to CD with SS, DLFA and LSLA particulates on MS substrates. PDP method was used to ascertain corrosion behaviors of the coated samples in a simulated SW environment. The samples ( and microstructural properties were studied by a microhardness tester and SEM, respectively. The results indicated that the samples ( increased when they were coated by SS and LSLA higher C, which had the highest and lowest (, respectively. The coatings CP improved visibly with SS, which had the highest value (61.4%), followed by DLFA (53.8%) and LSLA (44.3%). AW incorporated into Zn-ZnO is a potential AC material.

ABSTRACT Mansonia Blanchard mosquitoes are aggressive and opportunistic, making it difficult for habitation in certain areas. However, there is no data regarding their rearing in laboratory in Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different diet composition on the development of Mansonia humeralis immatures. The plant Pistia stratiotes was used as a substrate for larval attachment, and fish food (Tetra Marine® Flakes) and baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in various combinations were used as feed. Eggs and larvae were obtained from mosquitoes collected in the field using protected human catches, and the experiments were conducted in the laboratory (25-27°C and 70-80% relative humidity) with 200 larvae per container (n=15). Mortality rate, larval development time, pupation rate, emergence rate, and the number of eggs and larvae were recorded. Overall, a high mortality rate (0.5 – 0.7) was observed in the first 12 days of the experiment in all diets, up to 50% of adults emerged from the remaining larvae with a male to female ratio of 1.1 to 1.3. The use of yeast in combination with fish food resulted in lower mortality rate (0.52), a shorter larval development time (34 days), a higher pupation rate (0.21) and number of eggs (21 eggs) compared to the other diets. However, fertility was very low (1%) regardless of the diet used. The use of yeast is recommended as part of the diet offered to this mosquito species under the laboratory conditions used in our study. opportunistic areas However Brazil Therefore immatures attachment Tetra Marine Flakes bakers baker s Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed catches 2527°C 2527C C 25 27°C 27 7080% 7080 70 80% 80 70-80 humidity 20 n=15. n15 n n=15 . 15 (n=15) recorded Overall 0.5 05 0 5 (0. 0.7 07 7 1 diets 50 11 1. 13 3 1.3 0.52, 052 0.52 , 52 (0.52) 34 (3 days, days) 0.21 021 21 (0.21 (2 1% (1% 2527 2 27C 708 8 70-8 n1 n=1 (n=15 0. (0 (0.52 ( 0.2 02 (0.2 (1 252 70- n= (n=1 (n= (n

Abstract Tuxpan is a port with economic and industrial important activity subject to atmospheric corrosion of metal structures such as boats, ships, oil platforms, and power stations. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the atmospheric corrosion of Tuxpan Veracruz, it was necessary to install an exposition panel with carbon steel specimens, galvanized steel (zinc), and copper to evaluate them in every season by electrochemical methods (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and potentiodynamic polarization curves (CP). In addition, corrosivity indexes of atmospheric are evaluated by CLIMAT and ISO methodology. An exposition panel was installed with specimens of aluminum wire on steel screws, copper screws, and nylon screws to study corrosivity indexes through mass loss in every season of the year and thus classify the different types of atmospheres; marine, industrial, and rural-urban according to the values specified in the standard (ISO 8408, 9223, 9224). The corrosivity indexes are under the standards allowed in the regulations. However, they show the aggressiveness of the marine and industrial atmosphere due to the location and activities of the port in the northern zone. Zinc and carbon steel corrodes due to aggressive agents such as chlorides and sulfur dioxide, forming soluble oxides on the surface of the metallic substrate, while copper forms corrosion products that weakly protect its surface.

Resumen Tuxpan es un puerto con importante actividad económica e industrial, ha sido objeto del proceso de corrosión atmosférica en las estructuras metálicas como embarcaciones, botes, plataformas petroleras y Termoeléctricas. El propósito principal de este trabajo es evaluar la corrosión atmosférica de Tuxpan Veracruz, se instaló un panel de exposición con probetas de acero al carbono, acero galvanizado (zinc) y cobre para poder evaluarlas en cada estación del año por métodos electroquímicos (impedancia electroquímica espectroscopia (EIE), resistencia de polarización lineal (Rp) y curvas de polarización potenciodinámicas (CP). Además, se evalúan los índices de corrosividad de la atmósfera mediante la metodología CLIMAT e ISO. Se instaló un panel de exposición con probetas de alambre de aluminio sobre tornillos de acero, tornillos de cobre y tornillos de plástico para estudiar los índices de corrosividad por pérdida de masa en cada estación del año, y así clasificar los diferentes tipos de atmósferas: marina, industrial y rural-urbana según los valores especificados en la norma (ISO 8408, 9223, 9224). Los índices se encuentran por debajo de los estándares permitidos en la normatividad. Sin embargo, muestran la agresividad del ambiente marino e industrial producto de la ubicación y actividades del puerto en la zona norte. El zinc y el acero al carbono se corroen debido a agentes agresivos como los cloruros y el dióxido de azufre, formando óxidos solubles en la superficie del sustrato metálico, mientras que el cobre forma productos de corrosión que protegen débilmente su superficie.

Abstract The zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum secretes a large quantity of mucus that acts as a substrate for microbial communities. Culturable bacteria associated with P. caribaeorum mucus in northeastern Brazil were evaluated through 16S rRNA gene sequences. Proteobacteria was the dominant group, followed by Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Vibrio was the most common genus, although other groups with the ability to produce biosurfactants and compounds with antimicrobial activity were also present. The studies of culturable marine bacteria may contribute to the understanding of the associated microbial community, opening new opportunities to explore biotechnological potential of microbiota.

ABSTRACT The biodiversity of epibenthic communities in rocky reefs in the Mexican tropical Pacific has been studied minimally during the past three decades. This study describes the abundance and distribution of algae and invertebrates in a deep rocky reef from this region. Samples were taken at 20 m depth in 2012 by randomly placing 50×50 cm quadrats. Also, photographs were taken of each quadrat to quantify the coverage of organisms. Throughout the study, the algae were the most abundant group (17748.5 cm m−2), of which encrusting calcified (6350.9 cm m−2), turf (3040.3 cm m−2), and larger-sized articulated corallines (2700.9 cm m−2) had the highest coverage. Regarding invertebrates, zoanthids (1153.3 cm m−2) and corals (746.7 cm m−2) had high coverage. All of the algal groups were found on vertical and horizontal substrates. The detrended correspondence analysis showed that larger-sized articulated corallines and encrusting not calcified groups were prevalent on the horizontal substrate and corals on the vertical substrate. These abundance and distribution patterns represent the first quantitative study of rocky reefs from the region. Considering the rapid influence of human activities in this coastal zone and the fact that rocky reefs have been minimally studied, there is a clear need for long-term monitoring programs to establish reef communities' patterns and processes, which are useful in conservation programs.

Abstract The terminal Ediacaran fossil record includes microbial mats and body fossils characterized by simple morphologies, which represents a challenge to understand several aspects related to the paleoecology of the emerging complex life. The marine siliciclastic deposits of the Cerro Negro Formation (~560–550 Ma) contain evidence of different styles of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) and discoidal forms associated with them. Different types of MISS, such as Kinneyia and wrinkle structures, elephant skin, and Arumberia, are reported and related to shallow marine depositional environments. These morphologies are commonly associated with the high quality of preservation of body fossils in Ediacaran deposits. The preservation of Aspidella discoidal holdfast is related to biotic and abiotic processes involving substrate sealing by microbial mats, fluidization, and probably organic matter decay. Both abiotic factors (tidal currents and waves, added to liquefaction and sand injection) and biotic factors (substrate biostabilization by microbial mats favoring sediment cohesion) are considered the main ones responsible for the preservation style in the Cerro Negro Formation. This formation constitutes a remarkable example in SW-Gondwana of how preservation dynamics took place on a seabed sealed by microbial mats and is an important deposit conserving diverse Ediacaran forms of life in South America. ~560–550 560550 560 550 (~560–55 Ma MISS (MISS them skin Arumberia environments fluidization decay tidal waves injection cohesion SWGondwana SW Gondwana America ~560–55 56055 56 55 (~560–5 ~560–5 5605 5 (~560– ~560– (~560 ~560 (~56 ~56 (~5 ~5 (~ ~ (

Abstract Like other meiofaunal organisms, tardigrades suffer from a significant knowledge gap concerning many aspects of their biodiversity. The lack of an up-to-date digital collection with all species and details of limnoterrestrial and freshwater tardigrades in South and Central America is one of the most critical gaps to be filled. Therefore, the present work aims to develop a database containing all valid species of limnoterrestrial and freshwater tardigrades from South and Central America found until 2023 and provide open access to the results. Data for each species were obtained directly from the literature using Google Scholar and the website tardigrada.net. This compiled data resulted in the creation of a database with the species name, author and year of species description, genus, family, class, type country, type location, coordinates (longitude and latitude), if it is aquatic and/or limnoterrestrial, substrate where it was found, the country and location of collection, and manuscript containing the species identification. Furthermore, the coordinates of each occurrence were plotted on maps with political-administrative boundaries and Neotropical and Andean biogeographic regions. In addition, statistical analysis was performed related to the geographic distribution of the sampling effort. From the literature, 2157 records of valid non-marine Tardigrada species, endemic or not, were computed. From these records, 271 species of tardigrades have been identified in the two regions combined, with 223 species in South America and 129 species in Central America. We were able to show that there are still many biases in the sampling of tardigrades in the Neotropical and Andean regions and that further studies are needed on the biogeography of these meiofaunal organisms in these biogeographic regions. We expect this database to help better understand the richness and distribution patterns of limnoterrestrial and aquatic tardigrade species in Central and South America. biodiversity uptodate up date filled Therefore 202 results tardigradanet tardigrada net tardigrada.net name description genus family class longitude latitude, latitude , latitude) andor identification Furthermore politicaladministrative political administrative addition effort 215 nonmarine non marine not computed 27 combined 22 12 20 21 2 1

Resumo Tardígrados, assim como outros organismos meiofaunais, possuem uma lacuna de conhecimento significativa acerca de muitos aspectos da sua biodiversidade. A inexistência de um acervo digital, e atualizado, com todas as espécies e detalhes de tardígrados limnoterrestres e aquáticos na América Central e Sul é uma das lacunas mais importantes a serem preenchidas. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo elaborar e disponibilizar, de maneira gratuita, um banco de dados contendo todas as espécies válidas de tardígrados limnoterrestres e aquáticos das América do Sul e América Central encontradas até 2023. Os dados de cada espécie foram obtidos diretamente na literatura, utilizando o Google Scholar e o site tardigrada.net. Com todos esses dados compilados, foi elaborado um banco de dados com nome da espécie, autor e ano de descrição da espécie, gênero, família, classe, país tipo, local tipo, coordenadas (longitude e latitude), se é aquático e/ou limnoterrestre, substrato onde foi encontrado, país coletado, local de coleta e manuscrito com a identificação da espécie. Ademais, as coordenadas obtidas de cada ocorrência foram plotadas em mapas das fronteiras político-administrativas e das regiões biogeográficas Neotropical e Andina. Além disso, uma análise estatística quanto à distribuição geográfica do esforço amostral foi feita. Da literatura, foram computados 2157 registros de espécies válidas de tardígrados limnoterrestre, endêmicas ou não. Desses registros, foram descobertas, até hoje, 271 espécies de tardígrados entre as duas regiões, com 223 espécies na América do Sul e 129 espécies na América Central. Foi possível demonstrar que ainda há muito viés na amostragem de tardígrados nas regiões Neotropical e Andina, e mais estudos acerca da biogeografia desses organismos meiofaunais nessas regiões biogeográficas são necessários. A partir desse banco de dados, espera-se contribuir para um maior entendimento da riqueza e dos padrões de distribuição de espécies de tardígrados limnoterrestres e aquáticos nas América Central e Sul. Tardígrados biodiversidade digital atualizado preenchidas disponibilizar gratuita 2023 literatura tardigradanet tardigrada net tardigrada.net compilados gênero família classe tipo longitude latitude, latitude , latitude) eou limnoterrestre encontrado coletado Ademais políticoadministrativas político administrativas Andina disso feita 215 não descobertas hoje 27 22 12 necessários esperase espera 202 21 2 1 20

Abstract: Background and Aims: The reefs of the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel constitute one of the main reef formations in Mexico. However, up to date phycofloristic studies that allow detecting changes in the phycofloristic composition or its affinity for some substrates are practically non-existent. Our aim was to determine the taxonomic composition of marine macroalgae present in the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, as well as realize their morphological descriptions and an analysis of their affinity with the substrate they colonize. Methods: The sampling was carried out in October and November 2018 by autonomous diving in 14 reefs of the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel. Morphological observations were made using optical and stereoscopic microscopes. The taxonomic determination was made using specialized literature. Key results: Fourty-two taxa were determined: five Ochrophyta, 12 Rhodophyta and 25 Chlorophyta. The best-represented family for Ochrophyta was Dictyotaceae; for Rhodophyta, Ceramiaceae and Rhodomelaceae; and for Chlorophyta, Halimedaceae. New records for the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel are described, including Lobophora guadeloupensis as a new record for Mexico. Additionally, four different substrates for the algae were identified: psammophytic (33%), epilithic (32%), epizoic (19%) and epiphytic (16%). The most diverse reefs were La Francesa (LF) and Santa Rosa (SR), whereas the least diverse were Chankanaab (CK) and Tormentos (TM). Conclusions: Although many of the previous records in the area were confirmed in the present study, the presence of 18 new records revealed, on the one hand, the lack of constant monitoring of the algal richness of the region, and on the other hand, the need for morphological descriptions or photographic references that allow contrasting the previous records with the current ones. Given the importance of the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, our results, in addition to offering updated information, represent a starting point for studies in conservation biology.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los arrecifes del Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel constituyen una de las principales formaciones arrecifales de México. Sin embargo, actualmente, son prácticamente inexistentes los estudios ficoflorísticos que permiten detectar cambios en la composición ficoflorística o su afinidad por algún sustrato. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue determinar la composición taxonómica de macroalgas marinas presentes en el Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, así como realizar sus descripciones morfológicas y análisis de afinidad con el sustrato que colonizan. Métodos: Los muestreos se realizaron en octubre y noviembre de 2018 en 14 arrecifes del Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, mediante buceo autónomo. Se realizaron observaciones morfo-anatómicas utilizando tanto microscopios ópticos como estereoscópicos. La determinación taxonómica se realizó a partir de literatura especializada. Resultados clave: Se determinaron 42 taxa: cinco Ochrophyta, 12 Rhodophyta y 25 Chlorophyta. La familia mejor representada para Ochrophyta fue Dictyotaceae; para Rhodophyta, Ceramiaceae y Rhodomelaceae; y para Chlorophyta, Halimedaceae. Se describen nuevos registros para el Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel incluyendo a Lobophora guadeloupensis como nuevo registro para México. Adicionalmente, se identificaron cuatro diferentes sustratos para las algas: psamofítico (33%), epilítico (32%), epizoico (19%) y epífito (16%). Los arrecifes más diversos fueron La Francesa (LF) y Santa Rosa (SR), y los menos diversos fueron Chankanaab (CK) y Tormentos (TM). Conclusiones: Aunque muchos de los registros previos en el área fueron confirmados en el presente estudio, la presencia de 18 nuevos registros reveló, por un lado, la falta de monitoreos constantes de la riqueza algal de la región, y, por otro lado, la necesidad de contar con descripciones morfológicas o referencias fotográficas que permitan contrastar los registros previos con los actuales. Dada la importancia del Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, nuestros resultados, además de ofrecer información actualizada, representan un punto de partida para estudios en biología de la conservación.

Resumen La Formación San Cassiano de las Dolomitas, NE de Italia, es una unidad litoestratigráfica del Ladiniano-Carniano (Triásico Medio Superior) que pertenece al dominio del Tethys Occidental. En esta formación se han reportado numerosos grupos de invertebrados marinos de comunidades arrecifales. En particular, los braquiópodos están representados por diferentes órdenes. Los tecideidos son los más abundantes y diversos, con distintas especies del género Thecospira. A pesar de la aparente abundancia, solo existe un reporte de un tecideido del género conservado en posición de vida: Thecospira tyrolensis. En este estudio, describimos y discutimos el primer hallazgo de Thecospira semseyi y Thecospira tenuistriata en posición de vida, basado en el estudio de láminas delgadas elaboradas a partir de olistolitos Cipit. Aparentemente, las conchas de Th. semseyi no estaban firmemente adheridas al sustrato por medio de una pequeña superficie de cementación; por lo tanto, pudieron haber vivido incrustados en la matriz biogénica. Por el contrario, Th. tenuis-triata muestra una región umbonal modificada en un área de cementación, lo que permite la unión al bioconstructor. La mayoría de las muestras no presentan señal alguna de transporte, ya que todas las muestras están articuladas y aún están adheridas al sustrato. Además, las comisuras están parcialmente abiertas, libres de cualquier incrustación de crecimiento de esponjas o briozoos. La preservación de braquiópodos permite corroborar que los ejemplares de ambas especies fueron fosilizados en posición de vida. Adicionalmente, Th. semseyi y Th. tenuistriata continuaron con vida a pesar de que el tejido del huésped absorbía la valva ventral de los braquiópodos. Dicha información muestra que los tecideidos fueron componentes importantes de las comunidades del arrecife del Tethys.

Abstract The San Cassiano Formation from the Dolomites, NE Italy, is a Ladinian-Carnian (Middle - Upper Triassic) lithostratigraphic unit belonging to the Western Tethys domain. In this formation numerous groups of marine invertebrates from reef communities have been reported. In particular, brachiopods are represented by different orders. Thecideids are the most abundant and diverse, with different species of the genus Thecospira. Despite the apparent abundance, only one report exists of a thecideid of the genus preserved in life position: Thecospira tyrolensis. In this study, we describe and discuss the first finding of Thecospira semseyi and Thecospira tenuistriata in life position based on the study of thin sections of Cipit boulders. Seemingly, the Th. semseyi shells were not firmly attached to the substrate by a small cementation surface; therefore, they could have lived embedded into the biogenic matrix. By contrast, Th. tenuistriata displays an umbonal region modified in a cementation area, allowing the attachment to the bio-builder. Most samples don’t show any signal of transport since all specimens are articulated and are still attached to the substrate. Besides, the commissures are partially opened, free of any encrustation of sponge or bryozoan growing. The preservation of brachiopods suggests that the samples of both species were fossilized in life position. Moreover, Th. semseyi and Th. tenuistriata continued to live although the host’s fabric was imbibing the brachiopods’ ventral valve. This shows that thecideids were important components of Tethys reef communities.

RESUMEN Los depósitos del Albiano-Cenomaniano de la Formación en la Cuenca de Zagros (sección Firuzabad e Irán Central (sección Fasakhod), representan una sucesión carbonatada sedimentaria que contiene una diversa y rica macrofauna de invertebrados. Estudios detallados de 200 muestras de macrofauna de invertebrados, colectados en dos intervalos estratigrádicos , llevaron al reconocimiento de 5 especies de gasterópodos; (Liopeplum? sp., Columbellina sp., Cryptaulax? sp., Turritella? sp., Pleurotomaria sp.), 3 especies de ammonites; (Knemiceras duberterti, Sphenodiscus sp., Knemiceras persicum), 10 especies de composiciones de bivalvos (Ceratostreon flabellatum, Cardium? sp., Exogyra (Costagyra) olisiponensis, Neithea (Neithea) quinquecostata, Trigonia sp., Buchia? sp., Cardium? sp., Pseudogyra sp., Ontaria? sp., Nucula? sp., Pleuromia? sp., una especies de echinoideo; Dorocidaris taouzensis, con un prolífico horizonte de cangrejos raninoides Notopocorystes xizangensis. La ausencias de gandes gasterópodos y bivalvos y la abundancia de alimentadores por suspensión, indican inestabilidad del substrato, un paleoambiente marino somero y condiciones de energía media.

ABSTRACT The Albian- Cenomanian deposits of the Kazhdumi Formation at Zagros Basin (Firuzabad section and Central Iran (Fasakhod section), represents a carbonate sedimentary succession and contain rich and diverse invertebrate macro fauna. Detailed studies on about 200 specimens of invertebrate macro fauna revealed from two stratigraphic intervals led to recognition of 5 species of gastropods; (Liopeplum? sp., Columbellina sp., Cryptaulax? sp., Turritella? sp., Pleurotomaria sp.), 3 species of ammonites; (Knemiceras duberterti, Sphenodiscus sp., Knemiceras persicum), 10 species of bivalves assemblages; (Ceratostreon flabellatum, Cardium? sp., Exogyra (Costagyra) olisiponensis, Neithea (Neithea) quinquecostata, Trigonia sp., Buchia? sp., Cardium? sp., Pseudogyra sp., Ontaria? sp., Nucula? sp., Pleuromia? sp., 1 species of echinoids; Dorocidaris taouzensis with a prolific horizon of Notopocorystes xizangensis of raninoid crabs. The absence of large gastropods and bivalves fauna and abundance of suspension-feeders indicated instability of the substrate, shallow marine paleoenvironment.and a medium energy condition.

Abstract The influence of microbial communities upon sedimentary dynamics is an issue of increasing significance. Over the last decades, studies have revealed a particular class of sedimentary structures and textures produced by the interaction among distinct flows, marine substrate, and benthic microbial communities. We present evidence of the oldest record of microbially-induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in South America, as recorded in low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Early Mesoproterozoic (∼1536 ± 33 Ma) Tiradentes Formation, state of Minas Gerais, SW Brazil. Types 1, 2, and 3 correspond to wrinkle, pustular, and dome structures related to flat or rippled bed surfaces, preserved in metasandstone deposited in shallow marine settings. Evidence supporting the microbial origin of these structures includes delicate morphology, degree of alignment, presence of original mat cover, and orientation of quartz grains indicating biostabilization. The presence of distinct MISS associated with well-preserved ripple marks, wrinkled surfaces, and flatbeds suggests deposition under varied energy conditions with different potentials for the preservation of surficial structures. Vertical growth of microbial communities influences sediment cohesion and stability. This reduces substrate roughness and, as a consequence, wave and current shear, thereby increasing the preservation potential of bedforms and delicate features of their bedding surfaces.

Abstract This study presents the initial stages of the macrofouling community on artificial substrate exposed to the offshore subtropical marine environment, and the contribution of depth (3 and 22m), exposure time (1-2-4-7-10-13-weeks), UV-radiation, rainfall, temperature, pH, salinity, water chlorophyll-a, and zooplankton supply to organism establishment. Steel substrates were placed horizontally on the structure of a pipeline monobuoy off the southern shore of Brazil (Tramandaí beach), and the ecological succession was monitored by six random removals per depth during the summer-autumn of 2011. Approximately 88.5% of the quantified settled individuals comprised fouling fauna and 11.5% vagile and sedentary fauna, although the taxa richness was higher for non-sessile invertebrates. Species richness and organism density up to four weeks were significantly higher at 3m-depth. After this period, a higher density of organisms was found at 22m, while during the whole study the species richness and diversity remained higher at 3m-depth. Zooplankton composition did not show a simultaneous temporal relationship with invertebrate recruitment at any depth; however, increasing the exposure time, the similarity between the planktonic and benthic communities also increased. Meroplankton, tychoplankton, and holoplankton were recorded on the substrates. This study showed that the depth of available substrates affects the macrofouling establishment, which is mainly associated with UV-radiation, exposure time, and ecological interspecific interactions. environment 3 ( 22m m , 22m) 12471013weeks, 12471013weeks 1 2 4 7 10 13 (1-2-4-7-10-13-weeks) UVradiation, UVradiation UV radiation, radiation UV-radiation rainfall temperature pH salinity chlorophylla, chlorophylla chlorophyll a, chlorophyll-a establishment Tramandaí beach, beach beach) summerautumn summer autumn 2011 885 88 5 88.5 115 11 11.5 nonsessile non sessile invertebrates 3mdepth. 3mdepth mdepth 3m depth. 3m-depth period however increased Meroplankton tychoplankton interactions (1-2-4-7-10-13-weeks 201 8 88. 11. 20