RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui uma grande diversidade de espécies de répteis distribuídos por todo o Estado. Devido às ações antrópicas, como a fragmentação de habitats, estes animais vêm sendo observados com frequência no meio urbano e periurbano. Isso facilita a disseminação de patógenos entre animais e seres humanos, sendo um risco a saúde única, visto que muitas doenças são consideradas zoonoses. A leptospirose está entre as zoonoses mais comuns do mundo e é causada pelas espécies patogênicas da bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Ainda não se sabe o papel dos répteis no ciclo da doença, porém, estudos sorológicos demonstraram positividade para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em cágados e serpentes, o que pode indicar que estes animais atuam na manutenção do patógeno no ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em répteis oriundos de resgate e levados ao Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). As amostras foram coletadas de 55 animais (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva), durante o período de agosto de 2022 a dezembro de 2023, e testadas para 12 sorovares de referência. Dois animais demonstraram positividade, um deles para o sorovar patogênico Pyrogenes e outro para o sorovar patogênico Canicola. Este resultado demonstra a importância de outras espécies, além dos mamíferos, como potenciais reservatórios e responsáveis pela manutenção da leptospirose no ambiente. RESUMO Estado antrópicas habitats periurbano humanos única doença porém spp serpentes ambiente antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva, aestiva , aestiva) 202 2023 referência Canicola mamíferos NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. ABSTRACT territory actions fragmentation periurban peri environments humans risk unknown However spp snakes environment antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva 202 serovars Canicola NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

Abstract: A great diversity of living beings and human values are invisible to the prevailing global culture, which associates the word biodiversity with large organisms such as trees and mammals. Paradoxically, most biodiversity is made up of small organisms that remain invisible to global society and are under-represented in philosophy, science, and education. To help resolve this “biocultural blindness” about biological and value diversity, in this article we present concepts and practices of field environmental philosophy. We focus on the activity “ecotourism with a hand-lens” to illustrate “conceptual lenses” that amplify the appreciation of biological and cultural diversity. This activity integrates philosophy, sciences, and arts to appreciate the beauty and relevance of small organisms and the multiplicity of languages, forms of knowledge, and values that different cultural traditions give to biodiversity. Participants practice forms of analogical thinking to co-create knowledge and biocultural expressions of their own, instead of being passive recipients of information. Finally, this field environmental philosophy activity combines bodily and sensory activities with theoretical readings that provide conceptual foundations for cultivating a biocultural ethic that guides forms of co-inhabitation with small and large co-inhabitants (humans and others-than-humans) with whom we share both our local habitats and the global biosphere.

Resumen: Una gran diversidad de seres vivos y valores humanos son invisibles a la cultura global prevaleciente, que asocia la palabra biodiversidad con grandes organismos tales como mamíferos y árboles. Paradójicamente, la mayoría de la biodiversidad está compuesta por pequeños organismos que permanecen invisibles para la sociedad global y son subrepresentados en la filosofía, la ciencia y la educación. Para contribuir a resolver esta “ceguera biocultural” sobre la diversidad biológica y de valores, en este artículo presentamos conceptos y prácticas de la filosofía ambiental de campo. Nos enfocamos en la actividad “ecoturismo con lupa” para ilustrar “lentes conceptuales” que amplifican la apreciación de la diversidad biológica y cultural. Esta actividad integra las ciencias, artes, humanidades y ética para apreciar la belleza y relevancia de los pequeños organismos y los múltiples lenguajes, formas de conocimientos y valores que diferentes tradiciones culturales otorgan a la biodiversidad. Los participantes practican formas de pensamiento analógico para co-crear conocimiento y expresiones bioculturales propias, en vez de ser receptores pasivos de información. Finalmente, la práctica de la filosofía ambiental de campo combina actividades corporales y sensoriales con lecturas teóricas que proveen fundamentos conceptuales para cultivar una ética biocultural que orienta formas de co-habitación con pequeños y grandes co-habitantes, humanos y otros-que-humanos, con quienes compartirnos tanto nuestros hábitats locales como la biosfera global.

Resumen Se presentan los resultados del análisis de los restos faunísticos recuperados en el sitio arqueológico Los Conitos (valle de Potrerillos, Mendoza, Argentina). El sitio posee dataciones absolutas que definen las ocupaciones en un rango cronológico entre los ca. 796-3694 años AP (cal 2σ). Se recuperaron evidencias de macro restos de plantas domésticas, registro imprescindible para evaluar las prácticas agrícolas prehispánicas en el centro occidente argentino. El análisis tafonómico realizado en el presente estudio permitió identificar a humanos y depredadores no antrópicos (probablemente pequeños carnívoros) como los agentes responsables de dichas acumulaciones. En cuanto a las evidencias antrópicas, se detectaron huellas de corte sobre huesos de Lama guanicoe. Se registraron especímenes asignables al roedor octodóntido extinto Octomys rosiae. Los mamíferos fueron el grupo más frecuente, dominado por roedores, aunque se detectaron armadillos, marsupiales y lepóridos en baja proporción. También se recuperaron escasos elementos asignados a reptiles y aves. Se observó una considerable cantidad de elementos modificados por digestión. También se identificaron perforaciones por carnívoros. El ensamble zooarqueológico evidencia la co-ocurrencia de especies con distribuciones actualmente alopátricas.

Abstract In this paper, the results of the analyses of bone remains recovered in the Los Conitos archaeological site (Potrerillos Valley, Mendoza, Argentina) are presented. The site covers a chronological range of c. 796-3694 years BP (cal 2σ). Numerous domestic plant macro remains were recovered at the site, the record of which is an important source for evaluating pre-Hispanic farming strategies in central-western Argentina. Taphonomic analysis enabled the identification of human and non-anthropic predators (probably small carnivores) as the responsible agents of such accumulations. Regarding anthropic evidence, only two cut marks were detected on two bones of Lama guanicoe. Bone specimens of the extinct octodontid rodent Octomys rosiae were recovered. Mammals were the most represented taxonomic group, dominated by rodents; although armadillos, marsupials and leporids were detected in low proportion. Bone remains of birds and reptiles were scarce. We observed a considerable number of specimens that were modified by digestion, with strong degrees of modification. Punctures associated with carnivore activity were also recorded. The zooarchaeological assemblage shows the co-occurrence of species with current allopatric distributions.

Abstract Species of the genus Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) are indirect life-cycle marine parasites. Planktonic crustaceans serve as first intermediate hosts, while fish and cephalopods as second intermediate or paratenic hosts, and finally the cycle is completed in cetaceans, marine mammals that are the main definitive hosts of the genus. In the life cycle, Anisakis larvae can be ingested by humans as accidental hosts, which can cause anisakiasis, a zoonosis acquired through the consumption of raw or marinated fish and cephalopods. These nematodes have a cosmopolitan distribution; however, their diversity has been poorly studied in the southern hemisphere. Therefore, diversity of Anisakis spp. larvae present in two host species in Chile was evaluated by combining morphometric and genetic analysis. For this purpose, Anisakis spp. larvae were collected from the abdominal cavity of hake Merluccius gayi and the Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas from fishing ports in the Biobío Region, Chile. Morphometric characterization of Anisakis spp. larvae consisted of measuring the length of the esophagus, esophageal ventricle, tail, total length and maximum body width. The nuclear ITS (ITS1- ITS2) and mitochondrial COX2 molecular regions were used for genetic analysis. Morphometric results revealed that Anisakis larvae extracted from D. gigas were significantly longer than those collected from M. gayi, suggesting high host-dependent phenotypic variability. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses determined the presence of Anisakis pegreffii in both host, however, demonstrated low genetic differentiation and nucleotide diversity among sequences, indicating low genetic variability for the data set. This work constitutes the first molecular record of A. pegreffii in intermediate / paratenic hosts from the coast of Chile.

Resumen Las especies del género Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) son parásitos marinos con ciclo de vida indirecto. Los crustáceos planctónicos intervienen como primeros hospedadores intermediarios, mientras que peces y cefalópodos intervienen como segundos hospedadores intermediarios o paraténicos, finalmente el ciclo se cierra en los cetáceos, mamíferos marinos que son los principales hospedadores definitivos del género. En el ciclo de vida, las larvas de Anisakis pueden ser ingeridas por el hombre interviniendo como huésped accidental, lo que puede ocasionar anisakiasis, una zoonosis adquirida a través del consumo de peces y cefalópodos crudos o marinados. Estos nemátodos tienen una distribución cosmopolita, sin embargo, su diversidad ha sido escasamente estudiada en el hemisferio Sur. Por tanto, se evaluó la diversidad de las larvas de Anisakis spp., presentes en dos especies de hospederos de Chile, combinando el análisis morfométrico y genético. Para ello, se recolectaron larvas de Anisakis spp. en la cavidad abdominal de la merluza Merluccius gayi y el calamar de Humboldt Dosidicus gigas, procedentes de terminales pesqueros de la región del Biobío, Chile. La caracterización morfométrica de las larvas de Anisakis spp., consistió en la medición de la longitud del esófago, ventrículo esofágico, cola, longitud total y ancho máximo del cuerpo. Para los análisis genéticos se usó la región molecular nuclear ITS (ITS1-ITS2) y mitocondrial COX2. Los resultados morfométricos revelaron que las larvas de Anisakis extraídas de D. gigas fueron significativamente de mayor longitud que las recolectadas en M. gayi, sugiriendo una alta variabilidad fenotípica hospedador-dependiente. Los análisis moleculares y filogenéticos determinaron la presencia de Anisakis pegreffii en ambos hospedadores, sin embargo, demostraron una baja diferenciación genética y diversidad nucleotídica entre las secuencias, indicando una escasa variabilidad genética para el conjunto de datos. Este trabajo constituye el primer registro molecular de A. pegreffii en hospedadores intermediario o paraténicos de la costa de Chile.

Abstract In Mexico, it is not known which institutions use animals for scientific purposes. This work reports, based on data requested from the National Institute of Transparency, Access to Information and Protection of Personal Data (INAI by its acronym in Spanish), the types of institutions that use animals for research and how many of these have an ethics committee. Research centres, colleges, hospitals, national institutes, technical colleges, and public universities are the types of institutions that report using animals for experimentation. Only 54 % of institutions have ethics committees. Mexican institutions from 2015 to 2021 used a total of 2,112,786 animals. Mammals are the most widely used animal group. The scientific purposes for using animals depend on the type of institution that uses them. In Mexico, it is necessary to update the regulations in order to regulate the use, protection and the care of laboratory animals.

Resumen En México, se desconoce qué instituciones utilizan animales con fines científicos. A partir de datos solicitados al Instituto Nacional de Transparencia, Acceso a la Información y Protección de Datos Personales (INAI), se reportan los tipos de instituciones que usan animales y cuántas poseen un comité interno para el cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. Los centros de investigación, colegios, hospitales, institutos nacionales, tecnológicos y universidades públicas reportaron el empleo de animales; 54 % posee comités de ética. Un total de 2 112 786 animales fueron usados por instituciones entre 2015 y 2021. Los mamíferos constituyeron el grupo más utilizado. El uso de los animales se encuentra en función del tipo de institución. En México, es necesario actualizar la normatividad, con el fin de regular el uso, la protección y el cuidado de los animales de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT Microplastics are generated by the fragmentation of plastic that enters the oceans and is accidentally consumed by various species in the trophic chain. Otariids are considered bioindicators of the presence of microparticles in the environment; however, the level of impact in the coastal area of the Bio-bío region, Chile, is unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of this polymer in faeces of sea lions (Otaria flavescenses), in the ‘La Poza’ sector, commune of Talcahuano, Bio-bío region. Stool samples were collected, freeze-dried, digested and subsequently filtered to identify microplastics. Microfibres of various colours were found, with a predominance of black. It is concluded that sea lions were indicators of the circulation of microplastics in their food chain in the sampling area.

RESUMEN Los microplásticos se generan por la fragmentación del plástico que ingresa a los océanos y es consumido accidentalmente por diversas especies que se encuentran en la cadena trófica. Los otáridos son considerados como bioindicadores de la presencia de micropartículas en el ambiente; sin embargo, se desconoce el nivel de afectación en la zona costera de la región del Bio-bío, Chile. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de este polímero en heces de lobos marinos (Otaria flavescens), en el sector ‘La Poza’, comuna de Talcahuano, región del Bio-bío. Se tomaron muestras de heces que fueron liofilizadas, digeridas y posteriormente filtradas para identificar microplásticos. Se encontraron microfibras de varios colores, con predominio del color negro. Se concluye que los lobos marinos fueron indicadores de circulación de microplásticos en su cadena trófica en la zona de muestreo.

Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

ABSTRACT In 2007 the Nordic group came to the following unanimous conclusions: In general, hormonal treatment is not recommended, considering the poor immediate results and the possible long-term adverse effects on spermatogenesis. Thus, surgery is to be preferred. However, defective mini puberty inducing insufficient gonadotropin secretion is one of the most common causes of nonobstructive azoospermia in men suffering from congenital isolated unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism. The extent of alteration in the unilateral undescended testis correlate with the contralateral descended testis, indicating that unilateral cryptorchidism is a bilateral disease. Idiopathic central hypogonadism explains the phenomenon of defective mini puberty in otherwise healthy cryptorchid boys. We therefore recommend hormonal treatment for cryptorchid boys with defective mini puberty. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment following surgery to correct cryptorchidism restores mini puberty via endocrinological and transcriptional effects and prevents adult infertility in most cases. Several genes are important for central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mammals, including many that are transcribed in both the brain and testis. At the molecular level, there is no convincing evidence that heat shock is responsible for the observed pathological testicular changes. Thus, impaired transformation of gonocytes is not the result of temperature stress but rather a hormonal imbalance. Cryptorchidism should therefore be considered a serious andrological problem that cannot be successfully treated by early orchidopexy alone. 200 conclusions general recommended longterm long term spermatogenesis Thus preferred However disease GnRHa (GnRHa cases mammals level changes imbalance alone 20 2

Abstract Leishmaniosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and, in the New World, is transmitted to mammals through the bite of blood-sucking dipteran insects of the genus Lutzomyia. Canines are susceptible to infection, developing the visceral form (VL) and the cutaneous form (CL) of the disease. Diagnostic methods include direct observation of the parasite by light microscopy, serology, or molecular biology techniques in samples from dogs with clinical signs and/or clinical suspicion. In this word, the usefulness of a nested PCR designed for the diagnosis of this pathology in dogs was evaluated. A total of 18 samples of EDTA pre-treated dog’s whole blood were analyzed. Dogs were from the city of Corrientes and presented clinical suspicion of suffering from leishmaniasis. From the samples, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and two successive rounds of amplification of a sequence that codes for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA were carried out. The results obtained from the nested PCRs were compared with this obtained from the direct parasitological method (gold standard). The applied technique showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75%, positive predictive value of 67% and negative predictive value of 100%, turning it into a valuable tool for diagnosing canine leishmaniosis.

Resumen La leishmaniosis es una enfermedad causada por parásitos protozoarios del género Leishmania y transmitida a mamíferos mediante la picadura de insectos dípteros hematófagos del género Lutzomyia en el nuevo mundo. Los caninos son susceptibles de adquirir la forma visceral y la forma cutánea de la enfermedad. Los métodos de diagnóstico incluyen observación directa del parásito por microscopía óptica, serología o técnicas de biología molecular en muestras de perros con signos clínicos evidentes y/o sospecha clínica. En este estudio se evaluó la utilidad de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa anidada (PCRn) para el diagnóstico de dicha patología en perros. Se analizaron 18 muestras de sangre entera anticoagulada con EDTA de perros de la ciudad de Corrientes con sospecha clínica de padecer leishmaniosis. A partir de las mismas, se extrajo ácido desoxiribonucleico (ADN) y se realizaron dos rondas de amplificación sucesivas de una secuencia que codifica para la subunidad pequeña de ARN ribosomal. Los resultados obtenidos de las PCR anidadas fueron comparados con los resultados obtenidos a partir del método parasitológico directo considerado como gold standard. La técnica aplicada mostró sensibilidad del 100%, especificidad del 75%, valor predictivo positivo del 67% y valor predictivo negativo del 100% lo que la convierte en una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico de leishmaniosis canina.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou analisar a dieta do cachorro-do-mato, de vida livre, por meio da identificação do conteúdo estomacal de 17 Cerdocyon thous atropelados em duas unidades de conservação da Floresta Amazônica. O conteúdo estomacal foi analisado e os itens alimentares foram quantificados pela frequência de ocorrência (FO) e percentagem de ocorrência (PO). Também foram avaliados os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra bruta (FB), extrato etéreo (EE) e, matéria mineral (MM). Foram estimados o extrativo não-nitrogenado (ENN), a energia metabolizável (EM) e a necessidade energética de manutenção. A composição da dieta do cachorro-do-mato apresentou 29 itens alimentares dos diferentes grupos taxonômicos, tendo uma maior diversidade de itens de origem animal (n=22), ainda que a maior FO tenha sido de gramíneas (Poaceae) (41.18%). Dentre os itens de origem animal, 21% eram mamíferos, 18% répteis, 10% anfíbios, 9% invertebrados e 3% aves. Determinou-se um alto teor de FB (62.76%). A média do ENN e da MS foi 5.91% e 141.82 kcal/100g, respectivamente. A média da energia de manutenção foi 447.01 kcal/dia. Estes achados sugerem que o cachorro-do-mato encontrado na Bacia Amazônica é um animal generalista com uma dieta onívora, se alimentando de gramíneas, frutos, insetos, serpentes, anfíbios, aves e pequenos mamíferos, portanto com o mesmo hábito alimentar relatado a esta espécie quando encontrada em outros biomas brasileiros.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the diet of the free-living crab-eating fox by identifying the stomach contents of the 17 crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) roadkilled in two conservation units, both located in the Amazon rainforest. The food items were quantified by frequency of occurrence (FO) and percentage of occurrence (PO). The stomach contents were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), and mineral matter (MM). Nitrogen-free extractives (NFE), metabolisable energy (ME) values, as well as the energy need for maintenance were estimated. The composition of the diet for the crab-eating fox presented 29 food items from the different taxonomic groups, with a greater diversity of items of animal origin (n=22), although the highest frequency of occurrence was gramineae (Poaceae) (41.18%). Among the items of animal origin, 21% were mammals, 18% reptiles, 10% amphibians, 9% invertebrates and 3% birds. A high content of CF (62.76%) were determined. Nitrogen-free extractive and dry matter averages were 5.91% and 141.82 kcal/100g, respectively. The average maintenance energy was 447.01 kcal/day. These findings suggesting that the crab-eating foxes have a generalist diet with an omnivorous diet in the Amazon basin, feeding on gramineae, fruits, insects, snakes, amphibians, birds and small mammals and have the same feeding habit that present in other Brazilian biomes.

Resumo Os mamíferos têm uma capacidade limitada de regenerar seus tecidos e órgãos. Um dos mecanismos associados à regeneração natural é a desdiferenciação. Várias moléculas pequenas, como vitamina C e fatores de crescimento, podem melhorar a eficiência da reprogramação. Neste estudo, as células NTERA2-D1 (NT2) foram induzidas à diferenciação (NT2-RA) com ácido retinóico (RA) 10-5 M por três dias e depois submetidas a várias quantidades de humor vítreo (VH). Os resultados mostram que a taxa de crescimento dessas células foi reduzida, enquanto essa taxa foi parcialmente restaurada após o tratamento com VH (NT2-RA-VH). A análise do ciclo celular com o método PI também mostrou que o número de células na fase S do ciclo celular nessas células estava aumentado. Os níveis de antígenos SSEA3 e TRA-1-81 em NT2-RA diminuíram, mas aumentaram em NT2-RA-VH a um nível semelhante ao das células NT2. O nível de SSEA1 teve um padrão oposto. A expressão do gene OCT4 diminuiu após o tratamento com AR, mas foi recuperado em células NT2-RA-VH. Em conclusão, sugerimos o VH como uma mistura potente para melhorar a reprogramação celular levando à desdiferenciação.

Abstract Mammals have a limited capacity to regenerate their tissues and organs. One of the mechanisms associated with natural regeneration is dedifferentiation. Several small molecules such as vitamin C and growth factors could improve reprogramming efficiency. In this study, the NTERA2-D1 (NT2) cells were induced towards differentiation (NT2-RA) with 10-5 M retinoic acid (RA) for three days and then subjected to various amounts of vitreous humor (VH). Results show that the growth rate of these cells was reduced, while this rate was partly restored upon treatment with VH (NT2-RA-VH). Cell cycle analysis with PI method also showed that the numbers of cells at the S phase of the cell cycle in these cells were increased. The levels of SSEA3 and TRA-1-81 antigens in NT2-RA were dropped but they increased in NT2- RA-VH to a level similar to the NT2 cells. The level of SSEA1 had an opposite pattern. Expression of OCT4 gene dropped after RA treatment, but it was recovered in NT2-RA-VH cells. In conclusion, we suggest VH as a potent mixture for improving the cellular reprogramming leading to dedifferentiation.

ABSTRACT Habitat loss and land use changes resulting from urbanization in residential communities are among the greatest threats to wild mammals. Identifying anthropogenic factors determining mammal diversity and composition can help coordinate socio-economic development with ecological conservation. In this study, we used transect surveys to compare the mammal assemblages near human-disturbed communities with those in the natural off-community area around Beijing, a major metropolis. We assessed the variables affecting the mammals’ presence using 19 environmental indicators. Of the twelve mammal species detected in the area, three vulnerable species have obtained legislative protection. In 58% of the observations, mammals were discovered around communities closer to croplands and located at slightly higher elevations with less vegetation, and these are the main environmental variables contributing to more mammals’ presences in the disturbed near-community area. The selection of croplands for the mammals in the suburb should be a trade-off between feeding benefits and predation risks, and with the rise of protection willingness, green zones near residential communities can serve as additional habitats for mammals facing the expansion of urbanization. socioeconomic socio economic conservation study humandisturbed human offcommunity off community Beijing metropolis 1 indicators 58 observations vegetation nearcommunity tradeoff trade risks willingness 5

ABSTRACT: Trypanosoma evansi, the hemoflagellate pathogen that causes “surra,” is a protozoan that infects the widest variety of mammals worldwide, primarily horses, camels, dogs, and wild animals. Cases of canine trypanosomiasis caused by T.evansi have been reported in the Brazilian pantonal region. This study determined the prevalence of T.evansi and investigate risk factors. The study used blood samples from dogs in the municipality of Barão de Melgaço in the pantonal of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The owner was given a structured epidemiological questionnaire containing information about the risk factors. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect T.evansi DNA using species-specific oligonucleotides TevF and TevR of the gene encoding a 227-bp portion of the glycoprotein of the variant surface (VSG) T.evansi Rode Trypanozoon (RoTat) 1.2. Two (prevalence of 0.5%) genetic materials of T.evansi were reported in the403 samples. Although, no risk factor was associated with infection (P > 0.05), proximity to vegetation and streams, as well as the presence of tabanids, rodents, and marsupials, which are factors in the occurrence of infection, were observed in positive dogs, implying that the municipality of Barão de Melgaço has epidemiological characteristics that allow canine infection by T.evansi. ABSTRACT evansi surra, surra “surra, worldwide horses camels animals Tevansi T region Grosso Brazil speciesspecific species specific 227bp bp 227 VSG (VSG RoTat (RoTat 12 1 2 1.2 0.5% 05 0 5 the40 Although P 0.05, 005 0.05 , 0.05) streams tabanids rodents marsupials “surra 22 1. 0.5 the4 00 0.0 0.

RESUMO: Trypanosoma evansi, o patógeno hemoflagelado que causa a “surra”, é um protozoário que infecta a mais ampla variedade de mamíferos em todo o mundo, principalmente cavalos, camelos, cães e animais selvagens. Casos de tripanossomíase canina causada por T. evansi têm sido relatados na região pantaneira brasileira. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a prevalência de T. evansi e investigar fatores de risco. O estudo utilizou amostras de sangue de cães do município de Barão de Melgaço, no pantanal do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. O proprietário recebeu um questionário epidemiológico estruturado contendo informações sobre os fatores de risco. A técnica quantitativa de reação em cadeia da polimerase foi utilizada para detectar DNA de T. evansi utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos da espécie TevF e TevR do gene que codifica uma porção de 227 pb da glicoproteína da superfície variante (VSG) T. evansi Rode Trypanozoon (RoTat) 1.2. Dois (prevalência de 0,5%) materiais genéticos de T. evansi foram encontrados nas 403 amostras. Embora nenhum fator de risco tenha sido associado à infecção (P > 0,05), a proximidade de vegetação e riachos, bem como a presença de tabanídeos, roedores e marsupiais, fatores na ocorrência de infecção, foram observadas em cães positivos, implicando que o município de Barão de Melgaço apresenta características epidemiológicas que permitem a infecção canina por T. evansi. RESUMO surra, surra , “surra” mundo cavalos camelos selvagens T brasileira Grosso Brasil 22 VSG (VSG RoTat (RoTat 12 1 2 1.2 0,5% 05 0 5 40 P 0,05, 005 0,05 0,05) riachos tabanídeos marsupiais positivos “surra 1. 0,5 4 00 0,0 0,

ABSTRACT: Rabies is a viral encephalitis that affects mammals, including humans. Rapid and effective laboratory diagnosis of the rabies virus is critical for public health. This study evaluated the operational, technical, and financial viability of the RT-qPCR in replacement of inoculation in mice for diagnosing rabies in the laboratory routine. A total of 316 samples of mammalian brains were analyzed, 121 positives and 195 negatives, previously diagnosed by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). The samples were submitted to the duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR technique. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of RT-qPCR were analyzed. We analyzed the costs for performing the RT-qPCR technique and compared it with the cost of MIT. The results showed 99.37% accuracy, 99.17% sensitivity, and 99.49% specificity by RT-qPCR when related to DIF and MIT results, which proved to be a robust and repeatable technique. The minimum time for a positive diagnosis was reduced in RT-qPCR (1 day) if compared to MIT (9.64 days), with a 17.7% reduction in the cost of the molecular technique. The present study demonstrated that the molecular biology technique is an efficient tool to diagnose rabies in the laboratory routine, being able to replace MIT. ABSTRACT mammals humans health operational technical RTqPCR RT qPCR routine 31 12 19 negatives (DIF . (MIT) accuracy sensitivity 9937 99 37 99.37 9917 17 99.17 9949 49 99.49 1 ( day 9.64 964 9 64 (9.6 days, days , days) 177 7 17.7 3 (MIT 993 99.3 991 99.1 994 4 99.4 9.6 96 6 (9. 17. 99. 9. (9

RESUMO: A raiva é uma encefalite viral que acomete os mamíferos, incluindo humanos. O diagnóstico laboratorial rápido e eficaz do vírus da raiva é importante para a saúde pública. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade operacional, técnica e financeira da RT-qPCR em substituição à inoculação em camundongos para o diagnóstico da raiva na rotina laboratorial. Foram analisadas 316 amostras de cérebros de mamíferos, 121 positivas e 195 negativas, previamente diagnosticadas por imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e isolamento viral em camundongos, por inoculação intracerebral em camundongos. As amostras foram submetidas à técnica duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR. A precisão, sensibilidade e especificidade da RT-qPCR foram analisadas. Os custos para realizar a técnica de RT-qPCR foram analisados e comparados com o custo do isolamento viral em camundongos. Os resultados demostraram 99,37% de acurácia, 99,17% de sensibilidade e 99,49% de especificidade pela RT-qPCR quando relacionada aos resultados de IFD e isolamento viral em camundongos, que se mostrou uma técnica robusta e com repetibilidade. O tempo mínimo para diagnóstico positivo foi reduzido na RT-qPCR (1 dia) quando comparado ao isolamento viral em camundongos (9,64 dias), e com redução de 17,7% no custo pela técnica molecular. O presente estudo demonstrou que a técnica de biologia molecular é uma ferramenta eficiente para o diagnóstico da raiva na rotina laboratorial, podendo substituir o isolamento viral em camundongos. RESUMO mamíferos humanos pública operacional RTqPCR RT qPCR 31 12 19 negativas (IFD RTqPCR. qPCR. precisão 9937 99 37 99,37 acurácia 9917 17 99,17 9949 49 99,49 repetibilidade 1 ( dia 9,64 964 9 64 (9,6 dias, dias , dias) 177 7 17,7 3 993 99,3 991 99,1 994 4 99,4 9,6 96 6 (9, 17, 99, 9, (9

Abstract The three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) has been a victim of disorderly human interventions, leading to an increase in accidents and diseases for the species. This study aimed to provide a description of the coronary arteries and to high light the histopathological findings in the sloth’s heart. This information should be beneficial for medical clinics dealing with these species. Eighteen B. variegatus specimens were dissected after natural death. Fifteen of them, comprising five adult males, nine adult females, and one juvenile, were fixed with formaldehyde and preserved in saline solution. In two males and one female, red-coloured latex was injected through the left common carotid artery to make the coronary arteries more visible. In the female, blue-coloured latex was also injected through the right external jugular vein to aid in arterial identification. The chests were opened to evaluate and extract the heart for a detailed description of the coronary arteries. For histopathological analysis, histological slides were prepared from four hearts collected from four animals (three adults and one juvenile). Arterial analyses revealed that sloths possess two coronary arteries: one on the right and one on the left side, each of which supplies blood to their respective surfaces. The heart is composed of the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium, similar to mammals in general. However, necrosis of endocardial tissue and cardiac muscle fbres, as well as myxomatous degeneration of valves and thrombi in vascular lumens, were observed. These necrotic events, more extensive in nature, are related to infarctions, while the more subtle ones may be associated with stressful situations experienced by the individuals. threetoed three toed Bradypus interventions species s B death them females juvenile solution female redcoloured red coloured visible bluecoloured blue identification analysis juvenile. . juvenile) side surfaces endocardium myocardium epicardium general However fbres lumens observed events nature infarctions individuals

Resumo A preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus) tem sido vítima das investidas antrópicas desordenadas, o que tem elevado o número de acidentes e doenças para a espécie. Propôs-se com esse estudo, realizar uma descrição das artérias coronárias, assim como apontar os achados histopatológicos do coração do bicho-preguiça, a fim de favorecer o diagnóstico por imagem, semiologia e clínica médica das espécies. Foram dissecados 18 exemplares de B. variegatus obtidos após morte natural. Quinze deles, sendo 5 machos e 9 fêmeas adultas e 1 jovem, foram fixados com formaldeído e conservados em solução salina. Em 2 machos e 1 fêmea, foi injetado, a partir da artéria carótida comum esquerda, látex corado em vermelho, para tornar as coronárias mais evidentes. Na fêmea também foi injetado através da veia jugular externa direita, látex corado em azul, para evitar equívoco na identificação arterial. Os animais tiveram o tórax aberto a fim de avaliar e retirar o coração para descrição detalhada das artérias coronárias. Para análise histopatológica, foram confeccionadas lâminas histológicas oriundas de corações coletados de 4 animais (3 adultos e 1 jovem). Com base nas análises arteriais, as preguiças possuem duas coronárias: uma a direita e uma a esquerda, que irrigam suas respectivas faces. O coração é composto por endocárdio, miocárdio e epicárdio, semelhante aos mamíferos em geral. Todavia, observou-se necroses endocárdicas, de fibras musculares cardíacas, além de degenerações mixomatosas de válvulas e trombos no lúmen vascular. Esses eventos necróticos, mais extensos, estão relacionados a infartos, enquanto os mais discretos podem ser associados a situações de estresse vivenciadas pelos espécimes. preguiçacomum preguiça Bradypus desordenadas espécie Propôsse Propôs se estudo bichopreguiça, bichopreguiça bicho preguiça, bicho-preguiça imagem espécies B natural deles jovem salina esquerda vermelho evidentes azul arterial histopatológica 3 ( jovem. . jovem) arteriais faces endocárdio epicárdio geral Todavia observouse observou endocárdicas cardíacas vascular necróticos extensos infartos espécimes