Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo fue analizar la composición de aves asociadas a cultivos orgánicos de cacao (Theobroma cacao) manejado debajo de 3 diferentes tipos de cobertura arbórea. (Metodología) Distribuimos 3 puntos de conteo en cada finca, para registrar todas las aves observadas y escuchadas, en muestreos de 5 minutos. Los conteos fueron realizados por triplicado, tanto en las primeras horas de la mañana como al atardecer. La diferencia en la composición de la avifauna entre las fincas fue analizada con la prueba ANOSIM. Las abundancias se transformaron por medio de la función decostand y el método Hellinger del paquete estadístico R-Vegan. La agrupación de las especies entre las plantaciones se efectuó mediante el escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (nMDS) y el índice de Bray-Curtis. La contribución de las especies a la disimilitud entre grupos fue analizada con el módulo SIMPER. Consideramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 individuos, clasificados en 49 especies y 23 familias. La finca donde las plantas de cacao crecen en condiciones más sombreadas, debido al desarrollo del dosel, mostró mayor cantidad de especies (34) y de individuos (146). La composición de aves varió significativamente entre las fincas (F(1,8) = 3,22; P < 0,02). La abundancia media de 19 especies (39,6 %) hizo notar diferencias significativas (P < 0,05), al comparar la finca con mayor sombra y menor sombra. (Conclusión) La composición de aves es más compleja en aquellas fincas de cacao orgánico que conservan un mayor desarrollo estructural de los árboles de dosel y que están cerca de bosque en regeneración.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a composição das aves associadas às plantações de cacau orgânico (Theobroma cacao) manejadas sob três tipos diferentes de cobertura arbórea. (Metodologia) Distribuímos 3 pontos de contagem em cada fazenda, para registrar todas as aves observadas e ouvidas, em amostragens de 5 minutos. As contagens foram realizadas em triplicata, tanto nas primeiras horas da manhã quanto no final da tarde. A diferença na composição da avifauna entre as fazendas foi analisada com o teste ANOSIM. As abundâncias foram transformadas usando a função de costande o método Hellinger do pacote estatístico R-Vegan. O agrupamento de espécies entre as plantações foi feito usando o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (nMDS) e o índice de Bray-Curtis. A contribuição das espécies para a dissimilaridade entre os grupos foi analisada com o módulo SIMPER. Consideramos as diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 indivíduos, classificados em 49 espécies e 23 famílias. A fazenda onde as plantas de cacau crescem em condições mais sombreadas, devido ao desenvolvimento do dossel, apresentou um número maior de espécies (34) e indivíduos (146). A composição das aves variou significativamente entre as fazendas (F(1,8) = 3,2 apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) n; Paco< 0, mpa 02). A abundância média de 19 espécies (39,6%) ração entre a fazenda mais sombreada e a menos sombreada. (Conclusão) A composição das avesé mais complexa nas fazendas de cacau orgânico que mantêm árvores de dossel mais desenvolvidas estruturalmente e estão próximas à floresta em regeneração.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of birds associated with organic cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops managed under 3 different types of tree cover. (Methodology) Three census points were established in each farm to record all birds observed and heard in 5-minute sample periods. Counts were conducted in triplicate, both in the early morning and at dusk. Differences in avifauna composition between farms were analyzed using the ANOSIM test. Abundances were transformed using the Decostand function and the Hellinger method in the R-Vegan statistical package. Analysis of clustering of species among plantations was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and the Bray-Curtis index. Contribution of species to the dissimilarity between groups was analyzed with the SIMPER module. Statistically significant differences were considered when P ≤ 0.05. (Results) Four hundred and twenty-eight individuals were observed, and classified into 49 species and 23 families. The farms where cocoa plants grow in shadier conditions due to canopy development showed a higher number of species (34) and individuals (146). Bird comp P < 0.02). The mean abundance of 19 species osit (39.ion 6%) varied significantly between farms (F (1,8) = 3.22; showed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing the farms with the most and least shade. (Conclusion) Bird composition is more complex on organic cocoa farms, which have more developed canopies and are near regenerating forests.

Resumen: El estudio de la microbiota ha adquirido un nuevo enfoque de interés, ya que interviene en diversos procesos fisiológicos involucrados en el desarrollo y rendimiento de los animales domésticos. Participa en el eje-microbiota-intestino-cerebro, con procesos que rigen el sistema nervioso hacia el intestino y viceversa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la importancia de la microbiota gastrointestinal de pollos de engorda y gallinas de postura y su relación con procesos fisiológicos que afecten el desarrollo, rendimiento, comportamiento y salud. En el tracto gastrointestinal de estas aves se han identificado alrededor de 17 filos de bacterias, con microorganismos predominantes según el sitio anatómico dentro del tracto y por ende con diferente función, por ejemplo, buche: Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae; proventrículo: Clostridiaceae, Enterococcus; intestino: Escherichia, Streptococcus. Distintos factores intervienen en la colonización y desarrollo de la microbiota, desde el programa de alimentación y manejo, tipo de cama y densidad animal, entre otros. Existen microorganismos potencialmente patógenos que impactan negativamente en la microbiota y puedan llegar al consumidor, como Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis y Escherichia coli, de ahí su importancia al momento de trazar las directrices en las producciones pecuarias.

Abstract: There is an increasing interest in microbiota studies due to their relevance in physiological processes such as animal development and productivity. In addition, it its involved in the microbiota-intestinebrain axis that regulates the nervous system to the intestine and vice versa. This paper is aimed at identifying the importance of the broilers and laying hens’ gastrointestinal microbiota and its relationship with diverse physiological processes that intervene in the development, productivity, behavior, and health. There are 17 filos of bacteria within the poultry gastrointestinal tract, which are site dependent and have specific functions (Example; crop: Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae; proventriculus: Clostridiaceae, Enterococcus; intestine: Escherichia, Streptococcus). In addition, different factors affect the development of microbiota such as the feeding program, handling, kind of substrate, stocking density, among others. There are several potentially pathogenic microorganisms that impact microbiota negatively and may reach the final consumer such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli. Therefore, it is important to continue supporting poultry microbiota research and areas of opportunity to improve poultry production.

ABSTRACT The symbiosis of common beans with nitrogen-fixing bacteria provides an efficient approach to sustainable and economical food production. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of cost-effective nitrogen management strategies in organic common bean cultivation, including the application of poultry manure and organic liquid fertilizer, seed and co-inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and/or Rhizobium tropici), and supplementary Rhizobium tropici inoculation. The study spanned three years in a well-established organic cultivation field (2018) and an initial organic cultivation area (2019 and 2020) in Brazil. It was arranged in a randomized blocks design in a 2 × 5 (2018) and 2 × 6 (2019 and 2020) factorial scheme, with four replicates. The most profitable strategy involves seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and additional inoculation with Rhizobium tropici at stage V4-5 (fifth trifoliate leaf fully expanded), while the most costly strategy was the application of poultry manure at the V3 stage (first trifoliate leaf fully expanded). Thus, the use of diazotrophic bacteria for seed inoculation and co-inoculation (Azospirillum brasilense and/or Rhizobium tropici) ensured financial returns and system profitability in common bean cultivation. nitrogenfixing fixing production Therefore costeffective cost effective fertilizer coinoculation co andor or tropici, , wellestablished well established 2018 (2018 2019 (201 2020 Brazil scheme replicates V45 V V4 V4- fifth expanded, expanded expanded) first expanded. . Thus 201 (20 202 20 (2 (

RESUMO A simbiose do feijão comum com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio proporciona uma abordagem eficiente para a produção de alimentos sustentável e econômica. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicação de estratégias custo-efetivas de manejo de nitrogênio no cultivo orgânico do feijão comum, incluindo a aplicação de esterco de aves e fertilizante orgânico líquido, inoculação de sementes e coinoculação com bactérias diazotróficas (Azospirillum brasilense e/ou Rhizobium tropici), e inoculação suplementar com Rhizobium tropici. O estudo durou três anos em um campo de cultivo orgânico bem estabelecido (2018) e uma área inicial de cultivo orgânico (2019 e 2020) no Brasil. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 × 5 (2018) e 2 × 6 (2019 e 2020), com quatro repetições. A estratégia mais lucrativa envolve a inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e inoculação adicional com Rhizobium tropici no estádio V4-5 (quinta folha trifoliada totalmente expandida), enquanto a estratégia mais cara foi a aplicação de esterco de aves no estádio V3 (primeira folha trifoliada totalmente expandida). Assim, o uso de bactérias diazotróficas para inoculação e coinoculação de sementes (Azospirillum brasilense e/ou Rhizobium tropici) garantiu retorno financeiro e rentabilidade do sistema no cultivo do feijão comum. econômica Portanto custoefetivas custo efetivas líquido eou ou tropici, , 2018 (2018 2019 (201 2020 Brasil 2020, repetições V45 V V4 V4- quinta expandida, expandida expandida) primeira expandida. . Assim 201 (20 202 20 (2 (

Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

ABSTRACT The Lear’s Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856) is a Brazilian parrot globally threatened by extinction. Despite its threatened status (endangered), there is a scarcity of studies on its behavior. Understanding the behavior of this species is crucial to prevent inaccuracies in management and conservation strategies. This study aimed to delineate the behavioral repertoire of Lear’s Macaw individuals residing at the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo under two distinct conditions: paired and in flocking. From September 2014 to February 2016, we conducted direct observations using all-occurrences sampling. An ethogram was compiled, encompassing 65 behavioral acts categorized into ten groups: maintenance, rest, locomotion, exploration, feeding, vigilance, socio-agonistic, socio-affiliative, reproduction, and stereotypic behaviors. Additionally, six vocalizations were identified based on spectrograms and associated with specific behavioral contexts: alarm, contact, pair cohesion, reproduction, and imitation. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of Lear’s Macaw behavior in captivity. The ethogram and vocalization descriptions serve as a foundational resource for future studies, facilitating the refinement of tools employed in the conservation efforts for this species. Lears Lear s Anodorhynchus Bonaparte 1856 extinction endangered, endangered , (endangered) strategies conditions flocking 201 2016 alloccurrences all occurrences sampling compiled 6 groups maintenance rest locomotion exploration feeding vigilance socioagonistic, socioagonistic socio agonistic, agonistic socio-agonistic socioaffiliative, socioaffiliative affiliative, affiliative socio-affiliative reproduction behaviors Additionally contexts alarm contact cohesion imitation captivity 185 (endangered 20 18 2 1

RESUMO A arara-azul-de-lear (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856) é um psitacídeo brasileiro globalmente ameaçado de extinção. Apesar de seu status de ameaça (em perigo), há escassez de estudos sobre seu comportamento. Compreender o comportamento desta espécie é crucial para evitar imprecisões nas estratégias de manejo e conservação. Este estudo teve como objetivo delinear o repertório comportamental de indivíduos de arara-azul-de-lear residentes na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo sob duas condições distintas: pareados e em flocking. De setembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2016, conduzimos observações diretas utilizando amostragem de todas as ocorrências. Foi compilado um etograma abrangendo 65 atos comportamentais categorizados em dez grupos: manutenção, descanso, locomoção, exploração, alimentação, vigilância, comportamentos sócio-agonísticos, sócio-afiliativos, reprodução e comportamentos estereotipados. Além disso, seis vocalizações foram identificadas com base em espectrogramas e associadas a contextos comportamentais específicos: alarme, contato, coesão de pares, reprodução e imitação. Esses resultados fornecem uma visão abrangente do comportamento da arara-azul-de-lear em cativeiro. As descrições do etograma e das vocalizações servem como recurso fundamental para estudos futuros, facilitando o refinamento das ferramentas empregadas nos esforços de conservação desta espécie. araraazuldelear arara azul lear Anodorhynchus Bonaparte 1856 extinção perigo, perigo , perigo) distintas flocking 201 2016 ocorrências 6 grupos manutenção descanso locomoção exploração alimentação vigilância sócioagonísticos, sócioagonísticos sócio agonísticos, agonísticos sócio-agonísticos sócioafiliativos, sócioafiliativos afiliativos, afiliativos sócio-afiliativos estereotipados disso específicos alarme contato pares imitação cativeiro futuros 185 20 18 2 1

Abstract: Hunting is part of the biocultural heritage of the Maya people of the Yucatán Peninsula because it has been part of their strategy of multiple use of resources and their cosmovision since pre-Hispanic times. The study of knowledge and practices on the uses of natural resources can help to improve the resilience of biological and human communities to disturbances. The aim of this study was to characterize the biocultural knowledge associated with traditional hunting in the Mayan community of Xul, Yucatán. From September to December 2020, 42 mixed questionnaires and seven semi-structured interviews were applied to local hunters. It was found that 23 species of vertebrates (35 mammals, 6 birds, and 1 reptile) are hunted in Xul and are used mainly for food. The species with higher cultural importance (IIC) were the red brocket deer (Mazama temama), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata). The dry season is their favorite season for hunting (71.4 %) and hunters prefer the milpa (92.9 %) and forest (83.3 %) as hunting sites. The most practiced techniques are the “batida” (flushing by hunting teams, p’uuj; 92.9 %), “caminar por el monte” (walking through the woods, xíimbal ts’on; 73.8 %), and “lampareo” (hunting with flashlights, ts’on; 69 %). In Xul there are beliefs such as virtues, the owners of animals and the winds (Ik’). These results show the continuity of biocultural knowledge related to hunting and its importance in the management and conservation of wild fauna in rural communities.

Resumen: La cacería es una actividad que forma parte del patrimonio biocultural de los mayas de la Península de Yucatán, ya que desde la época prehispánica ha sido parte de su estrategia de uso múltiple de recursos y su cosmovisión. El estudio de los conocimientos y prácticas sobre el empleo de los recursos naturales puede contribuir a aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades biológicas y humanas ante las perturbaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el conocimiento biocultural asociado a la cacería tradicional en la comunidad maya de Xul, Yucatán. Se aplicaron 42 cuestionarios mixtos y siete entrevistas semiestructuradas a cazadores locales entre septiembre y diciembre de 2020. Se reportaron 23 especies de vertebrados que se cazan en Xul (16 mamíferos, 6 aves y 1 reptil) y sus usos. Las especies de mayor importancia cultural (IIC) son el venado cabrito (Mazama temama), el jabalí (Pecari tajacu) y el pavo de monte (Meleagris ocellata). La temporada de sequía es la preferida para cazar (71.4 %) y los sitios son la milpa (92.9 %) y el monte alto (83.3 %). Las técnicas que más se practican son la batida (p’uuj; 92.9 %), caminar por el monte (xíimbal ts’on; 73.8 %) y el lampareo (ts’on; 69 %). En Xul existen creencias en elementos y entidades como las virtudes, los Dueños de los animales y los vientos (Ik’). Estos resultados manifiestan la continuidad e importancia de considerar el conocimiento biocultural sobre la cacería con relación al manejo y conservación de la fauna silvestre en comunidades rurales.

Resumo Frangos de corte Hubbard com 320 dias de idade foram alocados aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos (8 repetições, 10 aves/curral) e foram criados em condições de manejo padrão. As aves do primeiro grupo serviram como controle e foram alimentadas com uma dieta à base de milho, enquanto as aves dos três grupos restantes, ou seja, A, B e C, foram alimentadas com dieta basal suplementada com nanopartículas de cobre (CuNP) a 5, 10 e 15 mg/kg de dieta, respectivamente, por 35 dias. A suplementação de CuNP aumentou linearmente (P ≤ 0,05) o peso corporal (PC), o ganho de peso médio diário (GPDA) e o consumo de ração (FI) em frangos de corte. O ácido úrico, os níveis de glicose no sangue e a conversão alimentar (TCF) reduziram linearmente (P ≤ 0,05) com a suplementação de CuNP na dieta. A suplementação de CuNP na dieta também aumentou linearmente (P ≤ 0,05) peso, comprimento, diâmetro, índice peso/comprimento (P/L) e índice tibiotársico (índice TT) da tíbia. A inclusão de CuNP na dieta de frangos de corte aumentou linearmente os parâmetros medidos de músculo, ou seja; pH, diâmetro da fibra, área da seção transversal da fibra, diâmetro do fascículo, área da seção transversal do fascículo (P ≤ 0,05). A concentração de cobre, ferro, cálcio e fósforo no sangue também aumentou linearmente (P ≤ 0,05) com a suplementação de CuNP. No geral, CuNP afetou positivamente o desempenho de crescimento, características histológicas dos músculos, resistência óssea e metabólitos séricos em frangos de corte.

Abstract Three hundred and twenty day old Hubbard broilers were randomly allocated to four treatments (8 replicates, 10 birds/pen) and were raised under standard management conditions. Birds in the first group served as control and were fed a corn based diet, while birds in the remaining three groups i.e.; A, B and C were fed with a basal diet supplemented with copper nanoparticles (CuNP) at 5, 10 and 15 mg /kg of diet respectively for 35 days. Supplementation of CuNP linearly increased (P≤0.05) body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADWG) and feed intake (FI) in broilers. Uric acid, glucose levels in blood and feed conversion ratio (FCR) reduced linearly (P≤0.05) with CuNP supplementation in diet. Supplementation of CuNP in the diet also linearly increased (P≤0.05) tibia weight, length, diameter, weight/length index (W/L) and Tibiotarsal index (TT index). Inclusion of CuNP in broilers diet linearly increased the measured parameters of muscle i.e.; pH, fiber diameter, fiber cross-sectional area, fascicle diameter, fascicle cross-sectional area (P≤0.05). Concentration of copper, iron, calcium and phosphorous in blood also increased line-arly (P ≤ 0.05) with CuNP supplementation. Overall, CuNP positively affected the growth performance, histological characteristics of muscles, bone strength and serum metabolites in broilers.

RESUMEN El Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña (BMM) del centro de Veracruz, México, representa un paisaje alterado por actividades antrópicas, por lo que es necesario evaluar el potencial evolutivo y adaptativo de las aves refugiadas en el sitio, las cuales se enfrentan a un paisaje con un gradiente heterogéneo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad de aves en fragmentos de BMM y vegetación secundaria (VS), en el predio Finca La Pastoría, Huatusco, Veracruz, así como, asociar su presencia y/o alimentación a cada hábitat evaluado. Se identificaron las especies y número de individuos en 14 sitios de observación de aves, con el método de muestreo basado en conteo por puntos con radio fijo de 30 m. Se registraron 100 especies pertenecientes a 33 familias y 15 órdenes. En el BMM se identificaron 916 individuos, correspondientes a 89 especies, y en VS 331 individuos de 54 especies, encontrando diferencias significativas de diversidad de aves entre coberturas de muestreo. Destacan los registros de Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi y Vireo griseus, por ser endémicas. La primera está clasificada en peligro de extinción, mientras que la segunda se encuentra sujeta a protección especial y la tercera amenazada. También se registraron Pionus senilis, especie amenazada; Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis y Amazona albifrons, sujetas a protección especial. Este estudio brinda información sobre cómo la avifauna hace uso diferencial de dos coberturas de vegetación, la cual puede servir para generar estrategias sustentables para el manejo y conservación del bosque.

ABSTRACT The Cloud Forest (CF) in central Veracruz, Mexico, represents a landscape that has been altered by anthropic activities. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the evolutionary and adaptive potential of the birds sheltered in the site, which face a landscape with a heterogeneous gradient. The objective of the study was to describe the diversity of birds in fragments of CF and secondary vegetation (VS), in the property “Finca La Pastoría”, Huatusco, Veracruz. The species and number of individuals in 14 bird watching sites were identified, with the sampling method based on counting points with a fixed radius of 30 m. 100 species from 33 families and 15 orders were recorded. In the CF, 916 individuals were identified, corresponding to 89 species, and in VS 331 individuals of 54 species, finding significant differences in bird diversity between sampling coverages. The records of Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi and Vireo griseus stand out for being endemic and classified as endangered and threatened, respectively. Furthermore, Pionus senilis, a threatened species, as well as Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis and Amazona albifrons, subject to special protection, were also recorded. This study provides information on how the birds make differential use of two vegetation covers, which can be used to generate sustainable strategies for forest management and conservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum es el ancestro de los chiles cultivados económicamente más importantes del mundo. En México, esta planta tiene una amplia distribución y todos los pueblos originarios vivos del país interactúan con ella. En la península de Yucatán, los Mayas conocen al chile silvestre como maax ik. Aunque esta zona ha sido reconocida como un probable centro de domesticación y diversificación del chile, la investigación etnobotánica con el maax ik, es aún limitada. Preguntas: ¿Qué conocimiento ecológico poseen las personas locales sobre el maax ik? ¿Dónde y cómo se recolecta y maneja el maax ik? ¿Qué usos actuales tiene el maax ik? Especie de estudio: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum. Métodos: Entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad y observación participante. Se identificaron las prácticas de manejo y se calculó un índice de intensidad de manejo. Resultados: Los informantes saben cómo se reproduce el maax ik y sobre el papel que las aves juegan en la dispersión de sus semillas. Maax ik fue recolectado en huertos familiares, donde fue tolerada y sujeta a otras prácticas de manejo incipientes como la protección y promoción. La recolección fue no destructiva y usualmente solo se tomaba una pequeña porción de los frutos disponibles. El maax ik fue usado esencialmente como alimento. El índice de intensidad de manejo fue relativamente alto (5). Conclusiones: Maax ik es un recurso alimenticio de subsistencia que nuestros informantes usan de forma sostenible y se manejan de forma no selectiva en los huertos familiares de San Bernardo, Yucatán.

Abstract Background: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum is the ancestor of most of the economically important chiles in the world. It is widely distributed throughout Mexico, and currently all indigenous groups interact with this plant species. On the Yucatan Peninsula wild chile is known as maax ik by the Maya. Although this area has been recognized as a domestication and diversification center of chile, ethnobotanical research on this species is still limited. Questions: What ecological knowledge do local people have about maax ik? Where and how is maax ik gathered and managed? What uses does maax ik currently have? Studied species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum Study site and dates: San Bernardo, Yucatan. Summer-Autumn 2021. Methods: In-depth semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. The management practices were identified, and management intensity was estimated. Results: Informants knew that maax ik reproduces sexually and recognized the role of birds in its seed dispersal. Maax ik was mainly gathered from homegardens where this species was tolerated and other non-selective incipient management practices such as protection and promotion were also carried out. Fruit was harvested without harming the plant and only a small portion of the available fruit was usually taken. The informants used maax ik essentially as food. The management intensity index was relatively high (5). Conclusions: Maax ik is a sustenance food resource that is sustainably used and non-selectively managed in homegardens by our informants in San Bernardo, Yucatan.

ABSTRACT Background. Bird studies in the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Park (PNSAV) have reported previously that 48 % of the birds are winter migrants and 52 % are residents. However, the structure of the bird communities of its islands has yet to be previously analyzed. Objectives. To analyze the bird communities’ structure of Sacrificios, Verde, Salmedina, Polo, de Enmedio, and Santiaguillo islands. Methods. From April 2021 to April 2022, six bird censuses were conducted on each island. With the data obtained, species richness, abundance, and alpha diversity using the Shannon, Margalef, and Simpson indices, were determined. Additionally, birds were classified into marine, aquatic or coastal, hawks, and terrestrial, and the number of species and the sum of maxima of these groups were calculated for each island. Finally, with all the information, the conformation of each island’s bird communities and their diversity variations throughout the study year were analyzed. Results. De Enmedio Island had the highest diversity values (April and October 2021). October had the highest diversity values for Sacrificios, Verde, and Santiaguillo islands. Salmedina and Polo showed the highest diversity in July 2021 and January 2022; only marine and coastal birds were observed on these two islands; in the other islands, terrestrial species predominated. On Polo Island, marine birds were highly abundant despite the island’s small size. Conclusions. There appears to be great anthropogenic pressure on seabirds’ resting and breeding habitats. There needs to be more information about the islands, and generating it is relevant for the integrated management of the PNSAV.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Estudios previos en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV) han reportado que 48 % de las aves son migratorias de invierno y 52 % son residentes. Sin embargo, no se ha analizado previamente la estructura de las comunidades de aves de sus islas. Objetivos. Analizar la estructura de las comunidades de aves de las islas Sacrificios, Verde, Salmedina, Polo, de Enmedio y Santiaguillo. Métodos. Se realizaron seis censos de aves en cada isla de abril de 2021 a abril de 2022. Con los datos obtenidos se determinó la riqueza específica, la abundancia y la diversidad alfa mediante los índices de Shannon, Margalef y Simpson. Adicionalmente, luego de clasificar a las aves en marinas, acuáticas o costeras, rapaces y terrestres, se calculó el número de especies y la suma de máximos de estos grupos para cada isla. Con toda la información se analizó la conformación de las comunidades de aves para cada isla y sus variaciones en cuanto a la diversidad a lo largo del año de estudio. Resultados. La isla de Enmedio presentó los mayores valores de diversidad (abril y octubre 2021). Octubre 2021 fue el mes de mayor diversidad para Sacrificios, Verde y Santiaguillo. Salmedina y Polo presentaron mayor diversidad en julio 2021 y en enero 2022, en estas dos islas solo se observaron aves marinas y costeras, en las demás islas predominaron especies terrestres. En Polo, las aves marinas presentaron una elevada abundancia a pesar del reducido tamaño de la isla. Conclusiones. Parece existir una gran presión antrópica sobre los hábitats de reposo y reproducción de las aves marinas. Existe poca información de las islas, generarla es relevante para un manejo integral del PNSAV.

RESUMEN La tendencia al aumento de las actividades al aire libre relacionadas con el turismo de naturaleza genera preocupación entre investigadores y conservacionistas debido al impacto potencial sobre la vida silvestre. Entre los lugares que experimentan una mayor presión son los sitios de concentración de aves, como las colonias de nidificación. Topes de Collantes (centro-sur de Cuba) es un área protegida donde se encuentran las mayores colonias de nidificación de Vencejo de Collar de Cuba. Se evaluó si la actividad turística interfiere con los elementos clave de la biología reproductiva de la especie (la cronología reproductiva, los factores limitantes para establecer una colonia de anidación y los picos de actividad durante el día en las colonias de nidificación) en tres sitios de nidificación del área. Los impactos de las actividades recreativas y la interacción entre visitantes y aves se determinaron por observación directa a través de caminatas dentro de los sitios de estudio, sus alrededores y senderos. No se detecta impactos directos de los visitantes en las tres colonias de nidificación evaluadas, donde se observa una efectiva segregación espacio-temporal. Sin embargo, la presencia de especies exóticas y el daño a los sitios (las paredes de las cuevas) por graffiti requiere estrategias de manejo, que incluyan orientación y educación ambiental.

ABSTRACT The trend to increase outdoor activities related to nature-based tourism raises concern among researchers and conservationists due to the potential impact on wildlife. Among the places experiencing increasing pressure are the sites of bird’s concentration, such as nesting colonies. Topes de Collantes (south-center Cuba) is a protected area where the largest nesting colonies of White-collared Swift are found in Cuba. In the work is evaluated if the tourist activity interferes with the key elements of the reproductive biology of the species (the breeding chronology, the limiting factors to establish a nesting colony and the peaks of activity during the day at nesting colonies) in three study sites at Topes de Collantes. The impacts of recreational activities and the interaction between visitors and birds were determined by direct observation through walks within the studied sites, their surroundings and trails. We did not detect direct impacts of visitors in either of the three nesting colonies evaluated, where we observed an effective space-time segregation. However, the presence of alien species and damage to cave walls by graffiti requires management strategies, including guidance and environmental education.

ABSTRACT Objective. Characterize the avifauna present in the Ekonukos agroecological farm of the Minuto de Dios University Corporation, generating base information for the description and development of future models of avitourism, environmental education and conservation actions in the study area. Materials and methods. Four zones were defined according to their vegetation cover or land use (Building or habitable zone-ZE, Secondary forest BS, ZC cultivation zone and Grasslands or open zone-Pza). In each zone an observation point with a fixed radius was established and observations were made. Additionally, tours were made using linear transects. The registered species were identified and categorized by habitat type (ZE, BS, ZC or Pza), diet, frequency of records, and threat or conservation status. Results. 84 species of birds were found, distributed in 18 orders, 34 families and 74 genera. The order Passeriformes presented the highest species richness, as did the families Tyrannidae and Thraupidae. Of the total species, 79 correspond to resident populations, four to boreal migratory and one southern migratory. On the other hand, regarding the threatened status, the farinosa Amazon species was found to be in the NT or almost threatened category. Conclusions. These results constitute an important contribution to the knowledge of local birds and invite to carry out restoration and management actions of the flora of the study site, in order to generate better connectivity with nearby areas and food supply for the species found.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar la avifauna presente en la granja agroecológica Ekonukos de la Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, como fuente de información para la descripción y desarrollo de futuros modelos de aviturismo, educación ambiental y acciones de conservación en el área de estudio. Materiales y métodos. Se definieron cuatro zonas de acuerdo con su cobertura vegetal o uso del suelo (Zona de edificaciones o habitable-ZE, Bosque secundario BS, Zona de cultivos ZC y Pastizales o zona abierta-Pza). En cada zona se estableció un punto de observación con radio fijo, se realizaron observaciones y se practicaron recorridos mediante transectos lineales. Las especies registradas fueron identificadas y categorizadas por tipo de hábitat (ZE, BS, ZC o Pza), alimentación, frecuencia de registros y estado de amenaza o conservación. Resultados. Se encontraron 84 especies de aves, distribuidas en 18 órdenes, 34 familias y 74 géneros. El orden Passeriformes presentó la mayor riqueza de especies al igual que las familias Tyrannidae y Thraupidae. Del total de especies, 79 corresponden a poblaciones residentes, cuatro a migratorias boreales y una migratoria austral. A demás, la especie Amazona farinosa está en estado de amenaza, en la categoría NT o casi amenazada. Conclusiones. Las especies encontradas constituyen un aporte importante para el conocimiento de la avifauna local e invita a realizar acciones de restauración y manejo de la flora del sitio de estudio, con el fin de generar una mejor conectividad con las áreas cercanas y oferta alimenticia para las especies encontradas.

Abstract Savannas are a pyrophytic biome, a biodiversity hotspot, and have global importance, occupying 20% of the Earth's surface. It is a biome that requires burning to maintain its biodiversity and pyrodiversity. It has suffered from altered fire regimes due to the direct and indirect action of factors such as deforestation, agriculture, cattle ranching, and climate change, resulting in habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. This fact can impact the avifauna, changing population dynamics and distribution in the landscape. Thus, through a literature search, this study evaluated the influences of fire on avifauna populations in savannas. It was found that fire impacts avifauna directly or indirectly and acts positively or negatively, according to the niche of the species evaluated and its intrinsic characteristics. The observed effect will depend on the fire detection ability, locomotion capacity, species, habit, functional guild, demographic parameters, resource availability, post-disturbance successional evolution, dispersal ability, and the geographic scale of the area affected by the fire. The main impacts observed for this clade are indirect effects, and its most negatively impacted populations are the ratites and those with poor locomotion ability. Despite the many gaps in knowledge about the impact of fire on the population parameters of avifauna, studies that focus on community dynamics indicate that, in general, there are few changes in richness and abundance indices. Thus, a greater understanding of the consequences of fire on birds is necessary to support better the actions of the Integrated Fire Management Program and its expansion throughout the Brazilian territory in search of quality, dynamic, and integrated environmental management. hotspot importance 20 Earths Earth s surface pyrodiversity deforestation agriculture ranching change loss degradation fragmentation landscape Thus savannas characteristics ability capacity habit guild availability postdisturbance post disturbance evolution effects general indices quality dynamic management 2

Resumo As savanas são um bioma pirofítico, hotspot de biodiversidade e de relevante importância mundial, ocupando 20% da superfície terrestre. É um bioma que necessita da queima para a manutenção da sua biodiversidade e pirodiversidade, tendo sofrido com a alteração dos regimes de fogo pela ação conjunta direta e indireta de fatores como desmatamento, agropecuária e mudanças climáticas, resultando na perda, degradação e fragmentação de hábitats. Tal fato pode gerar impactos para a avifauna, alterando dinâmicas populacionais e sua distribuição na paisagem. Assim, esse trabalho avaliou quais as influências do fogo em populações de avifauna nas savanas, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Constatou-se que o fogo impacta a avifauna diretamente ou indiretamente, bem como atuam positivamente ou negativamente, conforme o nicho da espécie avaliada e suas características intrínsecas. O efeito observado dependerá da capacidade de detecção de incêndios, capacidade de locomoção, espécie, hábito, guilda funcional, parâmetros demográficos, disponibilidade de recursos, evolução sucessional pós-distúrbio, habilidade de dispersão e a escala geográfica da área atingida pelo incêndio. Os principais impactos observados para esse clado são os efeitos indiretos, sendo que suas populações mais impactadas negativamente são as ratitas e as que tem baixa capacidade de locomoção. Apesar das muitas lacunas de conhecimento acerca dos efeitos do fogo sobre parâmetros populacionais da avifauna, os estudos que enfocam dinâmicas de comunidades indicam que, no geral, há poucas alterações nos índices de riqueza e abundância. Assim, faz-se necessária uma maior compreensão sobre as consequências do fogo sobre as aves, para subsidiar melhor as ações do Programa de Manejo Integrado do Fogo e a sua ampliação no território brasileiro, em busca de uma gestão ambiental de qualidade, dinâmica e integrada. pirofítico mundial 20 terrestre pirodiversidade desmatamento climáticas perda hábitats paisagem Assim bibliográfica Constatouse Constatou se indiretamente intrínsecas incêndios locomoção hábito funcional demográficos recursos pósdistúrbio, pósdistúrbio pós distúrbio, distúrbio pós-distúrbio incêndio indiretos geral abundância fazse faz aves brasileiro qualidade integrada 2

ABSTRACT This study presents the social perceptions of tourists, local people, government officials, bird watchers, fishermen, and producers of goods and services concerning the management, monitoring, solutions, responsibilities, and condition of the water quality in the Laguna de Yuriria, Guanajuato. The information was obtained through semi-structured interviews and digital questionnaires designed to be remotely applied due to the pandemic caused by a new coronavirus (COVID-19). Overall, 71 persons participated. The data obtained were processed with the R package for Qualitative Data Analysis (RQDA) and were grouped into the three dimensions of human well-being (material, relational, and subjective). Of the interviewees, 7.05 % considered the water quality to be good, 18.30 % regular, 42.26 % bad, and 12.67 % very bad, while 19.72 % did not know the subject. Government officials consider that the water quality condition is due to poor management and public administration. Bird watchers warn that the water quality is poor, and it affects the biodiversity of species. Most fishermen consider that the water quality is regular and that the lagoon still sustains the economy of their families and the communities of La Angostura and Los Tepetates. This perceptions helped to obtain a social analysis of the lagoon’s water quality. They can be lead to the strengthening and creation of strategies for managing and conserving this water body.

RESUMEN El presente estudio expone las percepciones sociales de turistas, pobladores locales, funcionarios de gobierno, observadores de aves, pescadores y productores con relación al manejo, monitoreo, soluciones, responsabilidades y condición de la calidad del agua de la Laguna de Yuriria, Guanajuato. La información se obtuvo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y cuestionarios diseñados para aplicarse a distancia debido a la pandemia ocasionada por un nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19). En total, participaron 71 personas. Los datos obtenidos se procesaron a través del programa R para el Análisis de Datos Cualitativos (RQDA) y fueron agrupados en las tres dimensiones del bienestar humano (material, relacional y subjetiva). El 7.05 % del total de los entrevistados consideró que la calidad del agua es buena, el 18.30 % regular, el 42.26 % mala y el 12.67 % muy mala. El 19.72 % desconoció el tema. Los funcionarios consideran que la condición de la calidad del agua se debe a una mala gestión y administración pública. Los observadores de aves advierten que la calidad del agua es mala y que a menor calidad del agua menor biodiversidad de especies. La mayoría de los pescadores considera que la calidad del agua es regular y que la laguna mantiene la economía de sus familias y de las comunidades de La Angostura y Los Tepetates. Estas percepciones ayudaron a obtener un análisis social de la calidad del agua en la laguna y pueden derivar en el reforzamiento y la creación de estrategias para el manejo y la conservación de este cuerpo de agua.

Abstract Knowledge about the selection of nesting sites in birds of prey is essential to carry out any management of a population for its conservation. The golden eagle generally chooses rock walls to nest, and this selection is influenced by the natural and anthropic characteristics of the landscape. In Mexico, studying the golden eagle is important because it has a cultural value as a patriotic symbol and biological role regulating its prey populations. In addition, it is listed under the Official Mexican Norm 059-SEMARNAT-2010 in the category of threatened and there is little published scientific information on its ecology and biology in the country. Therefore, this study determined the habitat variables that influence the selection patterns of golden eagle nesting sites in Janos, Chihuahua; for which nesting sites and sites with similar characteristics without the presence of the golden eagle were located for its characterization. The obtained data was analyzed through generalized linear models, taking the presence and absence of nests as the response variable and the habitat characteristics of the sites as predictor variables. Fifteen nesting sites and sixteen sites without nests were located. Of 15 variables measured, there was only a statistically significant difference in the height of the rock walls (W = 44.5, p = 0.003001). The model with the best fit had an AICc value of 20.6, explaining 68% of the variability of the data and includes the variables of height of the rock walls and the roughness of the terrain, the latter being statistically significant (p = 0.0279). Terrain roughness was present in four of the top five candidate models reflecting the importance of topography for nest site selection that can provide isolation from disturbance for eagles.

Resumen El conocimiento sobre la selección de sitios de anidación en aves rapaces es uno de los factores críticos para realizar cualquier manejo de una población para su conservación. El águila real generalmente elige paredes de roca para anidar, y esta selección está influenciada por las características naturales y antrópicas del paisaje. En México el estudio del águila real es importante debido a que tiene un valor cultural por ser un símbolo patrio y biológico por regular las poblaciones de sus presas, además, se encuentra listada en la Norma Oficial Mexicana 059-SEMARNAT-2010 en la categoría de amenazada y existe escasa información científica publicada sobre su ecología y biología en nuestro país. Por ello, se elaboró un estudio que determinó las variables de hábitat que influyen en los patrones de selección de sitios de anidación del águila real en Janos, Chihuahua. Se buscaron sitios de anidación de águila real y sitios semejantes sin presencia de la especie para tomar los datos de dichas variables; con esta información se analizaron los datos a través de modelos lineales generalizados, tomando como variable de respuesta la presencia y ausencia de nidos y las características del hábitat de los sitios como variables predictoras. Se localizaron 15 sitios de anidación y 16 sitios sin nidos; de 15 variables medidas solo existió diferencia estadística significativa en la altura de las paredes de roca (W = 44.5, p = 0.003001). El modelo con mejor ajuste tuvo un valor de AICc de 20.6, explicando el 68% de la variabilidad de los datos e incluye las variables de altura de las paredes de roca y la rugosidad del terreno, siendo esta última estadísticamente significativa (p =0.0279). La rugosidad del terreno y la altura de la pared de la roca que se presentaron en el mejor modelo reflejando la importancia de la topografía para la selección de sitios de anidación que puede proporcionar aislamiento de perturbaciones para las águilas.