The demand for macadamia nut production worldwide has led to increased use of pesticides and chemicals for pest and disease control. Reservoirs in these macadamia farming sectors are at risk, since these chemicals can enter and contaminate the water through direct application, runoff, and atmospheric deposition, subsequently negatively affecting aquatic organisms. The current study investigated macroinvertebrate colonisation and succession associated with two macadamia orchards and two communal area reservoirs. The potential effects of stressors from these land uses was tested for and compared using stone substrates over a 6-week period. Stone substrates from both reservoir types were abundantly colonised over time and the total macroinvertebrate taxa and abundance showed an increasing trend across the sampled weeks, with macadamia orchards having the highest number of macroinvertebrate taxa. Strong ecological succession was observed across reservoirs, with the initial succession of early colonisers - i.e., Chironominae (collector-gatherers), Ostracoda (collector-filterers) and Anax sp. (predator) within communal area reservoirs, and Chironominae, Ostracoda and Radix natalensis (scrapers) in macadamia orchard reservoirs - followed by predatory colonisers such as Gyrinidae larvae, Trithemis sp. (macadamia orchard reservoirs), and Ranatra sp. (communal area reservoirs). Macroinvertebrate community structure differed significantly across sites and weeks, with no similarity being observed for communities across the different reservoirs. Redundancy analyses further highlighted 11 sediment chemistry variables (i.e., pH, resistivity, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, B, Fe and S) which were significantly related to macroinvertebrate community structure. Thus, sediment variables were found to be better predictors of macroinvertebrate community structure in macadamia orchard reservoirs than communal area reservoirs. Consequently, we concluded that differences in colonisation ability among taxa and environmental stressors were important factors driving succession. These results add to the understanding of the macroinvertebrate colonisation processes and environmental stressors within agricultural landscapes, which can aid in the development of conservation management of freshwater ecosystems.

Abstract This study describes and illustrates the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates associated to Sargassum and Dictyota seaweed habitats in the Alcatrazes archipelago, the largest Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the state of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. Assemblages were sampled during the summers of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and winter of 2018 at two sites on the main island. Macroalgae containing the associated fauna were collected at approximately 10 meters deep, with six samples at each site and in each sampling campaign. Sargassum fronds prevailed during summer collections, whilst were absent in the winter campaigns, when Dictyota was the most frequent seaweed. Among invertebrates, 32 species were exclusively found on summer months, associated to Sargassum beds, while 12 species were only registered on winter collection, in association with Dictyota. In total, 91 species were identified, belonging to 60 families, 19 orders, 7 classes and 3 phyla, including Arthropoda (Malacostraca and Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora), and Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea). Among the 91 species found, 73 species are new records for the Alcatrazes archipelago marine area, thus revealing the expressive invertebrate biodiversity living in association with macroalgae beds in that area, which has still been little explored. No significant difference in species diversity was found between the two sites of Alcatrazes. In addition, few specimens of two invasive species were found: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), which underscores the importance of monitoring different habitats within MPAs to check for possible changes in the fauna over the years. As far as our knowledge, this is the first illustrated inventory of the seaweed-associated macroinvertebrate fauna within the Alcatrazes Archipelago, one of the largest MPAs in the Brazilian coast; besides unravelling its notorious biodiversity, this can act as a reference for future monitoring of local coastal diversity. MPA (MPA Paulo Brazil 201 202 island 1 deep campaign collections campaigns invertebrates months collection total 9 identified 6 families orders phyla Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora, Polyplacophora Polyplacophora) Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) area explored addition (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) years knowledge seaweedassociated Archipelago coast 20 2

Resumo Este estudo descreve e ilustra a biodiversidade de macroinvertebrados associados a habitats de macroalgas pardas marinhas dos gêneros Sargassum e Dictyota no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, a maior Área Marinha Protegida (AMP) do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. As assembleias foram amostradas durante os verões de 2018, 2019 e 2020 e no inverno de 2018 em dois locais na ilha principal. As macroalgas contendo a fauna associada foram coletadas a aproximadamente 10 metros de profundidade, com seis amostras em cada local e em cada campanha amostral. Frondes de Sargassum predominaram nas coletas de verão, enquanto estiveram ausentes nas campanhas de inverno, quando Dictyota foram predominantes. Entre os invertebrados, 32 espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente nos meses de verão, associadas aos bancos de Sargassum, enquanto 12 espécies foram registradas apenas na coleta de inverno, em associação com Dictyota. No total, foram identificadas 91 espécies, pertencentes a 60 famílias, 19 ordens, 7 classes e 3 filos, incluindo Arthropoda (Malacostraca e Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia e Polyplacophora) e Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea e Echinoidea). Das 91 espécies encontradas, 73 espécies são novos registos para a área marinha do arquipélago de Alcatrazes, revelando assim a expressiva biodiversidade de invertebrados que vivem em associação com bancos de macroalgas naquela área ainda pouco explorada. Nenhuma diferença significativa de diversidade de espécies foi encontrada entre os dois locais de Alcatrazes. Além disso, foram encontrados poucos exemplares de duas espécies invasoras: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) e Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), o que ressalta a importância do monitoramento de diferentes habitats dentro das AMPs para verificar possíveis alterações na fauna ao longo dos anos. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro inventário ilustrado da fauna de macroinvertebrados associados a algas marinhas no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, uma das maiores AMPs da costa brasileira; além de desvendar a sua notória biodiversidade, pode servir de referência para futuro monitoramento da diversidade costeira local. Alcatrazes AMP (AMP Paulo Brasil 201 202 principal 1 profundidade amostral verão predominantes total 9 6 famílias ordens filos Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) explorada disso invasoras (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) anos sabemos brasileira 20 2

Abstract Benthic macroinvertebrates are integral parts of inland waters, inhabiting a diversity of aquatic ecosystems where communities are spatially structured. Macroinvertebrates of some Mediterranean regions such as North Africa are still not well studied. Due this reason we proposed study the community structure in water bodies located in Northeastern Algeria. For this objective, we sampled 12 different kind of water bodies, two dams, three rivers, and seven streams during the period from October 2020 to September 2021. To biotic and abiotic data, a redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied with the aim of determine the role of both kind of variables for grouping the sites. Also, two types of Null models were considered: species co-occurrence and niche sharing for study the potential associations between species reported. Redundancy analysis showed that water velocity and conductivity were the main drivers of community structure of macroinvertebrates. The species co-occurrence results reveal that species associations are ramdom, except for two sites: El fadjoudj and Ain ben baida corresponding to Seybouse river. At the same time, there is no niche sharing and in consequence, there is no interspecific competition except in the two sites: Salah Salah Salah stream and Bouhamdane dam. The results revealed similarities with other similar studies for Algerian rivers and dams, and with other similar water bodies with Mediterranean climate. waters structured studied Algeria objective 1 dams 202 2021 data RDA (RDA sites Also considered cooccurrence co occurrence reported ramdom river time consequence dam climate 20 2

Resumo Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos são partes integrantes das águas interiores, habitando uma diversidade de ecossistemas aquáticos onde as comunidades estão espacialmente estruturadas. Os macroinvertebrados de algumas regiões mediterrânicas, como o Norte de África, ainda não são bem estudados. Por esta razão propusemos estudar a estrutura comunitária em massas de água localizadas no Nordeste da Argélia. Para tanto, foram amostrados 12 corpos d’água diferentes, duas barragens, três rios e sete córregos durante o período de outubro de 2020 a setembro de 2021. Aos dados bióticos e abióticos foi aplicada uma análise de redundância (RDA) com o objetivo de determinar o papel de ambos os tipos de variáveis para agrupar os sites. Além disso, foram considerados dois tipos de modelos nulos: co-ocorrência de espécies e compartilhamento de nicho para estudar as potenciais associações entre as espécies relatadas. A análise de redundância mostrou que a velocidade e a condutividade da água foram os principais impulsionadores da estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados. Os resultados da co-ocorrência de espécies revelam que as associações de espécies são aleatórias, excepto em dois locais: El fadjoudj e Ain ben baida correspondentes ao rio Seybouse. Ao mesmo tempo, não há partilha de nicho e, consequentemente, não há competição interespecífica, excepto nos dois locais: riacho Salah Salah Salah e barragem de Bouhamdane. Os resultados revelaram semelhanças com outros estudos semelhantes para rios e barragens argelinos, e com outras massas de água semelhantes com clima mediterrânico. interiores estruturadas mediterrânicas África estudados Argélia tanto 1 dágua d diferentes 202 2021 RDA (RDA sites disso nulos coocorrência co ocorrência relatadas aleatórias locais Seybouse tempo consequentemente interespecífica Bouhamdane argelinos mediterrânico 20 2

Abstract: Aim Macroinvertebrates are extensively employed as bioindicators for evaluating how stream ecosystems respond to alterations in physical and chemical habitats caused by human activity. Although family-taxonomic level is usually used to identify macroinvertebrates in biomonitoring programs, coarser taxonomic resolution may provide similar information. We aim to evaluate taxonomic sufficiency by comparing macroinvertebrate communities at the order and family levels to differentiate the effects of different land uses. Methods We conducted colonization experiments using artificial substrates in streams representing three land use types: urban (U, n=3), intensive agriculture - dairy production (AD, n=4), and extensive cattle ranching (CR, n=4). Results We obtained similar results using both taxonomic levels, which effectively distinguished the impacts of different land uses. In the sites examined, the majority of indicator groups exhibited only one family per order, with the exception of Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae, and Caenidae). Notably, Baetidae and Caenidae were more prevalent in streams associated with extensive cattle ranching (CR). Conclusions Although this study provides a clear precedent, further investigation of these systems and other land uses (e.g., afforestation) is needed to validate this pattern. Coarser taxonomic assessment holds potential as a cost-effective method for stream monitoring and assessment in Uruguay. Abstract activity familytaxonomic programs information types U, U (U n=3, n3 n n=3 , 3 n=3) AD, AD (AD n=4, n4 n=4 4 n=4) CR, CR (CR n=4. . examined Leptophlebiidae, Leptophlebiidae (Leptophlebiidae Caenidae. Caenidae) Notably CR. (CR) precedent e.g., eg e g (e.g. afforestation pattern costeffective cost effective Uruguay n= e.g. (e.g e.g

Resumo: Objetivo Os macroinvertebrados são amplamente utilizados como bioindicadores para avaliar a forma como os ecossistemas de riachos respondem às alterações dos habitats físicos e químicos causadas pela atividade humana. Embora o nível taxonômico de família seja normalmente utilizado para identificar macroinvertebrados em programas de biomonitoramento, uma resolução taxonômica mais grosseira pode fornecer informações semelhantes. O objetivo é avaliar a suficiência taxonómica, comparando as comunidades de macroinvertebrados ao nível da ordem e da família, para diferenciar os efeitos de diferentes usos do solo. Métodos Realizamos experimentos de colonização utilizando substratos artificiais em cursos de água representativos de três tipos de uso do solo: urbano (U, n=3), agricultura intensiva - produção de leite (AD, n=4), e pecuária extensiva (CR, n=4). Resultados Obtivemos resultados semelhantes utilizando ambos os níveis taxonômicos, o que permitiu distinguir eficazmente os impactos dos diferentes usos do solo. Nos locais examinados, a maioria dos grupos indicadores apresentava apenas uma família por ordem, com exceção dos Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae e Caenidae). Notavelmente, Baetidae e Caenidae foram mais predominantes em riachos associados à criação extensiva de gado (CR). Conclusões Embora este estudo forneça um precedente claro, é necessária uma investigação mais aprofundada destes sistemas e de outras utilizações do solo (por exemplo, reflorestamento) para validar este padrão. A avaliação taxonômica mais grosseira tem potencial para ser um método económico de monitoramento e avaliação de cursos de água no Uruguai. Resumo humana biomonitoramento taxonómica U, U (U n=3, n3 n n=3 , 3 n=3) AD, AD (AD n=4, n4 n=4 4 n=4) CR, CR (CR n=4. . taxonômicos examinados Leptophlebiidae, Leptophlebiidae (Leptophlebiidae Caenidae. Caenidae) Notavelmente CR. (CR) claro exemplo reflorestamento padrão Uruguai n=

Abstract Over two decades, the area with sugarcane has more than doubled, from 4.8 million hectares in 2000 to 10 million in 2018, in Brazil. São Paulo State is mostly responsible for the sugarcane production in the country, accounting for 51% of the national production. In 2008, a study was conducted analysing the relationship between sugarcane cultivation and the aquatic macroinvertebrate community, showing the impacts of sugarcane on the macroinvertebrate aquatic fauna. The present study aims to gather actual information on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community in the same streams studied in 2008, to make a historical comparison with studies previously carried out. Eight streams were selected; four located in areas of sugarcane cultivation and four located in preserved areas. Three samples were carried out between 2018 and 2020. The aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected using a D-frame aquatic net (250 μm) including riffle and pools areas and identified using specific identification keys. The results of the historical assessment showed better ecological conditions of the streams in 2008 when compared to 2018 in areas of sugarcane cultivation, suggesting that the environmental impact was maintained and increased after ten years. decades doubled 48 4 8 4. 200 1 Brazil country 51 fauna selected 201 2020 Dframe D frame 250 (25 μm keys years 20 5 202 25 (2 2 (

Resumo Este estudo descreve e ilustra a biodiversidade de macroinvertebrados associados a habitats de macroalgas pardas marinhas dos gêneros Sargassum e Dictyota no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, a maior Área Marinha Protegida (AMP) do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. As assembleias foram amostradas durante os verões de 2018, 2019 e 2020 e no inverno de 2018 em dois locais na ilha principal. As macroalgas contendo a fauna associada foram coletadas a aproximadamente 10 metros de profundidade, com seis amostras em cada local e em cada campanha amostral. Frondes de Sargassum predominaram nas coletas de verão, enquanto estiveram ausentes nas campanhas de inverno, quando Dictyota foram predominantes. Entre os invertebrados, 32 espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente nos meses de verão, associadas aos bancos de Sargassum, enquanto 12 espécies foram registradas apenas na coleta de inverno, em associação com Dictyota. No total, foram identificadas 91 espécies, pertencentes a 60 famílias, 19 ordens, 7 classes e 3 filos, incluindo Arthropoda (Malacostraca e Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia e Polyplacophora) e Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea e Echinoidea). Das 91 espécies encontradas, 73 espécies são novos registos para a área marinha do arquipélago de Alcatrazes, revelando assim a expressiva biodiversidade de invertebrados que vivem em associação com bancos de macroalgas naquela área ainda pouco explorada. Nenhuma diferença significativa de diversidade de espécies foi encontrada entre os dois locais de Alcatrazes. Além disso, foram encontrados poucos exemplares de duas espécies invasoras: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) e Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), o que ressalta a importância do monitoramento de diferentes habitats dentro das AMPs para verificar possíveis alterações na fauna ao longo dos anos. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro inventário ilustrado da fauna de macroinvertebrados associados a algas marinhas no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, uma das maiores AMPs da costa brasileira; além de desvendar a sua notória biodiversidade, pode servir de referência para futuro monitoramento da diversidade costeira local. Alcatrazes AMP (AMP Paulo Brasil 201 202 principal 1 profundidade amostral verão predominantes total 9 6 famílias ordens filos Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) explorada disso invasoras (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) anos sabemos brasileira 20 2

Abstract This study describes and illustrates the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates associated to Sargassum and Dictyota seaweed habitats in the Alcatrazes archipelago, the largest Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the state of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. Assemblages were sampled during the summers of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and winter of 2018 at two sites on the main island. Macroalgae containing the associated fauna were collected at approximately 10 meters deep, with six samples at each site and in each sampling campaign. Sargassum fronds prevailed during summer collections, whilst were absent in the winter campaigns, when Dictyota was the most frequent seaweed. Among invertebrates, 32 species were exclusively found on summer months, associated to Sargassum beds, while 12 species were only registered on winter collection, in association with Dictyota. In total, 91 species were identified, belonging to 60 families, 19 orders, 7 classes and 3 phyla, including Arthropoda (Malacostraca and Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora), and Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea). Among the 91 species found, 73 species are new records for the Alcatrazes archipelago marine area, thus revealing the expressive invertebrate biodiversity living in association with macroalgae beds in that area, which has still been little explored. No significant difference in species diversity was found between the two sites of Alcatrazes. In addition, few specimens of two invasive species were found: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), which underscores the importance of monitoring different habitats within MPAs to check for possible changes in the fauna over the years. As far as our knowledge, this is the first illustrated inventory of the seaweed-associated macroinvertebrate fauna within the Alcatrazes Archipelago, one of the largest MPAs in the Brazilian coast; besides unravelling its notorious biodiversity, this can act as a reference for future monitoring of local coastal diversity. MPA (MPA Paulo Brazil 201 202 island 1 deep campaign collections campaigns invertebrates months collection total 9 identified 6 families orders phyla Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora, Polyplacophora Polyplacophora) Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) area explored addition (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) years knowledge seaweedassociated Archipelago coast 20 2

Resumo Objetivo A alta sensibilidade das nascentes à impactos antrópicos deve-se, em grande parte, a elevada conectividade aquático-terrestre existente. A degradação desses ecossistemas pode ser causada pelo uso do solo, como por exemplo o monocultivo de eucalipto. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a influência de plantações de Eucalyptus urograndis sobre a riqueza, a diversidade da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e as variáveis ambientais aferidas em nascentes nos domínios de Floresta Atlântica. Métodos Dez nascentes (5 em áreas de floresta nativa e 5 em áreas de eucalipto) foram amostradas no período seco de 2017. Os organismos foram triados e identificados ao nível de família. Para cada nascente foram mensuradas o oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, pH, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos, nitrogênio total, nitrito, nitrato, amônia, fósforo total, cobertura vegetal, caracterização granulométrica e matéria orgânica. Resultados O teste t evidenciou algumas variáveis ambientais diferiram, apresentando as áreas de eucalipto maiores valores de sólidos totais dissolvidos e condutividade elétrica e menores de areia muito grossa. No presente estudo, a riqueza e diversidade da fauna bentônica em nascentes foram significativamente menores nas áreas de eucalipto do que nas áreas de vegetação nativa. Entretanto, a composição das comunidades não diferiu. A análise de espécies indicadoras (IndVal) associou Acari, Hydropsychidae, Leptoceridae, Nematoda, Psychodidae e Tipulidae a áreas de floresta nativa. Conclusões Nossos resultados mostram que nascentes em áreas de eucalipto são afetadas pela monocultura reduzindo a riqueza e diversidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e alterando também os parâmetros ambientais. Por fim, verificamos que estudos anteriores em outras partes do mundo também se aplicam a áreas neotropicais onde o eucalipto não é nativo. devese, devese deve se, deve-se parte aquáticoterrestre aquático terrestre existente solo Atlântica ( 2017 família dissolvido temperatura pH turbidez total nitrito nitrato amônia vegetal orgânica diferiram grossa Entretanto diferiu IndVal (IndVal Acari Hydropsychidae Leptoceridae Nematoda fim nativo 201 20 2

Abstract Aim The high sensitivity of springs to anthropic impacts is largely due to the high existing aquatic-terrestrial connectivity. The degradation of these ecosystems can be caused by land use, such as eucalyptus monoculture. The aim of this study was to test the influence of Eucalyptus urograndis plantations on the richness and diversity of the benthic macroinvertebrate community and on the environmental variables measured in springs in the Atlantic Forest domains. Methods Ten springs (5 in native forest areas and 5 in eucalyptus area) were sampled in the dry period of 2017. The organisms were screened and identified at the family level. For each spring, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, total phosphorus, vegetation cover, granulometric characterization and organic matter were also measured. Results: The t-test showed that some environmental variables differed, with the eucalyptus areas having higher values of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity, and lower values of coarse sand. In the present study, the richness and diversity of the benthic fauna of springs were significantly lower in eucalyptus sites than in native sites. Nonetheless, the composition of the communities did not differ. The Indicator Species Analysis (IndVal) associated Acari, Hydropsychidae, Leptoceridae, Nematoda, Psychodidae, and Tipulidae with areas of native forest. Conclusions Our results show that Brazilian springs are affected by eucalyptus monocultures reducing the richness and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and also changing water environmental properties. Thus, we verified that previous studies elsewhere in the world also apply to neotropical areas where eucalyptus is not native. aquaticterrestrial aquatic terrestrial connectivity use monoculture domains ( area 2017 level spring oxygen temperature pH turbidity conductivity nitrogen nitrite nitrate ammonia phosphorus cover Results ttest t differed sand Nonetheless differ IndVal (IndVal Acari Hydropsychidae Leptoceridae Nematoda Psychodidae properties Thus 201 20 2

Resumo: Objetivo O objetivo foi avaliar a diversidade beta de macroinvertebrados associados a macrófitas aquáticas em uma planície de inundação de um rio regulado por hidrelétrica. Testamos duas hipóteses: (1) macroinvertebrados associados a macrófitas aquáticas têm maior diversidade beta (em ambos os componentes turnover e nestedness) em áreas a jusante próximas ao Rio São Francisco se comparadas a áreas a montante, e (2) lagos próximos são mais similares, independente de sua posição em relação à barragem. Métodos Foram amostrados quatro lagos, sendo dois a montante (L1- natural e L2- regulado pela Pequena Central Hidrelétrica - PCH) e dois a jusante (L3, L4- não regulados pela PCH). Resultados Nossa primeira hipótese foi corroborada porque encontramos maior turnover no lago próximo ao Rio São Francisco (L4 a jusante), onde ocorre maior riqueza de espécies não nativas de moluscos, enquanto aninhamento foi mais importante nos lagos a montante e a jusante da PCH (L1, L2, L3). Nossa segunda hipótese também foi corroborada porque lagos mais próximos são mais similares do que lagos distantes. Finalmente, essas diferenças foram consistentes entre lagos para as macrófitas emergentes, com folhas flutuantes e submersas. Conclusões As macrófitas aquáticas são importantes habitats para macroinvertebrados na bacia do Rio Pandeiros, com maior diversidade beta no lago mais próximo ao Rio São Francisco. Resumo hidrelétrica hipóteses 1 (1 nestedness 2 (2 barragem L1 L (L1 L2 L3, L3 (L3 L4 PCH. . (L jusante, , jusante) moluscos L1, L3. L3) distantes Finalmente emergentes submersas Pandeiros (

Abstract: Aims We assessed the beta diversity of macroinvertebrates associated with aquatic macrophytes in a dam-regulated river floodplain. We tested two hypotheses: (1) macroinvertebrates associated with aquatic macrophytes have higher beta diversity (higher turnover and nestedness components) in the downstream areas closer to the São Francisco River compared to upstream sites; (2) closer lakes share a higher similarity of aquatic macroinvertebrates, disregarding their position relative to the dam. Methods We sampled four lakes, including two upstream (L1- natural and L2- regulated by a Small Hydropower Dam - SHD) and two downstream (L3, L4, unregulated) by the SHD. Results We corroborated our first hypothesis because we found a higher turnover of macroinvertebrates associated with aquatic macrophytes close to the São Francisco River (L4 downstream), where higher non-native mollusk species richness occurs, while we found higher nestedness upstream and downstream of the SHD (L1, L2, L3). We corroborated our second hypothesis, as closer lakes are more similar than distant lakes. Finally, these differences were consistent between lakes for emergent, floating leaf, and submerged aquatic macrophytes. Conclusions Aquatic macrophytes are essential habitats for macroinvertebrates in the Pandeiros River basin, with higher beta diversity in the lake closer to the São Francisco River. Abstract damregulated dam floodplain hypotheses 1 (1 components sites 2 (2 L1 L (L1 L2 L3, L3 (L3 L4 unregulated (L downstream, , downstream) nonnative non native occurs L1, L3. . L3) Finally emergent leaf basin (

Resumen Introducción: La información taxonómica de macroinvertebrados acuáticos brinda información importante para caracterizar la biodiversidad en ecosistemas acuáticos, pero en muchos casos, algunos grupos (e.g. Diptera) no se clasifican al mismo nivel taxonómico que otros debido a las dificultades y el escaso conocimiento sobre estos. Esta situación toma mayor relevancia en regiones poco estudiadas y/o afectadas por presiones antrópicas como en el río Garagoa en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. Objetivo: Estudiar la biodiversidad de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos del río Garagoa al nivel taxonómico más bajo posible en un gradiente altitudinal. Métodos: Entre marzo y junio de 2021 se tomaron muestras en 40 sitios abarcando un gradiente altitudinal entre 500 y 2 887 m.s.n.m., realizando un muestreo aleatorio estratificado (36 redes Surber por sitio). Resultados: Se registraron un total de 70 taxones, sin embargo, usando una técnica de rarefacción, la riqueza estimada para el río Garagoa puede ser superior a 104 taxones. Los órdenes con el mayor número de taxones fueron: Diptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera y Ephemeroptera, siendo Chironomidae, Elmidae y Baetidae las familias más ricas en géneros. Varios géneros tienen una amplia distribución a lo largo del río Garagoa como Simulium, Parachironomus, Cardiocladius, Leptonema, Heterelmis, Neoelmis y Baetodes. El análisis phi-IndVal nos permitió seleccionar taxones representativos en diferentes altitudes. Así, Leptohyphes y Belostoma son comunes en altitudes relativamente bajas, mientras que Culoptila, Lumbriculus y Physa son representativos de altitudes intermedias. Finalmente, Gundlachia, Dugesia y Pentaneura fueron exclusivos y frecuentes en los sitios de mayor altitud. Conclusiones: La composición de comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en el río Garagoa presentó diferencias notables respecto al gradiente altitudinal evaluado que contrastaron con los patrones de biodiversidad esperados. Se resalta la importancia de incluir taxones que generalmente no se informan en los estudios de biodiversidad, para comprender mejor los patrones de distribución de las comunidades acuáticas en arroyos de los Andes.

Abstract Introduction: The taxonomic identification of aquatic macroinvertebrates allows characterizing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems, but in many cases some groups (e.g. Diptera) are not classified to the same taxonomic level than other due to difficulties and poor knowledge on these groups. It becomes relevant in regions little studied and affected by anthropic pressures, such as the Garagoa River in the department of Boyacá, Colombia. Objective: To study the biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates from Garagoa river at the lowest taxonomical level possible in an altitudinal gradient. Methods: From March to June 2021, samples were taken at 40 sites in an altitudinal gradient between 500 and 2 887 m.a.s.l., performing a stratified aleatory sampling (36 Surber nets per site). Results: A total of 70 taxa were reported, however, using a rarefaction technique, the estimated richness for the Garagoa River may be greater than 104 taxa. The orders with the largest number of taxa were: Diptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera with Chironomidae, Elmidae and Baetidae being the families with the richest genera. Several genera have a wide distribution along the Garagoa River as Simulium, Parachironomus, Cardiocladius, Leptonema, Heterelmis, Neoelmis and Baetodes. The phi-IndVal analysis allowed us to select representative taxa at different altitudes. Thus, Lepthyphes and Belostoma are common with relatively low altitudes, while Culoptila, Lumbriculus and Physa are representative of intermediate altitudes. Finally, Gundlachia, Dugesia and Pentaneura were exclusive and frequent at the higher altitude sites. Conclusions: The composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community presented notable differences with respect to the evaluated altitudinal gradient that contrasted with the expected biodiversity patterns. The importance of including taxa that are not generally reported in biodiversity studies is highlighted to better understand the distribution patterns of aquatic communities in Andean streams.

Resumen Introducción: Las charcas temporales son ecosistemas acuáticos variables en su estructura física y biótica, efímeros en el paisaje e importantes en el flujo de materia y energía. Los macroinvertebrados acuáticos constituyen el grupo más abundante y diverso en estos ecosistemas y requieren mayor estudio, particularmente en los trópicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad alfa y beta de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos de seis charcas temporales durante dos épocas climáticas en el norte de Colombia. Métodos: En Magdalena, Colombia, hicimos seis arrastres aleatorios con redes manuales en la zona litoral, y seis arrastres en zigzag con redes tipo D en la zona lacustre; recolectamos macrofauna en tres lances con una draga Ekman; y muestreamos cada charca durante la alta precipitación (noviembre, 2020) y la baja precipitación (febrero, 2021). Resultados: Identificamos 3 358 individuos (13 órdenes, 39 familias y 68 géneros). La mayor abundancia y diversidad (N= 485, 0D= 32) durante la época de lluvia se presentó en Los Campanos, mientras que la charca Villa Leidy tuvo el mayor número de taxones comunes (18) y dominantes (14). En la época de sequía, la charca Los Trillizos presentó la mayor abundancia (533) y diversidad (43); mientras que Villa Leidy y El Miquito el mayor número de taxones dominantes (16). Las charcas tienen composiciones particulares (sin agrupamientos espaciales o temporales); el recambio de taxones es alto, y la correspondencia canónica se agrupa por temporada. Conclusiones: la composición de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos de las charcas temporales son muy diversas, presentando alto recambio tanto espacial como temporal, reflejando altos valores de remplazo de taxones entre épocas climáticas. La zona litoral mantuvo una composición similar durante las dos temporadas.

Abstract Introduction: Temporary ponds are variable aquatic ecosystems in their physical and biotic structure, ephemeral in the landscape and important in the flow of matter and energy. Aquatic macroinvertebrates constitute the most abundant and diverse group in these ecosystems and need further study, particularly in the tropics. Objective: To evaluate the alpha and beta diversity of the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of six temporary pools during two climatic seasons in Northern Colombia. Methods: In Magdalena, Colombia, we did six random trawls with hand nets in the coastal zone, and six zig zag trawls with D nets in the lacustrine zone; we collected macrofauna in three random hauls with an Ekman dredge; and sampled each pond in high rainfall (November 2020) and low rainfall (February 2021). Results: We identified 3 358 individuals (13 orders, 39 families and 68 genera). The highest rainy season abundance and diversity (N= 485, 0D= 32) were in Los Campanos, while Villa Leidy Pond had the highest number of common (18) and dominant (14) taxa. During the dry season, Los Trillizos Pond had the highest abundance (533) and diversity (43); while Villa Leidy and El Miquito had the largest number of dominant taxa (16). The pools have a particular composition (no spatial or temporal grouping); taxa turnover is high, and the canonical correspondence clustered by season. Conclusions: The aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of the temporary ponds are diverse and have high turnover in space and time, reflecting high replacement of taxa between climatic periods. The littoral zone had a similar composition in the two seasons.

Resumen Introducción: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados son afectadas simultáneamente por la calidad del agua y las características físicas del hábitat acuático, complicando su uso en la bioindicación. Objetivo: Determinar cuáles variables del hábitat condicionan la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en algunas corrientes (quebradas) de montaña del Oriente antioqueño (Colombia). Métodos: El muestreo se realizó en febrero 2021 (periodo de transición seco-lluvia), para evaluar variables físicas y químicas en tres tipos de mesohábitats: rápidos, rizos y pozas en corrientes con coberturas vegetales contrastantes. Los macroinvertebrados fueron recolectados en diez sitios de muestreo con red tipo net, pantalla y manual, y preservados en etanol al 70 %. Resultados: Se recolectaron 4 484 macroinvertebrados (16 órdenes, 46 familias y 75 géneros). El mesohábitat rizo presentó mayores valores de diversidad y abundancia, mientras las pozas presentaron los menores. Hubo diferencias en la concentración de oxígeno, profundidad, velocidad y abundancia de macroinvertebrados entre mesohábitats. Las pozas defirieron de los otros mesohábitats en profundidad, velocidad, así como en la composición, abundancia y riqueza de macroinvertebrados, y fue el hábitat de menor preferencia. Conclusión: La velocidad, profundidad y concentración de oxígeno disuelto, desempeñan un papel muy importante en el establecimiento de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados en los diferentes mesohábitats. En el mismo tipo de mesohábitat, la calidad de la cobertura vegetal determinó la diversidad y abundancia de esta comunidad.

Abstract Introduction: Macroinvertebrate communities are affected by water quality and physical characteristics of the aquatic habitat, simultaneously, complicating their use as bioindicators. Objective: To determine which habitat variables regulate the macroinvertebrate community in mountain streams in Eastern of Antioquia (Colombia). Methods: Sampling was carried out in February 2021 (dry-rain transition period), to evaluate physical and chemical variables in three types of mesohabitat: ripples, pools, and rapids in streams with contrasting vegetation covers. The macroinvertebrates were collected from ten sampling sites with a net, screen and manual type net preserved with 70 % ethanol. Results: 4 484 macroinvertebrates were collected (16 orders, 46 families and 75 genera). The ripples mesohabitat presented higher values of diversity and abundance, while the pools presented the lowest. There were differences for oxygen concentration, depth, speed, and macroinvertebrate abundance between mesohabitats. Pools differed from the other mesohabitats in depth, speed, as well as in composition, abundance, and richness in macroinvertebrates, and was the least preferred mesohabitat. Conclusion: Speed, depth, dissolved oxygen concentration played a very important role in the establishment of macroinvertebrates community in different mesohabitats. For the same type of mesohabitat, the quality of the plant cover determined both diversity and abundance of this community.

Resumen Introducción: La variabilidad en la estructura de las comunidades acuáticas se atribuye frecuentemente a cambios ambientales, no obstante, en ambientes estables como ríos regulados, las interacciones tróficas podrían ser otro factor ambiental clave determinante de la estructura de estas comunidades. Estas alteraciones podrían provocar un mayor crecimiento de algas y, a su vez, cambios en los grupos funcionales y en la composición de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados favoreciendo la dominancia de determinados grupos de organismos. Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de los cambios ambientales y de la estructura del ficoperifiton sobre la comunidad de macroinvertebrados de ríos Andinos regulados. Métodos: Se analizaron datos ambientales y biológicos recolectados en muestreos trimestrales realizados entre 2010 y 2018 en dos ríos de los Andes Centrales (Antioquia - Colombia), para un total de 27 muestras. La recolección de muestras empleó métodos estandarizados. Se utilizaron diferentes modelos estadísticos para establecer patrones espaciales y temporales de las variables ambientales, de la abundancia y/o densidad y diversidad de ficoperifiton y de los macroinvertebrados, así como las relaciones tróficas que existen entre ellos. Resultados: Se encontró que los ríos regulados presentan relativamente poca variabilidad ambiental. Los parámetros ambientales con mayor variación fueron: temperatura, turbidez y ortofosfatos; las dos últimas variables abióticas fueron las que más aportaron a la inestabilidad bentónica. Conclusión: La presencia de macroinvertebrados raspadores y recolectores fue más afectada por la estabilidad de la densidad del ficoperifiton que por las variables ambientales, evidenciando la importancia de las interacciones tróficas en ríos regulados y el control bottoom up en estos ecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction: The variability in the structure of aquatic communities is frequently attributed to environmental changes; however, in stable environments such as regulated rivers, trophic interactions could be another key environmental factor determining the structure of these communities. These alterations could cause a greater growth of algae, and in turn, changes in the functional groups and in the composition of the macroinvertebrate community favoring the dominance of certain groups of organisms. Objective: To identify the effects of environmental variations and changes in the structure of the phycoperiphyton on the macroinvertebrate community of regulated Andean rivers. Methods: We analyzed environmental and biological data collected in quarterly samples carried out between 2010 and 2018 in two rivers of the Central Andes (Antioquia - Colombia), for a total of 27 samples. Sample collections used standardized methods. Different statistical models were used to establish spatial and temporal patterns of the environmental variables, of the abundance and/or density and diversity of phycoperiphyton and macroinvertebrates, as well as the trophic relationships that exists between them. Results: We found that regulated rivers present relatively little environmental variability. The environmental parameters with the greatest variation were temperature, turbidity, and orthophosphates; these last two were the abiotic variables with the greatest contribution to benthic instability. Conclusion: The presence of scraping and foraging macroinvertebrates was more affected by the stability of the phycoperiphyton density than by environmental variables, showing the importance of trophic interactions in regulated rivers and the bottom up control in these ecosystems.

Abstract Environments contaminated with metals can induce accumulation of trace metals in soft tissues of marine fauna resulting in negative effects. The oral brooding sea star Anasterias minuta is one of the most con spicuous macro-invertebrate top-predator species in the Atlantic Patagonian rocky shores that could accumulate trace elements and be used as biomonitor of coastal metal pollution. The aim of this study was to quantify metals concentrations on gonads of A. minuta populations in an anthropogenic impacted and in a natural protected area. Sea stars A. minuta were collected from two rocky intertidal populations in San Matías Gulf, near an iron-ore loading wharf at Punta Colorada (PC), and in the Natural Protected Area Puerto Lobos (PL), located 35 km south to PC. The essential metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni, and the non-essential metal Cd and As were present in gonads of A. minuta from both populations. However, the essential metal Co and the non-essential metal Pb were only detected in the Natural Protected Area PL, with values below to quantification limit at PC. As high metal concentrations can impact negatively on sea star populations and shore habitats, this metal survey obtained from gonads of A. minuta populations could be useful as a reference to start a monitoring program in urbanized and marine protected areas.

Resumen Los ambientes contaminados con metales pueden inducir a la acumu lación de metales trazas en los tejidos blandos de la fauna marina, resultando en efectos negativos. La estrella de mar incubadora Anasterias minuta es una de las especies de depredadores superiores de macroinvertebrados más conspicuas en las costas rocosas de la Patagonia Atlántica que podría acumular elementos traza y usarse como biomonitor de la contaminación costera por metales. El objetivo de este estudio exploratorio fue cuantificar las concentraciones de metales en las gónadas de poblaciones de A. minuta en un área con impacto antrópico y en un Área Natural Protegida. Las estrellas de mar A. minuta fueron recolectadas de dos poblaciones intermareales rocosas del Golfo San Matías, cerca de un muelle de carga de mineral de hierro en Punta Colorada (PC), y en el Área Natural Protegida Puerto Lobos (PL), ubicada 35 km al sur de PC. Los metales esenciales Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr y Ni, y los metales no esenciales Cd y As estuvieron presentes en las gónadas de ambas poblaciones de A. minuta. Sin embargo, el metal esencial Co y el metal no esencial Pb fueron solo detectados en el Área Natural Protegida PL, con valores inferiores al límite de cuantificación en PC. Dado que las altas concentraciones de metales pueden tener un impacto negativo en las poblaciones de estrellas de mar y los hábitats costeros, estos datos de metales obtenidos de las gónadas de las poblaciones de A. minuta podrían ser útiles como referencia para comenzar un programa de monitoreo en áreas urbanizadas y marinas protegidas.

Resumen La región amazónica ecuatoriana representa el 45% del territorio nacional y constituye una de las mayores reservas ecológicas de la humanidad debido a su riqueza biológica. En los últimos años el área de bosque en la amazonia latinoamericana se redujo en un 4,5% (240.000 km2); en este orden, Ecuador es uno de los países con mayor deforestación en la región (2,4%). Por esta razón, el objetivo de este estudio es valorar el efecto de la actividad minera sobre la biodiversidad. Para el efecto se estimaron los posibles cambios en el ecosistema, la fragmentación, abundancia, riqueza, dominancia y diversidad de especies. El área de estudio se ubicó en una zona de explotación minera en la Provincia de Zamora Chinchipe, Cantón Paquisha-Ecuador. Mediante estimadores puntuales se identificaron 123 especies de plantas vasculares divididas en 43 familias. Asteraceae presentó mayor abundancia con el 12%, Araceae con el 8,5% y Melastomataceae el 7,5%. Asimismo, se identificaron 42 especies de aves, 16 de mamíferos, 12 entre anfibios y reptiles y 36 individuos macroinvertebrados. Los resultados permiten inferir que en la zona existe un deterioro marcado del ecosistema, empero se mantiene una diversidad interesante de especies, principalmente de flora. En lo referente a fauna la pérdida de ciertas especies es evidente, debido principalmente a la expansión agrícola, la caza y la activida minera. La fauna acuática de acuerdo con el índice de Shannon es baja, y de acuerdo al índice BMWP/Col el agua en la zona es muy contaminada.

Abstract The Ecuadorian Amazon region represents 45% of the national territory and constitutes one of the largest ecological reserves of humanity due to its biological wealth. In recent years, the forest area in the Latin American Amazon has been reduced by 4.5% (240,000 km2). Ecuador is one of the countries with the highest deforestation in the region (2.4%). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of mining activity on biodiversity, hence possible changes in the ecosystem, fragmentation, abundance, richness, dominance and diversity of species were estimated. The study area was located in a mining area in the Province of Zamora Chinchipe, Cantón Paquisha-Ecuador. Through point estimators, 123 species of vascular plants divided into 43 families were identified, the highest abundance was presented by Asteraceae with 12%, followed by Araceae with 8.5% and Melastomataceae with 7.5%. Likewise, 42 species of birds were identified, 16 of mammals, 12 of amphibians and reptiles, and 36 macroinvertebrate individuals It could be inferred that there is a marked deterioration of the ecosystem in the area, however an interesting diversity of species remains, mainly flora. In relation to fauna, the loss of certain species is evident, mainly due to agricultural expansion, hunting and mining activity. According to the Shannon index, the aquatic fauna is low, and according to the BMWP / Col index the water in the area is highly polluted.

Abstract This study aimed to examine the spatial variation in sets of micro and macroinvertebrates and to detect how physicochemical and environmental variables affect community structures in high Andean rivers. Six sites were sampled in three rivers of the Argentinian plateau, in altitudes between 3900-4400 masl during the dry season (May-October 2017). The variables that affected the structure of the micro and macroinvertebrate communities were: altitude, conductivity, turbidity, water temperature, hardness, oxygen, and lead. Sites with high levels of arsenic, lead and boron were identified. Assemblages of species common to high Andean courses were recorded on a north-south axis. The registered community structure has similarities with High Andean streams of Bolivia and rivers of the Catamarca plateau, increasing the differences in composition and assemblages towards the south (Mendoza and Patagonian Andes). Diptera was the best represented with Orthocladiinae and Podonominae, reaching better representativeness at higher altitudes. Together with them, Austrelmis, Hydracarina, Hirudinea, Nais, Hyalella constitute the dominant group. There is a trend towards a decrease in the richness of species with respect to altitude, related to the proximity of the Salar and the increase in conductivity, carbonates and hardness. plateau 39004400 3900 4400 3900-440 MayOctober May October 2017. 2017 . 2017) altitude conductivity turbidity temperature hardness oxygen arsenic identified northsouth north axis Mendoza Andes. Andes Andes) Podonominae them Austrelmis Hydracarina Hirudinea Nais group 3900440 390 440 3900-44 201 390044 39 44 3900-4 20 39004 3 4 3900- 2