Resumo Qualquer superfície sólida, desprotegida e indefesa no ambiente aquático será contaminada. A incrustação, por outro lado, pode afetar uma ampla gama de espécies que podem tolerar alguma epibiose. Vários outros, por outro lado, mantêm agressivamente os epibiontes fora de sua superfície corporal (anti-incrustante). As defesas anti-incrustantes são construídas em plantas marinhas como algas marinhas e ervas marinhas. Elas têm uma estrutura de superfície distinta com picos semelhantes a agulhas bem compactadas e coberturas anti-incrustantes, o que pode dificultar a capacidade de fixação das bactérias. A resistência química anti-incrustante é provavelmente uma reação biológica às desvantagens ecológicas da epibiose, especialmente para organismos capazes de realizar fotossíntese. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia dos compostos naturais derivados de algas marinhas do litoral na prevenção da incrustação. O mexilhão-marrom, importante organismo incrustante, foi avaliado em bioensaios de laboratório contra extratos orgânicos brutos de 51 populações, incluindo duas espécies de macroalgas. A atividade anti-incrustante exibiu um padrão filogenético distinto, com macroalgas vermelhas tendo a maior participação de espécies ativas, posteriormente macroalgas marrons. A ação anti-incrustante em algas verdes nunca foi significativa. Sete espécies apresentaram algum nível de defesa anti-incrustante induzida. Nossas descobertas parecem corroborar descobertas anteriores sobre a síntese de metabólitos secundários em algas marinhas, indicando que, na busca por novos anti-incrustantes, os pesquisadores devem concentrar seus esforços em macroalgas vermelhas tropicais.

Abstract Any solid, unprotected, and undefended surface in the aquatic environment will be fouled. Fouling, on the other hand, can affect a wide range of species that can tolerate some epibiosis. Several others, on the other hand, aggressively keep the epibionts off their body surface (antifouling). Antifouling defenses are built into marine plants like seaweed and seagrass. They do have a distinctive surface structure with tightly packed needle-like peaks and antifouling coverings, which may hinder settling bacteria's ability to cling. Chemical antifouling resistance is most probably a biological reaction to epibiosis' ecological drawbacks, especially for organisms capable of performing photosynthesis. The goal of this study was to see how effective natural compounds derived from littoral seaweeds were in preventing fouling. The brown mussel, an important fouling organism, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against fifty-one populations' crude organic extracts including fort-two macroalgae species. Antifouling activity, exhibited a distinct phylogenetic pattern, with red macroalgae having the largest share of active species, subsequently brown macroalgae. Antifouling action in green seaweeds has never been significant. Seven species showed some level of induced antifouling defense. Our findings appear to back up previous findings about secondary metabolite synthesis in seaweeds, indicating that in the hunt for novel antifoulants, researchers should concentrate their efforts on tropical red macroalgae.

Resumen Introducción: Las comunidades de macroalgas marinas del Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes no han sido estudiadas desde el punto de vista cuantitativo, a pesar de la influencia que la vegetación submarina tiene sobre la estructura y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas costeros, componente que hasta ahora ha sido subestimado en la región. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación temporal y espacial de los géneros de macroalgas en dos sitios de María La Gorda, sur del Parque Nacional de Guanahacabibes, y evaluar la salud del arrecife de acuerdo con la cobertura de los diferentes morfo-tipos de macroalgas predominantes. Metodología: El muestreo fue cuatrimestral entre febrero 2014 y marzo 2017 en Yemayá y Laberinto, mediante buceo autónomo a una profundidad de 10 m. La cobertura algal fue estimada siguiendo la metodología AGRRA. Se usaron ocho transectos de 20 m por sitio de muestreo de acuerdo con las condiciones del arrecife y la forma del fondo. Cada cinco metros se colocó un cuadrante de 25 x 25 cm. Se calculó el porcentaje de cobertura que aporta cada género y de los grupos morfofuncionales a la cobertura total. Resultados: Los géneros dominantes durante el periodo de estudio fueron: Dictyota, Lobophora y Halimeda. Las algas carnosas y calcáreas mostraron mayor cubrimiento en Laberinto (carnosas= 57.8 ±15.6; calcáreas = 8.3 ± 6.8) que en Yemayá, (carnosas = 47.3 ± 23.1; calcáreas = 8.5 ± 9.3). Las formas costrosas son más abundantes en Yemayá (17.1 ± 15.1) que en Laberinto (7.7 ± 10). El índice de las carnosas fue superior en Laberinto (225.7 ± 110.2). Conclusión: La disminución en los niveles de cobertura de algas costrosas y la dominancia de formas carnosas como Dictyota y Lobophora en la zona de estudio, evidencian el deterioro en ambos sitios, a pesar de las políticas de conservación de parques nacionales.

Abstract Introduction: The macroalgal communities of the Guanahacabibes National Park have been poorly studied from the quantitative point of view, despite the influence that underwater vegetation has on the structure and functioning of coastal ecosystems, a component that until now has been underestimated in the Cuba region. Objetive: To evaluate the temporal and spatial variation of the macroalgal genera in two sites of María La Gorda, south of the Guanahacabibes National Park, and evaluate the reef health according to the coverage of the different predominant macroalgal morphotypes. Methodology: Sampling took place quarterly between February 2014 and March 2017, in Laberinto and Yemayá by SCUBA diving at a depth of 10 m. The algal coverage was estimated following the AGRRA methodology. Eight 20 m transects per sampling site were used according to reef conditions and bottom shape. Every five meters a 25 x 25 cm square was placed. The coverage (%) contributed per genus and morpho-functional group to the total coverage found was calculated. Results: The dominant genera during the study period were: Dictyota, Lobophora and Halimeda. Fleshy and calcareous algae showed greater coverage in Laberinto (fleshy= 57.8 ± 15.6; calcareous = 8.3 ± 6.8) than in Yemayá (fleshy = 47.3 ± 23.1; calcareous = 8.5 ± 9.3). Crustose algae were more abundant in Yemayá (17.1 ± 15.1) than in Laberinto (7.7 ± 10). The fleshy index was higher in Laberinto (225.7 ± 110.2). Conclusion: The decrease in the levels of crustose algal cover, as well as the dominance of fleshy forms Dictyota and Lobophora in the study area, shows the deterioration in both sites, despite the conservation policies of national parks.

ABSTRACT The biodiversity of epibenthic communities in rocky reefs in the Mexican tropical Pacific has been studied minimally during the past three decades. This study describes the abundance and distribution of algae and invertebrates in a deep rocky reef from this region. Samples were taken at 20 m depth in 2012 by randomly placing 50×50 cm quadrats. Also, photographs were taken of each quadrat to quantify the coverage of organisms. Throughout the study, the algae were the most abundant group (17748.5 cm m−2), of which encrusting calcified (6350.9 cm m−2), turf (3040.3 cm m−2), and larger-sized articulated corallines (2700.9 cm m−2) had the highest coverage. Regarding invertebrates, zoanthids (1153.3 cm m−2) and corals (746.7 cm m−2) had high coverage. All of the algal groups were found on vertical and horizontal substrates. The detrended correspondence analysis showed that larger-sized articulated corallines and encrusting not calcified groups were prevalent on the horizontal substrate and corals on the vertical substrate. These abundance and distribution patterns represent the first quantitative study of rocky reefs from the region. Considering the rapid influence of human activities in this coastal zone and the fact that rocky reefs have been minimally studied, there is a clear need for long-term monitoring programs to establish reef communities' patterns and processes, which are useful in conservation programs.

Abstract: Background and Aims: During the Seaflower Scientific Expedition in 2019, extensive seaweed collection was carried out around Old Providence and Santa Catalina islands. Despite the intensive phycological studies realized during the past decade, new reports of macroalgae are still recorded for the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve. The objective of this work is to present three new records of brown algae for Colombia. Methods: The algal sampling was carried out in September 2019 during the Seaflower Scientific Expedition. The samples were collected around the Providencia and Santa Catalina islands in coral patches ecosystems, by SCUBA diving at depths between 3 and 16 m. The algae collected were preserved in a 4% formalin/seawater solution. The identification was carried out using optical and stereoscopic microscopes. All specimens were deposited in the herbarium JIW of the Biology Department of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Key results: Three species of brown algae are newly reported for Colombia: Lobophora declerckii, Taonia abbottiana and Verosphacela ebrachia. Verosphacela has been reported, to date, only from the type locality in Florida and from Isla Mujeres, in Mexico. Due to its cryptic and small habit, it may be much more common than actually reported. Lobophora declerckii is apparently the most common species of Lobophora in the Archipelago. Taonia abbottiana may be much more common than reported to date, but it is easily confused with Stypopodium zonale. Conclusions: Despite the intense phycological research carried out in the past decade in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Old Providence and Santa Catalina, there is still much to be discovered.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Durante la Expedición Científica Seaflower realizada en 2019, se hizo una extensa recolecta de macroalgas alrededor de las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina. No obstante el intenso trabajo ficológico de la última década, se siguen encontrando nuevos registros de macroalgas para la Reserva de la Biosfera Seaflower. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar tres nuevos registros de algas pardas para Colombia. Metodos: El muestreo de algas se realizó en septiembre de 2019 durante la Expedición Científica Seaflower. Las muestras fueron recolectadas alrededor de las islas Providencia y Santa Catalina en ecosistemas de parches de coral, por medio de buceo SCUBA a profundidades entre 3 y 16 m. Las algas recolectadas se conservaron en una solución de formalina/agua de mar al 4%. La identificación se realizó mediante microscopios óptico y estereoscopio. Todos los especímenes fueron depositados en el herbario JIW del Departamento de Biología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados clave: Tres especies de algas pardas son reportadas por primera vez para Colombia: Lobophora declerckii, Taonia abbottiana y Verosphacela ebrachia. Verosphacela ha sido reportada, hasta la fecha, solamente en la localidad tipo en Florida y en Isla Mujeres, en México. Debido a su hábito pequeño y críptico, puede ser mucho más común de lo actualmente reportado. Lobophora declerckii parece ser la especie más común de Lobophora en el Archipiélago. Taonia abbottiana puede ser mucho más común de lo reportado actualmente, pero es fácilmente confundida con Stypopodium zonale. Conclusión: No obstante la intensa investigación ficológica llevada a cabo en la última década en el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, hay todavía mucho por descubrir.

Abstract: Background and Aims: The reefs of the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel constitute one of the main reef formations in Mexico. However, up to date phycofloristic studies that allow detecting changes in the phycofloristic composition or its affinity for some substrates are practically non-existent. Our aim was to determine the taxonomic composition of marine macroalgae present in the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, as well as realize their morphological descriptions and an analysis of their affinity with the substrate they colonize. Methods: The sampling was carried out in October and November 2018 by autonomous diving in 14 reefs of the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel. Morphological observations were made using optical and stereoscopic microscopes. The taxonomic determination was made using specialized literature. Key results: Fourty-two taxa were determined: five Ochrophyta, 12 Rhodophyta and 25 Chlorophyta. The best-represented family for Ochrophyta was Dictyotaceae; for Rhodophyta, Ceramiaceae and Rhodomelaceae; and for Chlorophyta, Halimedaceae. New records for the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel are described, including Lobophora guadeloupensis as a new record for Mexico. Additionally, four different substrates for the algae were identified: psammophytic (33%), epilithic (32%), epizoic (19%) and epiphytic (16%). The most diverse reefs were La Francesa (LF) and Santa Rosa (SR), whereas the least diverse were Chankanaab (CK) and Tormentos (TM). Conclusions: Although many of the previous records in the area were confirmed in the present study, the presence of 18 new records revealed, on the one hand, the lack of constant monitoring of the algal richness of the region, and on the other hand, the need for morphological descriptions or photographic references that allow contrasting the previous records with the current ones. Given the importance of the Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, our results, in addition to offering updated information, represent a starting point for studies in conservation biology.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los arrecifes del Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel constituyen una de las principales formaciones arrecifales de México. Sin embargo, actualmente, son prácticamente inexistentes los estudios ficoflorísticos que permiten detectar cambios en la composición ficoflorística o su afinidad por algún sustrato. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue determinar la composición taxonómica de macroalgas marinas presentes en el Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, así como realizar sus descripciones morfológicas y análisis de afinidad con el sustrato que colonizan. Métodos: Los muestreos se realizaron en octubre y noviembre de 2018 en 14 arrecifes del Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, mediante buceo autónomo. Se realizaron observaciones morfo-anatómicas utilizando tanto microscopios ópticos como estereoscópicos. La determinación taxonómica se realizó a partir de literatura especializada. Resultados clave: Se determinaron 42 taxa: cinco Ochrophyta, 12 Rhodophyta y 25 Chlorophyta. La familia mejor representada para Ochrophyta fue Dictyotaceae; para Rhodophyta, Ceramiaceae y Rhodomelaceae; y para Chlorophyta, Halimedaceae. Se describen nuevos registros para el Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel incluyendo a Lobophora guadeloupensis como nuevo registro para México. Adicionalmente, se identificaron cuatro diferentes sustratos para las algas: psamofítico (33%), epilítico (32%), epizoico (19%) y epífito (16%). Los arrecifes más diversos fueron La Francesa (LF) y Santa Rosa (SR), y los menos diversos fueron Chankanaab (CK) y Tormentos (TM). Conclusiones: Aunque muchos de los registros previos en el área fueron confirmados en el presente estudio, la presencia de 18 nuevos registros reveló, por un lado, la falta de monitoreos constantes de la riqueza algal de la región, y, por otro lado, la necesidad de contar con descripciones morfológicas o referencias fotográficas que permitan contrastar los registros previos con los actuales. Dada la importancia del Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, nuestros resultados, además de ofrecer información actualizada, representan un punto de partida para estudios en biología de la conservación.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Since the publication of the book on Cuban marine macroalgae in 2015, new records have been found and taxonomic changes have been published. Therefore, the objective of this publication is to present a fifth updated systematic review, that includes Ochrophyta (Class Phaeophyceae), Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta. Methods: These results were recorded from information available in scientific papers, bachelor, master and doctoral theses, as well as scientific-technical reports from recognized specialists, considering those not included in the last review or that were published after 2015. The taxa were systematically ordered, the names and synonymy were reviewed according to Algaebase and the most recent scientific literature. Species were arranged alphabetically within each family. The distribution of each taxon was resumed for nine Ecological Districts (zones) of the Cuban shelf. Key results: An updated floristic list with 569 species, one subspecies, 25 varieties, and 21 forms is presented. Thirty-seven species are added to the previous review of which seven are new records for Cuba: Hydrolithon boergesenii, Neogoniolithon mamillare, N. propinquum, N. rhizophorae, Lithothamnion crispatum, Liagoropsis schrammii, and Peyssonnelia rubra. The distribution of these taxa in the nine zones of the Cuban shelf is provided. Conclusions: The zones showing more species have had a greater sampling effort or were predominantly rocky reef bottoms. However, macroalgae have not been inventoried in detail in the intertidal zone, bays, and coastal lagoons. Zones with fewer species coincide in having a narrower shelf where rocky substrates dominate, although macroalgae have not been inventoried in the intertidal zone, bays, and coastal lagoons.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Desde la publicación del libro sobre las macroalgas marinas de Cuba en 2015 se han publicado nuevos registros y cambios taxonómicos. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue presentar una quinta revisión sistemática actualizada, que incluye Ochrophyta (Clase Phaeophyceae), Rhodophyta y Chlorophyta. Métodos: Se recopiló la información disponible en publicaciones científicas, tesis de licenciatura, maestría y doctorado, e informes científico-técnicos de especialistas reconocidos, considerando aquellas que no fueron comprendidas en la revisión anterior o que fueron publicadas después de 2015. Los taxones encontrados fueron ordenados sistemáticamente, los nombres actualizados y la sinonimia revisada según AlgaeBase y la literatura más reciente. Las especies se ordenaron alfabéticamente dentro de cada familia. La distribución de cada taxón se resumió para nueve zonas consideradas como Distritos Ecológicos (zonas) de la plataforma cubana. Resultados claves: Se presenta un listado florístico actualizado con 569 especies, una subespecie, 25 variedades y 21 formas. Se añaden a la anterior revisión 38 especies, de las cuales siete son nuevos registros para Cuba: Hydrolithon boergesenii, Neogoniolithon mamillare, N. propinquum, N. rhizophorae, Lithothamnion crispatum, Liagoropsis schrammii y Peyssonnelia rubra. Se da la distribución de cada uno de estos taxones en las nueve zonas de la plataforma cubana. Conclusiones: Las zonas que presentaron más especies son aquellas que han tenido un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo o donde predominan los fondos rocosos arrecifales, aunque no se han inventariado detalladamente las macroalgas en la zona mesolitoral, bahías y lagunas costeras.

Resumen Las macroalgas marinas son un método de control biológico que disminuyen el daño que provoca el nematodo agallador en los cultivos de importancia económica. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de cuatro macroalgas en el control de Meloidogyne incognita y su efecto bioestimulante en albahaca. Para ello, cuatro extractos derivados de Ulva lactuca, Ulva clathrata, Gracilaria spp. y Sargassum spp. fueron evaluados en tres dosis (1 000, 2 000 y 3 000 ppm) sobre la eclosión de huevecillos y su eficacia en la germinación, longitud de tallo y raíz de plántulas. Se realizó un análisis fitoquimico de las macroalgas que presentaron acción nematicida sobre los huvecillos. Los resultados mostraron que el extracto de Sargassum spp. y U. lactuca bajo las dosis evaluadas generaron el menor número de huevecillos eclosionados. Pero, ninguna macroalga incrementó el porcentaje de germinación, pero si la longitud de tallo. El análisis fitoquímico del extracto de Sargassum spp. registró el mayor contenido de alcaloides, fenoles, fitoesteroles, péptidos y saponinas. Se comprueba la eficacia de algunas macroalgas marinas sobre el control de M. incognita y su acción bioestimulante en la planta, lo cual es de gran interés para la agricultura orgánica y convencional.

Abstract Marine macroalgae in the control of the root-knot nema tode emerges as a biological alternative to reduce the damage they cause in economically important crops such as basil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of four macroalgae on the control of Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth of basil. For this, four extracts derived from Ulva lactuca, Ulva clathrata, Gracilaria spp. and Sargassum spp. were evaluated at three doses (1 000, 2 000 and 3 000 ppm) on the hatching of eggs and their effectiveness in germination, stem length and root of seedlings. In addition, a phytochemical analysis of the macroalgae that presented nematicidal action on the eggs was carried out. The results showed that the extract of Sargassum spp. and U. lactuca under the three doses evaluated generated the lowest number of hatched eggs. However, none macroalgae increased the germination percentage but the stem length did. In the phytochemical analysis, the extract of Sargassum spp. recorded the highest content of alkaloids, phenols, phytosterols, peptides and saponins. This research proves the efficacy of some marine macroalgae on the control of M. incognita and its biostimulant action on the plant, which is of great interest for organic and conventional agriculture.

ABSTRACT The sea urchin Loxechinus albus is of great commercial value due to its nutritional content. The main diet of the urchin in the north of Chile in its natural habitat is the macroalgae Ulva lactuca. This work evaluated the growth of L. albus juvenile fed diets based on vegetable lettuce Lactuca sativa and macroalgae Ulva sp. Ingestion, growth, survival, and proximal analysis of the diets were registered for 13 weeks. At the end of the experience (90 days), no mortality and greater consumption of L. sativa were observed. In the proximal analysis, L. sativa presented the highest percentage (lipids, proteins, ashes, carotenoids, chlorophyll). The greatest growth and weight gain were observed with the Ulva sp. diet. Finally, the incorporation of L. sativa in the diets of urchins would imply a supplement of minerals and carotenoids, so we propose the addition of this lettuce as a nutritional supplement during the first stage of the cultivation of the L. albus.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Carbon dioxide emissions from industry are one of the main causes of environmental pollution to be controlled. The algae intensive cultivation can be a viable technological alternative to mitigate gas emissions. For Ulva lactuca macroalgae there is no approximate chemical formula that facilitates the engineering calculations of facilities for its intensive cultivation, process simulation and intensification. Objective: To determine the approximate chemical formula of the Ulva lactuca macroalgae, from the chemical composition of this species obtained from the literature reports. Materials and Methods: Reports of the substances that comprise Ulva lactuca macroalgae chemical compositions are used. Adding the molecules of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus that constitute the chemical components of the species, the approximate macroalgae elemental chemical formula is calculated. Results and Discussion: The approximate chemical formula of Ulva lactuca obtained is C182 H363 O169 N P and the CO2 Uptake Index is 1.533 g CO2 /g macroalgae, with an atmospheric bioremediation effect of 2.2% higher than the expressed criteria by Nikolaisen et al., (2011). Conclusions: The approximate chemical formula of the Ulva lactuca obtained constitutes an appropriate option to use in the required calculations in design, equipment selection and operating conditions for an intensive cultivation facility of this macroalgae, as well as in this process technical, economic and environmental evaluation.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las emisiones de dióxido de carbono procedentes de la industria constituyen una de las principales causas de contaminación ambiental a controlar. El cultivo intensivo de algas puede ser una alternativa tecnológica viable para mitigar las emisiones de gas a la atmósfera. Para la macroalga Ulva lactuca no hay fórmula química aproximada que facilite los cálculos de ingeniería de instalaciones para cultivo intensivo de algas, ni la simulación de este proceso para su intensificación. Objetivo: Determinar la fórmula química aproximada de la macroalga Ulva lactuca, a partir de la composición química de esta especie obtenida de los reportes de la literatura. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizan reportes de las composiciones químicas de las sustancias que integran la misma. Sumando las moléculas de carbono, hidrógeno, oxígeno, nitrógeno y fósforo que constituyen los componentes químicos de la especie, se procede a calcular la fórmula química elemental aproximada de la macroalga. Resultados y Discusión: La fórmula química aproximada de Ulva lactuca obtenida es C182 H363 O169 N P y el Índice de Captación de CO2 1,533 g CO2 /g macroalga, con efecto de biorremediación atmosférica de 2,2 % superior, al criterio expresado por Nikolaisen y col., (2011). Conclusiones: La fórmula química aproximada de la Ulva Lactuca obtenida constituye una opción adecuada para utilizar en los cálculos requeridos en el diseño, selección de equipamiento y condiciones de operación para una instalación de cultivo intensivo de esta macroalga, así como, la evaluación técnico-económica y ambiental de este proceso.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intensive culture of algae reduces the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, giving algal biomass as added value. Objective: To estimate the micro- and macroalgae photosynthetic potential in biological reactors. Materials and Methods: The proposed methodology allows estimating photosynthetic potential of algae grown in bioreactors that use industrial residual carbon dioxide. Calculation of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet radiation reaching reactor surface, the modeling of their propagation in water column and calculation of the consequent photosynthetic potential are contemplated. Results and Discussion: The results show that the differences in biomass productivity between different algae species are more conditioned by differences in the efficiency of nutrient assimilation and sensitivity to temperature and pH than to differences in photosynthetic efficiency. Conclusions: Preliminary results were presented for bioreactors that would be fed with coastal marine waters. For analyzed cases, the results show that in turbid coastal waters the photosynthetic potential is greater than for clearer coastal waters, which is conditioned by the greater inhibitory power of ultraviolet radiation in clear waters at bioreactors small depths. Likewise, the efficiency in the processing of photosynthetically active radiation, characteristic of each algae species, has little influence on the photosynthetic potential, due to the dominance of ultraviolet radiation in shallow waters.

RESUMEN Introducción: El cultivo intensivo de algas contribuye a la reducción de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera, dejando como valor agregado la biomasa algal. Objetivo: Estimar el potencial fotosintético de micro- y macroalgas en reactores biológicos expuestos a la intemperie. Materiales y Métodos: La metodología propuesta permite estimar el potencial fotosintético de algas cultivadas en biorreactores que utilizan dióxido de carbono residual industrial. Se contempla el cálculo de las radiaciones fotosintéticamente activa y ultravioleta que llegan a la superficie del reactor, la modelación de la propagación de estas en la columna de agua y el cálculo del consecuente potencial fotosintético. Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados muestran que las diferencias en productividad de biomasa entre distintas especies de algas están más condicionadas por diferencias en la eficiencia en la asimilación de nutrientes y sensibilidad a temperatura y pH que a diferencias en la eficiencia fotosintética. Conclusiones: Se presentaron resultados preliminares para biorreactores que serían alimentados con aguas marinas costeras. Para los casos analizados, los resultados muestran que en aguas costeras más turbias el potencial fotosintético es mayor que para aguas costeras más claras, lo cual está condicionado por el mayor poder inhibitorio de la radiación ultravioleta en aguas claras a las pequeñas profundidades de los biorreactores. Asimismo la eficiencia en el procesamiento de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, característica de cada especie de alga, influye poco en el potencial fotosintético, debido a la dominancia de la radiación ultravioleta en aguas someras.

Abstract Fishmeal concentrates a high percentage of protein and its monetary cost is relatively high, searching for possible alternatives in macroalgae for improvement purposes is an option. Color is a fundamental characteristic of food, however, drying by the Infrared method as an emerging technology for the study of the macroalga Lessonia trabeculata is little studied. For this reason, the degradation and change of color in the drying process by infrared rays (IR) at different temperatures 40°C, 55°C and 70°C were objectively characterized with the color space scale (CIE-L*a *b*), through the use of a spectrophotometer. Drying was carried out with infrared rays in an infrared radiant heating chamber with a power of 4.5kW, 20.5 Amps. The results indicate that the best color treatment determined was for the macroalga Lessonia trabeculata at a temperature of 40°C with values for: L*= 44.758±0.227, a*= -1.564 ± 0.016 and b*= 11.050±0.017; obtaining a first order kinetics for logarithmic scale corresponding to the parameters L*.b* as a function of time, likewise an activation energy value of Ea = 24.062 KJ/mol and the Arrhenius constant k0 = 0.0197 min- was reached. one. It is concluded that there is inverse variability between the color of the macroalgae and the temperature applied in the drying process; being the values of the color parameters L*, a*, b* of the macroalga decreases as the temperature increases, thereby leading to color degradation.

Resumen La harina de pescado concentra alto porcentaje de proteínas y su costo monetario es relativamente alto, buscar posibles alternativas en las macroalgas con propósitos de mejora es una opción. El color es una característica primordial de los alimentos, sin embargo, el secado por el método Infrarrojo como tecnología emergente para el estudio de la macroalga Lessonia trabeculata es poco estudiado. Por ello, se caracterizó objetivamente la degradación y cambio del color en el proceso de secado por rayos infrarrojos (IR) a diferentes temperaturas 40°C, 55°C y 70°C con la escala de espacio de color (CIE-L*a*b*), a través del uso de un espectrofotómetro. Se procedió a secar con rayos infrarrojos en una cámara de calentamiento radiante infrarrojo de potencia 4.5kW, 20.5 Amperios. Los resultados indican que el mejor tratamiento de color determinado fue para la macroalga Lessonia trabeculata a una temperatura de 40°C con valores para: L*= 44,758±0,227, a*= -1.564 ± 0,016 y b* = 11,050±0,017; obteniendo una cinética de primer orden para escala logarítmica correspondiente a los parámetros L*.b* en función al tiempo, asimismo se alcanzó un valor de Energía de activación de Ea = 24.062 KJ/mol y de la constante de Arrhenius k0 = 0.0197 min-1. Se concluye que existe variabilidad inversa entre el color de la macroalga y la temperatura aplicada en el proceso de secado; siendo los valores de los parámetros de color L*, a*, b* de la macroalga disminuye a medida que se incrementa la temperatura, acarreando con ello la degradación del color.

RESUMEN: Las algas son un recurso renovable que se ha aprovechado desde el inicio de la agricultura en zonas cercanas a las costas y su uso está determinado por la disponibilidad de las especies en cada lugar. Actualmente las algas se trituran hasta tener un polvo fino con el cual se preparan extractos que son los más empleados en la agricultura en diferentes países del mundo, debido a la inmediata respuesta que tienen los cultivos a los distintos compuestos como son micro y macronutrientes, reguladores de crecimiento, entre otros. Cualquiera de las tres formas en que se apliquen las algas (húmedas, secas y extractos), mejoran las características del suelo e incrementan la producción de los cultivos. Este trabajo expone las diferentes aplicaciones biotecnológicas de las macroalgas marinas con la finalidad de promover su uso mediante su cultivo, así como aprovechar los arribazones que llegan a las playas para impulsar una agricultura ecológica.

ABSTRACT: Algae are a renewable resource that have been used since the beginning of agriculture in areas near the coasts and their use is determined by the availability of the algae species in each place. Currently, algae are ground to a fine powder and extracts are prepared with it, being the most used in agriculture in different countries of the world due to the immediate response that crops have to different compounds such as micro and macronutrients, growth regulators, among others. Any of the three forms in which algae are applied (wet, dried and extracts) improves soil characteristics and increase crops production. This paper exposes the different biotechnological applications of marine macroalgae with the purpose of promotting their use through their cultivation, as well as taking advantage of the algae whased ashore that reach the beaches to promote ecological agriculture.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los sistemas estuarinos veracruzanos cubren 1166 km2 correspondientes a 14 lagunas costeras que constituyen uno de los ambientes acuáticos con mayor diversidad y productividad. Estos son ambientes críticos para especies económicamente importantes, como las macroalgas, que dependen de ellos para su reproducción, alimentación, establecimiento y refugio. Aunque lo anterior los hace candidatos ideales para estudios de biología de la conservación, solo hay dos contribuciones previas a 1995 sobre ficología estuarina. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar un listado sistemático actualizado de las macroalgas estuarinas de Veracruz, junto con un análisis gráfico, que contribuya al conocimiento del grupo y sirva como referencia para posteriores investigaciones biogeográficas, ecológicas o de conservación. Métodos: Se revisó la literatura ficológica publicada de 1963 a septiembre de 2022, así como la base de datos del herbario UAMIZ, para complementar y actualizar los registros. Para la determinación taxonómica de los ejemplares se hizo un estudio de morfología externa. La sinonimia y estatus nomenclatural fueron revisados en AlgaeBase. A partir de los registros obtenidos se realizó un análisis gráfico. Resultados clave: Se presenta una lista actualizada con 113 especies de macroalgas estuarinas: 62 Rhodophyta, 26 Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta y 25 Chlorophyta, distribuidas en 24 órdenes, 38 familias y 68 géneros. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con lo observado, son evidentes los escasos o nulos estudios ficológicos en ambientes estuarinos veracruzanos, lo que origina un vacío en el contexto de la diversidad de macroalgas estuarinas. Este listado, además de ser una contribución actualizada para Veracruz, es un punto de partida para emprender futuros análisis que ayuden a establecer áreas de importancia biológica en estos ambientes, con el fin de maximizar la diversidad. Además, es evidente la necesidad de un monitoreo ficofloristico constante en los estuarios.

Abstract: Background and Aims: The Veracruz estuarine systems cover 1166 km2, corresponding to 14 coastal lagoons, that constitute one of the aquatic environments with the greatest diversity and productivity. They are critical environments for economically important species, such as macroalgae, which depend on them for their reproduction, feeding, establishment and refuge. Although the above makes them ideal candidates for conservation biology studies, there are only two contributions prior to 1995 on estuarine phycology. Therefore, the objective of this work was to elaborate an updated systematic list of the estuarine macroalgae of Veracruz, together with a graphical analysis, which contributes to the knowledge of the group and serves as a reference for subsequent biogeographical, ecological or conservation research. Methods: Phycological literature published from 1963 to September 2022, as well as the UAMIZ herbarium database, were reviewed to complement and update the records. For the taxonomic determination of the specimens, an external morphological study was carried out. The synonymy and nomenclatural status were reviewed in AlgaeBase. From the records obtained, a graphic analysis was performed . Key results: An updated list with 113 species of estuarine macroalgae is presented: 62 Rhodophyta, 26 Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta and 25 Chlorophyta, distributed in 24 orders, 38 families and 68 genera. Conclusions: According to what was observed, there are few or no phycological studies in Veracruz estuarine environments, which causes a gap in the context of the diverse estuarine macroalgae. This list, in addition to being an updated contribution for Veracruz, is a starting point to undertake future analyses that help establish areas of biological importance in these environments, in order to maximize diversity. In addition, the need for constant phycofloristic monitoring in estuaries is evident.

Abstract Hypertension is a factor that contributes to the risk of chronic diseases. The inhibition of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a useful therapeutic approach to the hypertension treatment. The algae have been an alternative for the production of ACE inhibitory (ACEi) peptides from enzymatic hydrolysis due to their protein-rich biomass. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the production, composition and activity of ACEi peptides derived from algae proteins. Systematic database searches identified 648 related articles. Among these, only 14 were selected according to the eligibility criteria to this review. Macroalgae are more studied than microalgae as sources of ACEi peptides. Furthermore, hydrolysates by thermolysin or bromelain exhibited the highest ACEi activity compared to other enzymes. The main features of the peptides with high ACE inhibition are low molecular weight, short amino acids sequence and non-competitive inhibition pattern. In vivo studies using hydrolysates and peptides derived from algae proteins showed antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Thus, it is suggested that ACEi peptides derived from algae can be considered as potential antihypertensive.

Abstract Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are sources of industrial important macro compounds. This work characterizes the chemical composition, morphology, cellular structure, morphometric parameters, protein distribution, density, and quantifies the chemical elements of three seaweed species. The morphological characterization performed by Digital Image Analysis (DIA) showed that the length/width ratio for UF (Ulva fasciata) (15.4/10.9 cm) was greater compared to SC (Sargassum cymosum) and GS (Grateloupia subpectinata) (8.9/7.6 cm and 87/5.3 cm). Using Schiff's and Coomassie blue reagents, identified carbohydrates and proteins in cells and protein bodies (PB). Cell morphology showed larger cells in the SC cortex (457.8 µm2) and smaller cells in the SC meristoderm (80.5 µm2). PB density (PB/area) and distribution (area occupied by the cell, %) were higher in the cortex of GS (10468 PB/mm2, 20%) and lower in the meristoderm of SC (917 PB/mm2, 7%). Chemical analysis showed as major compounds: carbohydrates (12-46%), ashes (13-42%), and proteins (6-17%). Meanwhile, the concentration of metals was below the toxicity level. These results contribute to the knowledge of the structure-function relationship of seaweeds metabolites which could be a source of compounds of interest for the industrial sector.