Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Abstract Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity and good quality of life, resulting from the translocation of species by human action. There are more than 500 alien species currently invading ecosystems in Brazil, particularly plants and fishes, while little is known about invasive microorganisms. Although invasive alien species are present in all ecosystems in the country, most have been recorded in habitats with greater human interference, such as urban and peri-urban areas, farmland, dams, reservoirs, ports, and canals. Historically, the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have had more invasive alien species, but there has been an increase in the number of invasive alien species in the central-western and northern regions in recent decades. The ornamental trade of plants and fishes as well as the illegal pet trade of wild mammals and reptiles are some of the main pathways for invasive species introduction and spread in Brazil. Breeding and cultivation systems that allow escape to natural areas are a relevant route of species introductions in freshwater ecosystems, while unintentional introductions from shipping and infrastructure are of extreme concern in marine ecosystems. The negative impacts of invasive alien species on the biota mainly include changes in community structure and local decrease in native species richness, mediated by predation, competition, and ecosystem changes. Most negative impacts are recorded for intentionally introduced species, such as fishes and plants, but unintentional introductions have led to impacts on good quality of life, with associated costs and impacts on human health. The management of biological invasions faces challenges that need to be overcome, such as the lack of public knowledge about the impact of invasive alien species, the popular appeal of charismatic invasive species or those used by humans, and the use of controversial control techniques. However, successful experiences of eradication and control in terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been recorded, some of them involving public engagement in management actions. Recognizing the issue as a cross-cutting public policy and developing ongoing governance experiences are fundamental goals for the management of invasive alien species in Brazil. life action 50 microorganisms country interference periurban peri farmland dams reservoirs ports canals Historically centralwestern central western decades richness predation competition health overcome humans techniques However actions crosscutting cross cutting 5

Resumo Invasões biológicas são uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade e à boa qualidade de vida, ocorrendo a partir da translocação de espécies por ação humana. Existem mais de 500 espécies exóticas invadindo ecossistemas atualmente no Brasil, com destaque para plantas e peixes. Pouco se sabe sobre microrganismos invasores. Apesar de existirem espécies exóticas invasoras em todos os ecossistemas no país, a maior parte dos registros foi feita em hábitats com maior interferência humana, como áreas urbanas, periurbanas, terras cultivadas, represas, reservatórios, portos e canais. Historicamente, as regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil apresentam mais espécies exóticas invasoras, mas nas últimas décadas se tem observado um aumento no número de espécies exóticas invasoras nas regiões centro-oeste e norte. O comércio de plantas e peixes ornamentais, assim como o comércio ilegal de mamíferos e répteis silvestres como animais de estimação são algumas das principais vias de introdução e disseminação de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. Sistemas de criação e cultivo que possibilitam o escape para áreas naturais são uma relevante via de introdução em ecossistemas de águas continentais, enquanto introduções não intencionais a partir de navegação e de infraestrutura são de extrema preocupação em ecossistemas marinhos. Os impactos negativos de espécies exóticas invasoras sobre a biota incluem principalmente alterações na estrutura de comunidades e diminuição local da riqueza de espécies nativas, mediados por predação, competição e modificações ecossistêmicas. A maior parte dos impactos negativos registrados ocorreram para espécies introduzidas intencionalmente, como peixes e plantas, mas introduções não intencionais têm levado a impactos na boa qualidade de vida, com custos associados e impactos sobre a saúde humana. A gestão de invasões biológicas esbarra em desafios a serem superados, tais como a falta de conhecimento do público sobre o impacto de espécies exóticas invasoras, o apelo popular de espécies invasoras carismáticas ou utilizadas por humanos e o emprego de técnicas controversas de controle. Entretanto, experiências bem-sucedidas de erradicação e controle em ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos têm sido registrados, alguns deles envolvendo engajamento público nas ações de manejo. Reconhecer o tema como uma política pública transversal e desenvolver experiências continuadas de governança são metas fundamentais para a gestão e o manejo de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. vida humana 50 invasores país urbanas periurbanas cultivadas represas reservatórios canais Historicamente centrooeste centro oeste norte ornamentais continentais nativas predação ecossistêmicas intencionalmente superados Entretanto bemsucedidas bem sucedidas 5

Abstract The Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) is the largest mountain range in Mexico (1,400 km long), and yet one of the least studied regions. Using records from museum specimens, direct observations, photographs, and literature data, we built a database with 4,659 unique mammal records. Our aims were to generate a species list, to examine general distribution patterns, to relate these patterns to ecoregions and vegetation, and to discuss the importance of the SMO as a center of endemism and high biological diversity. We recorded 171 species (34.3% of the Mexican terrestrial mammals). Forty-seven are endemic of Mexico, including ten endemics of the SMO. The highest species richness was recorded at the Tropical ecoregion (T, 125 species), followed by Madrean South (MS, 100), and Madrean Xerophylous (MX, 95). The highest number of endemics was recorded in T (37), followed by MS (24), and Madrean tropical (MT, 22). Nine of ten species endemic to the SMO occur in the temperate highlands. Sampling efforts have been scarce or nonexistent for over half the SMO. Species turnover reflects the complexity of the biomes that occur in the Sierra, and not the expected latitudinal patterns of species richness. Only 4.8% of the SMO is within a protected area, and the areas that are protected do not include vulnerable biomes like the cloud forest. Biological research is urgent in the SMO, an area under intensive mining, forestry, cattle ranching, and more recently, tourism and environmental services.

Resumen La Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) es la cadena montañosa más grande de México (1,400 km), y no obstante una de las regiones menos estudiadas del país. Utilizando registros de ejemplares examinados en colecciones científicas, observaciones directas, fotografías y datos bibliográficos, construimos una base de datos con 4,659 registros únicos de mamíferos. Nuestros objetivos fueron generar una lista de especies, examinar patrones generales de distribución, relacionar estos patrones con ecorregiones y vegetación, y discutir la importancia de la SMO como centro de endemismo y alta diversidad. Se documentaron 171 especies (34.3 % de los mamíferos terrestres mexicanos). Cuarenta y siete son endémicos de México, incluyendo diez endémicos de la SMO. La mayor riqueza de especies se registró en la ecorregión Tropical (125). El mayor número de endemismos se registró en esta misma ecorregión (37), seguida de Madrense Sur (24) y Madrense Tropical (22). Nueve de las diez especies endémicas de la SMO se distribuyen en áreas templadas. Poco o ningún esfuerzo de colecta ha sido llevado a cabo en más de la mitad de la SMO. El recambio de especies refleja la diversidad y complejidad de biomas, más que los gradientes latitudinales que podrían esperarse. Solo 4.8 % de la SMO se encuentra dentro de un área protegida, pero éstas no incluyen biomas vulnerables como el bosque mesófilo. Es urgente la investigación biológica en la SMO, un área donde se desarrollan extensas actividades mineras, forestales, ganaderas, y más recientemente, turísticas y provisión servicios ambientales.

RESUMEN: Se presentan los resultados de la primera excavación del sitio El Rincón, en la península de San Julián, provincia de Santa Cruz. Se analizan los distintos conjuntos materiales recuperados en la secuencia estratigráfica con el objetivo de examinar las prácticas vinculadas a la producción y uso de artefactos líticos, así como el aprovechamiento de los recursos faunísticos terrestres y marinos. Aunque, se enfatiza el estudio del componente inferior que posee el registro más numeroso y conforma la primera ocupación identificada, datada en ca. 700 años AP. El examen arqueomalacológico señala que la especie preferentemente consumida por los grupos, en los seis componentes de ocupación, corresponde a Mytilus edulis colectada en bancos cercanos; mientras que el análisis zooarqueológico sugiere el consumo de mamíferos terrestres, en especial guanacos. Por su parte, el estudio de la tecnología lítica sugiere actividades orientadas a la formatización final de instrumentos, vinculados al procesamiento de recursos como a la captura de presas. Estos patrones permitieron profundizar el estado de conocimiento sobre el modo de ocupación y las prácticas desarrolladas en la península. La ocupación del sitio corresponde a un espacio donde se instalaron campamentos de actividades múltiples, a lo largo de períodos cortos o más extensos. Probablemente este sector de costa, hacia el segmento final del Holoceno tardío, formara parte de los circuitos de movilidad y de explotación de los recursos disponibles, durante las estaciones de primavera y verano.

ABSTRACT: Results of the first excavation carried out at El Rincón site, in San Julián peninsula, Santa Cruz province, are presented. Different material assemblages recovered from the stratigraphic sequence are analyzed with the aim of examining the practices related to the production and use of lithic artifacts, as well as the use of terrestrial and marine faunal resources. Although, emphasis is placed in the study of the lower component, which has the most numerous record and forms the first identified occupation, dated to ca. 700 years BP. Archaeomalacological examination indicates that Mytilus edulis was the preferably consumed species in the six stratigraphic components, these were collected in nearby banks. Zooarchaeological analysis suggests consumption of terrestrial mammals, especially guanacos. Study of lithic technology allows inferring activities aimed at the final trimming of instruments, related to the processing of resources and capture of preys. These patterns allowed to deepen the state of knowledge about human occupations and practices developed at the peninsula. The occupation of the site corresponds to a space where multi-activity camps were installed, over short or longer periods. Probably this sector of the coast, towards the final of the late Holocene, was part of the mobility circuits and exploitation of the available resources, during the spring and summer seasons.

Abstract Agricultural practices can have detrimental impacts on biodiversity, but some studies have shown the benefits of agroforestry practices like shade-grown coffee to bird communities and, to a lesser extent, to mammal communities. To better understand whether shade-grown coffee plantations can contribute to the conservation of mammal communities, we deployed camera traps in private reserves with a matrix of shade-grown coffee plantations and forest in the highlands of Guatemala. At each reserve we estimated species richness of terrestrial medium- and large-sized mammals. We also estimated mammal relative abundance and occupancy probabilities as proxies for mammalian habitat associations and evaluated how these were affected by key landscape features (e.g., land-use type, asphalt roads, and distance to protected areas). We used hierarchical multi-species Bayesian abundance models that account for imperfect detection to estimate our parameters of interest and model the influence of landscape features on site-level species richness and species relative abundance. We detected 14 species across all reserves and found a strong influence of land use and presence of asphalt roads on mammalian relative abundances and species richness. More species used areas around the camera traps in forest than in shade-grown coffee plantations and far from asphalt roads. Our study shows that reserves with shade-grown coffee plantations can harbor terrestrial mammalian communities of conservation interest. Our results also suggest that to maintain mammalian diversity and abundances in our study area, shade-grown coffee crops should be mixed in with natural forests and the presence of asphalt roads within these should be avoided or minimized.

Resumen Las prácticas agrícolas pueden tener impactos perjudiciales en la biodiversidad, pero algunos estudios han demostrado beneficios de prácticas agroforestales, como el café bajo sombra, para comunidades de aves y, en menor medida, comunidades de mamíferos. Para entender mejor si las plantaciones de café bajo sombra pueden contribuir a la conservación de comunidades de mamíferos, colocamos cámaras trampa en reservas privadas con plantaciones de café bajo sombra y bosque en el altiplano de Guatemala. En cada reserva estimamos la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y mayores. También estimamos la abundancia relativa y probabilidad de ocupación como aproximaciones a las asociaciones de hábitat de mamíferos y evaluamos cómo estas son afectadas por características clave de paisaje (p.ej. tipo de uso de suelo, carreteras y distancia a áreas protegidas). Utilizamos modelos jerárquicos bayesianos multiespecies de abundancia que consideran que la detección de especies es imperfecta para estimar nuestros parámetros de interés y modelar la influencia de características del paisaje en la riqueza y abundancia relativa de especies a nivel de sitio. Detectamos 14 especies en todas las reservas y encontramos una fuerte influencia del uso de la tierra en la abundancia relativa y la riqueza de especies de mamíferos. Más especies utilizaron áreas cercanas a las cámaras trampa en el bosque que a las plantaciones de café bajo sombra y lejos de carreteras. Nuestro estudio demuestra que las plantaciones de café bajo sombra pueden albergar comunidades de mamíferos terrestres de interés para la conservación. Nuestros resultados también sugieren que para mantener la diversidad y abundancia de mamíferos en el área de estudio, las plantaciones de café bajo sombra deben estar mezcladas con bosques nativos diversos, así como que la presencia de carreteras debe ser evitada o reducida.

Abstract Protected areas play a fundamental role in the preservation of species, environmental education, and ecosystem services maintenance. Most of the world population live in urban areas, which highlight the importance of preserved areas in urban centers. However, many urban protected areas in Brazil lack species surveys, which limits biodiversity conservation and implementation of management plans. In this study, we surveyed the species of medium and large mammals of Chico Mendes Municipal Natural Park (MNP) and Canal das Taxas corridor through camera traps, thus providing the first comprehensive in situ survey of terrestrial mammals for the area. We also verified whether there was mammalian fauna exchange between the Chico Mendes and Marapendi MNPs through the vegetation corridor formed by the Canal das Taxas. Between November 2020 and July 2021, with a sampling effort of 1,334 trap-days, we recorded five native and five exotic species in the studied areas, including one Vulnerable species in the Municipality and State of Rio de Janeiro (Cuniculus paca). We also confirmed that Canal das Taxas works as a wildlife corridor for native species. Finally, we highlight that species checklists based on secondary information for the region are of limited usefulness and recommend in situ surveys even in small, urban protected areas of Rio de Janeiro city. education maintenance centers However plans study MNP (MNP traps area 202 2021 1334 1 334 1,33 trapdays, trapdays trap days, days trap-days Cuniculus paca. paca . paca) Finally small city 20 133 33 1,3 2 13 3 1,

Resumo As áreas protegidas têm papel fundamental na preservação das espécies, na educação ambiental e na manutenção dos serviços ecossistêmicos. A maior parte da população mundial vive em áreas urbanas, o que evidencia a importância das áreas preservadas nos centros urbanos. No entanto, muitas áreas protegidas urbanas no Brasil carecem de levantamentos de espécies, o que limita a conservação da biodiversidade e a implementação de planos de manejo. Neste estudo, inventariamos as espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte do Parque Natural Municipal Chico Mendes e do corredor do Canal das Taxas por meio de armadilhas fotográficas, fornecendo assim o primeiro levantamento in situ abrangente de mamíferos terrestres para a área. Também verificamos se houve intercâmbio de fauna de mamíferos entre os parques Chico Mendes e Marapendi através do Canal das Taxas. Entre novembro de 2020 e julho de 2021, com um esforço amostral de 1.334 armadilhas-dia, registramos cinco espécies nativas e cinco espécies exóticas nas áreas de estudo, incluindo uma espécie Vulnerável no município e estado do Rio de Janeiro (Cuniculus paca). Confirmamos que o Canal das Taxas funciona como um corredor de fauna para espécies nativas. Por fim, ressaltamos que listas de espécies baseadas em informações secundárias para a região são de utilidade limitada e recomendamos levantamentos in situ, mesmo em pequenas Unidades de Conservação urbanas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. ecossistêmicos urbanos entanto manejo estudo fotográficas área 202 2021 1334 1 334 1.33 armadilhasdia, armadilhasdia dia, dia armadilhas-dia Cuniculus paca. paca . paca) fim 20 133 33 1.3 2 13 3 1.

RESUMEN Sedimentos continentales del Mioceno temprano-medio de la Formación Cerro Boleadoras (FCB) afloran en el área de los cerros Boleadoras y Plomo, en la vertiente occidental de la meseta del lago Buenos Aires, noroeste de la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Los niveles inferiores de la FCB consisten en estratos de areniscas medianas a gruesas con estratificación entrecruzada, lateralmente extensos, interpretados como depósitos de canales fluviales, que se intercalan con depósitos finos de planicie de inundación. Trabajo de campo reciente permitió recuperar vertebrados fósiles de estos niveles, con una edad estimada entre ~16,5 y 15,1 Ma (Burdigaliano tardío-Langhiano temprano). Estos niveles se solapan temporalmente con las secciones media y superior de la Formación Santa Cruz (FSC) en la cuenca Austral-Magallanes de la Patagonia Austral, la Formación Río Frías en Chile y la parte inferior de la Formación Collón Curá en el norte de la Patagonia. En este trabajo se recopila una lista faunística actualizada para esta localidad, que incluye especímenes de colecciones previas, y se discuten sus implicaciones cronológicas y paleoambientales. La lista incluye la mayoría de los grupos registrados en la FSC: un anuro, tres aves y al menos 33 mamíferos (metaterios, xenartros, litopternos, notoungulados tipoterios y roedores caviomorfos), indicando una edad del Santacrucense sensu lato. También registramos un testudínido, que constituye el registro más austral de tortugas terrestres en América del Sur y en el mundo. La disimilitud faunística registrada con las secciones mencionadas de las formaciones Santa Cruz, Río Frías y Collón Curá reflejarían diferencias ecológicas, climáticas y geográficas más que temporales. La coocurrencia de mamíferos arbóreos o semiarbóreos, ramoneadores, frugívoros y pastadores sugiere la presencia de árboles y ambientes abiertos para el área ocupada por las rocas de la FCB. Sin embargo, no es posible discernir si estos 2 ambientes coexistieron o alternaron y si un ambiente predominó sobre el otro. Taxones claves, como los roedores chinchílidos Prolagostomus y Pliolagostomus y el tipoterio Pachyrukhos, indican una tendencia a la aridificación para el Mioceno de Patagonia Austral, como se reportó anteriormente para la parte superior de la FSC a lo largo del río Santa Cruz y al sur del río Coyle, a lo largo de la costa atlántica y el río Gallegos.

ABSTRACT The early-middle Miocene continental Cerro Boleadoras Formation (CBF) crops out in the area of Cerro Boleadoras and Cerro Plomo on the western slope of the Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires, northwestern Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The lower levels of the CBF consist of laterally extensive medium to pebbly sandstone beds with trough cross-bedding, interpreted as fluvial channel deposits, interbedded with tabular fine-grained floodplain deposits. Recent fieldwork provided fossil vertebrates from these levels with an estimated age between ~16.5 Ma and 15.1 Ma (late Burdigalian-early Langhian). The studied section temporally overlaps with the middle or upper sections of the Santa Cruz Formation (SCF) in the Austral-Magallanes Basin of southern Patagonia, the Río Frías Formation in Chile, and the lower Collón Curá Formation of northern Patagonia. We compile an integrated faunal list for this locality, including specimens from previous collections, and discuss its chronological and paleoenvironmental implications. The taxa list includes most of the groups recorded in the SCF: one anuran, three birds, and at least 33 mammals (metatherians, xenarthrans, litopterns, notoungulate typotheres and caviomorph rodents), indicating a Santacrucian age sensu lato. We also recorded a testudine, which constitutes the southernmost record of tortoises in South America and worldwide. Faunal dissimilarities between the vertebrate fossil content of the CBF and the mentioned sections of the Santa Cruz, Río Frías and Collón Curá formations may reflect ecologic, climatic and geographic differences rather than temporal ones. The co-occurrence of arboreal or semiarboreal, browsing, frugivorous, and grazing mammals suggests the presence of both forested and open environments for the area occupied by the CBF rocks. However, it is not possible to discern whether these two environments coexisted or alternated, and whether one environment predominated over the other. Marker taxa, such as the chinchillid rodents Prolagostomus and Pliolagostomus, and the typothere Pachyrukhos indicate a trend to aridification during the Miocene in southern Patagonia, as previously reported for the upper part of the SCF along the Río Santa Cruz and south to the Río Coyle, along the Atlantic coast and the Río Gallegos.

Resumen (Introducción): Los refugios de vida silvestre son cruciales para mejorar la conectividad en el contexto de corredores biológicos, ya que conservan fragmentos de bosque y consecuentemente poblaciones de mamíferos neotropicales, sin embargo, para poder idear estrategias de conservación y manejo es prioritario realizar estudios de campo que validen estos esfuerzos y midan su efectividad en el tiempo. (Objetivo): Generar información de línea base sobre el estado poblacional de mamíferos terrestres medianos y grandes y sus patrones de actividad, que contribuyan a realizar un adecuado manejo y protección de este grupo en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Lapa Verde. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología de foto-trampeo colocando 13 cámaras-trampa por bloque de muestreo, en dos bloques (1 855 ha) durante enero - febrero 2015 y entre diciembre 2015 - enero 2016. (Resultados): El esfuerzo de muestreo fue de 1 584 noches, registrando18 especies con presencia de grandes y medianos depredadores como Panthera onca, Canis latrans, Leopardus pardalis y Leopardus wiedii, así como especies que sirven de presas como Silvilagus sp., Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasyprocta punctata y Cuniculus paca. La especie con mayor IAR fue D. punctata, la riqueza fue similar entre bloques; sin embargo, los patrones de actividad circadiana sí presentaron diferencias entre algunas especies (L. pardalis y D. punctata). (Conclusiones): Especies como jaguares y tapires, que requieren grandes extensiones de tierra para asentarse, utilizan estos bloques de conservación, lo que indica la importancia de la conservación de estos bloques.

Abstract (Introduction): Wildlife refuges are crucial to improve connectivity in the context of biological corridors, as they conserve forest patches and consequently neotropical mammal populations. However, in order to devise conservation and management strategies, it is a priority to carry out field studies that validate these efforts and measure their effectiveness over time. (Objective): To generate baseline information on the population status of medium and large terrestrial mammals and their activity patterns to help the management and protection of the Lapa Verde Wildlife Refuge. (Methods): We analyzed the camera-trapping methodology by placing 13 camera traps per sampling block, divided into two blocks (1 855 ha) during January-February 2015 and December 2015-January 2016. (Results): The sampling effort was 1 584 nights, capturing 18 species with the presence of large and medium predators such as Panthera onca, Canis latrans, Leopardus pardalis, and Leopardus wiedii, as well as species of prey such as Silvilagus sp., Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasyprocta punctata, and Cuniculus paca. The species with the highest RAI was D. punctate. The richness was similar between blocks. However, the patterns of circadian activity differed between some species (L. pardalis and D. punctata). (Conclusions): Species such as jaguars and tapirs, which require large areas of land to settle, use these conservation blocks; this indicates the importance of the conservation of these blocks.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: En un experimento de restauración iniciado en 2006 en un pastizal inducido, dentro de un paisaje dominado por selva tropical lluviosa en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, se establecieron 24 parcelas cercadas, con tres tratamientos de restauración. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar, mediante fototrampeo, cuáles especies de mamíferos terrestres medianos o grandes (≥1 kg de peso) y con qué frecuencia visitaban las parcelas, a 12 años de iniciado el experimento. Métodos: Se utilizaron cámaras-trampa, en 18 de las 24 parcelas. Se hicieron dos muestreos, uno en el periodo lluvioso de 2018 y otro en el seco de 2019. Se determinó el número de especies y de registros fotográficos independientes para cada una, en cada tratamiento (parcelas excluidas del forrajeo del ganado: a) sin adición de plantas -sucesión natural-; con plantación de árboles, b) dispersados por viento y c) dispersados por animales) y temporada de muestreo. Resultados clave: El esfuerzo total de muestreo fue de 290 días/cámara-trampa. En el periodo lluvioso se obtuvieron 12 fotografías y cuatro vídeos de tlacuache (Didelphis spp.), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) y guaqueque mexicano (Dasyprocta mexicana). En la época seca se registró al armadillo en 10 fotografías y cinco vídeos. Hubo pocos registros de mamíferos medianos, en comparación con fototrampeos en la selva conservada de la zona, y en solo siete de las 18 parcelas muestreadas. En general, hubo más registros en parcelas con cualquier tipo de plantación que en las de sucesión natural y esto fue más evidente en la época de lluvias. Conclusiones: La respuesta de los mamíferos medianos terrestres a la restauración parece ser más lenta que la registrada para otros grupos faunísticos (p. ej., murciélagos). Para evaluar la recuperación de la funcionalidad ecológica que incluye los roles ecológicos que desempeñan los mamíferos medianos en este experimento, se debe continuar y ampliar el esfuerzo de monitoreo.

Abstract: Background and Aims: In an experiment initiated in 2006 in an induced pasture, within a landscape dominated by tropical rainforest, in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, 24 fenced plots with three restoration treatments were established. Our objective was to determine with camera trapping, which species of medium or large terrestrial mammals (≥1 kg in weight), and with what frequency, visited the plots 12 years after the establishment of the experiment. Methods: Camera traps were used in 18 of the 24 plots. Two censuses were carried out, one in the rainy season of 2018 and the other in the dry season of 2019. The number of species and the independent photographic records of each one were determined for each treatment (plots excluded from cattle: a) with no addition of plants -natural succession-; with tree plantations, b) dispersed by wind, and c) dispersed by animals) and each sampling season. Key results: The total sampling effort was 290 camera trap days. For the rainy season, 12 photographs and four videos of opossum (Didelphis spp.), nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) and Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mexicana) were obtained. For the dry season, the armadillo was recorded in 10 photographs and five videos. There were few records of medium-sized mammals, compared to photo trapping in conserved forest in the area and only in seven of the 18 sampled plots. Overall, there were more records in plantations than in natural succession, and this was more evident in the rainy season. Conclusions: The response of medium-sized terrestrial mammals to restoration seems to be slower than recorded for other faunal groups (e.g., bats). To assess the recovery of ecological functionality that includes the ecological roles played by medium-sized mammals in this experiment, monitoring effort should be continued and expanded.

Resumo: A substituição das paisagens naturais por ambientes antropizados tem levado à perda de habitat e, consequentemente, ao declínio populacional e extinção de muitas espécies. Várias estratégias como a criação de Unidades de Conservação (UCs) e o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos têm sido adotadas para mitigar as consequências da crise de biodiversidade. Em Rio Verde, estado de Goiás, foi estabelecido um Programa Produtores de Água (PPA) que prevê o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos pela manutenção da vegetação ripária na região do ribeirão Abobora que abastece a cidade. Diante da ausência de estudos de diagnóstico ambiental da região, o presente estudo contribui para reduzir algumas lacunas de conhecimento, através da: i) caracterização da paisagem na área deste PPA, ii) caracterização das espécies da fauna (anfíbios, aves, peixes e mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte) e flora lenhosa que ocorrem neste local, iii) comparação da diversidade de espécies (fauna e flora) encontrada na área de estudo com aquela observada na rede de áreas protegidas do Cerrado. Nossos resultados revelam baixo índice de cobertura vegetal nativa (~21% da área total), mas por outro lado, registramos 300 espécies, sendo 20 de anfíbios anuros, 100 aves, 10 peixes, 16 mamíferos terrestres (médio e grande porte) e 154 plantas lenhosas. A nossa amostragem compreende espécies que são consideradas endêmicas do Cerrado (p.ex. Anfíbio - Barycholos terntezi e Mamífero - Callithrix penicillata), ameaçadas de extinção (p.ex. Mamíferos - Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Myrmecophaga tridactyla e Tapirus terrestris) ou exótica invasora (Mamífero - Sus scrofa). Os resultados apresentados no presente estudo são relevantes e podem auxiliar na proposição de ações de manejo no âmbito deste importante programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais.

Abstract: The replacement of natural landscapes by anthropic environments has led to habitat loss and consequently, to the decline and extinction of many species populations. Several strategies, such as the creation of protected areas (PAs) and payment for ecosystem services have been adopted to mitigate the consequences of this biodiversity crisis. In Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil, a Water Producer Program (WPP) was established, which provides payment for ecosystem services for the maintenance of riparian vegetation in the region of the Ribeirão Abóbora, a river which supplies the city and metropolitan area. In the absence of environmental diagnostic studies in the region, this present study contributes to reducing some knowledge gaps, through the: (i) characterization of the landscape in the WPP area, (ii) characterization of species of fauna (amphibians, birds, fish, and medium and large terrestrial mammals) and woody flora that occur in this area, and (iii) comparison of species diversity (fauna and flora) found in our study area with the diversity observed in the Cerrado protected area network. Our results reveal a low native vegetation cover (~21% of total area), but we recorded 300 total species: 20 species of anuran amphibians, 100 birds, 10 fish, 16 terrestrial mammals (medium and large), and 154 woody plants. Our sample comprises species considered endemic to the Cerrado (e.g., Anuran - Barycholos terntezi and Mammal - Callithrix penicillata), threatened species (e.g., Mammals - Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Tapirus terrestris), and exotic invasive species (Mammal - Sus scrofa). The results presented in this study are relevant and may help in the proposal of management actions within the scope of this important program of payment for environmental services.

Resumo: O Cerrado tem sido severamente impactado por distúrbios antrópicos e, especialmente na sua porção sul, poucos são os fragmentos remanescentes desse bioma. No estado de São Paulo, resta aproximadamente 7% da cobertura original de Cerrado e relativamente pouco se sabe sobre a biodiversidade desses remanescentes. Para preencher essa lacuna, inventariamos mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte de uma região pouco estudada que inclui uma Unidade de Conservação (UC) de uso sustentável (Floresta Estadual de Cajuru; CSF), áreas de vegetação nativa protegidos pela Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa e pertencentes a uma empresa de papel e celulose (Fazenda Dois Córregos; DCF), e seus entornos. Registramos 20 espécies de mamíferos nativos, cinco dos quais ameaçados de extinção, incluindo o tamanduá-bandeira, a onça parda e o lobo-guará. Não encontramos diferenças significativas na riqueza de espécies entre CSF e DCF, mas encontramos maior riqueza estimada de espécies para o entorno. Além de abranger uma área maior e mais heterogênea, essa área ainda apresenta uma proporção relativamente grande (> 30%) de vegetação nativa, fornecendo habitat e recursos para muitas espécies. A estimativa da riqueza de espécies para toda a nossa área de estudo foi semelhante à encontrada na maior UC de Cerrado no Estado de São Paulo, a Estação Ecológica de Jataí e entorno. Concluímos que a área de estudo abriga uma comunidade rica de grandes mamíferos, sendo importante para a conservação de várias espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Essa descoberta é particularmente oportuna, uma vez que o governo estadual está considerando transferir a exploração econômica da CSF para o setor privado. Endossamos, desta forma, uma proposta existente para elevar esta UC, que ainda carece de um plano de manejo, para uma categoria de manejo mais restritiva. Além disso, argumentamos que também é importante envolver a iniciativa privada em um plano de conservação para a região.

Abstract: The Cerrado has been severely impacted by anthropogenic disturbances, with a tiny proportion of its original extent remaining in its southern portions. In the state of São Paulo, only 7% of this vegetation remains and relatively little is known about the biodiversity of these fragments. To fill this knowledge gap, we inventoried medium and large-sized terrestrial mammals of a neglected region, including a sustainable use protected area, Cajuru State Forest (CSF), adjacent native vegetation remnants protected by the Native Vegetation Protection Law and owned by a paper and cellulose company (Dois Córregos Farm; DCF), and their surroundings. We recorded 20 native mammal species, five of which are endangered with extinction, including the giant anteater, puma, and maned wolf. We found no significant differences in species richness between CSF and DCF but we found higher estimated species richness for the surrounding areas. Besides encompassing a larger and more heterogeneous area, the surrounding area still has a relatively high proportion (>30%) of native vegetation, providing habitat and resources for many species. The estimated mammal species richness for the entire study area was similar to that found in the largest protected area of the Cerrado in São Paulo State, the Jataí Ecological Station and its surroundings. We conclude that our study area still harbors a relatively rich community of large mammals and is important for the conservation of endangered species. This finding is particularly timing since the current State administration is considering to transfer the economic exploitation of CSF to the private sector. We therefore endorse an existing proposal to uplist this protected area, which still lacks a management plan, to a more restricted management category. Besides actions regarding this governmental PA, we argue that it is also important to involve the private sector in a conservation plan for the region.

RESUMEN La ausencia de áreas protegidas públicas en Casanare, Colombia, ha incidido en el fortalecimiento de procesos de conservación a través de Reservas Naturales de la Sociedad Civil (RNSC), donde el trabajo con comunidades es la base de la gestión de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una evaluación de la riqueza y abundancia de mamíferos terrestres a partir de un programa de monitoreo comunitario en doce RNSC de la vereda Altagracia, Casanare. Durante dos temporadas (2018 y 2019), se instalaron once cámaras trampa, para un total de 960 días/cámara. Se registraron 18 especies de mamíferos, pertenecientes a diez familias y seis órdenes, incluyendo las dos especies amenazadas Myrmecophaga tridactyla y Pteronura brasiliensis. Este trabajo es uno de los primeros inventarios de mamíferos de la Orinoquía colombiana basados en un ejercicio comunitario de conocimiento de la biodiversidad.

ABSTRACT The absence of public protected areas in Casanare Colombia has led to strengthen conservation processes by private reserves (RNSC), where working together with local communities is the basis of biodiversity management. This study aimed to evaluate the richness and abundance of terrestrial mammals through a community-based monitoring program. During two seasons (2018 and 2019), eleven camera traps were installed, for a total of 960 camera-days. Eighteen mammal species were recorded, belonging to ten families and six orders, including the two threatened species Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Pteronura brasiliensis. This study is one of the first mammalian inventories in the Colombian Orinoco based on a community exercise of biodiversity knowledge.

RESUMEN A pesar de los avances en la compilación de registros primarios de especies, sesgos en la calidad y accesibilidad a la información dificultan el estudio de patrones espaciales de biodiversidad. Este estudio presenta el primer análisis sistemático sobre los sesgos en la distribución temporal y espacial de registros de los mamíferos silvestres terrestres continentales de Colombia. Mediante el uso de bases de datos de acceso abierto, identificamos las áreas administrativas y las ecorregiones con los mayores vacíos de información a nivel de orden en cuanto al número de especies registradas con respecto al número de especies esperadas. Además, realizamos un análisis de complementariedad para establecer áreas prioritarias de muestreo que ayuden a disminuir sesgos en los patrones de registro de especies de mamíferos en Colombia. La mayoría de los órdenes (70 %) presentan una representatividad menor al 50 % en al menos 40 % de los departamentos y 60 % de las ecorregiones estudiadas. Además, encontramos que la cobertura temporal en celdas de 50 * 50 km tiende a ser baja, con un promedio inferior a los cuatro años desde 1950 hasta 2019. El análisis de complementariedad muestra que el registro de especies a nivel nacional se maximizaría en los bosques tropicales de la Amazonía en los límites entre el departamento del Caquetá y Amazonas, el escudo Guayanés en la región de la Orinoquia, además de los ecosistemas de sabanas del Vichada, Casanare y Arauca. Proponemos la definición de esquemas de priorización y muestreo sistemático tanto para áreas aisladas y poco conocidas, como para zonas de mayor presión antrópica que pueden sufrir pérdidas locales de especies a corto plazo.

ABSTRACT Despite recent advances in the compilation of primary biodiversity data, biases in the quality and the accessibility of the information difficult the inference of biodiversity spatial patterns. We present the first systematic analysis on the spatial distribution of terrestrial wild mammal records for continental Colombia. By using multiple databases, we identified the geopolitical areas and ecoregions from the country with the biggest information gaps at the order level regarding the number of species recorded vs the number of expected species. In addition, we carried out a complementarity analysis to establish priority sampling areas that maximize the recording of mammal species in the country. Most orders (70 %) show representativeness lower than 50 % in at least 40 % of the departments y 60 % of the studied ecoregions. Also, we found that the temporal coverage in grids of 50 * 50 km tends to below, with an average lower than four sampled years from 1950 to 2019. The complementary analysis shows several areas where sampling would maximize the record of new species at the national level. These areas include tropical forests of the Amazonian region in the limits between Caqueta and Amazonas, the Guyana region, as well as savanna ecosystems from Vichada, Casanare, and Arauca. We advocate for the definition of sampling prioritization schemes for both isolated and relatively unknown areas, as well as areas under high human pressure that could suffer from species losses in the short term.

RESUMEN ''Efectos ecológicos potenciales de los caballos silvestres, Equus caballus (Perissodactyla: Equidae), en mamíferos silvestres: revisión''. Introducción: El caballo (Equus caballus) es un herbívoro grande y adaptable, distribuido en una amplia gama de biomas terrestres, que afecta negativamente ecosistemas en todo el mundo. La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre las interacciones entre el ecosistema y el caballo se han centrado en plantas y suelos, mientras que sus efectos sobre otros vertebrados no se comprenden bien. Objetivo: Sintetizar, a nivel mundial, los efectos de los caballos sobre los mamíferos silvestres. Métodos: Hicimos una revisión sistemática de literatura con las palabras "feral horses + competition", "Feral horses + interactions", "feral horses + impacts", "feral horses + effects", en el motor de búsqueda ''Web of Science''. Resultados: Encontramos 366 artículos, pero solo 14 revisados por pares. La mayoría de la última década y en Estados Unidos de América (64%). Los enfoques más utilizados fueron de correlación, siendo escasos los experimentales. El efecto varió significativamente, sugiriendo que los cambios en la estructura del hábitat afectan principalmente a los roedores pequeños. Los ungulados compiten por interferencia con los caballos. Conclusión: Recomendamos monitorear indicadores, por ejemplo ungulados y roedores, para determinar si la presencia de caballos en áreas protegidas afecta la conservación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The horse (Equus caballus) is an adaptable large herbivore distributed in a wide range of terrestrial biomes that negatively affects ecosystems around the world. Most research on horse-ecosystem interactions have focused on plants and soils, whereas horse effects on vertebrate species are poorly understanded. Objective: To synthesize, at a global scale, the effects of free-roaming horses on wild mammals. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review that included the words "feral horses + competition", "feral horses + interactions", "feral horses + impacts", "feral horses + effects", based on the ''Web of Science''internet search engine. Results: We located 366 articles , but only 14 peer-reviewed documents described the effects of horses on local wild mammals. Most studies were published in the last decade and were about ecosystems in the United States of America (64%). Most used correlational approaches; experimental studies were rare. The effect of horses on mammals varied significantly, suggesting that changes on habitat structure mostly affects small rodents. Nevertheless, large ungulates had interference competition with the horses. Conclusion: We recommend monitoring proxies, for example ungulates and rodents, to determine if the presence of horses in protected areas affects conservation.

RESUMEN. Introducción: La Cordillera de Talamanca en el sureste de Costa Rica, es una región prioritaria para la conservación, posee ecosistemas y especies poco conocidas. El estudio de mamíferos silvestres permite comprender la estructura y estado de conservación de los bosques tropicales: uno de los ecosistemas más diversos del planeta. Objetivo: Evaluar la riqueza, abundancia relativa y patrones de actividad de los mamíferos terrestres medianos y grandes en el Parque Internacional de La Amistad y el Corredor Biológico el Quetzal Tres Colinas. Métodos: Entre el 12 de julio del 2018 al 18 de abril del 2021, instalamos 18 estaciones de fototrampeo, cada una conformada por una cámara trampa y un atrayente olfativo. Resultados: Con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 15 335 días cámara trampa, obtuvimos 36 667 registros en los cuales detectamos 27 especies de mamíferos silvestres medianos y grandes; todas están en alguna categoría de riesgo nacional o internacional. Sciurus granatensis, Tapirus bairdii, Sylvilagus dicei y Mazama temama mostraron la distribución más amplia y la mayor abundancia relativa. Ateles geoffroyi, Cebus imitator y Microsciurus alfari tuvieron la menor abundancia y la distribución más restringida. Registramos cinco especies diurnas, seis nocturnas-crepusculares y 14 catemerales. Las especies únicas las detectamos en los pisos altitudinales Subalpino, Premontano y Montano bajo, los dos últimos registraron la mayor riqueza. Ocho especies mostraron fobia lunar, seis mostraron filia lunar y seis no mostraron afinidad al brillo lunar. Conclusión: Estas áreas protegen importantes poblaciones premontanas a subalpinas de mamíferos terrestres medianos y grandes, muchos catemerales o con fobia a la luna, y deben seguir siendo monitoreadas.

ABSTRACT. ''The diversity and activity patterns of medium and large terrestrial mammals in the Talamanca Mountain Range, Costa Rica''. Introduction: The Talamanca Range in the southeast of Costa Rica is a priority region for conservation, but its ecosystems and species are little known. The study of wild mammals can contribute to our understanding of the trophic structure and conservation needs of tropical forests, which are some of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. Objective: To evaluate the species richness, relative abundance and activity patterns of medium and large mammals in La Amistad National Park and the Quetzal Tres Colinas Biological Corridor. Methods: Continuous monitoring was carried out from July 12, 2018 to April 18, 2021 using 18 photo-trapping stations, each consisting of a camera trap and a scent station. Results: Based on a sampling effort of 15 335 camera trap days, we obtained 36 667 records in which we detected 27 species of medium and large wild mammals, all of which are in one of the risk categories at the national or international level. The species with the widest distribution and the greatest relative abundance were Sciurus granatensis, Tapirus bairdii, Sylvilagus dicei and Mazama temama. The least abundant species, with the most restricted distribution, were Ateles geoffroyi, Cebus imitator and Microsciurus alfari. Five species were diurnal, six were nocturnal and crepuscular, and 14 species were cathemeral. The greatest species richness was found in the Premontane and Lower Montane zones, while the endemic species were in both of these zones and the Subalpine zone. Eight species had lunarphobia, six lunarphilia and six had no pattern. Conclusion: These areas protect important Premontane to Subalpine populations of medium-size and large terrestrial mammals, many cathemeral or with lunarphobia, and should continue to be monitored.