Students' parents are important stakeholders of school leadership. Student mobility and some other problems in a school environment may occur when the expectations of students' parents cannot be met. Hence, I studied the expectations of the parents of secondary school students about the leadership of school principals through focus-group interviews using a phenomenology design. According to the findings, the leadership expectations of parents about school principals were categorised in 4 sub-themes: behaviour, values, skills and competencies, and characteristics. Parents of students expect school principals to prioritise student success, create unity and integrity, ensure open and sincere communication, and student safety and happiness. They also expect values that include managerial competence and problem-solving skills, showing interest and sensitivity, sensitivity to differences, respect for justice and equality, and a democratic attitude. At the same time, parents of students expect school principals to be innovative, visionary, consistent, empathetic, and disciplined - they want principals to be good role models for students.

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo busca compreender como pesquisadores têm abordado a gamificação no ensino de empreendedorismo e, a partir dessa análise, propor direções para pesquisas futuras por meio da sistematização de Teorias, Contextos, Características e Metodologias (Framework TCCM). Metodologia: O protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) foi utilizado para a revisão sistemática em oito bases de pesquisa (Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Emerald, Wiley, Sage e Taylor & Francis). Foram incluídos 33 estudos empíricos, publicados entre 2017 e 2022. Principais Resultados: A maioria das pesquisas não explorou uma variedade de teorias existentes, como a Teoria do Comportamento Planejado. Ademais, os trabalhos se concentram no ensino superior, havendo uma lacuna no contexto do ensino fundamental e médio. Sugere-se que as amostras sejam balanceadas por gênero, análises com métodos mistos, estudos experimentais e longitudinais. Contribuições: O estudo contribui com a literatura ao compilar as principais abordagens adotadas na educação empreendedora gamificada. Ademais, propõe uma agenda de pesquisa a partir das lacunas na literatura. Relevância e originalidade: a pesquisa adota uma abordagem conjunta dos protocolos PRISMA e TCCM, avançando além da mera descrição de resultados, com o intento de fundamentar uma agenda de pesquisa propositiva para a comunidade acadêmica de empreendedorismo. Contribuições gerenciais e sociais: a identificação de melhores práticas para a aplicação da gamificação no ensino de empreendedorismo - o design de jogos e a seleção de objetivos de aprendizagem - fornece insights para os educadores, formuladores de políticas públicas, instituições de fomento ao empreendedorismo e programas corporativos. Objetivo análise Teorias Contextos Framework TCCM. TCCM . TCCM) Metodologia Metaanalyses Meta analyses (PRISMA Web Direct Scopus Springer Emerald Wiley Francis. Francis Francis) 3 empíricos 201 2022 Resultados existentes Planejado Ademais superior médio Sugerese Sugere gênero mistos longitudinais gamificada originalidade resultados sociais educadores públicas corporativos 20 202 2

Abstract Objective: This study aims to understand how researchers have approached gamification in entrepreneurship education and based on this analysis, propose directions for future research through the systematization of Theories, Contexts, Characteristics, and Methodologies (TCCM Framework). Methodology: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol was used for the systematic review in eight research databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Emerald, Wiley, Sage, and Taylor & Francis). 33 empirical studies published between 2017 and 2022 were included. Main results: Most of the research did not explore a variety of existing theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior. Additionally, the works focus on higher education, with a gap in the context of primary and secondary education. It is suggested that samples be gender-balanced, mixed-method analyses, experimental and longitudinal studies. Contributions: The study contributes to literature by compiling the main approaches adopted in gamified entrepreneurship education. Additionally, it proposes a research agenda based on gaps in literature. Relevance and originality: This research adopts a joint approach of the PRISMA and TCCM protocols, advancing beyond the mere description of results, with the intent of grounding a proactive research agenda for the entrepreneurship academic community. Managerial and social contributions: The identification of best practices for the application of gamification in entrepreneurship education - game design and selection of learning objectives - provides insights for educators, policymakers, entrepreneurship support institutions, and corporate programs. Objective analysis Theories Contexts Characteristics Framework. Framework . Framework) Methodology Metaanalyses Meta analyses (PRISMA Web Direct Scopus Springer Emerald Wiley Sage Francis. Francis Francis) 3 201 202 included results theories Behavior Additionally genderbalanced, genderbalanced gender balanced, balanced gender-balanced mixedmethod mixed method Contributions originality protocols community contributions educators policymakers institutions programs 20 2

Resumen: El agroturismo, predominantemente familiar, ha mostrado un auge debido a sus características únicas, que permiten a los turistas experimentar y participar de las actividades que realizan los emprendimientos. Con este crecimiento de la modalidad, surgió la preocupación con el futuro de las empresas promotoras del agroturismo, es decir, con el proceso de sucesión gerencial, ya que a través de él se definirá el éxito o fracaso de la organización. Por lo tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender los impactos del proceso de sucesión empresarial en la oferta agroturística, describiendo cómo iniciativas de este tipo promueven el agroturismo, además de analizar cómo se produce el proceso de sucesión en las pequeñas propiedades familiares y cuáles son sus influencias en la actividad. Para ello, se desarrolló un estudio de casos múltiples en dos desarrollos ubicados en Venda Nova do Imigrante - ES, municipio en el que la actividad agroturística se ha desarrollado de manera representativa, convirtiéndose en la "Capital Nacional del Agroturismo". Este artículo ratifica la idea de la complejidad del proceso sucesorio y contribuye a una mejor comprensión del mismo en las empresas familiares, centrando la atención principalmente en los conflictos entre generaciones de una misma familia, la remuneración de los sucesores, la innovación a través de la sucesión y el papel de la mujer. en el proceso de sucesión. Resumen agroturismo familiar únicas emprendimientos modalidad decir gerencial organización tanto ello ES representativa Capital Agroturismo. Agroturismo . Agroturismo" familia sucesores mujer

Abstract: Agrotourism, which is predominantly family-oriented, has shown a rise due to its unique characteristics, which allow tourists to experience and participate in the activities carried out by the enterprises. With this growth of the modality, the concern with the future of the companies that promote agrotourism arose, that is, with the managerial succession process, since through it the success or failure of the organization will be defined. Therefore, this article aims to understand the impacts of the successory process management on the agrotourism offer, describing how initiatives of this type promote agrotourism, in addition to analyzing how the succession process occurs in small family properties and what their influences are on the activity. To this end, a multiple cases study was developed in two developments located in Venda Nova do Imigrante - ES, a municipality in which the agrotourism activity has developed in a representative way, becoming the "National Capital of Agrotourism". This article ratifies the idea of the complexity of the succession process and contributes to a better understanding of it in family businesses, focusing attention mainly on conflicts between generations of the same family, remuneration of successors, innovation through succession and the role of women in the succession process. Abstract Agrotourism familyoriented, familyoriented oriented, oriented family-oriented characteristics enterprises modality arose defined Therefore offer end ES way National Agrotourism. . Agrotourism" businesses successors

Resumo: O agroturismo, que é predominantemente familiar, tem evidenciado uma ascensão em razão das suas características singulares, as quais permitem que o turista vivencie e participe das atividades exercidas pelos empreendimentos. Com esse crescimento da modalidade, surgiu a preocupação com o futuro das empresas que promovem o agroturismo, ou seja, com o processo sucessório gerencial, uma vez que por seu intermédio será definido o sucesso ou o insucesso da organização. Portanto, este artigo tem por objetivo compreender os impactos do processo sucessório gerencial na oferta agroturística, descrevendo a forma como iniciativas desse tipo promovem o agroturismo, além de analisar como ocorre o processo sucessório em pequenas propriedades familiares e quais suas influências na atividade. Para esse fim, foi desenvolvido um estudo de casos múltiplos em dois empreendimentos localizados em Venda Nova do Imigrante (ES), município em que a atividade agroturística se desenvolveu de forma representativa, tornando-se a “Capital Nacional do Agroturismo”. Este artigo ratifica a ideia de complexidade do processo sucessório e contribui para melhor compreendê-lo em empresas familiares, estando as atenções direcionadas, principalmente, aos conflitos entre gerações de uma mesma família, remuneração dos sucessores, inovação por meio da sucessão e o papel da mulher no processo sucessório. Resumo agroturismo familiar singulares modalidade seja organização Portanto fim ES, ES , (ES) representativa tornandose tornando Capital Agroturismo. Agroturismo . Agroturismo” compreendêlo compreendê lo direcionadas principalmente família sucessores (ES

ORIENTATION: Higher education institutions (HEIs) are crucial in preparing students for the workforce. Practitioners, such as industrial psychologists, can aid HEIs to enhance student development and improve university efficiency. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the relationship between student demands and resources, proactive behaviour towards strengths use (PBSU) and proactive behaviour towards deficit improvement (PBDI), and students' well-being (emotional, social and psychological. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Two specific types of proactive behaviour, namely PBSU and PBDI, have been identified that may contribute to student success. Investigating the impact of these behaviours on student antecedents and outcomes could offer valuable insights for designing student development initiatives. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This study included 773 South African first-year university students studying at different campuses of a South African university. Structural equation modelling was used to test the structural model and investigate the regression weights. MAIN FINDINGS: Students' personal problems were found to predict both PBSU and PBDI negatively. Autonomy positively predicted both types of proactive behaviour. Proactive behaviour towards strengths use was strongly related to emotional and psychological well-being, while PBDI was strongly related to social well-being. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: This study highlights the direct impact of PBSU and PBDI on students' well-being. Practitioners in university settings can benefit from the recommendations provided in this article to inform and implement initiatives related to student development and assist students in developing the necessary skills to enhance their work readiness. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD:This study's findings contribute to the relatively small body of research on implementing strengths-based and deficit improvement initiatives in South African universities.

ORIENTATION: Most stress models emphasise the impact of adverse work conditions on psychological strain. Despite considerable support for these additive models, the role of personal characteristics moderating the stress-strain sequence is under-researched. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The study investigated the indirect and curvilinear effects of personal resources on the stress-strain sequence. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Personal agency may play an important role in changing work conditions, through job crafting and other pro-active work activities. This study's results may enhance popular work strain models through the incorporation of personal characteristics. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN, AND METHOD: The study made use of a cross-sectional and ex post facto research design and convenience sampling of 879 South African employees across various industries and job levels. The data were collected through a quantitative survey and analysed using latent interaction analysis. MAIN FINDINGS: Broad support was found for the buffering role of sense of coherence on the relationship between job demands and cynicism, and between job demands and exhaustion. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The results suggest that the existence of resource-rich environments alone may not be enough to guarantee thriving and engaged employees. The motivating potential of resources is enhanced when employees experience a certain degree of challenge in their work. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study makes a theoretical contribution by highlighting the importance of personality traits as buffers in the stress-strain sequence. Moreover, latent interaction analysis is seldom used in structural equation modelling, despite holding numerous benefits compared to moderated regression analysis.

ORIENTATION: Transformational leadership styles, characterised by vision, ethical behaviour and self-awareness are crucial for institutional change and combating political corruption; yet, the current knowledge on their relationships is limited RESEARCH PURPOSE: The study investigates the influence of political and institutional context, personality traits and leadership behaviours on President Mwanawasa's anti-corruption campaign in Zambia MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: There is a scarcity of academic research on the complex connections between political leadership, personal characteristics, political institutions and political corruption RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This qualitative study utilised purposive sampling; semi-structured interviews with five key informants; and secondary data that were gathered through literature study and documentation analysis. Wilber's four-quadrant model was used for thematic data analysis MAIN FINDINGS: The study highlights the importance of transformational leadership, particularly visionary and ethical leadership, in combating political corruption. It emphasises the relationship between values, emotional intelligence and leadership transition, and describes the shift from transactional to transformational leadership by advancing through stages of ego development PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study emphasises the importance of considering contextual factors when addressing corruption and its implications for political leadership, institutional norms, governance and leadership transitions in public policy and practice CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study enhances understanding of political corruption by utilising a multidimensional analytical approach that considers individual and institutional consciousness domains. It also enhances comprehension of leadership behaviours and personal growth by examining ego development stages and leadership transition

ORIENTATION: The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has compelled various organisations to alter their human resource management approaches in response to a challenging work milieu. Providing meaningful rewards is imperative for maintaining employee productivity and business continuity during turmoil. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The main objective of this research was to explore significant incentives for employees of pharmaceutical enterprises amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this study examined the reward preferences of pharmaceutical professionals in managerial positions concerning their age and gender. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Despite the extensive body of research on rewards during the COVID-19 pandemic, there exists a notable gap in the literature regarding the investigation of total rewards in the pharmaceutical industry from the vantage points of gender and age. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: A qualitative research approach was followed with data collected from managerial employees in a pharmaceutical company (N = 12). Thematic analyses were applied. MAIN FINDINGS: Overall, the female participants exhibited a greater propensity towards all rewards than male counterparts. The COVID-19 pandemic mostly impacted female Millennials, who identified all aspects of total rewards as crucial. Male Baby Boomers were more inclined towards being incentivised by monetary remuneration than non-monetary perks. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings underscore the importance of leaders prioritising human-centred values such as trust, appreciation, interpersonal connections, and collaborative teamwork. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study's results prompt researchers and practitioners to reconsider conventional characteristics and incentive inclinations of distinct age cohorts and gender categories, which have undergone modifications because of the COVID-19 outbreak.

ORIENTATION: The failure of an organisation to achieve the goals has become a main challenge that can influence public impressions. One of the strategies to ensure the organisation goal and reputation is performing impression management RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the effect of transformational leadership, organisational commitment to employee performance, and to analyse the role of organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in mediating the interconnectedness between variables MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Investigating the relationship between transformational leadership, organisational commitment and employee performance can shed light on strategies to enhance performance among civil servants in Indonesia RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This research involved a quantitative approach using a self-administered survey method. The population in this study were employees of the Pamekasan District Civil Service Agency in Indonesia, with a total of 6843 employees MAIN FINDINGS: Using structural equation modelling, the findings of this research indicate that transformational leadership and organisational commitment both have a positive effect on OCB and employee performance. Additionally, OCB was found to mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance, as well as between organisational commitment and employee performance PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study presents novel empirical insights into the managerial and practical matters in considering these variables for supporting employee performance and organisational goals CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: Taking a study at Pamekasan District Civil Service Agency is unique as it has characteristics and ethnics that make it interesting for research, contributing to the enhancement of civil servant performance in Indonesia

ORIENTATION: The development of quality of work life (QWL) in line with the needs of employees will balance personal growth and social life in the workplace. Improving the QWL has an impact on employee efficiency and organisational productivity RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study determines how organisational justice and work-family conflict determine the QWL. We conducted a cross-sectional study. Participants were selected based on characteristics and the objective of the study MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Employees' well-being and fairness in the workplace are crucial factors that can significantly impact their job satisfaction, productivity and overall organisational outcomes RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: Data collection used questionnaires and involved 508 oil palm plantation officers. The hierarchical regression analysis was used to find out the determinant of QWL MAIN FINDINGS: We found that organisational justice and work-family conflict are predictors of QWL. Work-family conflict is associated with low levels of QWL. Interactional justice and time-based conflict was the best predictor of QWL PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The emergence of work-family conflict will reduce employee job satisfaction, and ultimately, the QWL will decrease CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: These findings could be guidelines for managing a healthy work culture that eventually leads to the organisation's success

ORIENTATION: Employee job satisfaction is a widely studied concept with limited consensus on which factors of job satisfaction are most significant for tourism and hospitality employees. Specific factors of employee job satisfaction are critical to assist managers, practitioners, and academics, to enhance the levels of employee job satisfaction within national parks RESEARCH PURPOSE: To determine and rank the factors of job satisfaction that are most significant towards an overall job satisfaction of tourism and hospitality employees within national parks MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Significant factors of job satisfaction will enable managers, practitioners, and academics to use specific factors of job satisfaction when addressing the levels of employee job satisfaction RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This article adopted a quantitative explanatory research approach using a structured e-questionnaire to collect data. The study had 211 participants. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to interpret data MAIN FINDINGS: Key findings reveal that tourism and hospitality respondents within national parks have diverse demographical characteristics, and present work is among the most significant factor of job satisfaction while salary is least significant for these respondents PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Managers and practitioners need to be specific when addressing factors of employee satisfaction. Managers need to pay more attention on employees' present work than other factors CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This study makes a significant contribution towards the tourism employment literature because the tourism employment is associated with negative work characteristics. Managers are further provided with specific factors to measure job satisfaction

ORIENTATION: Employee productivity is affected by various social and psychological variables. Flexible work arrangements (FWAs) and participative styles are expected to influence employee productivity RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of FWA and participative styles on employee productivity, specifically of Generation Z (Gen Z) employees. It also examines the mediating role of emotional engagement on the effect of FWA and participative styles on employee productivity MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Gen Z workers have specific work-behavioural characteristics, including freedom and flexibility. This study provides empirical evidence of factors that increased the productivity of Gen Z employees by examining the influence of FWA and participative style RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This study was designed as explanatory. Data were collected using a survey involving 259 employees by purposive sampling technique. The data were analysed by the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with the IBM AMOS 26 program MAIN FINDINGS: Flexible work arrangement, participative style and emotional engagement affect employee productivity in direct and indirect relationships. However, there is no significant effect of FWAs on emotional engagement PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Organisations need to develop FWA systems and more employee participation at work. It is expected to strengthen emotional engagement in their organisation and increase their productivity indirectly CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study took Gen Z as the object of this research to support the assumption that this generation prefers a flexible way of working but still supports their productivity achievements

Resumo O estudo “Observatório de Saúde Psicológica e Bem-Estar: Monitorização e Ação” tem como principal objetivo inicial conhecer e monitorizar a saúde psicológica e bem-estar das crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar (educação pré-escolar ao 12.º ano de escolaridade), dos seus professores e educadores, e identificar recomendações de ação e intervenção promotoras de melhor saúde psicológica e bem-estar nas escolas. O estudo integrou quatro tipos de instrumentos, dirigidos à educação pré-escolar e 1.º ciclo do ensino básico; 2.º ciclo do ensino básico; 3.º ciclo do ensino básico; ensino secundário; e docentes. Os resultados indicaram um panorama menos positivo da saúde psicológica e bem-estar nos alunos do género feminino, nos alunos mais velhos, bem como nos docentes do género feminino, com mais idade e anos de serviço. Nos alunos as competências socioemocionais (conexão e confiança e perceção de competência) e o estilo de vida mais saudável (boa higiene do sono, utilização moderada de ecrãs, e prática da atividade física) estiveram associados a melhor saúde psicológica. No que diz respeito aos docentes, a comunicação e o apoio por parte de colegas e o funcionamento da instituição assumiam a maior importância, especialmente a perceção das características da direção, sendo a sua otimização imprescindível na promoção da sua saúde psicológica e bem-estar. Com base nestes resultados, elaboraram-se recomendações para alunos, famílias e profissionais de educação e saúde, bem como para as políticas públicas do setor, comprometidas não só na mitigação da situação, mas na preparação atempada para futuros cenários, cumprindo 3As: Antecipar, Alertar e Agir.

Abstract The study "Observatory of Psychological Health and Well-being: Monitoring and Action" has the primary initial goal of identifying recommendations for action and intervention to promote better psychological health and well-being in schools, as well as knowing and monitoring the psychological health and well-being of school-age children and adolescents (pre-school to 12th grade), their teachers and educators. The instruments used in the study were divided into four categories: pre-school education and the first cycle of basic education; the second cycle of basic education; the third cycle of basic education; secondary education; and teachers. The results suggested a less favorable attitude for psychological health and well-being among female students, older students and female teachers with more years of service. Better psychological health was connected with socio-emotional skills (connection, confidence, and perceived competence) and a healthy lifestyle (excellent sleep hygiene, limited screen usage, and physical exercise) in students. Communication and support from colleagues, as well as the operation of the institution, were most significant to instructors, particularly the perception of managerial characteristics, and their optimization was critical in boosting their psychological health and well-being. Based on these findings, recommendations were developed for students, families, education and health professionals, as well as public policies in the sector, with the goal of not only mitigating the situation, but also preparing for future scenarios in advance, thereby fulfilling the 3As: Anticipate, Alert, and Act.

Resumen La importancia de los líderes escolares y de sus competencias para afrontar los retos cotidianos requiere reflexión permanente y formación adecuada para quienes desenvuelven la misión educativa. Una amplia literatura confirma que el liderazgo escolar que ejercen los directores y directivos de la escuela es uno de los pilares más importantes para mejorar los aprendizajes. Este tiempo de pandemia ha requerido la identificación de prácticas claves en la gestión escolar que contribuyan a poner al centro a las/los estudiantes y sus necesidades, e incidir en sus procesos de aprendizaje. Este trabajo de investigación presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado en 2020 a 300 directivos/as de las escuelas salesianas de Argentina, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay, que conforman la región del Cono Sur. El propósito se enmarca en las estrategias que la escuela salesiana de América está desarrollando para impulsar la calidad de sus centros educativos presentes en el continente. El objetivo fue estimar el grado de apropiación de las competencias directivas salesianas de quienes trabajan directamente en la gestión escolar. Se utilizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, con la técnica de la encuesta, la cual fue aplicada a través de un cuestionario online. Los resultados describen las características del liderazgo salesiano, dando cuenta de procesos formativos que pueden ser potenciados en los próximos años y que adquieren mayor relevancia en el contexto de la pandemia de la Covid-19.

Abstract The importance of school leaders and their skills to face daily challenges requires ongoing reflection and adequate training for those who carry out the educational mission. Extant literature confirms that school leadership exercised by school principals and directors is one of the most important cornerstones for improving student learning. These pandemic times have also required identifying key practices in school management that both contribute to putting students and their needs at the center and affect their learning processes. This paper reports the results of a study carried out in 2020 with 300 Salesian school directors from Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, countries making up the Southern Cone Region. The study addresses the strategies that the Salesian school of the Americas is developing to promote the quality of its educational centers in the continent. The aim was to assess the degree of appropriation of the managerial competencies by those who work directly in the management of the schools. Based on a quantitative approach, this study relied on an online survey. Results describe the characteristics of Salesian leadership and showcase formative processes that can be strengthened in the coming years and that become more relevant in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Abstract Purpose This study aims to analyze how different types of organizational culture influence the implementation of performance-based compensation policies in family-owned micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and whether the presence of the owning family in the management of the firm moderates this relationship. Theoretical framework Cameron and Quinn's (2011) typology of organizational culture and empirical evidence in the family business field were used to explain the relationship between organizational culture and performance-based compensation policies. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses were statistically tested using a multiple hierarchical regression analysis with a cross-sectional sample of 315 family MSMEs located in three main cities in Colombia. Findings The results obtained suggest that there is no single cultural path for implementing a performance-based compensation policy in family MSMEs, even when the presence of family members in managerial positions moderates this relationship. The clan, adhocratic, and market cultures favor using a performance-based compensation policy in family-owned MSMEs. Practical & social implications of research Our results present organizational culture as a key driver of compensation. Researchers, managers, and consultants should consider the characteristics of the organizational culture before suggesting implementing performance-based compensation policies in family firms. Originality/value This work contributes to the literature on human resources and family businesses by extending the existing knowledge on the relationship between organizational culture and compensation policies related to performance in family MSMEs. Furthermore, it offers empirical evidence in the Latin American context of a relationship treated mainly from a conceptual approach and in the eastern context and developed countries. performancebased based familyowned owned micro mediumsized medium sized (MSMEs Quinns Quinn s 2011 (2011 Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology crosssectional cross sectional 31 Colombia clan adhocratic Researchers managers firms Originalityvalue Originality value Furthermore countries 201 (201 3 20 (20 2 (2 (

Abstract Purpose: The Spanish airport system contains several regional airports within an amenity distance and alternative travel modes. Profitable airports cross-subsidise small airports, which are not required for regional development or connectivity. Airports are government-owned and centralised-managed by Spanish Airports and Air Navigation (AENA, for its Spanish acronym). This study aims to analyse the probability of an under-used public infrastructure and the AENA’s managerial ability as per the financial sustainability of the network in the long term. Design/methodology/approach: The national regulatory framework determines the airports’ environment. Six airports revealed unobserved heterogeneity, avoiding model misspecification. The framework is defined through proxies of the singularities of the Spanish framework: public investments and geographical specifications. The stochastic frontier analysis model follows two time-varying specifications, accounting for airports’ environmental factors, to ensure the robustness of the results to differ from the inefficiency caused by AENA and external factors. Findings: Airports’ infrastructure capacity and traffic are not correlated; regional airports become a financial burden for the system unless they specialise or differentiate. Proxies defining the airports’ context are relevant. Because airports do not compete for airlines and passengers, there are too many regional airports with little traffic, resulting in disused public infrastructure that falls far short of improving connectivity and regional development. Originality/value: This study contributes to paying attention to the characteristics of the regulatory framework, such as management strongly centralised in AENA, airport charges decided by the owner, lack of competition and lack of an independent regulatory entity. Another original contribution considers reliable capital measures (airports’ infrastructure).