Abstract Background: Nostocales is a widely distributed, monophyletic order of cyanobacteria, whose species are mainly characterized by the presence of specialized structures such as heterocytes and akinetes. Despite being the most diverse group in marine environments, little is known about coastal species in Mexico. Particularly in Veracruz, only 17 species have been recorded, without photographic, morphological references, or ecological data; these records are only mentioned in floristic lists. Questions and / or Hypotheses: The present study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the diversity of benthic marine Nostocales species in Veracruz, Mexico, as well as to provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of the species found, which can serve as a reference in subsequent studies. Study site and dates: Collect of cyanobacterial growths were made in three locations throughout Veracruz in 2020. Methods: The organisms were isolated from the field material. With the use of specialized taxonomic keys, they were morphologically identified, described and photographed. Results: A total of 20 Nostocales species were obtained, of which 17 were additions to the phycoflora of Veracruz, constituting an increase of 55 %. Taxonomic notes are added highlighting their differences with the literature. One of the species was identified as cf. and seven as sp., because their characteristics fully coincided with the generic morphology, but did not completely concur with the literature. Conclusions: These suggest that several records could correspond to new taxon not yet described that must be confirmed with different molecular markers.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Nostocales es un orden monofilético de cianobacterias, ampliamente distribuido, cuyas especies se caracterizan principalmente por la presencia de estructuras especializadas como heterocitos y acinetos. A pesar de ser el grupo más diverso en ambientes marinos, en México se conoce poco sobre las especies litorales. Particularmente en Veracruz solo se han registrado 17 especies, sin referencias fotográficas, morfológicas, ni datos ecológicos; estos registros solo se mencionan en listas florísticas. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de la diversidad de especies Nostocales marinos bentónicos en Veracruz, México, así como brindar descripciones e ilustraciones detalladas de las especies encontradas, que puedan servir como referencia en estudios posteriores. Sitio y años de estudio: Se realizaron recolectas de crecimientos de cianobacterias en tres localidades de Veracruz en 2020. Métodos: A partir del material de campo se aislaron los organismos. Con el uso de claves taxonómicas especializadas se identificaron morfológicamente, describieron y fotografiaron. Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 20 especies de Nostocales, de las cuales 17 fueron adiciones a la ficoflora de Veracruz, constituyendo un incremento del 55 %. Se agregan notas taxonómicas destacando las diferencias de estas con la literatura. Una de las especies fue identificada como cf. y siete como sp., debido a que sus características coincidían plenamente con la morfología genérica, pero no lo hacían completamente con la literatura. Conclusiones: Estos sugieren que varios registros podrían corresponder a nuevo taxón aún no descrita que deben ser confirmados con diferentes marcadores moleculares.

ABSTRACT Functional traits, short life cycles, and the pivotal role in the ocean make copepod diversity a solid foundation for assessing the effect of global changes in marine food webs and ecosystem functioning. Climate change and extreme events, particularly El Niño, can affect coastal ecosystems. The Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve (MPA), located in highly productive coastal waters of the Southern Brazilian Bight, presents complex climate and oceanographic conditions. This study investigates the influence of oceanographic processes and El Niño 2015-2016 on the copepod functional diversity from 2014 to 2016 in the Arvoredo MPA. Horizontal tows were performed using a WP2 net with a mesh size of 200 µm. The 41 species accounted for 19 functional entities and four functional groups. Our findings reveal that the seasonal intrusion of water masses influenced copepod functional diversity. During summer, the upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water increased nutrient availability and favored large herbivore-omnivores and carnivores. The Plata Plume Water enrichment during winter coincided with a decline in functional richness and abundance, leading to the predominance of the Oithona nana, a small-sized omnivore. Compensatory mechanisms were observed as functional equivalence and species composition shifts. Acartia lilljeborgii and Temora turbinata exhibited functional equivalence and compensated for each other in response to salinity changes associated with upwelling and El Niño. The copepod assemblage demonstrated the ability to maintain functional diversity despite changes in copepod abundance. However, the decline in functional diversity and abundance during the intense winter indicated potential disruption in trophic dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Maintaining balance and compensating for disturbances such as El Niño is crucial for marine food web resilience. The functional trait approach provided a comprehensive understanding of the copepod assemblage in Arvoredo MPA, contributing to a broader knowledge of the impact of oceanographic processes intensification. Monitoring functional diversity and abundance is crucial for evaluating the effects of copepod assemblage changes in ecosystem functionings. traits cycles functioning events ecosystems MPA , (MPA) Bight conditions 20152016 2015 2015-201 201 WP 20 µm 4 1 groups summer herbivoreomnivores herbivore omnivores carnivores nana smallsized small sized omnivore shifts However resilience intensification functionings (MPA 2015201 2015-20 2 201520 2015-2 20152 2015-

Abstract The Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is characterized by complex oceanographic dynamics that affect the regional sea surface temperature (SST), a key parameter driving marine ecosystems. To date no comparative studies have been conducted on the spatial and temporal variations of SST among the several marine protected areas in the ETP. The present study used remote sensing to evaluate the monthly, annual, and decadal variations in SST from 1982 to 2019 in Coiba National Park (Coiba), Cocos Island National Park (Cocos), Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary (Malpelo), Gorgona Island National Park (Gorgona), Galápagos Marine Reserve (Galápagos) and La Plata Island (La Plata). An overall increasing trend in SST was observed across all study sites, except for West Galápagos. A decrease in SST anomaly was observed from February through April at Malpelo, Coiba, Gorgona and La Plata. These observations are likely in response to the Humboldt Current and upwelling events in the Colombian Pacific Basin. Using a longer SST dataset is recommended to determine if the annual, monthly and decadal trends observed here are driven by local, regional or global processes. Consistent monitoring of SST trends is a strategic practice in understanding and planning for current and projected changes in the marine environment.

Resumen El Pacífico Oriental Tropical (POT) se caracteriza por presentar una dinámica oceanográfica compleja que afecta la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM), un parámetro clave que influye los ecosistemas marinos. Hasta la fecha no se han realizado estudios comparativos de las variaciones espaciotemporales de la TSM entre las distintas áreas marinas protegidas en el POT. Esta investigación utilizó sensores remotos para evaluar las variaciones mensuales, anuales y decadales de la TSM desde 1982 a 2019 en el Parque Nacional Coiba (Coiba), Parque Nacional Isla del Coco (Coco), Santuario de Fauna y Flora Isla Malpelo (Malpelo), Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona (Gorgona), Reserva Marina de Galápagos (Galápagos) e Isla de La Plata (La Plata). Se observó una tendencia creciente en la TSM en la mayoría de los sitios estudiados, excepto en el oeste de Galápagos. Se registró una disminución en la anomalía de la TSM durante los meses de febrero a abril en Malpelo, Coiba, Gorgona y La Plata. Las diferencias observadas son probablemente en respuesta a la corriente de Humboldt y eventos de afloramiento en la cuenca del Pacífico colombiano. Se recomienda emplear series de tiempo de mayor resolución temporal para determinar si las tendencias anuales, mensuales y decadales observadas en este estudio responden a cambios locales, regionales o globales. El monitoreo constante de las tendencias en la TSM es una práctica estratégica para comprender y planificar los cambios actuales y proyectados en el ambiente marino.

ABSTRACT In the present study, 153 cyanobacteria taxa were compiled, of which 130 taxa are infraspecific and 23 are generic. Regarding the families, 27 families were recorded, among which the families with the highest representativeness were: Merismopediaceae (22 taxa), Oscillatoriaceae (17 taxa), Microcystaceae and Microcoleaceae (both with 13 taxa each). Among the Cyanobacteria taxa compiled from the literature (60 taxa), 63.33% occurred exclusively in continental waters; 8.33% were recorded exclusively in estuaries; and 28.33% occurred both in continental waters and in estuaries. Among the taxa referenced in the herbaria collections, only 1 species is considered exclusively marine-estuarine, the others, all of which come from samples of continental waters. study 15 2 generic 22 (2 taxa, , taxa) 17 (1 each. each . each) 60 (6 6333 63 33 63.33 833 8 8.33 estuaries 2833 28 28.33 collections marineestuarine, marineestuarine marine estuarine, estuarine marine-estuarine others ( 6 633 3 63.3 83 8.3 283 28.3 63. 8. 28.

RESUMO No presente estudo foram compilados 153 taxa de Cyanobacteria, dos quais, 130 taxa são infraespecíficos e 23 são genéricos. Em relação às famílias, foram registradas 27 famílias, dentre as quais, as famílias com maior representatividade são: Merismopediaceae (22 taxa), Oscillatoriaceae (17 taxa), Microcystaceae e Microcoleaceae (ambas com 13 taxa cada). Dentre os taxa de Cyanobacteria compilados da literatura (60 taxa), 63,33% ocorreram exclusivamente em águas continentais; 8,33% foram registradas exclusivamente em estuários; e, 28,33% ocorreram tanto em águas continentais quanto em estuários. Para os táxons referenciados nos acervos dos herbários, somente uma espécie é considerada exclusivamente de marinho-estuarina; as demais, são todas provenientes de amostras de águas continentais. 15 quais 2 genéricos 22 (2 taxa, , taxa) 17 (1 ambas 1 cada. cada . cada) 60 (6 6333 63 33 63,33 833 8 8,33 estuários 2833 28 28,33 herbários marinhoestuarina marinho estuarina marinho-estuarina demais ( 6 633 3 63,3 83 8,3 283 28,3 63, 8, 28,

Abstract Worldwide, plastics industry is one of the most relevant productive sectors for generating employment, satisfying needs, and solving sanitary problems, among others. However, it generates a high negative impact on the environment, which causes health problems for humans, not only in its manufacture (due to the emission of greenhouse gases) but also due to the plastic waste generated for decades. Currently, plastic waste pollutes rivers, slopes, streams, oceans, and other marine and terrestrial ecosystems. In the last 65 years, the increment of plastics outpaced any other manufactured material. An estimated 8.3 billion metric tons (Mt) of virgin plastics have been produced to date. In Ecuador, this situation is not different. Production, consumption, and generation of plastic waste has grown uncontrollably; for this reason, generation and application of regulations that rule the behavior of society is necessary and urgent. In this study, Ecuadorian regulatory framework is analyzed. It is also shown how Ecuadorian regulatory framework supports the transition from a Linear Economy to a Circular Economy in the plastics sector. Circular Economy is a global solution to the great pollution that plastic has generated for decades. In addition, this study shows an analysis of the Ecuadorian progress in the context of sustainability from the generation of Circular Economy policies. A case study was carried out based on the plastics industrial sector, as well as the level of application of the Ecuadorian policies (law and regulation). In conclusion, despite having a regulatory framework on the application of Circular Economy, it is not implemented. At a general level and in the plastic sector, initiatives, projects and alignments are aimed only at promoting recycling and the incorporation of post-consumer recycled materials in the manufacture of single-use products. This practice has fostered a comfort culture preventing society from applying of Circular Economy principles. Ecuadorians must initiate their cultural change not only in the integral management of waste but also applying production and import policies. These policies must be aligned with compliance with the principles of the Circular Economy and sustainable development.

Resumen A nivel mundial el sector industrial del plástico es uno de los sectores productivos más relevantes por generar empleo, satisfacer necesidades, solucionar problemas sanitarios entre otros; sin embargo, también genera un alto impacto negativo al ambiente lo que provoca problemas para el ser humano y las demás especies de flora y fauna, no solo en su fabricación (debido a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero) sino también por los residuos plásticos generados por décadas que hoy en día contaminan ríos, laderas, quebradas, océanos, y otros ecosistemas marinos y terrestres. El crecimiento de la producción de plásticos en los últimos 65 años superó a cualquier otro material fabricado. Se estima que cerca de 8300 millones de toneladas métricas (Mt) de plásticos vírgenes se han producido hasta la actualidad. En Ecuador la realidad no es distinta, la producción, el consumo y la generación de desechos plásticos ha crecido de manera descontrolada, por lo que la generación y aplicación de normativas que regulen el comportamiento de la sociedad es absolutamente necesario y urgente. Por medio de la presente investigación se analizó el marco normativo ecuatoriano y cómo este apoya a la transición de una Economía Lineal hacia una Economía Circular en el sector del plástico, como una solución global a la gran contaminación que ha generado el plástico por décadas. Se realizó, también un análisis de los avances que el Ecuador está teniendo en el contexto de la sostenibilidad a partir de la generación de políticas de Economía Circular tomando como caso de estudio al sector industrial de plásticos, así como el nivel de aplicación de estas. Se concluye que, a pesar de contar con un marco normativo sobre la aplicación de Economía Circular, a nivel general y en el sector plástico las iniciativas, proyectos y lineamientos son encaminadas al fomento del reciclaje y la incorporación de material reciclado posconsumo en la fabricación de los mismos productos de un solo uso, fomentando una cultura de comodidad y alejándose de una aplicación de los principios de Economía Circular. El país que debe iniciar su cambio cultural no solo en la gestión integral de residuos sino las políticas encaminadas a la producción e importación deben alinearse con el cumplimiento de los principios de la Economía Circular y el desarrollo sostenible.

Abstract Diatom assemblages and coastal sedimentary facies succession in the deltaic plain of the Colorado River (Argentina) were studied in order to reconstruct the environment conditions in response to Holocene eustatic sea-level changes and delta progradation. Samples were selected from a 200˗cm core (39°35’52” S, 62°6’43” W). Chronology was based on radiocarbon datings in bulk samples and mollusk shells. Nine lithological units were recognized where fine and very fine sand predominate. The core sediments were dominated by tychoplanktonic coastal-marine diatoms. The accompanying flora included stable marine-coastal taxa and allochthonous fluvial fresh-brackish species. Three diatom zones (DZ) were established based on cluster analyses. The LCH site was significantly affected by Late Pleistocene and Holocene sea˗level fluctuations, and the progradation of the deltaic lobe during the last ca. 7,000 14C yr. BP. Ancient tidal channels were flooded in the early Holocene postglacial transgression. Erosive and re˗working processes associated with the formation of estuarine channels, affected valves preservation, yielding with barren sections. Tidal flats and marshes have developed in the area during the late Holocene regression phase. The comparison of the sedimentary sequence with deltaic facies evolution models, confirm the presence of a hiatus, which masks the Holocene Maximum and highstand. Argentina (Argentina sealevel sea level 200cm cm 200 39°3552 393552 39°35 52 39 35 (39°35’52 S 62°643 62643 62°6 43 62 6 62°6’43 W. W . W) shells predominate coastalmarine marine diatoms marinecoastal freshbrackish fresh brackish species DZ (DZ analyses fluctuations ca 7000 7 000 7,00 C yr BP transgression reworking re working preservation sections phase models hiatus highstand 20 3552 39°355 39355 3935 39°3 5 3 (39°35’5 643 62°64 6264 626 62° 4 62°6’4 700 00 7,0 2 355 393 39° (39°35’ 64 62°6’ 70 0 7, (39°35 (39°3 (39° (39 (3 (

ABSTRACT Detailed microbiostratigraphy and basin evolution of the Lower Cretaceous deposits in the Rayen area, south of Kerman Region, SE Iran are investigated for the first time in two sections. The section no. 1 is 324.6m in thickness and comprises five lithostratigraphic units. The section no. 2 is 218 m in thickness and includes three lithostratigraphic units. The identified fauna and flora include 41 benthic foraminifera and 11 calcareous algae species. The identified assemblage indicates that the marine strata in both sections were deposited during the Barremian to Albian. The microfacies analyses carried out on 22 carbonate and 2 clastic microfacies indicate that the deposits in the section no. 1 were deposited on a homoclinal carbonate ramp, whereas in the section no. 2 they were deposited on a rimmed carbonate shelf. Generally, the Cretaceous deposit in the two studied sections represent different sedimentary models and fossil content indicating different basin evolution histories. The paleogeographic setting of the studied area on the south eastern margin of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent and the active tectonic history during the Mesozoic suggest that the syndepositional tectonism influenced the basement’s morphology and resulted in changes in the fossil diversity and sedimentary nature of adjacent sedimentary basins.

RESUMEN La microbioestratigrafía detallada y la evolución de la cuenca de los depósitos del Cretácico Inferior en el área de Rayen, al sur de la región de Kerman, sureste de Irán, se investigan por primera vez en dos secciones. La sección núm. 1 tiene 324.6 m de espesor y comprende cinco unidades litoestratigráficas. La sección núm. 2 tiene 218 m de espesor e incluye tres unidades litoestratigráficas. La fauna y flora identificada incluye 41 foraminíferos bentónicos y 11 especies de algas calcáreas. El conjunto identificado indica que los estratos marinos en ambas secciones fueron depositados durante el Barremiense al Albiense. Los análisis de microfacies realizados en 22 microfacies carbonatadas y 2 clásticas indican que los depósitos en la sección no. 1 se depositaron en una rampa de carbonato homoclinal, mientras que en la sección no. 2 se depositaron en una plataforma carbonatada con borde. En general, el depósito del Cretácico en las dos secciones estudiadas representan diferentes modelos sedimentarios y contenido fósil que indican diferentes historias de evolución de la cuenca. El marco paleogeográfico del área estudiada en el margen suroriental del microcontinente iraní centro-oriental y la historia tectónica activa durante el Mesozoico sugieren que el tectonismo sindeposicional influyó en la morfología del basamento y resultó en cambios en la diversidad fósil y la naturaleza sedimentaria de sedimentos adyacentes. cuencas.

Abstract This study sought to understand the role of continental influence on ocean productivity along the late Quaternary based on the comparison between continental palynomorphs and paleoproductivity proxies from the marine sediment core SIS188. Retrieved from the slope of the Pelotas Basin at a depth of 1,514 m, the core documents the time interval between 47.8 and 7.4 cal ka BP, including the Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3, 2 and 1. The palynological content found in the core SIS188 indicates a typical flora of the southern Brazil highlands, which is at the same latitude as the core. Thus, continental input sources, such as wind-borne dust and discharges from the Mampituba and Araranguá rivers, would more likely account for the palynological content than the Brazilian Coastal Current (BCC). During the glacial intervals (MIS 3 and MIS 2), paleoproductivity (indicated by the proxies coccolith numbers, N Ratio, and TOC content) suggest the intensification of upwelling and transport of wind dust, the latter of which may have transported pollen grains to the core region. There is a concentration decrease of continental palynomorphs at the end of MIS 2, which is accentuated during MIS 1 when the sea level is higher. Paleoproductivity was high during MIS 1, especially from the Holocene onwards, although the concentration of continental-derived palynomorphs decreases sharply, showing that the rise in sea level interferes with the fertilization of marine waters far from the coast by continental input.

Resumo No Brasil, as pesquisas com produtos naturais tiveram um forte impulso quando a FAPESP apoiou a criação do Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais do Instituto de Química da USP (1966). Em 1999, a FAPESP lançou o Programa de Pesquisa em Caracterização, Conservação, Restauração e Uso Sustentável da Biodiversidade (BIOTA-FAPESP), que intensificou a exploração sustentável da biodiversidade, e que evoluiu para formar a Rede Biota de Bioprospecção e Bioensaios (BIOprospecTA), que integra grupos de todo o país, otimizando o aproveitamento das competências já instaladas para a bioprospecção de microrganismos, plantas, invertebrados, vertebrados e organismos marinhos. Dos 104 projetos relacionados às ciências vegetais, 35 realizaram a bioprospecção da flora brasileira, em diversas áreas como Química, Botânica, Fisiologia e Morfologia Vegetal, (Quimio)taxonomia Vegetal, Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Genética Vegetal, Recursos Florestais, Engenharia Florestal, dentre outros, levando a milhares de publicações, ao engajamento de centenas de estudantes e ao entendimento mais profundo dos produtos naturais em diferentes modelos biológicos por meio da análise de micromoléculas auxiliada por estratégias computacionais e espectrométricas, além de avaliações farmacológicas. O desenvolvimento de abordagens ômicas ampliou a visão sobre perfil químico dos organismos, possibilitou o estudo integrado e concomitante de várias amostras, e a anotação mais rápida de moléculas conhecidas, por meio do uso de técnicas hifenadas, quimiométricas e redes moleculares. Isso também contribuiu para superar a falta de informação sobre a segurança e eficácia dos fitopreparados, em projetos que tratam da padronização de produtos fitoterápicos, de acordo com normas internacionais. O programa BIOTA-FAPESP também tem focado em aspectos ambientais, de acordo com os princípios da Química Verde e teve reflexos positivos na colaboração internacional, no número e no impacto das publicações científicas e na parceria com empresas, etapa crucial para agregar valor e expandir a cadeia produtiva de bioprodutos. Ainda, a compilação, sistematização e compartilhamento de dados foram contemplados com a criação da base de dados NUBBEDB, de livre acesso, e que se integra com bases internacionais (ACD/labs, American Chemical Society – ACS), auxiliando pesquisadores e empresas no desenvolvimento de diferentes áreas da ciência, tecnologia, fortalecendo a bioeconomia e subsidiando políticas públicas.

Abstract In Brazil, research with natural products had a strong impulse when FAPESP supported the creation of the Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products of the Institute of Chemistry of USP (1966). In 1999, FAPESP launched the Research Program in the Characterization, Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity (BIOTA-FAPESP), which intensified the sustainable exploitation of biodiversity, and which evolved to form the Biota Network for Bioprospection and Bioassays (BIOprospecTA), which integrates groups from all over the country, optimizing the use of the skills already installed for the bioprospecting of microorganisms, plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and marine organisms. Of the 104 projects related to plant sciences, 35 carried out bioprospection of Brazilian flora, belonging to the areas of Chemistry, Botany, Genetics, Plant Physiology, Plant Morphology, Plant (Chemo)taxonomy, Ecosystem Ecology, Plant Genetics. Physical Sciences, Forest Resources, Forestry Engineering, Agronomy, leading to thousands of publications, engagement of hundreds of students and a deeper understanding of natural products in different biological models through macromolecules analysis aided by computational and spectrometric strategies, in addition to pharmacological evaluations. The development of omics approaches led to a more comprehensive view of the chemical profile of an organism, and enabled integrated and concomitant studies of several samples, and faster annotation of known molecules, through the use of hyphenated and chemometric techniques, and molecular networking. This also helped to overcome the lack of information on the safety and efficacy of herbal preparations, in projects dealing with the standardization of herbal products, according to international standards. The BIOTA-FAPESP program has also focused on environmental aspects, in accordance with the principles of Green Chemistry and has had positive effects on international collaboration, on the number and impact of scientific publications and on partnership with companies, a crucial step to add value and expand the production chain of bioproducts. Also, the compilation, systematization and sharing of data were contemplated with the creation of the NUBBEDB database, of free access, and that integrates with international databases (ACD/labs, American Chemical Society – ACS), helping researchers and companies in the development from different areas of science, technology, strengthening the bioeconomy and subsidizing public policies.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de generar insumos para el manejo del Santuario de Flora y Fauna Malpelo, la Dirección Territorial Pacífico de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, inició en 2006 un monitoreo de condiciones oceanográficas en el área. En la actualidad este monitoreo cuenta con una malla de muestreo de solo seis estaciones ubicadas a 0,93 km (0,5 millas náuticas) y 1,85 km (1 milla náutica) desde la isla, por lo que es poco eficiente debido a la reducida distancia entre estaciones e insuficiente dada la gran extensión del Santuario. Por lo tanto, se diseñó una malla de muestreo con base en datos de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) tomados in situ, derivados del sensor remoto MODIS-Aqua. Se analizó la estructura de autocorrelación espacial a través de una función de semivarianza. La decisión para elegir la mejor malla de muestreo entre los diferentes tamaños, fue basada en la disimilitud entre estaciones asociada al modelo de semivarianza, en la varianza del error de predicción, en el patrón de corrientes marinas predominante durante el ciclo anual, y en aspectos logísticos relacionados con las limitantes de desplazamiento de las embarcaciones que realizan los monitoreos oceanográficos en el SFF Malpelo. Como resultado de considerar estas variables, se obtuvo una malla de muestreo con estaciones cada 7,41 km (4 millas náuticas) compuesta por ocho estaciones nuevas y las seis de la malla de muestreo histórica.

ABSTRACT In order to generate inputs for the management of the Sanctuary, the Pacific Territorial Directorate of National Natural Parks began in 2006 a monitoring of oceanographic conditions in the area. Currently, this monitoring has a sampling network of only six stations located 0.93 km (0.5 nm) and 1.85 km (1 nm) from the island, so it is not efficient due to the reduced distance between stations, and insufficient given the large extension of the Sanctuary. Therefore, a sampling network was designed based on Sea Surface Temperature (TSM) data taken in situ and derived from the Modis-Aqua remote sensor. The spatial autocorrelation structure was analyzed through a semi-variance function. The decision to choose the best sampling network among the different sizes was based on the dissimilarity between stations associated with the semi-variance model, on the variance of the prediction error, on the predominant pattern of marine currents during the annual cycle, and on aspects logistics related to the movement limitations of the vessels that carry out oceanographic monitoring in the SFF Malpelo. As a result of considering these variables, a sampling network was obtained with stations every 7.41 km (4 nm) , composed of eight new stations and six of the historical sampling network.

RESUMEN Con el propósito de caracterizar el ictioplancton en tres áreas marinas protegidas (Parque Nacional Natural Sanquianga, Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona y Santuario de Fauna y Flora Malpelo) en el Pacífico colombiano durante noviembre de 2009, se realizaron expediciones científicas para obtener 56 muestras mediante el arrastre con redes bongo. Se capturaron 3155/10 m2 larvas de peces distribuidas en 1553 larvas/10 m2 (49,22 %) para el PNN Sanquianga; 1411 larvas/10 m2 (44,72 %) para el PNN Gorgona y 191 larvas/10 m2 (6,05 %) para el SFF Malpelo. Las principales familias fueron Engraulidae (PNN Sanquianga), Bregmacerotidae (PNN Gorgona) y Phosichthyidae (SFF Malpelo). El análisis de comunidades evidencia que la ubicación de las áreas, PNN Sanquianga (costera), PNN Gorgona (intermedia) y SFF Malpelo (oceánica), marca una clara diferencia en la composición, distribución y abundancia de las larvas. Se encontraron por primera vez huevos de la familia Engraulidae en el área de Malpelo, no habitual en su distribución, coincidiendo con lo registrado por el Boletín de Alerta Climática (BAC, 2009) de julio de 2009, que plantea el desarrollo de un evento El Niño, que se extendió hasta el primer trimestre de 2010.

ABSTRACT With the purpose of characterizing ichthyoplankton in three marine protected areas (Sanquianga National Natural Park, Gorgona National Natural Park and Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary) in the Colombian Pacific during November 2009, scientific expeditions were carried out to obtain 56 samples by trawling with bongo nets. 3,155 / 10 m2 fish larvae were captured distributed in 1,553 larvae / 10 m2 (49.22 %) for the PNN Sanquianga; 1,411 larvae / 10m2 (44.72 %) for the Gorgona PNN and 191 larvae / 10m2 (6.05 %) for the Malpelo SFF. The main families were Engraulidae (PNN Sanquianga), Bregmacerotidae (PNN Gorgona) and Phosichthyidae (SFF Malpelo). The NMS community analysis shows that the location of the PNN Sanquianga (coastal), PNN Gorgona (intermediate) and SFF Malpelo (oceanic) areas, marks a clear difference in the composition, distribution and abundance of the larvae. Eggs of Engraulidae were found for the first time in the Malpelo area, an unusual area in its distribution, coinciding with what was reported by the Climate Alert Bulletin (BAC, 2009) of July 2009, which reports the development of an El Niño event, which lasted until the first quarter of 2010.

RESUMO Apresentamos um inventário com 23 táxons da flora ficológica bentônica em praias da costa nordeste do estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira, uma região raramente amostrada para algas. As coletas foram realizadas em substratos como matacões no município de Salinópolis, e em troncos, galhos e pneumatóforos de Laguncularia racemosa e substratos artificiais no município de Marapanim. Apesar das limitações da amostragem, nós registramos dez novas citações de algas marinhas e estuarinas bentônicas para a costa do estado do Pará: seis Chlorophyta (Bryopsis pennata, Cladophora coelothrix, C. conferta,Gayralia brasiliensis, Pseudorhizoclonium africanum e Ulva chaetomorphoides), duas Rhodophyta (Caloglossa confusa e Centroceras gasparrinii), uma Ochrophyta (Bachelotia antillarum) e uma Cyanophyta (Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes).

ABSTRACT We present a checklist with 23 taxa of the benthic phycological flora on three beaches on the northeast coast of Pará state, in the Brazilian Amazon, a rarely surveyed area for algae. Collections were made on substrates like rocky outcrops at Salinópolis municipality, and on trunks, branches and pneumatophores of Laguncularia racemosa and artificial substrates at Marapanim municipality. Despite the limited geographic scale of the sampling, we provide ten new citations for the benthic, marine and estuarine algal taxa of the Pará state coast: six Chlorophyta (Bryopsis pennata, Cladophora coelothrix, C. conferta, Gayralia brasiliensis, Pseudorhizoclonium africanum and Ulva chaetomorphoides), two Rhodophyta (Caloglossa confusa, Centroceras gasparrinii), one Ochrophyta (Bachelotia antillarum) and one Cyanophyta (Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes).

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar tendencias en la abundancia relativa a través del tiempo para especies priorizadas dentro del Plan de Manejo del Santuario de Fauna y Flora Malpelo, se realizaron censos visuales submarinos (CVS) entre abril de 2009 y agosto de 2019. Se colectaron datos para cinco especies de peces óseos: jurel azul (Caranx melampygus), bravo (Seriola rivoliana), atún aletiamarillo (Thunnus albacares), cherna (Dermatolepis dermatolepis) y mero (Mycteroperca olfax), y seis especies de peces cartilaginosos: raya águila (Aetobatus laticeps), tiburón sedoso (Carcharhinus falciformis), tiburón de Galápagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis), tiburón aletiblanco de arrecife (Triaenodon obesus), tiburón ballena (Rhincodon typus) y tiburón martillo (Sphyrna lewini). En términos generales, se observó una tendencia negativa no significativa en la abundancia relativa a través del tiempo para la mayoría de las especies evaluadas, exceptuando A. laticeps y T. obesus, las cuales mostraron tendencias positivas no significativas. El tiburón martillo (S. lewini) fue la única especie que mostró una disminución estadísticamente significativa de su abundancia a través del tiempo. Los resultados de este estudio evidencian la necesidad apremiante de establecer medidas más eficientes de manejo y de regulación pesquera, que promuevan la conservación de especies importantes de peces no sólo dentro del santuario sino a lo largo del Pacífico Oriental Tropical.

ABSTRACT To determine trends over time in the relative abundance of species prioritized in the Malpelo Fauna and Flroa Sanctuary Management Plan, underwater visual censuses were done from April 2009 to August 2019. Data were collected for five species of bonefish: bluefin trevally (Caranx melampygus), longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), leather bass (Dermatolepis dermatolepis) and sailfin grouper (Mycteroperca olfax), and six cartilaginous fish: spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus laticeps), silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), Galapagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagensis), whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus), whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini). A negative non-significant trend in abundance through time was observed for most of the evaluated species, except A. laticeps and T. obesus, which showed positive non-significant trends. The hammerhead shark (S. lewini) was the only species that showed a statistically significant decrease in abundance over time. The results of this study highlight the urgent need to establish more effective fisheries management and regulation measures that promote the conservation of important fish species, not just inside the sanctuary but also within the Tropical Eastern Pacific.

ABSTRACT The current article aims to systematize the scientific results on the tributary river basins of the Bay of Santiago de Cuba, from the studies carried out in the Center for Multidisciplinary Studies of Coastal Zones (CEMZOC). For this, the qualitative methodology of social research was used. The techniques of content analysis were applied to the most important statistical publications and research results on the tributary river basins of the Bay of Santiago de Cuba, as well as the matrices of interaction use - use and resource use (cause-effect diagram). The theoretical representation of the integrated management of watersheds was addressed. The main environmental problems, conflicts and resources most affected in the study area were identified. It was possible to conclude that the least studied variables are the flow, tributaries, relief, flora and vegetation of the basins; the greater impact derived from the uses is concentrated in the resources marine flora, sea and fresh water and terrestrial vegetation, which becomes new challenges to be addressed from the science in later investigations.

RESUMEN El actual artículo tiene como objetivo sistematizar los resultados científicos sobre las cuencas hidrográficas tributarias a la Bahía de Santiago de Cuba, a partir de los estudios realizados en el Centro de Estudios Multidisciplinarios de Zonas Costeras (CEMZOC). Para ello, se hizo uso de la metodología cualitativa de la investigación social. Se aplicaron las técnicas de análisis de contenido a las más importantes publicaciones estadísticas y de resultados de investigación sobre las cuencas hidrográficas tributarias de la Bahía de Santiago de Cuba, así como las matrices de interacción uso-uso y uso recurso (diagrama causa-efecto). Se abordó la representación teórica del manejo integrado de cuencas hidrográficas. Se identificaron los principales problemas ambientales, los conflictos y los recursos más afectados en el área de estudio. Se pudo concluir que las variables menos estudiadas son el caudal, afluentes, relieve, flora y vegetación de las cuencas; el mayor impacto derivado de los usos se concentra en los recursos flora marina, agua de mar y dulce y la vegetación terrestre, lo cual deviene en nuevos desafíos a abordar desde la ciencia en posteriores investigaciones.

RESUMEN Las raíces de Rhizophora mangle proveen un hábitat de guardería para muchas especies debido a la estructura tridimensional que forman, lo cual delimita un área de difícil acceso para depredadores grandes. Adicionalmente, proveen un sustrato duro para muchas especies bentónicas, que se atan a las raíces y contribuyen a la estructura tridimensional del ecosistema. Entre esos organismos, encontramos varias macroalgas, que contribuyen a la productividad primaria del ecosistema y proveen alimento y refugio a los herbívoros. En el presente estudio se identificaron las macroalgas asociadas a las raíces de Rhizophora mangle, en playa Cholón, en las islas del Rosario, Caribe colombiano. Se reportan 36 especies of macroalgas: 21 Rhodophyta, once Chlorophyta y cuatro Phaeophyceae. De esas 36 especies, 19 son nuevos registros para las islas, y otros seis son nuevos registros para Colombia. Este es el primer estudio sobre las macroalgas asociadas a las raíces de manglar en el Caribe colombiano, e ilustra tanto la alta diversidad de la flora marina en el Caribe suroccidental, como la falta de estudios sobre el tema.

ABSTRACT The roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, provide a nursery habitat for many species, due to the tridimensional structure they provide, which delimits an area difficult to access to large predators. Moreover, they provide a hard substrate for many benthonic species, which attach to the roots and contribute to the tridimensional structure of the ecosystem. Among these organisms, there are several macroalgae, which contribute to the primary productivity of the ecosystem and provide food and shelter to herbivores. In the present study we identified the macroalgae associated with the roots of Rhizophora mangle, in Cholón beach, Rosario Islands National Park, Caribbean Colombia. We report a total of 36 species of macroalgae: 21 Rhodophyta, eleven Chlorophyta, and four Phaeophyceae. Of these, 19 are new records for the islands, and six are new records for Colombia. This is the first study on the macroalgae associated with mangrove roots in the Colombian Caribbean, and it highlights both the high diversity of the marine flora of the Southwestern Caribbean, as well as the paucity of studies on the topic.