RESUMEN La sobrepesca, la pesca industrial y el cambio climático generan impactos que afectan al recurso pesquero marino, la principal fuente de ingreso y alimento de las poblaciones costeras de pescadores artesanales. La creación de condiciones que incrementen la capacidad de adaptación de los pescadores disminuirá su vulnerabilidad a los impactos. Esta investigación propone determinar una Zona Exclusiva de Pesca Artesanal-ZEPA como estrategia de manejo sostenible de los recursos pesqueros y de adaptación climática para los pescadores artesanales del área de estudio. Se utilizó el programa Marxan para identificar tres escenarios para la ubicación de la ZEPA y se realizó una cartografía participativa con pescadores para obtener el cuarto escenario. Se encontró similitud alta entre el escenario 2 y 4, lo que muestra que el enfoque científico (Marxan) y participativo (población) coinciden en la ubicación de ZEPA. La ZEPA definitiva se ubicó en la zona marino costera de los municipios de Tumaco y Francisco Pizarro, con un área total de 2 008 km2. Incluyó objetos de conservación importantes para la pesca artesanal como caladeros de pesca artesanal, ecosistemas (manglares, playas y estuarios), áreas de ocurrencia de especies (sierra, pargos, corvina, piangua, camarón tití), entre otros. Se identificó que más de 80 % de los pescadores estuvo de acuerdo en que la estrategia le aportaría a reducir su vulnerabilidad frente a amenazas como fenómenos climáticos, sobrepesca, contaminación, entre otros. Se resalta la contribución a la adaptación al cambio climático de la población del área de estudio.

ABSTRACT Overfishing, industrial fishing and climate change generate impacts that affect the marine fishery resource, the main source of income and food for coastal populations of artisanal fishers. The creation of conditions that increase the adaptive capacity of fishers will decrease their vulnerability to impacts. This research proposes to determine an Exclusive Zone for Artisanal Fishing-ZEPA as a strategy for sustainable management of fishery resources and climate adaptation for artisanal fishers in the study area. Marxan was used to identify three scenarios for the location of the ZEPA and participatory mapping was carried out with fishers to obtain the fourth scenario. High similarity was found between scenarios 2 and 4, which shows that the scientific (Marxan) and participatory (population) approaches coincide in the location of the ZEPA. The final ZEPA was located in the coastal marine zone of the municipalities of Tumaco and Francisco Pizarro, with a total area of 2,008 km2. Included important conservation targets for artisanal fisheries such as artisanal fishing grounds, ecosystems (mangroves, beaches and estuaries), areas of occurrence of species (seerfish, snappers, sea bass, piangua, marmoset shrimp) among others. More than 80 % of the fishers agreed that the strategy would help reduce their vulnerability to threats such as climatic phenomena, overfishing, pollution, among others. The contribution to climate change adaptation of the study area’s population is highlighted.

Resumen Introducción: Las colecciones biológicas representan los cimientos para el conocimiento y manejo de la biodiversidad de una región. No obstante, en México, y en particular en el Pacífico central mexicano (PCM), las colecciones regionales enfocadas en equinodermos, son escasas. La colección biológica del Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía (LEMITAX) pertenece al Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México y sirve como referencia de la biodiversidad marina de la región. Objetivo: Dar a conocer la riqueza de equinodermos resguardada en la colección del LEMITAX. Métodos: Los organismos depositados en LEMITAX se han recolectado mediante buceo libre, SCUBA, y arrastres de fondo con dragas biológicas en diversas áreas del Pacífico mexicano. Los especímenes están preservados en húmedo (alcohol al 70 %; Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea y Ophiuroidea) o en seco (Asteroidea y Echinoidea). Resultados: Los especímenes provienen de los estados de Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco y Colima, incluyendo dos áreas naturales protegidas, el Parque Nacional Isla Isabel y el Santuario de las islas e islotes de Bahía de Chamela. La colección dispone de 20 761 ejemplares de equinodermos distribuidos en 75 especies (10 asteroideos, 17 ofiuroideos, 17 equinoideos y 31 holoturoideos). El estado mejor representado es Jalisco (64 especies) seguido de Nayarit (31), Colima (20) y Sinaloa (11). Bahía de Chamela es la mejor representada (60), seguido de Isla Isabel (22). Se aportan 34 registros nuevos, la mayor contribución es para Bahía de Chamela con 14 registros nuevos, seguido del estado de Jalisco (siete), Nayarit (cuatro), Colima (tres) e Isla Isabel (tres). Para el PCM, se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Astropecten ornatissimus, Luidia phragma, Cucumaria crax y Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, lo que actualiza su riqueza de equinodermos a 197 especies. Se amplía el intervalo de distribución batimétrica de Ophiactis simplex, Ophiocomella alexandri y Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, así como el intervalo de distribución geográfica de Cucumaria crax. Conclusiones: Las colecciones biológicas de las universidades contribuyen de manera sustancial al conocimiento de la biodiversidad, como se refleja en la colección LEMITAX, cuya revisión resultó en la actualización de la riqueza de equinodermos de la región.

Abstract Introduction: The biological collections represent the foundation for the knowledge and management of the biodiversity of a region. However, regional collections focused on echinoderms are scarce in Mexico, particularly in the Central Mexican Pacific (CMP). The biological collection of the Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía (LEMITAX) belongs to the Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias of the Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico and it aims to serve as a reference for the region’s marine biodiversity. Objective: To state the richness of echinoderms in the LEMITAX collection. Methods: The organisms deposited at the LEMITAX have been collected by SCUBA, free-diving, and bottom trawls with biological dredges in different areas of the Mexican Pacific. The specimens are wet-preserved (70 % ethanol; Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea) or dried (Asteroidea and Echinoidea). Results: The specimens are from the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima, including two natural protected areas (NPAs), the Isabel Island National Park and the sanctuary of the Islands and Islets of Bahía de Chamela. The collection has 20 761 specimens of echinoderms distributed in 75 species (10 asteroids, 17 ophiuroids, 17 echinoids, and 31 holothuroids). The best-represented state is Jalisco (64 species), followed by Nayarit (31), Colima (20), and Sinaloa (11). Concerning the NPAs, Chamela is the best represented (60), followed by Isabel Island (22). Thirty-four new records are added; the largest contribution is for Chamela, with 14 new records, followed by the state of Jalisco (seven), Nayarit (four), Colima (three), and Isabel Island (three). For the CMP, the presence of Astropecten ornatissimus, Luidia phragma, Cucumaria crax, and Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, is reported for the first time, updating the echinoderm richness to 197 species. The bathymetric distribution range of Ophiactis simplex, Ophiocomella alexandri, and Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae is extended, as well as the geographic range of Cucumaria crax. Conclusions: The biological collections deposited in the universities contribute substantially to the knowledge of biodiversity, as reflected in the LEMITAX collection, whose revision resulted in the updating of the echinoderm richness in the region.

Abstract In the seascape, species migrate between ecosystems to complete their life cycles, and such ontogenetic migrations create functional connections between ecosystems. Nevertheless, the scarcity of information on patch distribution, species life history and ecology limits its application in Marine Protected Areas (MPA) management. We use a potential connectivity network approach to analyze how Haemulon flavolineatum might move through a complex and diverse seascape by simulating part of its life cycle migrations among three ecosystems (reef, mangrove, and seagrass) in the MPA of Bahía Portete-Kaurrele (BPK), Colombia. We used available ecosystem cover maps to conduct habitat fragmentation analyses and evaluate structural connectivity in BPK using eight indices that describe ecosystem patches and how they are related. With published information on the H. flavolineatum home range and its ontogenetic migration distances, we estimated the potential functional connectivity (CONNECT and migration distances) between ecosystems by building bipartite graphs. The benthic habitat configuration of the BPK could allow Haemulon flavolineatum to complete at least two stages of its life cycle (stage 5 mangroves to reefs being more likely than stage 4 seagrass to mangroves). Ontogenetic migrations is possible since, patches of different ecosystems were highly intermixed (76%) rather than grouped (58%); reefs showed higher values of structural indices (patch area, largest patch, shape complexity, functional links) than mangrove (shortest distance to the nearest neighbor) and sea-grass (representativeness); and juveniles migrate from mangroves to reef patches along the bay, but they could be isolated by distance when moving from particular seagrass to mangrove patches. Our methodological approach, which integrates ecological information (evidence-based ranges of species migration distances between habitat patches) and the seascape (spatial configuration of habitat patches and fragmentation) is novel for a marine fish species with ontogenetic migration to search for the likelihood of completing its life cycle stages. We discuss the need for ecological information on French grunts and the need to validate future models and scenarios.

ABSTRACT: The distribution of huillín (Lontra provocax) and chungungo (Lontra felina) in the marine environment of Aysén and Magallanes during 1977-82 and 2001-22 is analyzed. 85.3% of the huillín sightings were solitary individuals and 13.6% were females with 1-3 offsprings. 90% of the chungungo sightings were solitary animals and 10% were females with 1-2 young. The huillín has a continuous distribution in fjords and southern channels, with a marine population probably greater than the continental one. The chungungo uses the ocean coast from the Guaitecas Islands to Cape Horn. Both species were found sympatrically on the Hermanas, Velasco, Mornington, Beauclerck and Contreras islands. The Protected Areas in Chile are mostly terrestrial, and its importance for otter protection and its habitat is discussed. By their definition the Multiple Use Marine Protected Areas include productive activities, without certainty about their efficiency in protecting huillín/chungungo. The "Francisco Coloane" Marine Park, of only 1,506 hectares, represents the only sector in which the huillín has absolute protection, and the "Kawésqar" National Reserve, which covers the maritime territory around the "Kawésqar" National Park, brings together 82% of the salmon farming concessions in Magallanes, so its importance for the protection of huillín/chungungo is questionable. Various activities and projects under development in the Aysén/Magallanes region are exempt from submission to the Environmental Impact Study System. Thestudy of 1,563 projects related to marine and freshwater habitats, mentioned the huillín in only 5.4% and chungungo in 12.6% of the cases. 0.94% mentioned adverse effects, none of them on the huillín/chungungo, without mitigation, protection and/ or conservation measures for these species. It is concluded that the situation of the huillín/chungungo in Southern Patagonia requires a thorough review of protection measures, with the establishment of protected areas and biological corridors between sectors and continental populations.

RESUMEN: Se analiza la distribución del huillín (Lontra provocax) y chungungo (Lontrafelina) en el ambiente marino de Aysén y Magallanes para los períodos 1977-82 y 2001-22. El 85,3% de los huillínes fueron individuos solitarios y 13,6% fueron hembras con crías. El 90% de los avistamientos de chungungos fueron solitarios y 10% hembras con crías. El huillín presenta una distribución continua en fiordos y canales australes, con una población marina probablemente mayor a la continental. El chungungo utiliza el litoral oceánico desde las islas Guaitecas al Cabo de Hornos. Ambas especies fueron encontradas en forma simpátrica en las islas Hermanas, Velasco, Mornington, Beauclerck y Contreras. Las Áreas Protegidas del Estado de Chile son en su mayoría terrestres, y se discute su importancia para la protección de la nutria y su hábitat. Las Áreas Marinas Protegidas de Usos Múltiples incluyen por definición actividades productivas, sin certeza sobre su eficiencia en la protección del huillín/chungungo. El Parque Marino "Francisco Coloane", de sólo 1.506 hectáreas, representa el único sector en el que el huillín tiene protección absoluta, y la Reserva Nacional "Kawésqar", que cubre el territorio marítimo alrededor del Parque Nacional "Kawésqar", reúne el 82% de las concesiones de cultivo de salmón en la región, por lo que su importancia para la protección del huillín/chungungo es cuestionable. Diversas actividades y proyectos productivos en desarrollo están exentos del sometimiento al Sistema de Estudio de Impacto Ambiental. De 1.563 proyectos estudiados sólo 5,4% mencionó al huillín y 12,6% al chungungo. Sólo 0,94% mencionó efectos adversos, ninguno sobre huillín/chungungo, sin medidas de mitigación, protección y/o conservación para estas especies. Se concluye que la situación del huillín/chungungo en la Patagonia sur requiere de revisión profunda sobre medidas de protección, con establecimiento de áreas protegidas y corredores biológicos entre sectores y las poblaciones continentales.

ABSTRACT Promoting inclusive and effective governance in regional estuaries offers an encompassing challenge within the scope of Policy analysis and its interactions within socioecological research. The integrated approach for both theoretical elements has not easily been improved, despite the increase in analytical frameworks in this theme. The Paranaguá Bay Zone (PBZ) in the state of Paraná, Brazil, is composed of a few cities, several large, protected areas, and traditional communities. On the one hand, the intensification of real estate pressures in a low demographic region is creating a wave of value conversion regarding the trends of the coastal gentrification phenomenon, notwithstanding the lower degree of intensity when compared to other Brazilian estuaries. On the other hand, it shows a lack of political representation and institutional action at the subnational level. This asymmetrical process is strongly related to historical land development and the controversial process of implementing protected areas and zoning tools. Promoting the economic rise of the territory has affected traditional communities and conservation management, requiring permanent improvement in the ability for community mobilization and juridical vigilance in the face of impacts related to such pressure. In the meantime, scholars have considered knowledge building, which brings up assessment issues on how the decision-making process has been operated and what gaps and asymmetries can be revealed for further resilience analyses. This study is an effort to approach the performance of participative governance of the estuary and is restricted to a preliminary assessment of the participative management committees designed by legislation under area-based attributions. This study is not aimed at exploring the belief systems of different social groups/stakeholders. Results have a great emphasis on methodological building and testing, which revealed the importance of imposing an inventory and hierarchy model on the multiple committees of governance and their sectorization across adjacent areas. Results also underline variables of interest and pilot indicators in the subject under analysis. Preliminary results point to the need for overcoming methodological challenges, and findings that are useful as first evidence in the comprehension of the low performance by different committees, which often operate without any regular, systematic, integrated, transparent, legitimate, and permanent agenda of Policy activities for the PBZ fisheries territory. Qualitative data and institutional memoirs should be available and categorized in government programs, whereas research efforts that look to better recognize the idiosyncrasies of community realities under the pressures of non-transparent economic drivers are much needed. improved theme (PBZ Paraná Brazil cities large hand phenomenon level tools pressure meantime decisionmaking decision making analyses areabased area based attributions groupsstakeholders groups stakeholders groups/stakeholders testing challenges regular systematic transparent legitimate programs nontransparent non needed

ABSTRACT Mansonia Blanchard mosquitoes are aggressive and opportunistic, making it difficult for habitation in certain areas. However, there is no data regarding their rearing in laboratory in Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different diet composition on the development of Mansonia humeralis immatures. The plant Pistia stratiotes was used as a substrate for larval attachment, and fish food (Tetra Marine® Flakes) and baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in various combinations were used as feed. Eggs and larvae were obtained from mosquitoes collected in the field using protected human catches, and the experiments were conducted in the laboratory (25-27°C and 70-80% relative humidity) with 200 larvae per container (n=15). Mortality rate, larval development time, pupation rate, emergence rate, and the number of eggs and larvae were recorded. Overall, a high mortality rate (0.5 – 0.7) was observed in the first 12 days of the experiment in all diets, up to 50% of adults emerged from the remaining larvae with a male to female ratio of 1.1 to 1.3. The use of yeast in combination with fish food resulted in lower mortality rate (0.52), a shorter larval development time (34 days), a higher pupation rate (0.21) and number of eggs (21 eggs) compared to the other diets. However, fertility was very low (1%) regardless of the diet used. The use of yeast is recommended as part of the diet offered to this mosquito species under the laboratory conditions used in our study. opportunistic areas However Brazil Therefore immatures attachment Tetra Marine Flakes bakers baker s Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed catches 2527°C 2527C C 25 27°C 27 7080% 7080 70 80% 80 70-80 humidity 20 n=15. n15 n n=15 . 15 (n=15) recorded Overall 0.5 05 0 5 (0. 0.7 07 7 1 diets 50 11 1. 13 3 1.3 0.52, 052 0.52 , 52 (0.52) 34 (3 days, days) 0.21 021 21 (0.21 (2 1% (1% 2527 2 27C 708 8 70-8 n1 n=1 (n=15 0. (0 (0.52 ( 0.2 02 (0.2 (1 252 70- n= (n=1 (n= (n

Abstract Functional diversity (FD) is one of the aspects of biodiversity that can best represent eventual changes in the environment. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can be used to minimize the potential impacts of fishing on fish stocks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the MPA network in the Abrolhos Bank (Brazil) in relation to the FD of fish fauna. Underwater visual censuses were carried out in no-take, partially protected and unprotected zones. We used FD metrics to assess the MPA network in terms of FD in each zone. The functional hypervolume of the target fish species was calculated. From fishers’ information, we determined the Use Value of the main target species and proposed a Fisheries Functional Vulnerability Index (FFVI), which can indicate management priorities for the species at a local level. The results showed that MPAs maintained higher FD, especially in no-take areas. Two no-take sites showed significant functional divergence values, while one no-take site and one partially protected site showed greater functional richness than unprotected sites. A total of 23 target species accounted for 56% of the functional hypervolume. The FFVI indicated the most vulnerable species. The results indicate that functional metrics may be more informative for assessing the impact of fisheries. In addition, the findings reinforce the need to incorporate the local knowledge of resource users, as recommended by international institutions. (FD environment (MPAs stocks Brazil (Brazil fauna notake, notake no take, take zones zone calculated fishers information FFVI, , (FFVI) level areas values 2 56 fisheries addition users institutions (FFVI 5

Abstract This article provides the first records of courtship behavior and a mating event of free-ranging whitespotted eagle rays ( Aetobatus narinari ) in Brazilian waters. These observations shed light on utilizing the marine no-take zone surrounding the Anchieta Island State Park as a mating site in the South Atlantic region. Sightings of the species in shallower areas notably increased throughout summer months (from January to March, 2023 and from January to February, 2024), which aligns with its known reproductive period. Specifically, the mating event occurred in March 2023, followed by observations of courtship behavior in January 2024. While the population dynamics and impact of fisheries remain poorly understood, the species is frequently captured by traditional fishing fleets and traded locally. This reiterates the importance of the local Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and underlines the urgency for their expansion, alongside the need for further studies that support specific management actions. freeranging free ranging waters notake no take region 202 February 2024, 2024 , 2024) period Specifically understood locally MPAs (MPAs expansion actions 20 2

Abstract Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Brazil, like the “Refúgio de Vida Silvestre do Arquipélago de Alcatrazes”(REVIS de Alcatrazes), contain great species diversity. For conservation purposes, investing in local monitoring and surveillance is necessary. In this sense, Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) has been used to collect acoustic data from marine environments. Therefore, this study assessed the frequency of vessels in the mentioned MPA in 2019 using PAM. Audio records collected by a hydrophone anchored at Saco do Funil (24°05’S; 45°41’O), located around 500 m from the main island of the archipelago, were used. Each audio file underwent a visual inspection of the spectrograms to detect the acoustic signals. The noise related to vessels transit was identified in 10% of the analyzed files, of which approximately 46% of the occurrences did not correspond to visits by the MPA management office. The area was most frequented from 6 am to 2 pm. The occurrence of non-official and unauthorized vessels was mostly concentrated from 3 am to 6 am and at 0 am. The study also underscored the biological significance of the MPA, revealing this area potential to be regularly visited by baleen whales in July and toothed whales throughout the analyzed months. So far, this is the only known surveillance investigation that used the PAM in MPAs along the Brazilian coast. Improvement and expansion of this technique use may lead using acoustics as an important auxiliary tool in monitoring MPAs on the Brazilian coast. (MPAs Brazil Refúgio AlcatrazesREVIS Alcatrazes REVIS Alcatrazes, , Alcatrazes) diversity purposes necessary sense (PAM environments Therefore 201 24°05S 2405S S 24°05 24 05 (24°05’S 45°41O, 4541O O 45°41 45 41 45°41’O) 50 archipelago signals 10 files 46 office pm nonofficial non official months far coast 20 05S 2405 24°0 41O 45°41O 4541 45°4 4 45°41’O 5 1 240 24° 454 45°

Abstract The rapid global loss of biodiversity has promoted initiatives to develop a global network of Protected Areas (PAs), with the Aichi targets suggesting that countries protect at least 17% of continental areas and 10% of marine and coastal areas. For Brazil, there is a knowledge gap regarding the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative objectives through practical indicators of goal achievement and effective management. This study holistically addresses the conservation status of Brazil concerning Aichi Target 11 for marine and coastal ecosystems, using systematic literature review and marine spatial coverage analysis. The results show an increase to 26% of marine spatial coverage, with greater coverage by Environmental Protection Areas. There is a predominance of studies on "Management Effectiveness," with less focus on equitable management and integration between terrestrial and marine landscapes. Indicators primarily focus on "Ecological" and "Governance" dimensions, neglecting "Social" and "Economic" dimensions. Key challenges include the need for increased financial investment, connectivity between protected areas with different social and ecological contexts, and local community involvement in equitable management. Additionally, there is a need for increased coverage of integral protection areas and standardization of qualitative assessments. PAs, PAs , (PAs) 17 10 1 ecosystems analysis 26 Management Effectiveness, Effectiveness landscapes Ecological "Ecological Governance "Governance dimensions Social "Social Economic "Economic investment contexts Additionally assessments (PAs 2

Resumo A rápida perda global de biodiversidade promoveu iniciativas para desenvolver uma rede global de Áreas Protegidas (APs), com as metas de Aichi sugerindo que os países protejam pelo menos 17% das áreas continentais e 10% das áreas marinhas e costeiras. Para o Brasil, há uma lacuna de conhecimento sobre a avaliação dos objetivos quali-quantitativos por meio de indicadores práticos de atingimento de metas e gestão eficaz. Este estudo aborda holisticamente a situação da conservação do Brasil em relação à Meta 11 de Aichi para ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros, usando revisão sistemática de literatura e análise de cobertura espacial marinha. Os resultados mostram um aumento para 26% de cobertura espacial marinha, com maior cobertura por Áreas de Proteção Ambiental. Destaca-se predomínio de estudos sobre "Eficácia de Gestão", com menos foco na gestão equitativa e integração entre paisagens terrestres e marinhas. Os indicadores concentram-se principalmente nas dimensões "Ecológica" e de "Governança", negligenciando as dimensões "Sociais" e "Econômicas". Os principais desafios incluem a necessidade de mais investimento financeiro, formar uma rede conectada entre áreas protegidas em diferentes contextos sociais e ecológicos, e envolvimento da comunidade local na gestão equitativa. Além de aumento de áreas de proteção integral e a padronização das avaliações qualitativas. APs, APs , (APs) 17 10 costeiras qualiquantitativos quali quantitativos eficaz 1 costeiros marinha 26 Ambiental Destacase Destaca se Eficácia Gestão, Gestão Gestão" concentramse concentram Ecológica "Ecológica Governança, Governança "Governança" Sociais "Sociais Econômicas. Econômicas . "Econômicas" financeiro ecológicos qualitativas (APs 2 "Governança "Econômicas

Resumen La rápida pérdida global de biodiversidad ha promovido iniciativas para desarrollar una red global de Áreas Protegidas (AP), y las metas de Aichi sugieren que los países protejan al menos el 17% de las áreas continentales y el 10% de las áreas marinas y costeras. Para Brasil, existe un vacío de conocimiento sobre la evaluación de objetivos cualitativos y cuantitativos a través de indicadores prácticos de logro de metas y gestión efectiva. Este estudio aborda de manera integral el estado de conservación de Brasil en relación con la Meta 11 de Aichi para los ecosistemas marinos y costeros, utilizando una revisión sistemática de la literatura y un análisis de la cobertura espacial marina. Los resultados muestran un aumento al 26% de la cobertura espacial marina, con mayor cobertura por Áreas de Protección Ambiental. Destaca el predominio de estudios sobre “Efectividad de la Gestión”, con menos foco en la gestión equitativa y la integración entre paisajes terrestres y marinos. Los indicadores se centran principalmente en las dimensiones "Ecológica" y "Gobernanza", dejando de lado las dimensiones "Social" y "Económica". Los desafíos clave incluyen la necesidad de una mayor inversión financiera, la formación de una red conectada entre áreas protegidas en diferentes contextos sociales y ecológicos y la participación de las comunidades locales en una gestión equitativa. Además de incrementar las áreas de protección integral y estandarizar las evaluaciones cualitativas. AP, AP , (AP) 17 10 costeras efectiva 1 costeros marina 26 Ambiental Efectividad Gestión, Gestión Gestión” Ecológica "Ecológica Gobernanza, Gobernanza "Gobernanza" Social "Social Económica. Económica . "Económica" financiera cualitativas (AP 2 "Gobernanza "Económica

Abstract Introduction: Until today, the fishing effort by foreign fleets in the Costa Rican Pacific has not been analyzed. Objective: To determine the spatial distribution of the fishing effort of those fleets, variables that shape that distribution, and if they interact with management figures and highly fragile ecosystems. Methods: Using fishing effort data from 2012 to 2020, obtained from Global Fishing Watch, an Index of Fishing Effort (IEP) was calculated to apply geospatial and multivariate statistics, as well as multiple regression models. A grid with 55 905 cells of 0.10 degrees was used to apply Hot Spot Analysis, and another grid with 24 176 cell-year-month analysis units of 0.25 degrees was used to apply a Linear Regression Model. Results: The data reveals the fishing activity of international fleets associated with four types of fishing gear, and a wide coverage of a high IEP by two fleets throughout the nine years analyzed. The IEP is primarily associated with location and varies by month and year. There is also relative evidence that its influenced by the concentration of oxygen and nitrates. Conclusions: International fleets come into direct conflict with officially defined zones for national fleets and disrespect protected oceanic areas and a declared non-fishing zone to protect marine resources in the Costa Rican Pacific. Their activities in the Dome may affect a national yellowfin tuna fishery.

Given a growing global population and shift to embrace the blue economy, a need for marine spatial planning (MSP) has emerged in South Africa to sustainably resolve the rising conflicts over the use of marine and seabed resources and services. A well-developed marine spatial plan yields numerous ecological, social and economic benefits. These are achieved through mediating between spatially conflicting economic drivers' interests (e.g. commercial fishing, tourism, mining), preventing their activities from compromising thresholds of an environment's sustainability. Within the MSP framework, high-resolution geospatial datasets are required to document and describe the seabed in the highest possible detail. At any scale, integrated analysis of seabed geomorphology and habitats is anticipated to greatly improve the understanding of ecosystem functioning from a multidisciplinary perspective, whilst improving MSP procedures and management of marine space. South Africa is the first of few African countries to have an approved and implemented MSP framework, but is still somewhat behind globally in implementing large-scale regional hydroacoustic surveys to cover the country's vast offshore territory. The deficiency of hydroacoustic surveys is perhaps due to a relative lack of funds and poor communication about the value of multibeam echo-sounder (MBES) derived data, whilst marine geoscience remains a scarce skill in the country. This review paper presents a geological perspective of MSP and explores (1) the value that seabed mapping offers MSP specifically and (2) the need to increase seabed mapping with MBES, using a recently initiated project from the South African east coast as a case study. SIGNIFICANCE: The collected MBES data (our case study) provides unprecedented seabed detail of the complex reef habitat and adjacent areas within specific management zones of the uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area. We reveal seabed features and their spatial distribution at a scale not possible using earlier (singlebeam) seabed mapping techniques. These high-resolution data will enable a better understanding of east coast marine habitats whilst contributing to improved spatial management of areas within and around the uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area.

RESUMO A piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii é um bagre de água doce que representa o recurso pesqueiro mais abundante no estuário amazônico. O arrasto da piramutaba é feito em escala industrial, caracterizado pela presença de muitas espécies de água doce e marinha capturadas de forma incidental, com e sem valor comercial. Aqui descrevemos a captura incidental da pesca industrial de piramutaba no estuário amazônico e avaliamos a relação de dois fatores ambientais, profundidade e salinidade, com a captura incidental de espécies de água doce e marinhas nas estações chuvosa e seca. Identificamos 21 espécies de peixes cartilaginosos (19,1% de água doce e 80,9% marinhos) e 125 espécies de peixes ósseos (25,6% de água doce e 74,4% marinhos). A captura incidental incluiu 64 espécies sem valor comercial (43% de todas as espécies capturadas) que sempre são descartadas. Os peixes de água doce e estuarinos exibiram abundâncias significativamente maiores em ambientes mais rasos, enquanto os peixes marinhos foram igualmente abundantes ao longo de todo o gradiente de profundidade. Inversamente, a abundância de peixes de água doce diminuiu significativamente, e a de peixes estuarinos e marinhos aumentou significativamente em salinidades maiores. Em relação ao estado de conservação das espécies capturadas, uma é reconhecida como vulnerável (VU) e sete como criticamente ameaçadas (CR). As informações sobre a captura incidental da pesca da piramutaba no estuário amazônico são fundaentais para subsidiar políticas pesqueiras regionais e gestão de áreas protegidas. ambientais salinidade seca 2 19,1% 191 19 1 (19,1 809 80 9 80,9 12 25,6% 256 25 6 (25,6 744 74 4 74,4 marinhos. . 43% 43 (43 descartadas rasos Inversamente VU (VU CR. CR (CR) protegidas 19,1 (19, 8 80, 25,6 (25, 7 74, (4 (CR 19, (19 25, (25 ( (1 (2

ABSTRACT The piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii is a freshwater catfish that is the most abundant fishery resource in the Amazon estuary. Piramutaba trawling is done on industrial fishing scale and is characterized by the presence of many freshwater and marine bycatch species, with and without commercial value. Here we describe the bycatch of the industrial fishery of piramutaba in the Amazon estuary and evaluate the relationship of two important environmental factors, depth and salinity, with the accidental capture of freshwater and marine fishes in the Amazon estuary in the rainy and dry seasons. We identified 21 cartilaginous fish species (19.1% freshwater and 80.9% marine) and 125 bony fish species (25.6% freshwater and 74.4% marine). The bycatch included 64 species without commercial value (43% of all bycatch species), which are always discarded. Freshwater and estuarine fishes exhibited significantly higher abundances in shallower environments, while marine fishes were similarly abundant along the entire depth gradient. On the contrary, the abundance of freshwater fishes significantly decreased, and that of estuarine and marine fishes significantly increased with increasing salinity. Regarding the conservation status of the bycatch species, one is classified as vulnerable (VU), and seven as critically endangered (CR). The information on the bycatch of piramutaba fishery in the Amazon estuary is important to subsidize regional fisheries policies and the management of protected areas. factors salinity seasons 2 19.1% 191 19 1 (19.1 809 80 9 80.9 12 25.6% 256 25 6 (25.6 744 74 4 74.4 marine. . 43% 43 (43 , species) discarded environments gradient contrary decreased VU, VU (VU) CR. CR (CR) areas 19.1 (19. 8 80. 25.6 (25. 7 74. (4 (VU (CR 19. (19 25. (25 ( (1 (2

Resumen Se evaluó el estado de los recursos hidrobiológicos (RHB) de tres Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMPs) del Pacífico de Colombia: Parque Nacional Natural (PNN) Utría, PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga y PNN Sanquianga. Para el análisis se utilizaron cuatro indicadores pesqueros: 1) Abundancia relativa dada como el desembarco por unidad de esfuerzo (DPUE); 2) Esfuerzo (h); 3) Talla (cm); y 4) Porcentaje de individuos capturados por debajo de la talla media de madurez sexual (TMM). Los indicadores de DPUE y esfuerzo, obtuvieron calificaciones bajas de acuerdo con las categorías construidas por Herrera (2020), a excepción del PNN Utría. Con respecto a los indicadores “tallas” y “porcentaje de individuos capturados por debajo de la TMM”, estos presentaron calificaciones bajas, y están estrechamente relacionados con las reducidas tallas de captura en las áreas. Dadas las evidencias de que los recursos en las AMPs están en una condición que no es sostenible (PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga y PNN Sanquianga), es necesario avanzar en el establecimiento de medidas de manejo (tallas mínimas de captura, vedas temporales y espaciales, control de selectividad de artes de pesca), que resulten en la reducción del esfuerzo por pesca y el aumento de capturas por encima de la TMM de las especies.

Abstract The state of the hydrobiological resources (HBR) of three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of the Colombian Pacific was evaluated: Utría National Natural Park (NNP), Uramba Bahía Málaga NNP and Sanquianga NNP. Four fishery indicators were used for the analysis: 1) relative abundance given as landing per Unit Effort (LPUE); 2) effort (h); 3) size (cm); and 4) percentage of individuals captured below the average size at sexual maturity (ASM). The LPUE and effort indicators obtained low ratings in the MPAs according the categories constructed in Herrera (2020), with the exception of PNN Utría. Regarding the indicators "sizes" and "percentage of individuals captured below the ASM, these presented low scores, and are closely related to the reduced sizes of capture in the areas. Given the evidence that the resources in the MPAs are in a condition that is not sustainable (PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga and PNN Sanquianga), it is necessary to advance in the establishment of management measures (minimum catch sizes, time and space closures, selectivity control of fishing gear), which result in the reduction of fishing effort and the increase of catches above the TMM of the species.

Resumen La implementación de la adaptación basada en ecosistemas (AbE) y el carbono azul (CA) favorece la gestión del cambio climático; el gran Caribe tiene alto potencial para desarrollar ambas medidas, sin embargo, existe una contextualización limitada sobre el respaldo que brindan los países para su ejecución. Bajo ese enfoque se analiza la inclusión de las medidas AbE y CA en la normatividad e instituciones como mecanismo para la gestión del cambio climático en el gran Caribe. Para esto, se realizó una revisión documental cualitativa (n = 77), donde el 25 % de los registros abordan la normatividad e instituciones que respaldan la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático, el 35 % presentan impactos de normatividad en la ejecución de AbE y CA, y el 40 % de los textos relacionan las áreas marinas protegidas como instrumentos de política propicios para la gestión de ambas medidas. AbE y CA necesitan normativas específicas de respaldo, la aplicación de AbE en manglares y pastos marinos es limitada, y el CA es incipiente. Existen dificultades de acceso a la financiación, se precisa el fortalecimiento de la gobernanza, el mejoramiento en la participación de las partes interesadas y la capacidad de las instituciones. Ideas destacadas: artículo de revisión que aborda los avances en la gestión e implementación de la adaptación basada en ecosistemas y el carbono azul en el gran Caribe como medidas para hacer frente al cambio climático, relacionados con la normatividad e instituciones que respaldan la adaptación y la mitigación de este.

Abstract The implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation (EDA) and blue carbon (BC) favors climate change management; the Greater Caribbean has great potential to develop both measures, however, there is limited contextualization on the support provided by the countries for their implementation. Under this approach, the article analyzes the inclusion of EbA and BC measures in regulations and institutions as a mechanism for climate change management in the Greater Caribbean. For this purpose, it conducts a qualitative documentary review (n = 77) in which 25 % of the records address the regulations and institutions that support climate change adaptation and mitigation, 35 % present regulatory impacts in the execution of EbA and BC, and 40 % of the texts relate the marine protected areas as propitious policy instruments for the management of both measures. The records show that EbA and BC need specific support regulations, the application of EbA in mangroves and seagrasses is limited, and the BC is incipient. There are difficulties to access funding and a need to strengthen governance and improve stakeholder participation and institutional capacity. Highlights: review article that addresses advances in the management and implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation and blue carbon in the Greater Caribbean as policies to face climate change, related to regulations and institutions that support adaptation and its mitigation.

Resumo A implementação da adaptação baseada em ecossistemas (AbE) e carbono azul (AC) favorece a gestão das mudanças climáticas; o grande Caribe tem alto potencial para desenvolver ambas as medidas, no entanto, há uma contextualização limitada sobre o apoio dos países para sua execução. Sob essa abordagem, analisa-se a inclusão de medidas de AbE e AC em regulamentações e instituições como mecanismo para a gestão das mudanças climáticas no grande Caribe. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão documental qualitativa (n = 77), onde 25 % dos registros abordam as regulamentações e instituições que apoiam a adaptação e mitigação das mudanças climáticas, 35 % apresentam impactos regulatórios na execução de AbE e AC, e 40 % dos textos relacionam as áreas marinhas protegidas como instrumentos políticos propícios para a gestão de ambas as medidas. A AbE e a AC precisam de regulamentos de apoio específicos, a aplicação da AbE em manguezais e ervas marinhas é limitada e a AC é incipiente. Há dificuldades no acesso ao financiamento, o fortalecimento da governança, a melhoria na participação dos atores e a capacidade das instituições são necessárias. Ideias destacadas: artigo de revisão que aborda os avanços na gestão e implementação da adaptação baseada em ecossistemas e carbono azul no grande Caribe como medidas para enfrentar as mudanças climáticas, relacionadas a regulamentações e instituições que apoiam a adaptação e mitigação das mesmas.