Abstract The clothing industry in Brazil continues to lack historical research, particularly about its initial phase. Contributing to this situation is the scarcity of economic sources, in the most remote period, that allow for better clarification of issues such as: number of existing enterprises and the workforce used; available machinery, invested capital, produced volumes etc. This article comprises a panel on clothing serial manufacturing in the tropical's belle époque period - from the 1870s to 1922, the beginning of modernism - a time when the segment gained momentum in the country, especially after the First World War (1914-1918), still focused on simple and stable pieces, which was not the case with most women's clothing, which was more complex and influenced by changes in fashion. We highlight, in this context, the significant growth recorded by São Paulo, supported by research published in 1909 by Francisco Bandeira Junior, with rare data on São Paulo factories at the time. Mechanization - made possible by sewing machines, cutting machines etc. - lowered production costs, simultaneously with the increase in urban commerce, which expanded access to wearable goods that, however, remained socially differentiated by the quality and aesthetics of the pieces; that is, for the symbolic value of fashion.

Resumo A indústria de vestuário no Brasil segue carente de pesquisas históricas, em particular sobre sua fase inicial. Contribui para este quadro a escassez de fontes que permitam esclarecer sobre seu período mais remoto, questões como: número de empreendimentos e da mão de obra empregada; maquinários, capitais, volumes produzidos etc. Este artigo se propõe a compor um curto painel sobre o período da belle époque tropical (dos anos 1870 até a 1922) quando o segmento ganhou impulso no Estado de São Paulo, que passava a alavancar a industrialização do segmento no país, ainda voltado a peças de modelagens simples e estáveis. Para tanto, tomamos por suporte pesquisa realizada por Francisco Bandeira Junior em 1909, tempo em que a mecanização (máquinas de costura, de corte etc.) já permitia reduzir custos de produção, simultaneamente ao incremento do comércio urbano, que ampliava o acesso a bens vestíveis, socialmente diferenciados pela qualidade e estética das peças; ou seja, pelo valor simbólico da moda.

RESUMO O governo coreano promoveu políticas regulatórias para alcançar a neutralidade na emissão de carbono até 2050. Sendo um país orientado para as exportações e altamente dependente da indústria transformadora, a Coreia enfrenta desafios significativos para alcançar as suas metas nacionais de redução. Este estudo examina o fator total de eficiência de carbono (FTEC) da indústria manufatureira coreana para desenvolver soluções viáveis. Para tanto, empregamos o modelo baseado em folga sequencial metafronteira (M-SSBM) para refletir a heterogeneidade do grupo decorrente das características industriais. Dados de 35 subsetores foram coletados de 2012 a 2019, e esses subsetores foram classificados em três grupos: tecnologia, capital e trabalho intensivo. O FTEC médio de todas as indústrias mostra uma tendência de baixa. Enquanto isso, o FTEC dos três grupos em conjunto mostrou bom desempenho na fronteira de grupo, ao mesmo tempo que resultou em diferentes classificações de grupo na metafronteira. Para obter implicações, foi realizada uma regressão Tobit em painel na segunda fase, e o resultado mostra que as exportações estão significativamente relacionadas com o aumento do FTEC.

ABSTRACT The Korean government has promoted regulatory policies for carbon neutrality by 2050. As an export-driven country with a high reliance on the manufacturing industry, Korea faces significant challenges in achieving its national reduction targets. This study examines the total factor carbon efficiency (TFCE) of the Korean manufacturing industry to develop feasible solutions. We employed the metafrontier sequential slack-based model (M-SSBM) to reflect the group heterogeneity arising from industrial characteristics. Data from 35 subsectors were collected from 2012 to 2019, and these subsectors were classified into three groups: technology, capital, and labor-intensive. The average TFCE of all industries shows a downtrend. Meanwhile, the TFCE of the three groups commonly showed good performance in the group-frontier, while it resulted in different group rankings in the metafrontier. A panel Tobit regression was conducted in the second stage, and the result shows that exports are significantly related to enhancing TFCE.

RESUMEN El gobierno coreano ha promovido políticas regulatorias para la neutralidad de carbono para 2050. Como país impulsado por las exportaciones con una gran dependencia de la industria manufacturera, Corea enfrenta desafíos importantes para lograr sus objetivos nacionales de reducción. Este estudio examina el factor total de eficiencia del carbono (FTEC) de la industria manufacturera coreana para desarrollar soluciones factibles. Para ello, empleamos el modelo basado en holgura secuencial de metafrontera (M-SSBM) para reflejar la heterogeneidad del grupo que surge de las características industriales. Se recopilaron datos de 35 subsectores entre 2012 y 2019, y estos subsectores se clasificaron en tres grupos: tecnología, capital e intensivos en mano de obra. El FTEC promedio de todas las industrias muestra una tendencia a la baja. Mientras que el FTEC de los tres grupos conjuntamente mostró un buen desempeño en la frontera del grupo, al mismo tiempo que resultó en diferentes clasificaciones grupales en la metafrontera. Para obtener implicaciones, se realizó una regresión Tobit en panel en la segunda etapa y el resultado muestra que las exportaciones están significativamente relacionadas con la mejora del FTEC.

Resumo Este artigo objetiva comparar os países que implementam I4.0, fornecendo uma visão geral das questões mais relevantes relacionadas aos seus números de patentes e exportações. Os países pesquisados são Alemanha, Brasil, China, Coreia do Sul, EUA, Índia, Japão e Rússia. Uma análise da literatura foi aplicada em publicações Scopus e Web of Science (2012–2022), que incluem países BRICs. Os registros de patentes relacionados a produtos de alta tecnologia, o Patentscope da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual e a lista de produtos exportados no TradeMap também foram pesquisados para identificar e analisar a contribuição das políticas de cada país. As conclusões apresentam os efeitos positivos das políticas I4.0 no contexto industrial da maioria dos países, conforme evidenciado pelo aumento das exportações e das patentes relacionadas com a fabricação de bens de alta tecnologia desde que as políticas foram implementadas após 2014. A evolução do registo de patentes refere-se à evolução de bens de alta tecnologia nos últimos nove anos. Este estudo também indica as motivações de cada país para a implementação da Indústria 4.0. Uma comparação nacional das durações, objectivos, financiamento disponível, áreas de acção, sectores industriais focados e tecnologias priorizadas destas políticas públicas apoia investigadores, gestores e decisores políticos.

Abstract This paper aims to compare I4.0 manufacturing countries, providing an overview of the most relevant issues related to their patent and exportation figures. The countries researched are Germany, Brazil, China, South Korea, the US, India, Japan, and Russia. A Literature analysis was applied in Scopus and Web of Science publications (2012–2022), which include BRICs countries. Patent records related to high-tech products Patentscope of the World Intellectual Property Organization and the list of exported products in TradeMap were also searched to identify and analyze the contribution of each country’s policies. Findings present the positive effects of I4.0 policies in the industrial context of most countries, as evidenced by an increase in exportation and patents related to manufacturing high-tech goods since the policies were implemented after 2014. Patent registration evolution refers to the evolution of high-technology goods in the last nine years. This study also indicates the motivations of each country for implementing Industry 4.0. A country comparison of the durations, objectives, available funding, areas for action, focused manufacturing sectors, and prioritized technologies of these public policies supports researchers, managers, and policymakers.

ABSTRACT This article has as its object of study the institutional scaffolding of the arts and crafts learning branch of the Industry and Commerce Section of the Royal Economic Society of Havana between 1839 and 1849. An analysis is carried out on the structuring and implementation of the control devices in the apprenticeship branch during the decade of its existence. Apprenticeship officials tried to ensure the social control of masters, officers and apprentices throgh apprenticeship deeds, penitentiary correction, and supervision over workshops, masters and their employees by neighborhood inspectors. In search of a new work ethic for marginalized urban sectors the apprenticeship branch expanded its initially conceived institutional limits, generating interactions and spaces of delimitation. In order to trace the way in which this scaffolding of power was manufactured and evolved, it was necessary to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the documentary and printed sources contemporaries to the Apprenticeship Branch. From them it emerged that the social discipline of the artisan sectors tied - through a legal architecture - the Havana intermediate manufacturing groups to the economic modernization project of the sugar elites at the dawn of the first industrialization in Cuba.

RESUMEN El presente artículo tiene como objeto de estudio el andamiaje institucional del ramo de aprendizaje de artes y oficios de la Sección de Industria y Comercio de la Real Sociedad Económica de La Habana entre 1839 y 1849. Se realiza un análisis sobre la estructuración e implementación de los dispositivos de control en el ramo de aprendizaje durante la década de su existencia. Los funcionarios del ramo de aprendizaje trataron de asegurar el control social de maestros, oficiales y aprendices mediante las escrituras de aprendizaje, la corrección penitenciaria y la supervisión sobre los talleres, los maestros y sus empleados por parte de los inspectores de barrio. En busca de una nueva ética de trabajo para los sectores urbanos marginalizados el ramo ensanchó sus límites institucionales inicialmente concebidos generando interacciones y espacios de delimitación. Para poder trazar la forma en que se fabricó y evolucionó este andamiaje del poder fue necesario realizar un análisis exhaustivo de las fuentes documentales e impresas contemporáneas al ramo de aprendizaje. De ellas emergió que el disciplinamiento social de los sectores artesanos asió -por medio de una arquitectura legal- a los grupos manufactureros intermedios habaneros al proyecto de modernización económica de las élites azucareras en los albores de la primera industrialización en Cuba.

The 4th Industrial Revolution is well described as a digital revolution in which the integration between the physical, biological and digital fields can prompt unprecedented results in terms of research, innovation and products. Our brief discussion is built upon chemistry as a fundamental science in this context: it emerges with contributions for advanced digital technologies along with clean energy, sustainable processes and circular economy for the industry 4.0. Since the previous industrial revolutions brought uncertainty in the environment-chemistry binomial it is urgent achieving a systemic industrial innovation in order to promote a technological, energetic and social transition toward a sustainable future, especially in the alarming context of climate change. Despite the Brazilian chemical industry represents the largest in the Southern hemisphere it has few integrated chemical supply chains which represents a bottleneck toward advances in the manufacturing base. Within both academy and industry, the groundbreaking shift in the chemical sector can enable opportunities to chemists build a better future. At the same time, a paradigm shift is leading us to new methods, models and, consequently, disruption in the way of producing and sharing knowledge. Finally, some skills were proposed for chemists within the framework of the 4.0 era.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology that provides design freedom, fast turnaround times, and a digital workflow. However, reliable mechanical and material properties are crucial for medical implants and devices produced by AM. The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) echnique is a reliable method for producing high-quality parts with excellent mechanical properties. The presence of internal porosity, however, is one of the most significant problems in SLM part production. This study aimed to determine the relative density of components produced by LPBF and to develop a method for accurately quantifying the relative density. Three powders were used to evaluate the efficacy of three different quantification methods. The OR-Laser Creator LPBF unit was used to manufacture them. After production, all nine samples were polished on a lathe, and the relative density was measured using three different quantification methods. The results of this study showed that the Archimedes principle is the most accurate and reliable method for determining the density of materials used in LPBF. The findings of this study should help to ensure that the quality of parts produced by SLM is reliable and accurate. This should increase confidence in the use of LPBF in the medical industry and other industries where AM components have a significant advantage.

Laag vervaardiging (LV) is 'n ontwrigtende tegnologie wat ontwerpvryheid, vinnige omkeertye en 'n digitale werkvloei bied. Betroubare meganiese en materiaal eienskappe is egter deurslaggewend vir mediese inplantings en toestelle wat deur LV vervaardig word. Die laser poeier bed smelting (LPBS) tegniek is 'n betroubare metode vir die vervaardiging van hoè kwaliteit onderdele met uitstekende meganiese eienskappe. Die teenwoordigheid van interne porositeit is egter een van die belangrikste probleme in LPBS-deelproduksie. Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om die relatiewe digtheid van komponente wat deur LPBS vervaardig word te bepaal en om 'n metode te ontwikkel om die relatiewe digtheid akkuraat te kwantifiseer. Drie LPBS-poeiers is gebruik om die doeltreffendheid van drie verskillende kwantifiseringsmetodes van porositeitsanalise te evalueer. Alle monsters het voldoen aan die ASTM F75-vereistes vir chirurgiese inplantings, en die OR-Laser Creator LPBS-eenheid is gebruik om dit te vervaardig. Na produksie is al nege monsters op 'n draaibank gepoleer, en die relatiewe digtheid is gemeet met behulp van drie verskillende kwantifiseringsmetodes. Die resultate van hierdie studie het getoon dat die Archimedes-beginsel die mees akkurate en betroubare metode is vir die bepaling van die digtheid van materiale wat in LPBS gebruik word. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie behoort te help om te verseker dat die kwaliteit van onderdele wat deur LPBS vervaardig word betroubaar en akkuraat is. Dit behoort vertroue in die gebruik van LPBS in die mediese industrie en ander nywerhede te verhoog waar AM-komponente 'n beduidende voordeel.

Abstract: The objective of this research study is to characterize the garment sector with a focus on personnel, based on the 2021 Annual Manufacturing Survey in Colombia. Personnel analyses are conducted considering the type of employment, position, and area of performance, for both the national sector and relevant departments. The results highlight job creation by the sector in the manufacturing industry and the participation of women mainly in production roles as workers or operatives. Differences are identified across departments in average labor costs and expenses per employee, as well as in labor productivity. The Department of Antioquia stands out for its high labor productivity, the superiority of the average costs and expenses per employee, the presence of large companies, high employment of permanent staff, and the hiring of professionals, technicians, and technologists. It is concluded that value-added generation is favored by offering better conditions to employees.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar el personal del sector de confecciones, a partir de la Encuesta Anual Manufacturera del 2021 en Colombia. Los análisis del personal tienen en cuenta el tipo de vinculación, cargo y área de desempeño, para el sector nacional y los departamentos donde es relevante. Los resultados destacan la generación de empleo del sector en la industria manufacturera y la participación de las mujeres principalmente en el área de producción como obreras u operarias. Se identifican diferencias por departamentos en los costos y gastos laborales promedio por empleado, y en la productividad laboral. Se destaca el Departamento de Antioquia por su alta productividad laboral, la superioridad del promedio de costos y gastos por empleado, la presencia de grandes empresas, la alta vinculación del personal permanente y la contratación de profesionales, técnicos y tecnólogos. Se concluye que la generación de valor agregado se favorece al ofrecer mejores condiciones a los empleados.

ABSTRACT This study presented a systematic review of the literature on CNC technology integration in the context of Industry 4.0, assessing its impact on modern manufacturing. A search was conducted in academic databases, followed by an analysis and synthesis of the information collected. The methodology included the application of the Kitchenham method for systematic review, complemented by a case study in an Ecuadorian company and a survey of professionals in the sector. The review identified the main benefits, challenges and future trends of this technological integration. It was concluded that CNC-Industry 4.0 convergence offers significant potential to improve efficiency, flexibility and quality in manufacturing, although organizational and technical challenges remain. The review also revealed promising areas for future research, including integration with additive manufacturing and the application of artificial intelligence in CNC processes.

RESUMEN Este estudio presentó una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la integración de la tecnología CNC en el contexto de la Industria 4.0, evaluando su incidencia en la manufactura moderna. Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos académicas, seguida de un análisis y síntesis de la información recopilada. La metodología incluyó la aplicación del método de Kitchenham para la revisión sistemática, complementada con un estudio de caso en una empresa ecuatoriana y una encuesta a profesionales del sector. La revisión identificó los principales beneficios, desafíos y tendencias futuras de esta integración tecnológica. Se concluyó que la convergencia CNC-Industria 4.0 ofrece un potencial significativo para mejorar la eficiencia, flexibilidad y calidad en la manufactura, aunque persisten desafíos organizacionales y técnicos. La revisión también reveló áreas prometedoras para futuras investigaciones, incluyendo la integración con fabricación aditiva y la aplicación de inteligencia artificial en procesos CNC.

Quality 4.0, an integration of traditional quality management and advanced Industry 4.0 technologies, is transforming manufacturing industries. Despite this, the application and impact of Quality 4.0 in developing nations, particularly in South Africa, has not been adequately explored. Ten experts were asked to use the Delphi technique to identify the critical factors that could lead to the successful adoption of Quality 4.0 in South Africa. Once the experts had reached a consensus, their recommendations were mapped on the Deming (PDCA) cycle. To enable a seamless transition, they emphasised top management support, workforce development, embedding a Quality 4.0 culture, integrating new technologies with legacy processes, and continual monitoring of key performance indicators. The study provides a guide for manufacturers successfully to embrace Quality 4.0, thereby enhancing competitiveness and contributing to the government's goal of fully embracing Industry 4.0 by 2030, in line with the related United Nations sustainable development goal number 9 on industry, innovation, and infrastructure.

Kwaliteit 4.0, 'n integrasie van tradisionele gehaltebestuur en gevorderde Industrie 4.0-tegnologieë, is besig om vervaardigings-nywerhede te transformeer. Ten spyte hiervan is die toepassing en impak van Kwaliteit 4.0 in ontwikkelende lande, veral in Suid-Afrika, nie voldoende ondersoek nie. Tien kundiges is gevra om die Delphi-tegniek te gebruik om die kritieke faktore te identifiseer wat kan lei tot die suksesvolle aanvaarding van Kwaliteit 4.0 in Suid-Afrika. Sodra die kenners 'n konsensus bereik het, is hul aanbevelings op die Deming (PDCA)-siklus gekarteer. Om 'n naatlose oorgang moontlik te maak, het hulle klem gelê op topbestuurondersteuning, arbeidsmagontwikkeling, die inbedding van 'n Kwaliteit 4.0-kultuur, die integrasie van nuwe tegnologieë met erfenisprosesse, en deurlopende monitering van sleutelprestasie-aanwysers. Die studie verskaf 'n gids vir vervaardigers om Kwaliteit 4.0 suksesvol te omhels, en sodoende mededingendheid te verbeter en by te dra tot die regering se doelwit om Nywerheid 4.0 teen 2030 ten volle te omhels, in ooreenstemming met die verwante Verenigde Nasies se volhoubare ontwikkelingsdoelwit nommer 9 oor nywerheid, innovasie en infrastruktuur.

There is widespread agreement that skills development is a vital dimension of the just energy transition (JET). Skills development for JET is rapidly emerging and involves complex inter-sectoral systems of skills development and new methods for demand analysis. Currently in South Africa, learning pathways into green jobs, enterprise development and more sustainable job options, including those required for JET at entry and technical levels, are unclear, ad hoc and fragmented. At best, we have fragmented offerings of courses and qualifications and few systemic approaches to skills analysis and development. There is also a narrow reliance on supply and demand discourses that are ill-fitting for the type of skills that need to be developed. Drawing on a group of regional and local studies focusing on skills supply and demand for JET, the paper analyses the responsiveness of skills systems, with specific focus on institutions and institutional arrangements that underpin skills planning and anticipation. The paper critiques the metaphor of 'supply' and 'demand', which, it argues, is the wrong lens, as it focuses attention on certain parts of the skills system dislocated from the broader conditions that they are imbedded in. We pose new methodological questions for engaged skills research that can enable a green and just future, and the systemic transformations that are needed to catalyse a low-carbon transition. SIGNIFICANCE: The research findings offer a critical reflection on the current approach to research focused on skills for the just energy transition. The review highlights the limitations of the dominant supply-demand approach of skills analysis, and we argue that it promotes a neoliberal, market-led discourse on skills that privileges industry and excludes the voices of communities and workers.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo examinar la consistencia del MCRBP a nivel de industria manufacturera mexicana entre 1990 y 2021. Con un modelo ARDL para panel se estimó la versión fuerte del modelo incorporando factores de competitividad no-precio y capacidad instalada a la función de exportaciones. Los principales resultados son: i) la industria presenta restricción externa al crecimiento; ii) la función de exportaciones responde positivamente a la competitividad no-precio y la capacidad instalada, y iii) el bajo valor agregado manufacturero se asocia a la desarticulación de la estructura productiva, la alta demanda por insumos intermedios importados y la inserción en las cadenas de valor en actividades ensambladoras. Se sugiere impulsar una política industrial asentada en la articulación productiva y desarrollo de capacidades tecnológicas en actividades con alto valor agregado. Para futuras investigaciones se deberá delimitar el impacto de la IED y la innovación tecnológica por reclasificación industrial o tipo de producto. La contribución reside en la extensión del MCRBP a nivel manufacturero incorporando factores de competitividad tecnológica y su evaluación empírica para determinar el aprovechamiento de las derramas tecnológicas.

Abstract The aim is to analyze the consistency of the BPCG model at the Mexican manufacturing industry level between 1990 and 2021. Using an ARDL model we estimate the strong version of the model including non-price-competitiveness factors and installed capacity on export function. The paper´s results are as follows: i) the Mexican manufacturing industry exhibits an external constraint to growth; ii) the export function responds positively to non-price competitiveness and installed capacity, and iii) the low manufacturing value added is associated with the disarticulation of the productive structure, the high demand for intermediate imported inputs and the insertion into the value chains in assembly activities. Emphasis should be made on promoting an industrial policy based on strengthening productive interconnection, promoting domestic technological capabilities and developing activities with high added value. Future research should focus on the evaluation of the impact of FDI and technological innovation by industrial reclassification or product type. The paper´s contribution lies in the extension of the MCRBP at the manufacturing level including technological competitiveness factors and their empirical evaluation.

Hierdie studie het ten doel om die materiaal snyproses van katoen-klere-uitvoer mikro en klein besighede te verbeter deur die vermyding en verwydering van afval, gedefinieer as die prosesse wat geen waarde toevoeg nie, binne die sny-area van 'n tekstielmaatskappy te identifiseer. Daarbenewens sal die skraal vervaardiging-benadering toegepas word deur die gebruik van gereedskap, soos waarde-stroomkaarte (VSM), enkele-minuut-die-uitruiling (SMED), en werkstandaardisering. Die voorgestelde filosofie is gebaseer op data-analise, ekonomiese validasie, en simulasie met behulp van die historiese data van die maatskappy onder studie. Gevolglik word 'n afname in standaard herskrywings en vertraagde prosesse, tesame met 'n toename in die produktiwiteitsindeks, verwag.

This study aims to improve the fabric-cutting process of cotton garment-exporting micro and small businesses by identifying and eliminating waste, defined as the processes that do not add value in cutting area of a textile company. In addition, the lean manufacturing approach is applied by employing tools such as value stream mapping (VSM), single-minute exchange of dies (SMED), and work standardisation. The proposed philosophy is based on data analysis, economic validation, and simulation using the historical data from the company under study. Consequently, a decline in default rework and delayed processes along with an increase in the productivity index is expected.

Die Internet van Dinge (loT) is 'n belangrike element van Industrie 4.0, wat innoverende tegnologiese bydraes tot die energie sektor gebring het. Industrie 4.0 stel organisasies in staat om oor te skakel na intelligente ondernemings deur die gebruik van IoT en tegnologieë wat vervaardigings- en produksieprosesse bevoordeel om doeltreffender te wees. Die doel van hierdie artikel is hoe die toepassing van IoT voordele in die energie sektor gehad het, te identifiseer. Hierdie artikel bied 'n literatuuroorsig op 'n tradisionele manier aan om die belangrikheid van die IoT en die toepassing daarvan in die energie sektor op die gebied van wind, sonkrag, hidro-elektriese, sowel as fossiel energie te identifiseer. Die ontleding van die literatuur toon dat daar studies is wat die voordeel van die IoT in die energie sektor aandui, met 48 dokumente wat erken word, waarvan 25 publikasies in 2022 was.

The Internet of Things is an important element of Industry 4.0, which has brought innovative technological contributions to the energy sector; Industry 4.0 allows organisations to transition to intelligent companies through the use of the Internet of Things and technologies that favour manufacturing and production processes to be more efficient. The aim of this paper is to identify how the application of the Internet of Things has had benefits in the energy sector. This paper presents a literature review in a traditional way, to identify the importance of the Internet of Things and its application in the energy sector in the field of wind, solar, hydroelectric, and fossil energy. The analysis of the literature shows that there are studies that indicate the benefit of the internet of Things in the energy sector, with 48 documents being recognised, of which 25 publications belong to the year 2022.

The South African food system is facing severe challenges as increasing hunger, rising food costs, lack of dietary diversity, child stunting, foodborne illnesses, food waste and an obesity epidemic coupled with malnutrition are observed. In this study, we aimed to establish the application of science and technology advances in the food and beverage industry in South Africa in response to food consumption pattern changes since 1994 and how they could be used to address food security challenges. We found that food consumption shifts have been towards sugar-sweetened beverages, processed and packaged food, animal-source foods and added caloric sweeteners, and away from vegetables. These dietary shifts are concerning as they relate to public health. Most commitments to improve the nutritional status of South Africans have been limited to corporate social investment strategies and should be extended into core business strategies. Furthermore, although the South African food and beverage industry has kept pace with developments in food manufacturing practices, there has been little experimentation with non-commercial novel technologies. The expert survey revealed that indigenous African crops and food waste recovery are the two most promising emerging food sources that could be available to South Africans in the shortest time frame. South Africa has many enabling drivers to become a global leader in food technology advances. However, many barriers need to be overcome for industry, academia and government to collaborate to advance novel food science and technologies to reach commercialisation. SIGNIFICANCE: • Drivers and consequences of food consumption changes in South Africa were modelled and broad food consumption trends between 1994 and 2009/2012 were identified. • For the first time, the Access to Nutrition Index methodology was applied to South African owned food companies to identify strategies to enhance nutrition practices. Companies need to do more to deliver affordable and accessible products. • Drivers and barriers in adopting advanced food science and technology were modelled. A collective ecosystem approach with industry, academia and government mobilisation around critical areas like hunger, malnutrition and poverty could be a way to tackle the failing food system.

Resumen: México desempeña un papel importante a nivel mundial en cuanto a la fabricación de automóviles, y no fue sino a partir de la pandemia por COVID-19 que la industria automotriz se vio sacudida por las medidas sanitarias, al suspender su actividad productiva por no ser un sector prioritario. La pregunta central de esta investigación gira en torno a cuánto vale la pérdida en términos monetarios la suspensión de la fabricación de vehículos y camiones ligeros por la crisis económica causada por la COVID-19. La metodología empleada se basa en el uso de una regresión econométrica múltiple con una variable cualitativa binaria de unos y ceros para capturar el efecto de la COVID-19 en la producción de vehículos, donde los resultados preliminares arrojan pérdidas millonarias de ocho cifras.

Abstract: Mexico is a key player in the automotive industry, but during the pandemic, auto manufacturing was hit by health measures suspending its activity because it was not a priority sector. The central research aim is to determine the financial losses caused by the suspension of car and light truck manufacturing due to the economic crisis triggered by COVID-19. The methodology used is based on a multiple econometric regression with a binary qualitative variable of ones and zeros to capture the effect of COVID-19 on vehicle production, with preliminary results showing eight-figures losses.