Abstract: The article presents the discussion of medical knowledge about yellow fever during an epidemic episode that occurred in the city of Mérida and other towns in the state of Yucatán between 1911 and 1912. This work was prepared based on the scientific reports from physicians who conducted research on this disease and malaria. The Statistical Bulletin was reviewed to contrast the figures provided by both scientists and health authorities. Regarding epidemic episodes, the reports were critical of the provisions of the health authorities because they did not constantly monitor susceptible people. On the other hand, the origin of the condition broke with the postulates in the medical literature. In addition, the clinical manifestations of the patients in the interior generated a debate on the methods for diagnosis through of laboratory analysis and therapy.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta la discusión de los conocimientos médicos sobre la fiebre amarilla durante un episodio epidémico que se presentó en la ciudad de Mérida y otros poblados del estado de Yucatán, entre los años de 1911 y 1912. Este trabajo se elaboró con base en los reportes científicos de los médicos que realizaron investigaciones sobre esta enfermedad y el paludismo. Se revisó el Boletín de Estadística para contrastar las cifras proporcionadas tanto por los científicos como por las autoridades sanitarias. En cuanto a los episodios epidémicos, los reportes eran críticos con las disposiciones de las autoridades sanitarias porque no hacían un seguimiento constante de las personas susceptibles. Por otra parte, el origen del padecimiento rompía con los postulados de la literatura médica. Además, las manifestaciones clínicas de los enfermos del interior generaron un debate sobre los métodos para el diagnóstico a través de los análisis de laboratorio y la terapéutica.

Resumen (Objetivo) Plasmodium vivax infecta ampliamente a muchas personas en algunas regiones. La singularidad de formar una etapa latente hace que la malaria vivax pueda ser inducida por una recaída por una infección adicional. En el presente estudio, utilizamos un enfoque de simulación dinámica y acoplamiento molecular ara predecir la posibilidad de que compuestos bioactivos de la familia de plantas Zingiberaceae sean candidatos a fármaco contra la malaria dirigiéndose a la proteína de unión a Duffy de Plasmodium vivax (PvDBP). Se requiere la interacción molecular PvDBP-DARC para mediar el proceso de invasión de merozoitos en los glóbulos rojos. La inhibición de este proceso posiblemente pueda controlar el crecimiento y desarrollo del parásito. (Metodología) El análisis de acoplamiento molecular dio como resultado los dos compuestos principales con el valor de energía de unión más bajo, incluida la 5,7-dihidroxiflavanona (-9,3 kcal/mol) y la pinostrobina (-9,2 kcal/mol). (Resultados) Estos compuestos previstos tienen una interacción más fuerte que la cloroquina como control. Además, los compue potenciales también interactúan con los residuos del sitio de unión de DARC y lo mantienen durante el proceso de simulación de dinámica molecular. De lo contrario, la cloroquina como control no puede retener el 75% de los residuos de unión hacia PvDBP. El estudio de dinámica molecular reveló que los tres complejos tienen una estabilidad relativamente similar. (Conclusiones) Predijimos que los dos compuestos bioactivos tienen potencial como inhibidores de la invasión de merozoitos.

Resumo (Objetivo) O Plasmodium vivax infecta amplamente muitas pessoas em algumas regiões. A singularidade de formar um estágio latente significa que a malária vivax pode ser induzida por recaída devido à infecção adicional. No presente estudo, utilizamos uma abordagem de simulação dinâmica e de acoplamento molecular para prever a possibilidade de compostos bioativos da família de plantas Zingiberaceae como candidatos a medicamentos antimaláricos, visand o aproteína de ligação Duffy do Plasmodium vivax (PvDBP). A interação molecular PvDBP-DARC é necessária para mediar o processo de invasão de merozoítos nos glóbulos vermelhos. A inibição deste processo pode possivelmente controlar o crescimento e desenvolvimento do parasita. (Metodologia) A análise de acoplamento molecular resultou nos dois principais compostos com o menor valor de energia de ligação, incluindo ,7-dihidroxiflavanona (-9,3 kcal/mol) e pinostrobina (-9,2 kcal/mol). (Resultados) Esses compostos previstos têm uma interação mais forte do que a cloroquina como controle. Além disso, os compostos potenciais também interagem e mantêm resíduos do sítio de ligação do DARC durante o processo de simulação de dinâmica molecular. Caso contrário, a cloroquina como controle não pode reter 75% dos resíduos de ligação ao três complexos apresentam estabilidade relativa compostos bioativos têm potencial como inibidor Palavras chave: Medicamentos antimalária; ePvmeesdmsilDBP. ntesa invício;O estudo de dinâmica molecular revelou que os emelhante. (Conclusões) Previmos que os dois asão de merozoítos. Plasmodium vivax; PvDBP; Zingiberáceas.

Abstract (Objective) Plasmodium vivax predominantly infects many people in numerous tropical areas, including Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, the Americas, and the Eastern Mediterranean. The uniqueness of forming dormant stages can lead to relapse in vivax malaria upon further infection. This study used molecular docking and dynamic simulation to predict potential bioactive compounds from the Zingiberaceae plant family as inhibitors by targeting Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP). PvDBP-DARC molecular interaction is required to mediate the merozoite invasion process into red blood cells. Inhibiting this process can possibly control parasite growth and development. (Methodology) Molecular docking screening was conducted by using 138 natural compounds from the Zingiberaceae plant family targeting Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). The top two compounds with the lowest binding energy were selected to be analyzed by pharmacokinetics prediction and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. (Results) Molecular docking screening resulted in the top two compounds with the lowest binding energy value, including 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (-9.3 kcal/mol) and pinostrobin (-9.2 kcal/mol). These compounds are predicted to have stronger interaction than chloroquine as a control. Furthermore, the potential compounds also interact with DARC binding site residues and maintain them during the molecular dynamic simulation process. Otherwise, chloroquine as a control cannot retain 75% binding residues towards PvDBP. A molecular dynamic study revealed that all three complexes have relatively similar stability. (Conclusions) We predicted that the two bioactive compounds (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone and pinostrobin) have the potential as merozoite invasion inhibitors.

BACKGROUND. South Africa (SA) has committed to eliminating malaria by 2028. However, the initial target was set for 2023. Additionally, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of drug and insecticide resistance have been identified as potential stumbling blocks in the achievement of this goal. The impact of COVID-19 on the prevalence and distribution of malaria in SA is unclear. OBJECTIVE. To describe the trends and distribution of malaria before and during the pandemic and its associated lockdown strategies in one of the country's malaria-endemic provinces, Mpumalanga Province. METHOD. A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted using Mpumalanga provincial malaria case data extracted from the provincial District Health Information System 2. The impact of COVID-19 on the prevalence and distribution of malaria was assessed in Mpumalanga Province between 2017 and 2022 using descriptive trend analysis. Malaria cases before (2017 - 2019) and post-COVID-19 (2020 - 2022) were cross-tabulated using Stata version 17. We used χ² tests to test for significant differences, set at p<0.05. RESULTS. During the study period, 25 380 malaria cases were reported, with the majority men (61%) >26 years old, with reported international travel, primarily to Mozambique. Limpopo Province (93%) accounted for most of the locally imported cases. Headaches and fever were the most common symptoms before and post COVID-19, while asymptomatic malaria carriage was higher during and post COVID (p<0.05). Prior to the pandemic reporting of the preferred treatment for uncomplicated malaria, Coartem use was at 53%, declining to 21% thereafter. Although COVID-19-related restrictions on human movement greatly reduced the malaria burden in Mpumalanga Province, the high-risk group (young mobile men) remained unchanged over the study period. Of concern were the marked reduction in the reporting of Coartem doses administered and the increased prevalence of asymptomatic carriage since 2020. The importation of malaria poses one of the biggest challenges to malaria elimination in Mpumalanga Province. CONCLUSION. This study highlighted the impact of COVID-19 and its related lockdown restrictions on the delivery of malaria health services in Mpumalanga Province. If malaria elimination is to be achieved, all aspects of the malaria programme must be strengthened urgently. Additionally, the health system and cross-border collaborations must also be strengthened.

BACKGROUND. In South Africa (SA), malaria is endemic in three of nine provinces - KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. During 2010 - 2014, SA reported that ~47.6% of all malaria cases were imported. Contemporary estimates for the prevalence of malaria in the five districts of Limpopo Province are limited, with unknown proportions of imported malaria cases. We estimated the prevalence of malaria, and the proportion of imported malaria cases in the five districts of Limpopo, from January 2015 to December 2017. OBJECTIVE. To measure the prevalence of malaria in Limpopo Province, the proportion of malaria cases that are imported and to determine factors associated with malaria from January 2015 to December 2017. METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed data routinely collected through the Malaria Information System and Laboratory Information System of the National Health Laboratory Services, and assessed associations with age, sex and district, using a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS. From 2015 to 2017, a total of 43 199 malaria cases were reported, of which 3.5% (n=1 532) were imported. The prevalence of malaria in Limpopo Province was the highest in 2017, at 331.0 per 100 000 population. The highest malaria prevalence district was Vhembe, with 647.9 in 2015, 220.3 in 2016 and 659.4 in 2017 per 100 000 population. However, Waterberg had the highest proportion of imported malaria cases 28.5% (437/1 532). In adjusted analyses, ages 15 - 49 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48 - 1.68, p<0.001) and <1 year (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.37 - 0.74, p<0.001) were at higher odds of having malaria compared with ages >65 years. CONCLUSION. These findings highlight the significant burden of imported malaria in Limpopo Province. There is a need for strengthened surveillance and control programmes in neighboring countries (such as Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Botswana) to reduce the importation and spread of malaria in this region.

Abstract Introduction. The first neonatal screening program in Colombia - PREGEN - was set up in the medical private sector of Bogotá in 1988. We report the results from recent years that, given the scarcity of similar information in our country, may help estimate the frequency of the evaluated neonatal disorders and which ones should be included in the neonatal screening programs in our country. Objective. To describe the results of PREGEN's newborn screening program between 2006 and 2019. Materials and methods. We analyzed databases and other informative documents preserved in PREGEN from the 2006-2019 period. Results. One in every 164 newborns screened in our program had an abnormal hemoglobin variant, and one in every 194 carried some hemoglobin S variant. Glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and congenital hypothyroidism are next as the more common disorders. Conclusions. Abnormal hemoglobin causes the most frequent monogenic disorder in the world. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common enzymopathy affecting nearly 400 million individuals worldwide. Since both disorders are more common in people of African descent and confer some resistance to malaria, we believe that screening for both disorders may be more relevant in the areas with African ancestry in our country.

Resumen Introducción. En Colombia, el primer programa de tamizaje neonatal, PREGEN, inició labores en el sector privado de Bogotá en 1988. En este artículo se presentan los resultados obtenidos en los últimos años, que, dada la carencia de estos estudios en el país, pueden servir para evaluar la frecuencia de aparición de los trastornos congénitos evaluados y estimar cuáles de ellos deben ser objeto de tamizaje neonatal a nivel nacional. Objetivos. Reportar los resultados del programa de tamizaje PREGEN entre el 2006 y el 2019. Materiales y métodos. Para este análisis se examinaron las bases de datos y otros documentos informativos de PREGEN para el periodo 2006-2019. Resultados. Uno de cada 164 recién nacidos tamizados en el programa PREGEN en Bogotá presentó una variante anormal de la hemoglobina y uno de cada 194 es portador de hemoglobina S. Los siguientes dos trastornos más frecuentes encontrados fueron la deficiencia de la enzima glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (frecuencia 1:2.231) y el hipotiroidismo congénito (frecuencia 1:3.915). Conclusiones. Las hemoglobinopatías mostraron ser uno de los desórdenes monogénicos más comunes, seguidos por la deficiencia de glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa y el hipotiroidismo congénito. Se calcula que cerca de 400 millones de personas en el mundo están afectadas por la deficiencia de glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa, por lo cual es la enzimopatía más común en el mundo. Como ambos desórdenes son más frecuentes en poblaciones de origen africano y confieren algún grado de resistencia a la malaria, es de prever que su tamizaje debe ser de mayor importancia en las zonas con ancestros africanos en Colombia.

ABSTRACT The teaching of human parasitology is essential for students of health sciences, especially medicine, because it is a major global public health problem―occurring with high frequency in low-income countries―and because of its presence in countries considered developed. In this sense, it is estimated that worldwide there are 2,800 million individuals infected with soil-transmitted helminths, 20 to 30% people infected with Toxoplasma gondii, 300 to 500 million new cases of malaria per year, and nearly 15 million Latin Americans with Chagas disease, an infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. This narrative review article analyzes information available in digital repositories on aspects of the traditional educational program of human or medical parasitology using descriptors or keywords closely related to the topic. The reviewed articles were mainly those published in peer-reviewed, indexed and prestigious scientific journals. Moreover, the traditional program of parasitology and the prevailing pedagogy are described with the purpose of encouraging discussion on the methods that lead to its learning. Also, given the dynamic nature of this process and the constant challenges that must be faced in this field, said information can help to explore new ways of teaching parasitology in answer to the demands of the context. In conclusion, parasitic diseases have affected humankind throughout history, causing illness, disability and death in millions of people. Therefore, among the measures to fight such a terrible scourge, the training of more and better professionals in the area is promoted due to their leading role in the design and execution of control programs. As a result, the need to describe in detail the characteristics of the traditional teaching of this branch of knowledge arises―as shown in this paper―in view of the new human teaching methods: participatory learning, problem-based learning and Internetassisted learning.

RESUMEN Es fundamental la enseñanza de la parasitología humana para los estudiantes de las carreras de ciencias de la salud, especialmente la médica, por ser un importante problema de salud pública con distribución mundial, con alta frecuencia en países de bajos recursos económicos y por su presencia en aquellos países considerados desarrollados. En este sentido, se estima que existen en el mundo 2800 millones de individuos infectados con geohelmintos, 20 % a 30 % de infectados con Toxoplasma gondii, 300 a 500 millones de casos nuevos de malaria al año y aproximadamente 15 millones de latinoamericanos con enfermedad de Chagas, una enfermedad causada por el Trypanosoma cruzi. En este artículo de revisión narrativa se analiza información disponible en repositorios digitales sobre aspectos del programa pedagógico tradicional de la parasitología humana o médica, para lo cual se emplearon descriptores o palabras clave en estrecha relación con el tema. Los artículos que se revisaron principalmente fueron aquellos publicados en revistas científicas arbitradas, indexadas y de reconocido prestigio. Asimismo, se describen el programa tradicional de parasitología y la pedagogía prevalente empleada, con el propósito de fomentar el debate sobre los métodos que conducen a su aprendizaje. Por otro lado, si se consideran el carácter dinámico que posee este proceso y los constantes desafíos que deben afrontarse en este campo, esta información puede ayudar a explorar nuevas formas de enseñar la parasitología en respuesta a las exigencias del contexto. En conclusión, las enfermedades parasitarias han afectado a la humanidad a lo largo de la historia, y han causado enfermedades, discapacidad y la muerte de millones de personas. Por tanto, entre las medidas para combatir tan terrible flagelo se señala la capacitación de más y mejores profesionales en el área, por su papel preponderante en el diseño y ejecución de los programas de control, de lo que se desprende la necesidad de describir en detalle las características de la enseñanza tradicional de esta rama del conocimiento ―como se muestra en el contenido de este escrito― en virtud de la existencia de nuevos métodos de enseñanza humana: la enseñanza participativa, aprendizaje basado en problemas y aprendizaje asistido por internet.

Abstracts It has been demonstrated that Lantana camara possesses several therapeutic properties that can be used to treat various human diseases, including dermatological and gastrointestinal conditions, tetanus, malaria, and tumours. In this investigation, every collected part of L. camara was extracted with absolute methanol to examine its antioxidant capacity using the DPPH assay and its anti-leukemia activity on two AML cell lines, MOLM-13 and MV4-11. In addition, anti-inflammatory effectiveness was evaluated. The results show that extracts from various sections of L. camara have a significant ability to neutralize free radicals, as indicated by their EC50 values. Most of the extracts had values less than 100 μg/ml, with the flower extract having an even lower value of less than 50 μg/ml. Experiments on two AML cell lines showed that the anti-leukemia effects of the extracts were remarkable, with the most potent impact belonging to the root extract (IC50 was 9.78 ± 0.61 and 12.48 ± 1.69 for MOLM-13 and MV4-11 cell lines). The antitumor effect of the extracts was determined to be time- and dose-dependent and did not correlate with antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, when BJ cells were exposed to L. camara root and leaf extracts, their migratory potential was dramatically reduced compared to untreated cells. The extracts demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory capabilities by lowering NO production in LPS-induced BJ cells. diseases conditions tetanus malaria tumours investigation L antileukemia anti leukemia MOLM13 MOLM 13 MOLM-1 MV411. MV411 MV MV4 11. 11 addition antiinflammatory inflammatory evaluated radicals EC EC5 10 μgml μg ml μg/ml 5 remarkable IC50 IC (IC5 978 9 78 9.7 061 0 61 0.6 1248 12 48 12.4 169 1 69 1.6 MV4-1 lines. . lines) time dosedependent dose dependent Furthermore LPSinduced LPS induced MOLM1 MOLM- MV41 IC5 (IC 97 7 9. 06 6 0. 124 4 12. 16 1. MV4-

Resumo Foi demonstrado que Lantana camara possui diversas propriedades terapêuticas que podem ser utilizadas para tratar uma variedade de doenças humanas, incluindo condições dermatológicas e gastrointestinais, tétano, malária e tumores. Nesta investigação, cada parte coletada de L. camara foi extraída com metanol absoluto para examinar sua capacidade antioxidante utilizando o ensaio DPPH e sua atividade antileucêmica em duas linhagens celulares de LMA, MOLM-13 e MV4-11. Além disso, foi avaliada a eficácia anti-inflamatória. Os resultados mostram que os extratos de várias partes de L. camara têm uma capacidade significativa de neutralizar os radicais livres, como demonstrado pelos seus valores de EC50. A maioria dos extratos apresentava valores inferiores a 100 g/ml, com o extrato de flores apresentando um valor ainda mais baixo, inferior a 50 μg/ml. Experimentos em duas linhagens celulares de LMA mostraram que os efeitos antileucêmicos dos extratos foram notáveis, com o efeito mais forte pertencente ao extrato de raiz (IC50 foi 9,78 ± 0,61 e 12,48 ± 1,69 para linhas celulares MOLM-13 e MV4-11). O efeito antitumoral dos extratos foi determinado de maneira dependente do tempo e da dose e não se correlacionou com a capacidade antioxidante. Além disso, quando as células BJ foram expostas aos extratos de raiz e folhas de L. camara, o seu potencial migratório foi drasticamente reduzido em comparação com as células não tratadas. Os extratos acima mencionados demonstraram potenciais capacidades anti-inflamatórias ao reduzir a produção de NO em células BJ induzidas por LPS. humanas gastrointestinais tétano tumores investigação L MOLM13 MOLM 13 MOLM-1 MV411. MV411 MV MV4 11. 11 MV4-11 disso antiinflamatória. antiinflamatória anti inflamatória. inflamatória anti-inflamatória livres EC50 EC 10 gml g ml g/ml baixo 5 μgml μg μg/ml notáveis IC50 IC (IC5 978 9 78 9,7 061 0 61 0,6 1248 12 48 12,4 169 1 69 1,6 . MV4-11) tratadas antiinflamatórias inflamatórias LPS MOLM1 MOLM- MV41 MV4-1 EC5 IC5 (IC 97 7 9, 06 6 0, 124 4 12, 16 1, MV4-

ABSTRACT Background: Malaria is a major global public health issue with varying epidemiologies across countries. In Colombia, it is a priority endemic-epidemic event included in the national public health policy. However, evidence demonstrating nationwide variations in the disease behavior is limited. This study aimed to analyze changes in the levels and distribution of endemic-epidemic malaria transmission in the eco-epidemiological regions of Colombia from 1978 to 1999 and 2000 to 2021. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive time-series study using official secondary data on malaria-associated morbidity and mortality in Colombia from 1978 to 2021. Temporal-spatial and population variables were analyzed, and the absolute and relative frequency measures of general and regional morbidity and mortality were estimated. Results: We observed an 18% reduction in malaria endemic cases between the two study periods. The frequency and severity of the epidemic transmission of malaria varied less and were comparable across both periods. A shift was observed in the frequency of parasitic infections, with a tendency to match and increase infections by Plasmodium falciparum. The risk of malaria transmission varied significantly among the eco-epidemiological regions during both study periods. This study demonstrated a sustained decrease of 78% in malarial mortality. Conclusions: Although the endemic components of malaria decreased slightly between the two study periods, the epidemic pattern persisted. There were significant variations in the risk of transmission across the different eco-epidemiological regions. These findings underscore the importance of targeted public health interventions in reducing malarial morbidity and mortality rates in Colombia. Background countries endemicepidemic policy However limited ecoepidemiological eco epidemiological 197 199 200 2021 Methods timeseries time series malariaassociated associated Temporalspatial Temporal spatial analyzed estimated Results 18 periods falciparum 78 Conclusions persisted 19 20 202 1 7 2

ABSTRACT The use of biosynthesized nanoparticles is one of the broad research areas where silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have anti-parasitic disease properties. The biological synthesis of silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles using methanolic extracts of the Indigofera oblongifolia leaf was evaluated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, total of phenolics, and flavonoids, and MTT assay were used. In addition, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and TEM analysis. produced was stable and simple-to-synthesize AgNPs by UV light radiation. Classes of compounds expected to be biologically active were identified in the extract. Also, Quantitative results showed phenolics and flavonoids at 219 ± 1.079, and 19 ± 0.150 (mg TAE/g DW), respectively. Moreover, IC50 was obtained at 151.569 ± 8.5 ng/mL for Hep-G2 cell lines. Examination of IOLEAgNPs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the nanoparticles were spherical with a smooth surface, which indicates that the prepared nanostructure content is highly pure with good morphology. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using leaf extract (AgNPs-leaf) were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Its activities have been tested as anti-malaria. OILEAgNPs were able to reduce parasitemia. (AgNPs antiparasitic anti parasitic properties evaluated chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS GC MS (GC-MS analysis used addition UVvisible visible spectrophotometry simpletosynthesize simple synthesize radiation Also 21 1079 1 079 1.079 0150 0 150 0.15 mg TAEg TAE g DW, DW , DW) respectively Moreover IC IC5 151569 151 569 151.56 85 8 5 8. ngmL ng mL HepG2 HepG Hep G2 G Hep-G lines (TEM surface morphology AgNPsleaf (AgNPs-leaf antimalaria. antimalaria malaria. malaria anti-malaria parasitemia 2 107 07 1.07 015 15 0.1 15156 56 151.5 10 1.0 01 0. 1515 151. 1.

RESUMO O uso de nanopartículas biossintetizadas é uma das amplas áreas de pesquisa em que as nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) têm propriedades antiparasitárias. A síntese biológica de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) usando extratos metanólicos da folha de Indigofera oblongifolia foi avaliada. Foram utilizadas análises de cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massa (GC-MS), total de fenólicos e flavonoides, e ensaio MTT. Além disso, usando espectrofotometria UV-visível e análise TEM usando extratos retirados das folhas, pudemos produzir AgNPs estáveis e simples de sintetizar por radiação de luz UV. Foram identificadas no extrato classes de compostos que se espera que sejam biologicamente ativos. Além disso, os resultados quantitativos mostraram fenólicos e flavonoides em 39,7±0,3 e 33,4±0,2 (mg TAE/g DW), respectivamente. Além disso, o IC50 do IOLE foi obtido em 20,5±0,9μg/mL para a A549 e 24,3±0,9 para as linhas celulares MCF-7. O exame de IOLEAgNPs usando microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) mostrou que as nanopartículas eram esféricas com uma superfície lisa, o que indica que o conteúdo da nanoestrutura preparada é altamente puro com boa morfologia. As nanopartículas de prata sintetizadas usando extrato de folha (AgNPs-folha) foram caracterizadas por espectrofotometria UV-visível. Suas atividades foram testadas como antimalária. As OILEAgNPs foram capazes de reduzir a parasitemia de forma quase tão eficaz quanto o tratamento padrão. (AgNPs antiparasitárias avaliada GCMS, GCMS GC MS , (GC-MS) MTT disso UVvisível UV visível folhas ativos 39703 39 7 0 3 39,7±0, 33402 33 4 2 33,4±0, mg TAEg TAE g DW, DW DW) respectivamente IC IC5 20509μgmL μgmL 20 5 9μg mL μg A54 24309 24 9 24,3±0, MCF7. MCF7 MCF 7. MCF-7 (TEM lisa morfologia AgNPsfolha (AgNPs-folha UVvisível. visível. antimalária padrão (GC-MS 3970 39,7±0 3340 33,4±0 A5 2430 24,3±0 MCF- 397 39,7± 334 33,4± 243 24,3± 39,7 33,4 24,3 39, 33, 24,

Abstract Plasmodium falciparum is known to cause severe malaria, current treatment consists in artemisinin-based combination therapy, but resistance can lead to treatment failure. Knowledge concerning P. falciparum essential proteins can be used for searching new antimalarials, among these a potential candidate is shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme part of the shikimate pathway which is responsible for producing endogenous aromatic amino acids. SDH from P. falciparum (PfSDH) is unexplored by the scientific community, therefore, this study aims to establish the first protocol for active PfSDH expression. Putative PfSDH nucleotide sequence was used to construct an optimized expression vector pET28a+PfSDH inserted in E. coli BL21(DE3). As a result, optimal expression conditions were acquired by varying IPTG and temperature through time. Western Blot analysis was applied to verify appropriate PfSDH expression, solubilization and purification started with lysis followed by two-steps IMAC purification. Enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically by NADPH oxidation, optimal PfSDH expression occur at 0.1 mM IPTG for 48 hours growing at 37 °C and shaking at 200 rpm, recombinant PfSDH obtained after purification was soluble, pure and its physiological catalysis was confirmed. Thus, this study describes the first protocol for heterologous expression of PfSDH in soluble and active form. malaria artemisininbased artemisinin based therapy failure P antimalarials SDH, , (SDH) acids (PfSDH community therefore pET28aPfSDH pETaPfSDH pET28a pET E BL21DE3. BL21DE3 BLDE BL21 DE3 . BL DE BL21(DE3) result time twosteps two steps oxidation 01 0 1 0. 4 3 C 20 rpm confirmed Thus form (SDH aPfSDH pETa BL21DE BL2 BL21(DE3 2 BL21(DE

ABSTRACT Background: Climate change has significant implications on ecosystems. We verified the effects of climate change on the malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis using simulated climate change scenarios (SSCCs). Methods: An experimental model was designed for SSCCs, which composed of air-conditioned 25 m3 rooms. Results: The wing size was significantly different between SSCCs. A colony of Anopheles aquasalis could not be established in extreme scenarios. Conclusions: Increases in temperature and CO2 in the atmosphere may modify the global epidemiology of malaria, marking its emergence in currently malaria-free areas. Background ecosystems SSCCs . (SSCCs) Methods airconditioned air conditioned 2 m rooms Results Conclusions CO malariafree free areas (SSCCs

ABSTRACT Quilombo remnant communities are areas officially recognized by the Brazilian government as historical communities founded by formerly enslaved individuals. These communities are mostly located in the endemic areas of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. We retrospectively described the prevalence of malaria among individuals living in 32 recognized quilombo remnant communities in the Baiao and Oriximina municipalities located in the Para State. The number of malaria cases and the Annual Parasitic Incidence (API) recorded by the Brazilian malaria surveillance system (SIVEP-Malaria) from January 2005 to December 2020 were analyzed. We found that all communities registered at least one case over the 16-year period, the most frequent parasitic species being Plasmodium vivax (76.1%). During this period, 0.44% (4,470/1,008,714) of the malaria cases registered in Para State were reported in these quilombo remnant communities, with frequencies of 10.9% (856/7,859) in Baiao municipality and 39.1% (3,614/9,238) in Oriximina municipality, showing that individuals living in these rural communities are exposed to malaria. These data indicate that effective surveillance requires improved measures to identify malaria transmission among vulnerable populations living in quilombo remnant communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Amazon 3 API (API SIVEPMalaria SIVEP Malaria (SIVEP-Malaria 200 202 analyzed 16year year 16 period 76.1%. 761 76.1% . 76 1 (76.1%) 044 0 44 0.44 4,470/1,008,714 44701008714 4 470 008 714 (4,470/1,008,714 109 10 9 10.9 856/7,859 8567859 856 7 859 (856/7,859 391 39 39.1 3,614/9,238 36149238 614 238 (3,614/9,238 20 76.1 (76.1% 04 0.4 4,470/1,008,71 4470100871 47 00 71 (4,470/1,008,71 10. 856/7,85 856785 85 (856/7,85 39. 3,614/9,23 3614923 61 23 (3,614/9,23 2 76. (76.1 0. 4,470/1,008,7 447010087 (4,470/1,008,7 856/7,8 85678 8 (856/7,8 3,614/9,2 361492 6 (3,614/9,2 (76. 4,470/1,008, 44701008 (4,470/1,008, 856/7, 8567 (856/7, 3,614/9, 36149 (3,614/9, (76 4,470/1,008 4470100 (4,470/1,008 856/7 (856/7 3,614/9 3614 (3,614/9 (7 4,470/1,00 447010 (4,470/1,00 856/ (856/ 3,614/ 361 (3,614/ ( 4,470/1,0 44701 (4,470/1,0 (856 3,614 36 (3,614 4,470/1, 4470 (4,470/1, (85 3,61 (3,61 4,470/1 447 (4,470/1 (8 3,6 (3,6 4,470/ (4,470/ 3, (3, 4,470 (4,470 (3 4,47 (4,47 4,4 (4,4 4, (4, (4

BACKGROUND Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Human-to-human transmission depends on a mosquito vector; thus, the interruption of parasite transmission from humans to mosquitoes is an important approach in the fight against malaria. The parasite stages infectious to mosquitoes are the gametocytes, sexual stages that are ingested by the vector during a blood meal and transform into male and female gametes in the midgut. Immunity against sexual stage antigens expressed by gametocytes, gametes, and the zygote formed after fertilisation can interrupt the parasite sexual cycle in the mosquito. This transmission blocking immunity is mediated by specific antibodies ingested during the mosquito blood feed, inhibiting the parasite development in the midgut. Merozoite thrombospondin related anonymous protein (MTRAP) is a merozoite and gametocyte surface protein essential for gamete egress from erythrocytes and for parasite transmission to mosquitoes. OBJECTIVES Here, we evaluated the potential of the P. berghei MTRAP to elicit antibodies with the ability to inhibit gamete fertilisation in vitro. METHODS We expressed a soluble recombinant PbMTRAP and used it to immunise BALB/c mice. The transmission blocking activity of the anti-rPbMTRAP antibodies was tested through in vivo challenge experiments followed by in vitro conversion assays. FINDINGS Immunisations with the rPbMTRAP induced a strong antibody response and the antibodies recognised the native protein by Western Blot and IFA. Anti-rPbMTRAP present in the blood stream of immunised mice partially inhibited gamete conversion into ookinetes. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that antibodies to PbMTRAP may reduce but are not sufficient to completely block transmission. Plasmodium Humantohuman Human human thus malaria gametocytes midgut feed (MTRAP Here P BALBc BALB c antirPbMTRAP anti assays IFA AntirPbMTRAP Anti ookinetes

ABSTRACT This study reports a challenging diagnosis of Plasmodium ovale malaria in a Colombian citizen returning from Cameroon. Initial microscopy screenings conducted at two private hospitals yielded conflicting results, with the first showing negative smears and the second diagnosing P. vivax. Subsequent microscopy examinations at two government laboratories identified P. ovale, although the routine species-specific PCR strategy was negative. PCR confirmation was finally obtained when P. ovale wallikeri primers were used. Although P. ovale is not frequently found in Colombia, there is a clear need to include both P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri in the molecular diagnostic strategy. Such need stems primarily from their extended latency period, which affects travelers, the increasing number of African migrants, and the importance of accurately mapping the distribution of Plasmodium species in Colombia. Cameroon results P vivax speciesspecific specific used Colombia period travelers migrants

The coinfection between malaria (ML) and arboviral diseases represents a major global public health problem, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. Despite its relevance, this topic is still insufficiently discussed in the current literature. Here, we aimed to investigate the worldwide distribution, symptoms, and diagnosis during coinfection between ML and arboviral diseases. We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement and assessed the selection and eligibility criteria, created and diagrammed maps, and analysed major symptoms with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using prevalence ratio and effect size, also performing latent class analysis. A total of 85,485 studies were retrieved, of which 56 were included: 57.14% in Asia, 25% in Africa, 14.30% in South America, and 3.56% in Europe. A total of 746 individuals were reported to be coinfected with Plasmodium and arbovirus. Concurrent ML, Dengue (DEN), Chikungunya (CHIK), and Zika (ZIK) patients are more likely to present headache and skin rash. Regarding diagnosis, 58,253 were made, of which 38,176 were positive (ML and at least one arboviral disease). The magnitude of these pathogens’ coexistence points out the pressing need for improvements in public health policies towards diagnosis and prevention of both diseases, especially in endemic areas. problem countries relevance literature Here distribution metaanalyses meta analyses PRISMA (PRISMA criteria maps 95 CI (CI size analysis 85485 85 485 85,48 retrieved 5 included 5714 57 14 57.14 Asia 25 Africa 1430 30 14.30 America 356 3 3.56 Europe 74 arbovirus DEN, DEN , (DEN) CHIK, CHIK (CHIK) ZIK (ZIK rash 58253 58 253 58,25 made 38176 38 176 38,17 disease. disease . disease) pathogens areas 9 8548 8 48 85,4 571 1 57.1 2 143 14.3 35 3.5 7 (DEN (CHIK 5825 58,2 3817 17 38,1 854 4 85, 57. 14. 3. 582 58, 381 38,