Seaweeds have been explored by humans for thousands of years as a source of chemical compounds. This study describes the content of minerals, ash, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and main metabolites of dichloromethane / methanol extracts of the seaweed Ulva lactuca, Padina gymnospora, Palisada perforata and Gelidiella acerosa from sandstone reefs on the Brazilian tropical coast (Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil). The content (% dry weight) of carbohydrates ranged from 14.35-48.52, proteins 7.49-14.98, total lipids 0.40-8.92, and ash 18.51-37.02. The concentration (mg kg dry algae−1) of Ca (900-3468), Mg (1655-4902), K (810-1707), Na (1062-4580), Mn (19-4462), and Cu (3.6-6.4) were maximum in Palisada and minimum in Padina. In turn, the lowest and highest contents (mg kg dry algae−1) of Fe (100-2312), Zn (18-43), and Cr (0.08-0.93) were recorded in Gelidiella and Ulva, respectively. Neophytadiene was the major compound. Phytol and palmitic acid were found in all seaweeds, although in low quantities. Palisada had the highest contents (% dry weight) of metabolites (neophytadiene: 23.89, phytol: 8.29; palmitic acid: 8.32), while Ulva had the lowest, except phytone, which was present only in this species. Our findings highlight the potential of these macroalgae from the coastal reefs as a source of chemical compounds. compounds minerals protein lactuca gymnospora Pernambuco, Pernambuco (Pernambuco Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) % ( weight 14.3548.52, 14354852 14.35 48.52, 14 35 48 52 14.35-48.52 7.4914.98, 7491498 7.49 14.98, 7 49 98 7.49-14.98 0.408.92, 040892 0.40 8.92, 0 40 8 92 0.40-8.92 18.5137.02. 18513702 18.51 37.02. 18 51 37 02 18.51-37.02 mg algae−1 algae1 algae 1 9003468, 9003468 900 3468 , (900-3468) 16554902, 16554902 1655 4902 (1655-4902) 8101707, 8101707 810 1707 (810-1707) 10624580, 10624580 1062 4580 (1062-4580) 194462, 194462 19 4462 (19-4462) 3.66.4 3664 3.6 6.4 3 6 4 (3.6-6.4 turn 1002312, 1002312 100 2312 (100-2312) 1843, 1843 43 (18-43) 0.080.93 008093 0.08 0.93 08 93 (0.08-0.93 respectively compound seaweeds quantities neophytadiene (neophytadiene 2389 23 89 23.89 phytol 8.29 829 29 8.32, 832 8.32 32 8.32) phytone species 3548 14.3548.52 1435485 1435 14.3 4852 48.52 5 14.35-48.5 4914 7.4914.98 749149 749 7.4 1498 14.98 9 7.49-14.9 408 0.408.92 04089 040 0.4 892 8.92 0.40-8.9 5137 18.5137.02 1851370 1851 18.5 3702 37.02 18.51-37.0 algae− 900346 90 346 (900-3468 1655490 165 490 (1655-4902 810170 81 170 (810-1707 1062458 106 458 (1062-4580 19446 446 (19-4462 66 3.66. 366 36 3. 64 6. (3.6-6. 100231 10 231 (100-2312 184 (18-43 080 0.080.9 00809 008 0.0 093 0.9 (0.08-0.9 238 2 23.8 8.2 82 83 8.3 354 14.3548.5 143548 143 14. 485 48.5 14.35-48. 491 7.4914.9 74914 74 7. 149 14.9 7.49-14. 0.408.9 0408 04 0. 8.9 0.40-8. 513 18.5137.0 185137 185 18. 370 37.0 18.51-37. 90034 34 (900-346 165549 16 (1655-490 81017 17 (810-170 106245 45 (1062-458 1944 44 (19-446 3.66 (3.6-6 10023 (100-231 (18-4 0.080. 0080 00 09 (0.08-0. 23. 8. 14.3548. 14354 48. 14.35-48 7.4914. 7491 7.49-14 0.408. 0.40-8 18.5137. 18513 37. 18.51-37 9003 (900-34 16554 (1655-49 8101 (810-17 10624 (1062-45 194 (19-44 (3.6- 1002 (100-23 (18- 0.080 (0.08-0 14.3548 14.35-4 7.4914 7.49-1 0.408 0.40- 18.5137 18.51-3 (900-3 (1655-4 (810-1 (1062-4 (19-4 (3.6 (100-2 (18 (0.08- 14.354 14.35- 7.491 7.49- 18.513 18.51- (900- (1655- (810- (1062- (19- (3. (100- (1 (0.08 (900 (1655 (810 (1062 (19 (3 (100 (0.0 (90 (165 (81 (106 (10 (0. (9 (16 (8 (0

ABSTRACT The use of bioactive compounds from macroalgae in agricultural formulations is an emerging technology with great potential to reduce dependence on synthetic agrochemicals. Currently, seaweed extracts are considered a sustainable resource due to their biodegradable nature. This review discusses their potential to replace or reduce a variety of synthetic molecules in economically important crops, such as synthetic nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers, synthetic hormone growth regulators, and organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides. Due to the presence of a wide range of bioactive substances already reported in certain algae, they are foreseen as good candidates for the production of plant bioformulations. In this sense, the commercial and biotechnological exploitation of macroalgae could benefit the local economy. However, despite the potential of algae, there is very little information on their total metabolomic or chemical content. This literature review summarises information proposing the use of the macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera and Hypnea spinella in the Ecuadorian agricultural sector as an alternative for pesticide reduction.

RESUMEN El empleo de compuestos bioactivos extraídos de macroalgas en forma de formulaciones agrícolas representa una tecnología emergente con gran potencial para reducir la dependencia de agroquímicos sintéticos. Al presente, los extractos de algas marinas se consideran un recurso sostenible debido a su carácter biodegradable. En esta revisión se discute su potencial para reemplazar o reducir a una variedad de moléculas sintéticas en cultivos económicamente importantes, tales como fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados y fosfatados, reguladores del crecimiento hormonales sintéticos y plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados. Por la presencia de una extensa gama de sustancias bioactivas ya registradas en ciertas algas se prevén como buenos candidatos para la producción de bioformulaciones vegetales. En este sentido, el aprovechamiento comercial y biotecnológico de las macroalgas podría beneficiar la economía local. Sin embargo, pese a todo el potencial de las algas existe muy poca información de su contenido metabolómico o químico total. Esta revisión bibliográfica resume información que propone el uso de las macroalgas Kappaphycus. alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera e Hypnea spinella dentro del sector agrícola ecuatoriano como alternativa para la reducción de pesticidas.

ABSTRACT Due to the reduction of Chondracanthus chamissoi natural beds in Peru, different alternatives have been proposed for its cultivation, generally opting for suspended (CS) and bottom (CF) cultivation systems. When thalli reach commercial size, they get harvested for sale, and it is unknown if their specific growth rate (TCE) and/or regenerative capacity decrease. Therefore, the present work aimed to determine the TCE in the post-harvest regenerative capacity and the life cycle phase dominance of C. chamissoi in two pruning events comparing CS and CF during august 2019 and february 2020 in the south-central coast of Peru. The TCE was higher in CS (1.67 % day-1) in comparison to CF (1.47 % day-1). Likewise, CS showed better results in biomass (631.6 ± 81.3 gm-1) and length (23.91 ± 5.8 cm) compared to CF (256.5 ± 33.6 gm-1 and 21.10 ± 7.50 cm) during the first harvest. After the second harvest, lower values in biomass (CS: 160.2 ± 180 gm-1, CF: 59.4 ± 110 gm-1) and length (CS: 16.23 ± 3.68 cm, CF: 15.73 ± 4.25 cm) were observed. The dominant phase was the vegetative one, followed by the carposporic and tetrasporic phases. In conclusion, suspended cultivation showed better results; it is recommended to leave an average of 4-5 cm during pruning, to allow a better growth for a new harvest in less than 3 months.

RESUMEN Ante la reducción de praderas naturales de Chondracanthus chamissoi en Perú se han planteado diferentes alternativas para su cultivo, principalmente optando por sistemas de cultivo suspendido (CS) y cultivo de fondo (CF). Al alcanzar la talla comercial, los talos sufren podas para su comercialización, desconociéndose si disminuyen su tasa de crecimiento especifica (TCE) y/o capacidad regenerativa. Por ello, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la TCE en la capacidad regenerativa post-cosecha y la dominancia de fases del ciclo de vida de C. chamissoi en dos eventos de poda comparando CS y CF entre agosto de 2019 y febrero de 2020 en la costa centro-sur del Perú. La TCE fue mayor en CS (1.67 % día-1) respecto de CF (1.47 % día-1). Asimismo, CS mostró mejores resultados en biomasa (631.6 ± 81.3 gm-1) y longitud (23.91 ± 5.8 cm) en comparación a CF (256.5 ± 33.6 gm-1 y 21.10 ± 7.50 cm) tras la primera poda. Luego de la segunda poda, se observaron valores reducidos en biomasa (CS: 160.2 ± 180 gm-1, CF: 59.4 ± 110 gm-1) y longitud (CS: 16.23 ± 3.68 cm, CF: 15.73 ± 4.25 cm). Se determino a la fase vegetativa como dominante, seguida de talos carpospóricos y finalmente los tetraspóricos. Se concluye que CS muestra mejores TCE luego de eventos poda y se recomienda dejar en promedio 4-5 cm de talo para facilitar una rápida regeneración.

ABSTRACT Nowadays marine and coastal ecosystems are threatened by the invasion of harmful algal species. The solution to this situation should be aimed at the integral use of this biomass. The drying process has a decisive impact on the quality of the resulting raw material and the cost of any derived by-products. For this reason, the objective of this research is to evaluate the drying process of macroalgae: Sargassum fluitans, Ulva lactuca and Chaetomorpha cf. gracilis, using a solar dryer designed for this purpose. The drying process was evaluated at a temperature of 60°C. The results obtained reported that dehydration in the oven lasted less than 2 hours, while in the solar dryer values higher than those achieved in the oven were recorded. The first derivative analysis shows that the highest peak of moisture loss is around 80 % and is reached in the first 15 min in the electric stove. However, in solar drying it was recorded around 45 min. The results obtained in the drying process were adjusted to a polynomial model with a determination coefficient of 99,13 %

RESUMEN Hoy día los ecosistemas marinos y costeros se encuentran amenazados por la invasión de algas nocivas. La solución a esta situación necesariamente debe estar encaminada al aprovechamiento integral de esta biomasa. El proceso de secado tiene un impacto decisivo en la calidad de la materia prima resultante y el costo de cualquier subproducto derivado. Por este motivo el objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el proceso de secado de las macroalgas: Sargassum fluitans, Ulva lactuca y Chaetomorpha cf. gracilis, utilizando un secador solar diseñado al efecto. El proceso de secado fue evaluado a una temperatura de 60°C. Los resultados obtenidos reportaron que la deshidratación en la estufa tuvo una duración inferior a las 2 h, mientras que en el secador solar se registraron valores superiores a los alcanzados en la estufa. El análisis de la primera derivada muestra que el mayor pico de pérdida de humedad está alrededor del 80 % y se alcanza en los primeros 15 min en la estufa eléctrica. Sin embargo, en el secado solar se registró alrededor de los 45 min. Los resultados obtenidos en el proceso de secado fueron ajustados a un modelo polinomial con un coeficiente de determinación del 99,13 %.

Abstract This study describes and illustrates the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates associated to Sargassum and Dictyota seaweed habitats in the Alcatrazes archipelago, the largest Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the state of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. Assemblages were sampled during the summers of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and winter of 2018 at two sites on the main island. Macroalgae containing the associated fauna were collected at approximately 10 meters deep, with six samples at each site and in each sampling campaign. Sargassum fronds prevailed during summer collections, whilst were absent in the winter campaigns, when Dictyota was the most frequent seaweed. Among invertebrates, 32 species were exclusively found on summer months, associated to Sargassum beds, while 12 species were only registered on winter collection, in association with Dictyota. In total, 91 species were identified, belonging to 60 families, 19 orders, 7 classes and 3 phyla, including Arthropoda (Malacostraca and Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora), and Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea). Among the 91 species found, 73 species are new records for the Alcatrazes archipelago marine area, thus revealing the expressive invertebrate biodiversity living in association with macroalgae beds in that area, which has still been little explored. No significant difference in species diversity was found between the two sites of Alcatrazes. In addition, few specimens of two invasive species were found: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), which underscores the importance of monitoring different habitats within MPAs to check for possible changes in the fauna over the years. As far as our knowledge, this is the first illustrated inventory of the seaweed-associated macroinvertebrate fauna within the Alcatrazes Archipelago, one of the largest MPAs in the Brazilian coast; besides unravelling its notorious biodiversity, this can act as a reference for future monitoring of local coastal diversity. MPA (MPA Paulo Brazil 201 202 island 1 deep campaign collections campaigns invertebrates months collection total 9 identified 6 families orders phyla Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora, Polyplacophora Polyplacophora) Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) area explored addition (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) years knowledge seaweedassociated Archipelago coast 20 2

Resumo Este estudo descreve e ilustra a biodiversidade de macroinvertebrados associados a habitats de macroalgas pardas marinhas dos gêneros Sargassum e Dictyota no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, a maior Área Marinha Protegida (AMP) do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. As assembleias foram amostradas durante os verões de 2018, 2019 e 2020 e no inverno de 2018 em dois locais na ilha principal. As macroalgas contendo a fauna associada foram coletadas a aproximadamente 10 metros de profundidade, com seis amostras em cada local e em cada campanha amostral. Frondes de Sargassum predominaram nas coletas de verão, enquanto estiveram ausentes nas campanhas de inverno, quando Dictyota foram predominantes. Entre os invertebrados, 32 espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente nos meses de verão, associadas aos bancos de Sargassum, enquanto 12 espécies foram registradas apenas na coleta de inverno, em associação com Dictyota. No total, foram identificadas 91 espécies, pertencentes a 60 famílias, 19 ordens, 7 classes e 3 filos, incluindo Arthropoda (Malacostraca e Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia e Polyplacophora) e Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea e Echinoidea). Das 91 espécies encontradas, 73 espécies são novos registos para a área marinha do arquipélago de Alcatrazes, revelando assim a expressiva biodiversidade de invertebrados que vivem em associação com bancos de macroalgas naquela área ainda pouco explorada. Nenhuma diferença significativa de diversidade de espécies foi encontrada entre os dois locais de Alcatrazes. Além disso, foram encontrados poucos exemplares de duas espécies invasoras: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) e Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), o que ressalta a importância do monitoramento de diferentes habitats dentro das AMPs para verificar possíveis alterações na fauna ao longo dos anos. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro inventário ilustrado da fauna de macroinvertebrados associados a algas marinhas no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, uma das maiores AMPs da costa brasileira; além de desvendar a sua notória biodiversidade, pode servir de referência para futuro monitoramento da diversidade costeira local. Alcatrazes AMP (AMP Paulo Brasil 201 202 principal 1 profundidade amostral verão predominantes total 9 6 famílias ordens filos Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) explorada disso invasoras (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) anos sabemos brasileira 20 2

Resumo Qualquer superfície sólida, desprotegida e indefesa no ambiente aquático será contaminada. A incrustação, por outro lado, pode afetar uma ampla gama de espécies que podem tolerar alguma epibiose. Vários outros, por outro lado, mantêm agressivamente os epibiontes fora de sua superfície corporal (anti-incrustante). As defesas anti-incrustantes são construídas em plantas marinhas como algas marinhas e ervas marinhas. Elas têm uma estrutura de superfície distinta com picos semelhantes a agulhas bem compactadas e coberturas anti-incrustantes, o que pode dificultar a capacidade de fixação das bactérias. A resistência química anti-incrustante é provavelmente uma reação biológica às desvantagens ecológicas da epibiose, especialmente para organismos capazes de realizar fotossíntese. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia dos compostos naturais derivados de algas marinhas do litoral na prevenção da incrustação. O mexilhão-marrom, importante organismo incrustante, foi avaliado em bioensaios de laboratório contra extratos orgânicos brutos de 51 populações, incluindo duas espécies de macroalgas. A atividade anti-incrustante exibiu um padrão filogenético distinto, com macroalgas vermelhas tendo a maior participação de espécies ativas, posteriormente macroalgas marrons. A ação anti-incrustante em algas verdes nunca foi significativa. Sete espécies apresentaram algum nível de defesa anti-incrustante induzida. Nossas descobertas parecem corroborar descobertas anteriores sobre a síntese de metabólitos secundários em algas marinhas, indicando que, na busca por novos anti-incrustantes, os pesquisadores devem concentrar seus esforços em macroalgas vermelhas tropicais.

Abstract Any solid, unprotected, and undefended surface in the aquatic environment will be fouled. Fouling, on the other hand, can affect a wide range of species that can tolerate some epibiosis. Several others, on the other hand, aggressively keep the epibionts off their body surface (antifouling). Antifouling defenses are built into marine plants like seaweed and seagrass. They do have a distinctive surface structure with tightly packed needle-like peaks and antifouling coverings, which may hinder settling bacteria's ability to cling. Chemical antifouling resistance is most probably a biological reaction to epibiosis' ecological drawbacks, especially for organisms capable of performing photosynthesis. The goal of this study was to see how effective natural compounds derived from littoral seaweeds were in preventing fouling. The brown mussel, an important fouling organism, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against fifty-one populations' crude organic extracts including fort-two macroalgae species. Antifouling activity, exhibited a distinct phylogenetic pattern, with red macroalgae having the largest share of active species, subsequently brown macroalgae. Antifouling action in green seaweeds has never been significant. Seven species showed some level of induced antifouling defense. Our findings appear to back up previous findings about secondary metabolite synthesis in seaweeds, indicating that in the hunt for novel antifoulants, researchers should concentrate their efforts on tropical red macroalgae.

Resumo O condicionamento de sementes com bioestimulante para soja é uma prática promissora contribuindo positivamente na qualidade fisiológica e vigor das plântulas, mas existem poucos estudos quanto a protocolos de bioinsumos como o extrato da alga Ascophyllum nodosum L. Objetivamos avaliar o efeito de doses de extrato de A. nodosum no condicionamento de sementes e seu impacto na germinação e vigor de plântulas de soja. As sementes foram submetidas ao condicionamento com extrato de A. nodosum (ANE) nas doses de 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 mL kg semente–1 durante 15 minutos. O condicionamento com ANE não influenciou a primeira contagem e a germinação das sementes. Plântulas de soja provenientes do condicionamento com 5 mL kg–1 de ANE tiveram maior crescimento e biomassa da parte aérea e da raiz. Observamos aumento de 18% na matéria seca da parte aérea com condicionamento de 5 mL kg−1 de ANE em comparação as sementes não tratadas. As respostas foram variáveis para o índice de velocidade de emergência em função do ANE e não influenciaram os processos fotoquímicos no fotossistema II. O condicionamento de sementes com ANE contribuiu em maior índice de clorofila. O ANE apresentou efeito bioestimulante em plântulas de soja, proporcionando melhores características de crescimento e biomassa, sendo promissor no condicionamento de sementes, mas sugerimos novos estudos com intuito de aumentar as informações quanto ao seu protocolo de uso para soja. L A (ANE 0 1 2 3 semente1 semente semente– minutos kg1 kg– raiz 18 kg− tratadas II clorofila

Abstract Seed priming with biostimulant for soybean is a promising practice contributing positively to the physiological quality and vigor of seedlings, but there are little studies regarding protocols of bioinputs, such as Ascophyllum nodosum L. seaweed extract. We aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of A. nodosum macroalgae in seed priming and its impact on germination and seedling vigor of soybean. Seeds were subjected to priming with A. nodosum extract (ANE) at doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL kg seed−1 during 15 min. Priming with ANE did not influence the first count and seed germination. Soybean seedlings from priming with 5 mL kg−1 ANE showed higher growth and shoot and root dry biomass. We observed increase 18% for shoot dry matter with priming of 5 mL kg−1 ANE compared to untreated seeds. The responses were variable for the emergence speed index in function ANE and did not influence the photochemical processes in photosystem II. Seed priming with ANE contributed in higher chlorophyll index. ANE showed a biostimulant effect on soybean seedlings, providing better growth and biomass characteristics, being promising in seed priming, but further studies are suggested in order to increase information regarding its use protocol for soybean. bioinputs L A (ANE 0 1 2 3 4 seed1 seed− min kg1 kg− 18 seeds II characteristics

ABSTRACT Seaweed blooms pose a compelling governance challenge caused by the new environments of the Anthropocene. Along the Quintana Roo coastline, nestled in the heart of the Caribbean, the onset of extensive Sargassum infestations began in late 2014, posing a formidable environmental management dilemma for state and federal authorities. This study describes the institutional responses elicited by the Sargassum influx on Mexico’s Caribbean shoreline, particularly focusing on Cancún and the Riviera Maya. It proposes ecological reflexivity as a promising governance principle for institutions faced with increasingly complex and unforeseeable circumstances, such as the massive arrivals of Sargassum. Based on a comprehensive analysis of national press reports, active participation in forums and seminars, and in-depth interviews, our research identifies three distinct governance phases. We explore these phases considering the concept of ecological reflexivity. Our findings make a strong case for acknowledging institutional errors and shortcomings as an indispensable aspect of formulating effective strategies to combat unexpected and unfamiliar phenomena such as seaweed blooms. Moreover, governance strategies for dealing with Sargassum in Quintana Roo should not only consider responding to human interests and sustaining the tourist industry. Instead, they should encompass an approach that considers the interplay between human and non-human components within the socio-ecological system. Anthropocene coastline 2014 authorities Mexicos Mexico s shoreline Maya circumstances reports seminars indepth depth interviews Moreover industry Instead nonhuman non socioecological socio system 201 20 2

Abstract Studies of marine and estuarine red algae (Rhodophyta) are in the early stages in the littoral of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. The inventory of these organisms was made based on samples obtained from ten sampling during 2009 to 2015 in 22 localities, eight of them in marine and fourteen in estuarine environments. We found 182 species and subspecific taxa of Rhodophyta. The Rhodomelaceae family was the best represented with 65 taxa, followed by Ceramiaceae 13 and Delesseriaceae 12. Of the 182 taxa, 25 are new records Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve with Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides and M. tangerina being new records for the Mexican Caribbean. Of the 182 species, 119 of them are epiphytes, most of them, 54, grew exclusively on other macroalgae, 29 on mangrove roots and 8 on Thalassia leaves. The floristic list is accompanied by data on seasonality, reproduction, habitat, and environment. Species diversity was compared between the winter rains, dry and rainy seasons during the period study. The Rhodophyta of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve is tropical, and the greatest diversity was found in the marine environment with 83 taxa and during the winter rains with 132. (Rhodophyta Kaan Ka an Mexico 200 201 2 localities environments 18 6 1 12 rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M Caribbean 11 epiphytes 54 macroalgae leaves seasonality reproduction habitat study tropical 132 20 5

Resumo: Os estudos de algas vermelhas marinhas e estuarinas (Rhodophyta) estão em fase inicial no litoral da Reserva da Biosfera de Sian Ka’na, México. O inventário desses organismos foi feito com base em amostras obtidas em oito amostragens no período do 2009 a 2015 em 22 localidades, sendo oito em ambientes marinhos e quatorze em ambientes estuarinos. Neste levantamento, foram identificadas um total de 182 espécies e táxons subespecíficos de Rhodophyta. A família Rhodomelaceae foi a mais representativa com 65 táxons, seguida por Ceramiaceae com 13 e Delesseriaceae com 12. Dos 182 táxons, 25 são referidos pela primeira vez para a Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an, sendo Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides e M. tangerina também novos registros para o Caribe mexicano. Das 182 espécies, 119 são epífitas, sendo a maioria, 54, aderidas exclusivamente em outras macroalgas, 29 em raízes de mangue e 8 em folhas de Thalassia. A lista florística apresentada é acompanhada de dados sobre sazonalidade, reprodução, habitat e ambiente. A diversidade de espécies foi comparada entre as temporadas de chuvas de inverno, seca e chuvas de verão durante o período estudado. Rhodophyta da Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an săo tropicais, e a diversidade mais representativa foi encontrada no ambiente marinho com 83 táxons e durante as chuvas de inverno com um total de 132 táxons. Resumo (Rhodophyta Kana, Kana Ka na, na Ka’na México 200 201 2 localidades estuarinos levantamento 18 6 1 12 Kaan, Kaan an, an rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M mexicano 11 epífitas maioria 54 macroalgas Thalassia sazonalidade reprodução estudado tropicais 20 5

Macroalgae contains micro and macromolecules of great interest for various sectors, for example, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. These compounds can be obtained through different extraction methods, among them the use of organic solvents with varying polarities. In this study, materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry in the seaweed biomasses before and after an extraction process with organic solvents. The red macroalgae Crassiphycus birdiae, cultivated on the northeast coast of Brazil, appeared, after extraction, as an amorphous material with some porosity. Its composition includes the elements carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, and iron. The presence of the agar polysaccharide was also verified by infrared spectroscopy. The decomposition of this polysaccharide was observed using differential scanning calorimetry. sectors example food cosmetics pharmaceuticals methods polarities study energydispersive energy dispersive Xray X ray spectroscopy spectrometry birdiae Brazil appeared porosity carbon oxygen sodium magnesium sulfur chlorine potassium aluminum silicon calcium iron

ABSTRACT Holopelagic Sargassum has been causing massive strandings on tropical Atlantic Ocean shorelines. Describing the microbiome associated with Sargassum and how it changes after stranding is important to identify potential microbial introductions to coastal environments, as well as sources of potential biotechnological resources. In this study, stranding simulation exploratory experiments were conducted for S. fluitans III and S. natans VIII on shipboard with minimum external influence. Samples for microbiome identification were collected just after removing healthy Sargassum from the seawater (0 hr) and after 24 and 48 hrs of stranding simulation under environmental conditions. The bacterial community was identified by sequencing 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 hypervariable regions, generating a total of 1,565 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs). Of those, 588 were shared between Sargassum species and only 25 persisted throughout the stranding. Stranding also changed the dominance of Microtrichales and Rhodobacterales orders at 0 hr to Alteromonadales and Vibrionales after 24 hrs of exposure, the latter representing up to 92% of the relative abundance in the bacterial community. The increase in Vibrionales reinforces the need to monitor stranding sites for any potential pathogenic bacteria. At the functional level, phototrophs were the main group at 0 hr, shifting to chemoheterotrophs and fermentation within the first 24 hrs of Sargassum exposure to air conditions. The fermentative groups native to Sargassum use stranded biomass as substrate for growth, and therefore constitute the bacteria with higher biotechnological potential. shorelines environments resources study S influence ( 2 4 conditions V3V4 VV V3 V4 V V3-V regions 1565 1 565 1,56 ASVs. ASVs . (ASVs) those 58 92 level growth V3V 156 56 1,5 (ASVs 5 9 15 1,

Abstract Seaweeds have been used by several industrial sectors, such as the food, feed, pharmaceutical and biofuel industries. Thereby, techniques to increase seaweed production are needed due to the rising global demand for biomass. Thus, we investigated the effects of different weekly nutrient pulses [N and P at ratios of 10:1 (T1), 20:2 (T2), and 50:5 (T3)] on the biomass, relative growth rate (RGR) and biochemical composition of Gracilaria domingensis. A control without nutrient pulses was also established. The highest biomass values were recorded in T1. The RGR was more constant in T1 and T2 than in T3 throughout the cultivation. Significant decreases in RGR were observed in the control compared to the other treatments, and null RGR was recorded in T3. Regarding the seaweed biochemical composition, the lowest carbohydrate and lipid content and the highest ash content were recorded in T1. In our study, G. domingensis showed nutritional values similar or even superior to those reported for other seaweeds used as food. We concluded that T1 is the most suitable treatment to increase G. domingensis production. In addition to being the least expensive treatment, in T1, G. domingensis exhibited the highest biomass values, constant RGR, and nutritional composition suitable for human consumption. sectors food feed industries Thereby Thus N 101 10 1 10: T , (T1) 202 20 2 20: T2, (T2) 505 50 5 50: (T3) (RGR established cultivation treatments study G consumption (T1 (T2 (T3 (T

Resumo Este estudo descreve e ilustra a biodiversidade de macroinvertebrados associados a habitats de macroalgas pardas marinhas dos gêneros Sargassum e Dictyota no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, a maior Área Marinha Protegida (AMP) do estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. As assembleias foram amostradas durante os verões de 2018, 2019 e 2020 e no inverno de 2018 em dois locais na ilha principal. As macroalgas contendo a fauna associada foram coletadas a aproximadamente 10 metros de profundidade, com seis amostras em cada local e em cada campanha amostral. Frondes de Sargassum predominaram nas coletas de verão, enquanto estiveram ausentes nas campanhas de inverno, quando Dictyota foram predominantes. Entre os invertebrados, 32 espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente nos meses de verão, associadas aos bancos de Sargassum, enquanto 12 espécies foram registradas apenas na coleta de inverno, em associação com Dictyota. No total, foram identificadas 91 espécies, pertencentes a 60 famílias, 19 ordens, 7 classes e 3 filos, incluindo Arthropoda (Malacostraca e Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia e Polyplacophora) e Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea e Echinoidea). Das 91 espécies encontradas, 73 espécies são novos registos para a área marinha do arquipélago de Alcatrazes, revelando assim a expressiva biodiversidade de invertebrados que vivem em associação com bancos de macroalgas naquela área ainda pouco explorada. Nenhuma diferença significativa de diversidade de espécies foi encontrada entre os dois locais de Alcatrazes. Além disso, foram encontrados poucos exemplares de duas espécies invasoras: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) e Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), o que ressalta a importância do monitoramento de diferentes habitats dentro das AMPs para verificar possíveis alterações na fauna ao longo dos anos. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro inventário ilustrado da fauna de macroinvertebrados associados a algas marinhas no Arquipélago de Alcatrazes, uma das maiores AMPs da costa brasileira; além de desvendar a sua notória biodiversidade, pode servir de referência para futuro monitoramento da diversidade costeira local. Alcatrazes AMP (AMP Paulo Brasil 201 202 principal 1 profundidade amostral verão predominantes total 9 6 famílias ordens filos Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) explorada disso invasoras (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) anos sabemos brasileira 20 2

Abstract This study describes and illustrates the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates associated to Sargassum and Dictyota seaweed habitats in the Alcatrazes archipelago, the largest Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the state of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. Assemblages were sampled during the summers of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and winter of 2018 at two sites on the main island. Macroalgae containing the associated fauna were collected at approximately 10 meters deep, with six samples at each site and in each sampling campaign. Sargassum fronds prevailed during summer collections, whilst were absent in the winter campaigns, when Dictyota was the most frequent seaweed. Among invertebrates, 32 species were exclusively found on summer months, associated to Sargassum beds, while 12 species were only registered on winter collection, in association with Dictyota. In total, 91 species were identified, belonging to 60 families, 19 orders, 7 classes and 3 phyla, including Arthropoda (Malacostraca and Pycnogonida), Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Polyplacophora), and Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea). Among the 91 species found, 73 species are new records for the Alcatrazes archipelago marine area, thus revealing the expressive invertebrate biodiversity living in association with macroalgae beds in that area, which has still been little explored. No significant difference in species diversity was found between the two sites of Alcatrazes. In addition, few specimens of two invasive species were found: Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Ophiothela mirabilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), which underscores the importance of monitoring different habitats within MPAs to check for possible changes in the fauna over the years. As far as our knowledge, this is the first illustrated inventory of the seaweed-associated macroinvertebrate fauna within the Alcatrazes Archipelago, one of the largest MPAs in the Brazilian coast; besides unravelling its notorious biodiversity, this can act as a reference for future monitoring of local coastal diversity. MPA (MPA Paulo Brazil 201 202 island 1 deep campaign collections campaigns invertebrates months collection total 9 identified 6 families orders phyla Malacostraca Pycnogonida, Pycnogonida , Pycnogonida) Gastropoda, Gastropoda (Gastropoda Polyplacophora, Polyplacophora Polyplacophora) Ophiuroidea Echinoidea. Echinoidea . Echinoidea) area explored addition (Mollusca (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea, Ophiuroidea) years knowledge seaweedassociated Archipelago coast 20 2

Resumen Introducción: Las comunidades de macroalgas marinas del Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes no han sido estudiadas desde el punto de vista cuantitativo, a pesar de la influencia que la vegetación submarina tiene sobre la estructura y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas costeros, componente que hasta ahora ha sido subestimado en la región. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación temporal y espacial de los géneros de macroalgas en dos sitios de María La Gorda, sur del Parque Nacional de Guanahacabibes, y evaluar la salud del arrecife de acuerdo con la cobertura de los diferentes morfo-tipos de macroalgas predominantes. Metodología: El muestreo fue cuatrimestral entre febrero 2014 y marzo 2017 en Yemayá y Laberinto, mediante buceo autónomo a una profundidad de 10 m. La cobertura algal fue estimada siguiendo la metodología AGRRA. Se usaron ocho transectos de 20 m por sitio de muestreo de acuerdo con las condiciones del arrecife y la forma del fondo. Cada cinco metros se colocó un cuadrante de 25 x 25 cm. Se calculó el porcentaje de cobertura que aporta cada género y de los grupos morfofuncionales a la cobertura total. Resultados: Los géneros dominantes durante el periodo de estudio fueron: Dictyota, Lobophora y Halimeda. Las algas carnosas y calcáreas mostraron mayor cubrimiento en Laberinto (carnosas= 57.8 ±15.6; calcáreas = 8.3 ± 6.8) que en Yemayá, (carnosas = 47.3 ± 23.1; calcáreas = 8.5 ± 9.3). Las formas costrosas son más abundantes en Yemayá (17.1 ± 15.1) que en Laberinto (7.7 ± 10). El índice de las carnosas fue superior en Laberinto (225.7 ± 110.2). Conclusión: La disminución en los niveles de cobertura de algas costrosas y la dominancia de formas carnosas como Dictyota y Lobophora en la zona de estudio, evidencian el deterioro en ambos sitios, a pesar de las políticas de conservación de parques nacionales.

Abstract Introduction: The macroalgal communities of the Guanahacabibes National Park have been poorly studied from the quantitative point of view, despite the influence that underwater vegetation has on the structure and functioning of coastal ecosystems, a component that until now has been underestimated in the Cuba region. Objetive: To evaluate the temporal and spatial variation of the macroalgal genera in two sites of María La Gorda, south of the Guanahacabibes National Park, and evaluate the reef health according to the coverage of the different predominant macroalgal morphotypes. Methodology: Sampling took place quarterly between February 2014 and March 2017, in Laberinto and Yemayá by SCUBA diving at a depth of 10 m. The algal coverage was estimated following the AGRRA methodology. Eight 20 m transects per sampling site were used according to reef conditions and bottom shape. Every five meters a 25 x 25 cm square was placed. The coverage (%) contributed per genus and morpho-functional group to the total coverage found was calculated. Results: The dominant genera during the study period were: Dictyota, Lobophora and Halimeda. Fleshy and calcareous algae showed greater coverage in Laberinto (fleshy= 57.8 ± 15.6; calcareous = 8.3 ± 6.8) than in Yemayá (fleshy = 47.3 ± 23.1; calcareous = 8.5 ± 9.3). Crustose algae were more abundant in Yemayá (17.1 ± 15.1) than in Laberinto (7.7 ± 10). The fleshy index was higher in Laberinto (225.7 ± 110.2). Conclusion: The decrease in the levels of crustose algal cover, as well as the dominance of fleshy forms Dictyota and Lobophora in the study area, shows the deterioration in both sites, despite the conservation policies of national parks.

Abstract: The coastal waters of Ecuador have emerged as a favorable environment for the growth and development of several species of edible macroalgae or seaweeds. In this study, fatty acid profiles, total soluble polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity of seven species of macroalgae (four red algae, two brown algae and one green algae) collected from Salinas Bay, Santa Elena Province, Ecuador, were evaluated. Saturated fatty acids C14:0, C15:0, C16:0 and C18:0 were found in almost all organisms, from which palmitic acid showed the highest proportion (10.7-37.1%). Green and brown seaweeds exhibited a major content of unsaturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acid composition was represented by several isomers of C16:1 and C18:1, mainly palmitoleic (3.0-6.6%) and oleic (0.8-11.1%) acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition ranged from 5.47 to 26.61%, with ratios of total n-6/n-3 acids lower than 3.3. Linoleic (C18:2, n-6, 1.16-7.73%) and eicosapentaenoic (C22:5, EPA, n-3, 1.44-5.92%) acids were found in the majority of the seaweeds. The total polyphenol content of the seaweeds was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (765 nm), and ranged from 147.28 to 1,062.20 mg equivalents of gallic acid (GAE) per 100 g of dry seaweed. The antioxidant capacity was determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (517 nm). Only Acanthophora spicifera, Spatoglossum schroederi, and Ulva lactuca showed good radical-scavenging (14.18-3,379.47 mg Trolox equivalents (TE) per 100 g of dry seaweed). The results confirm the potential use of macroalgae in the study area as an important source of nutritional compounds, especially brown and green algae, which could be a recommended food supplement even in the treatment of some diseases.