ABSTRACT Sentence 1364-17-EP/23 of Constitutional Court and article 233 of the CRE regarding embezzlement seems to be closed. It is stated that both public servants and the ones who do not hold this condition can be authors regardless of their conduct. The resolution is not acceptable as it did not confront whether the content of the constitutional precept was sufficient to comply with the determination required to classify a conduct. The debate cannot be closed without reaching these levels of analysis. The aim of this article is to challenge this decision with arguments that were not considered and can be used to question the conclusions reached. From the explanation of what an intraneus and an extraneus are, other ways of interpreting article 233 are proposed. Among the alternatives, the selected is the one that is believed to be in harmony with the entire system of regulations. Article 233 establishes the need to sanction to non-public and private servants as perpetrators of embezzlement. However, it is not enough to be applied directly. It is the principle of legality that fulfills the mandate of determination. Finally, it is highlighted that the criminal law does contemplate cases where people without the status of public servants may intervene as perpetrators, cases in which there is certainty about the prohibited conduct.

RESUMEN La Sentencia 1364-17-EP/23 de la Corte Constitucional aparentemente cerró la discusión sobre el alcance del art. 233 de la CRE en lo que respecta al peculado. Se afirma serían autores tanto servidores públicos como sujetos que no ostenten esta condición, independientemente de sus conductas. La resolución es insatisfactoria. En la misma no se confrontó si el contenido del precepto constitucional era suficiente para cumplir con la determinación que requiere la tipificación de una conducta. El debate no puede cerrarse sin alcanzar estos niveles de análisis. El objetivo de este artículo es desafiar esta decisión, presentando argumentos que no fueron considerados, y a través de estos, cuestionar las conclusiones alcanzadas. Desde la explicación de lo que es un intraneus y un extraneus, se plantea otras formas de interpretar el art. 233. Entre las alternativas, se selecciona la que se cree que guarda armonía con todo el sistema de normas. El art. 233 fija la necesidad de que en el peculado se sancione como autores a no servidores públicos y a privados, pero no es suficiente para ser aplicado directamente. Es el principio de legalidad el que cumple con el mandato de determinación. Finalmente, se resalta que la norma penal sí contempla supuestos donde pueden intervenir como autores personas sin la calidad de servidores públicos, casos en los que existe certeza sobre la conducta prohibida.

Abstract The IMF´s practices affect the lives of millions of persons all around the world. Recently, institutional actors of the United Nations have defined the rules that it should follow to promote the respect and effectiveness of Human Rights. However, the Fund acts as if such rules do not in fact exist. The article aims to analyze the juridical nexus that ties the IMF to Human Rights, problematizing the «argumentative strategies» through which it legitimizes its position on the field. This way of approaching to the debate allows the paper to: 1) prove the IMF's juridical link to these Rights and, at the same time, show the benefits and limits of the critics that are directed to said link; 2) introduce in a single coherent narrative the developments on this subject that the specialized literature exhibits in a fragmented manner; 3) show how the newest trends that inform the doctrine of Human Rights are translated into official juridical documents. It is argued that the Fund has the international obligation of respecting and enforcing Human Rights from its own mandate and considering the rules of institutional actors on this regard, under penalty of incurring in responsibility for their violation. IMFs s world Recently However exist argumentative strategies field 1 time 2 manner 3 documents regard violation

Resumen Con sus prácticas, el FMI afecta la vida de millones de personas alrededor del mundo. Recientemente, la ONU ha definido las pautas que los agentes del campo financiero deben seguir para promover el respeto y la efectividad de los Derechos Humanos (DDHH). Sin embargo, el Fondo actúa como si de hecho tales pautas no existiesen. Este trabajo procura analizar el nexo jurídico que ata al FMI a los DDHH, problematizando las «estrategias argumentativas» a través de las cuales él legitima su posición al respecto. Esta manera de ingresar al debate permite: 1) sustentar jurídicamente la ligazón del Fondo a estos derechos y, al mismo tiempo, mostrar las bondades y límites de las críticas que se le endilgan a dicha ligazón; 2) presentar en un único relato coherente los desarrollos sobre esta temática que la literatura especializada exhibe de manera fragmentada; 3) dar cuenta de cómo las últimas tendencias que informan la doctrina de los DDHH se traducen en documentos jurídicos oficiales. Se argumenta que el FMI tiene la obligación internacional de respetar y efectivizar los DDHH desde su propio mandato y considerando las pautas de los actores institucionales al respecto, so pena de incurrir en responsabilidad por su violación. prácticas mundo Recientemente DDHH. . (DDHH) embargo existiesen estrategias argumentativas respecto permite 1 tiempo 2 fragmentada 3 oficiales violación (DDHH

Climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) agendas converge in their priorities to reduce social vulnerability and enhance resilience in the face of climate change. However, they are often treated separately in practice and in local government plans. In South Africa, while municipalities are legally mandated to develop Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and Disaster Management Plans (DMPs), this is not the case for CCA. In this study, we assessed the engagement with, and linkages between, CCA and DRR in 20 local municipalities from contrasting socio-economic contexts in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa by conducting an analysis of their IDPs, DMPs and any plans or strategies pertaining to CCA. Our results show that none of the municipalities had separate CCA strategies, with only two municipalities complying with the mandate to have DMPs. While municipalities mostly included CCA- and DRR-related activities in their IDPs, there were no explicit linkages made between the two approaches. Apparent was the prioritisation of bolstering infrastructure with little attention towards addressing social vulnerability and building resilience. Overall, little has been done to prioritise or link CCA and DRR at the local government level, especially in the context of addressing social vulnerability and building resilience. These findings suggest the need for South Africa to implement and promulgate legal instruments, policies and resources to capacitate local municipalities in mainstreaming and integrating CCA and DRR. SIGNIFICANCE: • This study highlights that, while CCA and DRR converge in theoretical frameworks and international and national policies, little has been done to link the two at the local government level in South Africa. • Overall, findings indicate that social vulnerability reduction and resilience building are still not recognised as important aspects of CCA and DRR. • Local municipalities prioritise technical solutions and infrastructure maintenance, with little attention to development and structural causes of vulnerability. • Support, in terms of resources, is needed to capacitate local municipalities in (1) linking CCA and DRR and (2) reducing social vulnerability and building resilience.

This study proposes a methodology using OpenAlex (OA) for tracking Open Access publications in the case of Argentina, a country where a self-archiving mandate has been in effect since 2013 ( Law 26.899, 2013). A sample of 167,240 papers by researchers from the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) was created and analyzed using statistical techniques. We estimate that OA is able to capture between 85-93% of authors for all disciplines, with the exception of Social Sciences and Humanities, where it only reaches an estimated 47%. The availability of papers in Open Access was calculated to be 41% for the period 1953-2021 and 46% when considering exclusively the post-law period (2014-2021). In both periods, gold Open Access made up the most common route. When comparing equal periods post and pre-law, we observed that the upward trend of gold Open Access was pre-existing to the legislation and the availability of closed articles in repositories increased by 5% to what is estimated based on existing trends. However, while the green route has had a positive evolution, it has been the publication in gold journals that has boosted access to Argentine production more rapidly. We concluded that the OA-based methodology, piloted here for the first time, is viable for tracking Open Access in Argentina since it yields percentages similar to other national and international studies.

En este estudio se propone una metodología utilizando OpenAlex (OA) para monitorear el acceso abierto (AA) a las publicaciones científicas para el caso de Argentina, país donde rige el mandato de autoarchivo -Ley 26.899 (2013)-. Se conformó una muestra con 167.240 artículos de investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) que se analizaron con técnicas estadísticas. Se estimó que OA puede representar entre 85-93% de los autores para todas las disciplinas, excepto Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, donde solo alcanza al 47%. Se calculó que 41% de los artículos publicados entre 1953-2021 incluidos en la fuente están en AA, porcentaje que sube a 46% al considerar exclusivamente el periodo post ley (2014-2021). En ambos periodos es la vía dorada la que representa mayor proporción. Al comparar periodos iguales post y pre ley, se observó que la tendencia en alza de la vía dorada era preexistente a la legislación y la disponibilidad de artículos cerrados en repositorios aumentó un 5% a lo que se estima en base a tendencias existentes. Se concluye que si bien  la vía verde ha tenido una evolución positiva, ha sido la publicación en revistas doradas lo que ha impulsado más rápidamente el acceso a la producción argentina. Asimismo, que la metodología basada en OA, piloteada aquí por primera vez, es viable para monitorear el AA en Argentina ya que arroja porcentajes similares a otros estudios nacionales e internacionales.

RESUMEN En el presente artículo se hace un análisis de las determinantes de salud que se asocian a algunas Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, tales como las Cardiopatías adquiridas y las Cardiopatías congénitas desde una mirada integradora. Desde esta perspectiva se pretende contribuir a la educación y sensibilización de la comunidad científica en aras de potenciar las acciones preventivas, rehabilitadoras y asistenciales con estos pacientes y sus familias, así como hacer un llamado a las políticas públicas de salud para que concienticen su participación en dichas acciones desde enfoques multidisciplinarios y a la reformulación de intervenciones capaces de disminuir la carga atribuible a estas enfermedades y sus deletéreas consecuencias. Se enfatiza en el rol relevante la Psicocardiología dado su encargo social, carácter netamente humanista y punto de encuentro entre dos ciencias- la Cardiología y la Psicología. Se particulariza en aportes científicos a nivel internacional, así como en las variables sociales, ambientales, biológicas, psicológicas y culturales que se relacionan a estos padecimientos.

ABSTRACT The present article conducts an analysis of the health determinants associated with certain Cardiovascular Diseases, such as acquired heart diseases and congenital heart diseases, from an integrative perspective. From this standpoint, the aim is to contribute to the education and awareness of the scientific community, with the purpose of enhancing preventive, rehabilitative, and healthcare actions for these patients and their families. Additionally, a call is made to public health policies to raise awareness of their involvement in such actions, employing multidisciplinary approaches and the reformulation of interventions capable of reducing the burden attributable to these diseases and their deleterious consequences. The relevant role of Psychocardiology is emphasized, given its social mandate, inherently humanistic nature, and its position as a meeting point between two sciences - Cardiology and Psychology. The article focuses on international scientific contributions, as well as the social, environmental, biological, psychological, and cultural variables related to these conditions.

There is a prevalent notion among healthcare professionals that their private lives have no bearing on their work. Yet, the public has expectations about the conduct of health professionals while at work or in public. Citizens are quick to broadcast information, and express opinions, and beliefs about the conduct of health partitioners via social media. Consequently, incidents and behaviours traditionally confined to the work environment, have been brought into the public domain, attracting interest and scrutiny. The exposure of personal information can have serious ramifications to the individual and professional reputation. We have witnessed in recent times, the regulator having to acknowledge, process and adjudicate professional conduct emanating outside the work environment. In this article we interrogate the jurisdiction of the HPCSA regarding "unprofessional conduct" outside work. Several contextual questions are discussed: (i) what does it mean for the HPCSA to protect the public? (ii) How far does the HPCSA's mandate to protect the public go extend? (iii) How should the regulator interact with social media as a source of information about practitioner's behaviour and conduct. We contend that, in some cases, the HPCSA as a regulatory authority, can exercise its jurisdiction and prescribe how their members should conduct themselves outside of work. Eventually, Health Professions Council of South Africa, must protect the public and regulate the profession - "by all means necessary" or only when the "means are necessary"

Abstract The connection between political issues and commitments made by political parties in the electoral campaign and the subsequent framework of government actions is essential for theories that explain representative democracy. But, after all, do the parties fulfill their campaign pledges? Or yet, what explains why some governments comply with a relatively larger number of pledges than others? Through an overview of the international literature on the role of electoral pledges in representation, this article offers a (i) systematic assessment of how different empirical approaches alter the results related to the fulfillment of pledges in the mandate and, above all, (ii) a more considered assessment given the gains and limitations implicit in the models recurrently used to assess pledge fulfillment. democracy But all yet others representation i (i ii (ii

Resumo A ligação entre temas políticos e compromissos realizados por partidos políticos na campanha eleitoral e o subsequente quadro de ações do governo é essencial para as teorias que explicam a democracia representativa. Mas afinal, os partidos cumprem suas promessas de campanha? Ou ainda, o que explica o porquê de alguns governos cumprirem um número relativamente maior de promessas do que outros? Empregando um balanço na literatura internacional sobre o papel das promessas na representação, este artigo oferece (i) uma avaliação sistemática de como diferentes abordagens empíricas alteram os resultados relativos ao cumprimento de compromissos na gestão do mandato e, sobretudo, (ii) uma avaliação mais ponderada diante de ganhos e limitações implícitas aos modelos recorrentemente usados para avaliar o seu cumprimento. representativa afinal ainda outros representação i (i sobretudo ii (ii

Abstract Between 1999 and 2020, the Central Bank of Brazil - BCB rested on a regime of operational autonomy, but, unlike other central banks, its board of directors did not have a functional mandate established by law. How to explain the functioning of this autonomy without the existence of a legal guarantee? The article seeks to tackle this question by carrying out an in-depth case study examining the governance and performance of BCB. The findings confirm the hypothesis that an institutional complementarity of three factors played the role of a functional substitute for a mandate established by law: the Weberian organization of the BCB, its external coalitions, and the regulatory capacity. The Weberian organization guaranteed cohesion to the bureaucracy and limited political control exercised through appointments; external coalitions reinforced the BCB's powers within the State apparatus, and the regulatory capacity institutionalized the BCB's performance, reinforcing other authorities' deferential behavior. 199 2020 but banks law guarantee indepth in depth appointments BCBs s apparatus authorities behavior 19 202 1 20 2

Resumo Entre 1999 e 2020, o Banco Central do Brasil - BCB contou com um regime de autonomia operacional, mas, diferentemente da regra geral dos demais bancos centrais, seus dirigentes não contaram com um mandato funcional estabelecido em lei. Como explicar o funcionamento desta autonomia sem a existência de uma garantia legal? O artigo procura responder a esta questão realizando um estudo de caso em profundidade em que analisa a governança e a atuação do BCB. Seus achados confirmam a hipótese de trabalho de que uma complementaridade institucional de três fatores desempenhou o papel de substituto funcional de um mandato estabelecido em lei, são eles: a organização weberiana do BCB, as suas coalizões externas de proteção e a capacidade regulatória adquirida pela autarquia. A organização weberiana garantiu coesão à burocracia e limitou o controle político exercido por meio das nomeações; as coalizões externas reforçaram os poderes do BCB dentro do Estado e a capacidade regulatória institucionalizou a atuação do BCB, o que reforçou um comportamento deferente das demais autoridades em relação às suas políticas. 199 2020 operacional mas centrais lei legal eles autarquia nomeações políticas 19 202 1 20 2

ABSTRACT This study adapted chapter 2 of the PhD research Building the power: dictatorship and public works in São Paulo (1965-1976), written by Deborah Regina Leal Neves and it analyzes the municipal administration of Mayor Faria Lima (1965-1969) and the impacts of the 1966 Tax Reform on São Paulo finances, with emphasis on the carrying out of big public works as a hallmark of the period characterized as “authoritarian modernization.” Primary sources such as reports and municipal budget combining bibliographic debate are used to analyze the financial and urban aspects in the first two years of the mandate (1965-1967) and in its final years (1967-1969) post-Tax Reform period. power 19651976, 19651976 1965 1976 , (1965-1976) 19651969 1969 (1965-1969 196 finances authoritarian modernization. modernization 19651967 1967 (1965-1967 19671969 (1967-1969 postTax post 1965197 197 (1965-1976 1965196 (1965-196 19 1967196 (1967-196 196519 (1965-197 (1965-19 1 196719 (1967-19 19651 (1965-1 19671 (1967-1 (1965- (1967- (1965 (1967 (196 (19 (1 (

RESUMEN Este artículo realiza una adaptación del capítulo 2 de la investigación doctoral Construyendo el poder: dictadura y obras públicas en São Paulo (1965-1976), escrita por Deborah Regina Leal Neves en el cual se evalúa la gestión municipal del alcalde Faria Lima (1965-1969) y los impactos de la Reforma Fiscal de 1966 sobre las finanzas de São Paulo, con énfasis en la ejecución de grandes obras públicas como marca del período caracterizado como “modernización autoritaria”. Para ello, se utilizan fuentes primarias como informes y presupuesto municipal, y debate bibliográfico sobre los aspectos financieros y urbanos en los dos primeros años del mandato (1965-1967), y en los años finales (1967-1969), período posterior a la Reforma Fiscal. poder 19651976, 19651976 1965 1976 , (1965-1976) 19651969 1969 (1965-1969 196 modernización autoritaria. autoritaria . autoritaria” ello 19651967, 19651967 1967 (1965-1967) 19671969, 19671969 (1967-1969) 1965197 197 (1965-1976 1965196 (1965-196 19 (1965-1967 1967196 (1967-1969 196519 (1965-197 (1965-19 1 196719 (1967-196 19651 (1965-1 19671 (1967-19 (1965- (1967-1 (1965 (1967- (196 (1967 (19 (1 (

RESUMO Este artigo é a adaptação do capítulo 2 da pesquisa de doutorado Construindo o poder: ditadura e obras públicas em São Paulo (1965-1976), de autoria de Deborah Regina Leal Neves e nele é feita a análise da gestão municipal do prefeito Faria Lima (1965-1969) e os impactos da Reforma Tributária de 1966 sobre as finanças de São Paulo, com destaque para a realização de grandes obras públicas como marca do período caracterizado como “modernização autoritária”. Utiliza-se fontes primárias, como relatórios e orçamento municipal, e debate bibliográfico, analisando aspectos financeiros e urbanísticos nos dois primeiros anos de mandato (1965-1967) e nos anos finais (1967-1969), período pós-Reforma Tributária. poder 19651976, 19651976 1965 1976 , (1965-1976) 19651969 1969 (1965-1969 196 modernização autoritária. autoritária . autoritária” Utilizase Utiliza se primárias bibliográfico 19651967 1967 (1965-1967 19671969, 19671969 (1967-1969) pósReforma pós 1965197 197 (1965-1976 1965196 (1965-196 19 1967196 (1967-1969 196519 (1965-197 (1965-19 1 196719 (1967-196 19651 (1965-1 19671 (1967-19 (1965- (1967-1 (1965 (1967- (196 (1967 (19 (1 (

Abstract This article analyzes the speeches of leading doctors in the creation of the specialty in childbirth care: gynecotology. Between 1920 and 1940, under the influence of eugenic and maternalist thinking, in a context of valuing the well-being of children, medicine built a new obstetric interventionism under the foundation of improving fetal viability. The supposed female “maternal instinct” was, thus, appealed to improve acceptance of the medical mandate. At the same time, doctors recognized their difficulties in providing adequate care. They did not wait long enough and tended to intervene in unnecessary physiological processes. care gynecotology 192 1940 thinking wellbeing well being children viability maternal instinct was thus mandate time processes 19 194 1

Resumen En este artículo se analizan discursos de médicos de referencia en la creación de la especialidad en la atención del parto: la ginecotocología. Entre 1920 y 1940, bajo la influencia del pensamiento eugenésico y maternalista, en un contexto de valorización del bienestar de la infancia, la medicina construyó un nuevo intervencionismo obstétrico bajo el fundamento de mejorar la viabilidad fetal. En ese marco se apeló al supuesto “instinto maternal” femenino para mejorar la aceptación del mandato médico. A la vez, los médicos reconocieron sus dificultades para asistir de forma adecuada. No esperaban el tiempo suficiente y tendían a intervenir más de lo necesario en procesos fisiológicos que no lo requerían. parto ginecotocología 192 1940 maternalista infancia fetal instinto maternal médico vez adecuada requerían 19 194 1

The church is God's primary vehicle to minister in a global landscape dotted with globalisation, social media, wars, environmental issues, global economics, global social developments, and politics. Given the fact that the family is the microcosm where discipling should take place according to Psalm 78:4-7 (also Deut. 6:7-9; Matt. 28:19-20; 1 Cor. 3:4-9), this focus naturally leads to the critical question: Where do families fit in this mandate? Segregation in ministry results in divided age groups, lack of inclusiveness of all members in all of church life, and a low view of children as part of the church (Holmes et al. 2022:1-3). The article revisits a biblical framework of what church should be, in order to refresh insight into how the church could and should respond to an intergenerational understanding of the form and function of the church.

We, Academic Development (AD) practitioners, question whether AD's objective in South Africa (SA) as a 'liberatory educational and social movement' to enhance educational quality for all students, is effectively pursued. AD practitioners often work on the fringes of the academy, fighting for relevance and legitimacy within an increasingly performative and managerialist academic culture. Despite innovative AD initiatives AD work is criticised for being unresponsive, unreflexive, conformist, and lacking theoretical, scholarly, and critical engagement. We use critical pedagogical praxis, particularly the constructs of critique, reflexivity, power, and self-reflection, to interrogate the continuous tension between AD intention and practice. Through (un)conference methodology, this auto-ethnographic account of individual and collective engagements, using the "holding the mirror up" metaphor, critically questioned the tension and misalignments between the AD mandate and practices. Although in a SA higher education context, this research could be beneficial to HE contexts globally, given the ubiquity of AD work.

PURPOSE: This article evaluates the impact of the de jure independence of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) on the credibility and discipline of domestic monetary policy. Credibility captures the extent to which economic agents trust the SARB to pursue its price stability mandate and is measured by the relationship between the SARB's independence and domestic inflation. Discipline relates to the effect of independence on money growth rates, where independence is associated with a more disciplined central bank and moderate money growth rates. METHODOLOGY: A simple autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric specification and Granger causality tests are employed. Following the extant empirical literature, existing indexes of central bank independence (CBI) are regressed on annual rates of inflation and money growth. FINDINGS: A statistically significant negative relationship is established between both i) CBI and inflation and ii) CBI and money growth for the South African economy. This suggests that the SARB's legal independence plays an important role in containing inflation (credibility) and limiting excessive money growth (discipline). CONTRIBUTION: This article fills a gap in the extant literature by being the first attempt at formalising the empirical link between de jure CBI, inflation, and the rate of money growth in the South African economy.

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), COVID-19 and Ebola have exposed the magnitude of care-related tasks on women. Most often, because of the gendered nature of domestic and reproductive roles, women are expected to assume unpaid care-related, nurturing and domestic work. Despite the valuable duties, women are economically poor and othered. These unpaid care duties are exacerbated by pandemics and ratified even further by religion. For instance, in Nomiya Church (NC), the first African independent church in Kenya, women's experience narratives and biblical texts such as the story of the Proverbs 31 virtuous woman are used to glorify unpaid charitable work for women. Women's virtuous personality, hard work and character are upheld in Christian spaces, thus obstructing sound work theologies. This article employed African Women's theological lens in view of pointing out repressing and transformative tenets in charitable theologies of work for social and gender justice. While applying womanhood hermeneutics in the passage, the article points to valued behavioural postures of hard work in responding to God's stewardship mandate. An affirmation of fair reward and accumulation of property is embraced as a familial complementary role, especially in pandemic contexts. The article amplifies the accumulation of property as a human right and the mandate of stewardship for all earth communities. Hence, charity work is a stewardship framework that all earth communities must engage in for replenishment and sustenance for all. CONTRIBUTION: The article challenges literal biblical interpretations that glorify charity work. It advances a stewardship framework in understanding unpaid and charity work that all earth communities must engage in to replenish and sustain all creation. The framework affirms the dignity of all human persons through a transformational understanding of the theology of work as enabled by the African theological hermeneutics

Christian Religious Education (CRE) studies are often known to neglect the incorporation of local culture, as regulations primarily mandate the inclusion of Christian dogmatics and social issues. In fact, Christian ethics and biblical doctrine receive massive exploration compared to social and cultural discussions. Therefore, this study explored Minahasan celebration practice as an alternative dimension that can be integrated into the CRE curriculum, thereby bridging the gap between social and religious features. A sensitive analysis was used to delve into Minahasan cultural expression, which potentially contributed to the tension. The study used literature, references, articles and books to construct the practice and philosophy of each ritual. In essence, practices such as mapalus, kampetan, mu'kur and foso rummages are alternative values for the CRE curriculum. CONTRIBUTION: The findings contribute to developing the Christian Religious Education curriculum in Indonesia, specifically Minahasa. Local cultures share values relating to social, religious and educational values, potentially enriching and developing the curriculum. Ritual practices could contribute significantly to the Christian Religious Education that provides local cultural elements