Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of solar radiation intensity of the grazing system on sheep behavior. Treatment 1, consisted of monoculture of natural grasses (47 ± 5 lux), treatment 2 of natural grasses with Leucaena leucocephala trees (34 ± 3 lux) and treatment 3 of natural grasses with Manguifera indica trees (16 ± 3 lux). The total time of each activity per daily session was determined. A completely randomized design was used with a 3x2 factorial arrangement (three intensities of solar radiation, two sessions per day). Grazing behavior was affected by the interaction between factors. The grazing-walking activity was higher in the pastures with lower levels of solar radiation (Leucaena y Manguifera), with 217.50 y 216.38 min, respectively, in the morning session, while all times were lower in the afternoon session, with the lowest result in grazing in the sun (108.05 minutes). The reduction of solar radiation under the treetops favored the behavior of the sheep, which allowed the animals to perform resting and ruminating activities under the shade of the trees, more preferably in the afternoon session.

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de la intensidad de radiación solar del sistema de pastoreo en la conducta de ovinos. El tratamiento 1 consistió en: monocultivo de gramíneas naturales (47 ± 5 lux); el 2: gramíneas naturales con árboles de Leucaena leucocephala (34 ± 3 lux); y el 3: gramíneas naturales con árboles de Manguifera indica (16 ± 3 lux). Se determinó el tiempo total de cada actividad por sesión del día. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con arreglo factorial 3x2 (tres intensidades de radiación solar por dos sesiones del día). La conducta en pastoreo fue afectada por la interacción entre los factores. La actividad pastar-caminar fue mayor en los pastoreos de menor nivel de radiación solar (Leucaena y Manguifera) con 217.50 y 216.38 min respectivamente, en la sesión de la mañana; mientras que todos los tiempos fueron menores en la sesión tarde, con el menor resultado en el pastoreo al sol (108.05 minutos). La reducción de la radiación solar bajo la copa de los árboles favoreció el comportamiento conductual de las ovejas, esto permitió que los animales realizaran actividades de descanso y rumia bajo la sombra de los árboles, con más preferencia en la sesión tarde.

Abstract Currently, food products, such as oil, are displayed at high lighting intensities and sometimes at temperatures above 20 °C, factors that can accelerate oxidative rancidity, such as degradation of oil quality. This is the reason why a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control system was implemented that allowed quality tests to be carried out on the oil stored in different temperature conditions (13 °C to 27 °C). During these tests, the transfer function of the system and the controller, was found using the automatic tuning of the control box. This improved the precision and continuous voltage for illumination (from 155 lux to 1145 lux) by varying the intensity of the LEDs. For the experimental design, the central composite design (CCD) was used, resulting in 13 treatments. After 30 days, the quality of the oil was evaluated (acidity index and peroxide index), and the oxidative stability index was determined using the Rancimat method. It was found that temperature and lighting have a significant effect on the quality and oxidative stability of the oil (p < 0.05), achieving the storage condition with greater stability at 300 lux of lighting and 15 °C temperature.

Resumen Actualmente, los productos alimenticios, como el aceite, se exhiben a elevadas intensidades de iluminación y en ocasiones a temperaturas por encima de los 20 °C, factores que pueden acelerar la rancidez oxidativa, como la degradación de la calidad del aceite. Esta es la razón por la cual se implementó un sistema de control PID (Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo) que permitió realizar pruebas de calidad del aceite almacenado en diferentes condiciones de temperatura (13 °C a 27 °C). Durante esas pruebas, se halló la función de transferencia del sistema y el controlador, utilizando la sintonía automática de la caja de control. Esto mejoró la precisión y el voltaje continuo para la iluminación (de 155 lux a 1145 lux), variando la intensidad de los LED. Para el diseño experimental, se utilizó el diseño central compuesto (DCC), lo que resultó en trece tratamientos. A los treinta días, se evaluó la calidad del aceite (índice de acidez e índice de peróxidos), y se determinó el índice de estabilidad oxidativa mediante el método Rancimat. Se encontró que la temperatura y la iluminación presentan un efecto significativo sobre la calidad y la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite (p < 0.05), logrando la condición de almacenamiento con mayor estabilidad a 300 lux de iluminación y 15 °C de temperatura.

Resumo Actuamente, os produtos alimenticios, como o óleo, são exibidos em elevadas intensidades de iluminação e em ocasiões em temperaturas por acima dos 20 °C, fatores que podem acelerar o ranço oxidativo, como a degradação da qualidade do óleo. Este é o motivo pelo qual implementou-se um sistema de controle PID (Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo) que permitiu realizar provas de qualidade do óleo almacenado em diferentes condições de temperatura (13 °C até 27 °C). Durante essas provas, encontrou-se a função de transferência do sistema e o controlador, utilizando a sintonia automática da caixa de controle. Isso melhorou a precisão e a tensão contínuo para a iluminação (de 155 lux até 1145 lux), variando a intensidad dos LED. Para o desenho experimental, utilizou-se o disenho central composto (DCC), o que resultou em treze tratamentos. Aos trinta días, avaliou-se a qualidade do óleo (índice de acidez e índice de peróxidos), e determinou-se o índice de estabilidade oxidativa mediante o método Rancimat. Encontrou-se que la temperatura e a iluminação apresentam um efeto significativo sobre a qualidade e a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo (p < 0.05), conseguindo a condição de almacenamento com maior estabilidade, em 300 lux de iluminação e 15 °C de temperatura.

Abstract Vanilla planifolia Andrews, is a species subject to special protection, which requires the generation of novel conservation strategies, such as medium-term in vitro conservation, allowing for longer intervals between subcultures, while maintaining the ability to reactivate growth rates. In this sense, works dedicated to the medium-term in vitro conservation of vanilla are mainly focused on the use of osmotic agents, nevertheless, growth inhibitors are a promising mechanism whose use should be evaluated, examples of which are abscisic acid (ABA) and chlormequat chloride (CCC), which have been successfully tested in other species, however, so far there are no reports on the effects of their interaction in vanilla. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of the interaction of different concentrations of ABA (0, 1.5 and 3 mg L-1) and CCC (0, 1, 2, 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1) added to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at 75%, on the inhibition of morphogenesis in vitro culture of Vanilla planifolia microstakes, 1.5 cm in length, subjected to a photoperiod of 16/8 hours light/dark, at 25 ± 2 ºC at 2000 lux light intensity for 200 days, evaluating the total length of the plantlets, the number of shoots, leaves, roots and survival percentage, the best results were obtained in treatment 3.0: 2.0 mg L-1 of ABA/CCC (T 12) because it showed 100% survival, 1.90 cm total length, 0.44 shoots, 1.88 leaves and 1.64 roots. Therefore, the combination of the regulators had a synergistic effect that allowed the medium-term in vitro conservation of V. planifolia by reducing the growth and development of the seedlings without affecting their survival.

Resumen Vanilla planifolia Andrews, es una especie Sujeta a Protección Especial, que requiere la generación de estrategias de conservación novedosas, como la conservación in vitro a mediano plazo, permitiendo alargar los intervalos entre subcultivos, manteniendo la capacidad para reactivar las tasas de crecimiento. En este sentido los trabajos dedicados a la conservación in vitro a mediano plazo de vainilla se encuentran enfocados principalmente en el uso de agentes osmóticos, no obstante, los inhibidores de crecimiento son, un mecanismo promisorio cuyo uso debe evaluarse, ejemplos de ello son el ácido abscísico (ABA) y cloruro de clormequat (CCC), que se han ensayado con éxito en otras especies, sin embargo, hasta el momento no existen reportes sobre los efectos de su interacción en vainilla. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la interacción de diferentes concentraciones de ABA (0, 1.5 y 3 mg L-1) y CCC (0, 1, 2, 4 y 6 mg L-1) adicionados al medio Murashige y Skoog (MS) al 75%, en la inhibición de la morfogénesis en el cultivo in vitro de microestacas de Vanilla planifolia, de 1.5 cm de longitud, sometidas a un fotoperiodo de 16/8 horas luz/obscuridad, a 25 ± 2 ºC a 2000 lux de intensidad lumínica durante 200 días, evaluando para ello la longitud total de las plántulas, el número de brotes, hojas, raíces y porcentaje de supervivencia, obteniendo los mejores resultados en el tratamiento 3.0: 2.0 mg L-1 de ABA/CCC (T 12) debido a que presentó una supervivencia del 100%, 1.90 cm de longitud total, 0.44 brotes, 1.88 hojas y 1.64 raíces, por lo que, la combinación de los reguladores permitió la conservación in vitro a mediano plazo de V. planifolia al reducir el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plántulas sin afectar su sobrevivencia.

ABSTRACT The use of mechanistic plant growth models relies on the availability of high-quality inputs to reduce uncertainty in estimates. Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation inside a protected environment are either more expensive to obtain or dependent on assumptions regarding external measurements. This study aimed to reduce the influence of uncertainty in the measurements of low-cost lux meters by using a data assimilation strategy. We first determined, by simulation, the impact of different sensors on the estimates. We then used the Ensemble Kalman Filter to assimilate artificial observations of tomato growth in the Reduced-State Tomgro model, in simulations for which the solar radiation inputs were obtained from a low-cost lux meter. We compared the assimilated estimates to the simulations that used solar radiation obtained with a scientific-grade quantum sensor. For periods of larger radiation intensity, in which the differences in measurements from both instruments are larger, assimilation of observations with low errors lead to estimates that are closer to the ones obtained by scientific grade sensors. These results suggest that low-cost sensors could be used to obtain inputs for growth models in protected environments, provided there are also imperfect observations of the state. highquality high quality lowcost cost strategy determined simulation ReducedState Reduced State model meter scientificgrade sensor intensity environments state

Abstract Parasites are important components of ecosystems and may contribute to the ecological aspects of their hosts and indicate the integrity of their environment. To identify the gastrointestinal helminths of the South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis, 52 animals found dead on the Rio Grande do Sul coast, Southern Brazil, were necropsied. All studied animals were parasitized, and 104,670 specimens of helminths from three phyla and 14 taxa were collected. Adult specimens represented five of the identified species: Contracaecum ogmorhini, Adenocephalus pacificus, Stephanoprora uruguayense, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, and Corynosoma australe; and one of the identified genera: Strongyloides sp. Immature forms represented the other eight taxa: Anisakidae gen. sp., Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum sp., Tetrabothriidae gen. sp., Cestoda gen. sp., Corynosoma cetaceum, and Bolbosoma turbinella. The acanthocephalan C. australe was the most prevalent and abundant parasite, whereas Strongyloides sp. had the highest intensity. This is the first record of the nematode Anisakis sp., digenean S. uruguayense, and acanthocephalan B. turbinella in this host. Trophic generalist species such as A. australis can be good indicators of the composition of the helminth fauna of their ecosystems, indicating the presence of zoonotic parasites transmitted by the consumption of fish. environment seal 5 coast Brazil necropsied parasitized 104670 104 670 104,67 1 collected ogmorhini pacificus uruguayense Phagicola (Phagicola longa genera sp gen cetaceum C parasite intensity S B host A fish 10467 10 67 104,6 1046 6 104,

Resumo Os parasitas são componentes importantes dos ecossistemas e podem contribuir com os aspectos ecológicos de seus hospedeiros e indicar a integridade de seus ambientes. Com o objetivo de identificar os helmintos gastrointestinais de Lobos-marinhos-sul-americanos, Arctocephalus australis, 52 animais, encontrados mortos no litoral do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil, foram necropsiados. Todos os animais estudados estavam parasitados, e 104.670 espécimes de helmintos de três filos e 14 táxons foram coletados. Foram representadas por espécimes adultos cinco espécies: Contracaecum ogmorhini, Adenocephalus pacificus, Stephanoprora uruguayense, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, e Corynosoma australe; e um gênero: Strongyloides sp. Oito táxons foram representados por formas imaturas: Anisakidae gen. sp., Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum sp., Tetrabothriidae gen. sp., Cestoda gen. sp., Corynosoma cetaceum, e Bolbosoma turbinella. O acantocéfalo C. australe foi o parasita mais prevalente e abundante, enquanto Strongyloides sp. foi o de maior intensidade. Este é o primeiro registro do nematódeo Anisakis sp., do digenético S. uruguayense e do acantocéfalo B. turbinella neste hospedeiro. Espécies de elevado nível trófico como A. australis podem ser bons indicadores da composição da helmintofauna de seus ecossistemas, alertando-se para a presença de parasitas zoonóticos transmitidos pelo consumo de peixes. ambientes Lobosmarinhossulamericanos, Lobosmarinhossulamericanos Lobos marinhos americanos, americanos Lobos-marinhos-sul-americanos 5 Sul Brasil necropsiados parasitados 104670 104 670 104.67 1 coletados espécies ogmorhini pacificus Phagicola (Phagicola longa gênero sp imaturas gen cetaceum C abundante intensidade S B hospedeiro A alertandose alertando se peixes 10467 10 67 104.6 1046 6 104.

Abstract Knowledge of taxonomy and biodiversity of parasites is fundamental to better understand ecosystem dynamics. The objective of this study was to describe the helminth fauna of two species of marsupials in five fragments of the Atlantic rainforest in the western region of Paraná State, Brazil. In a total of 4050 trap-nights, the animals were captured using Sherman, Tomahawk, and Pitfall traps, euthanized, necropsied, and their organs inspected for helminths. After identification of the parasites, descriptors of infection, such as prevalence, mean abundance, mean intensity, and range of intensity, were calculated. Collectively, six helminth species were observed in 18 animals. The following five species were observed in Marmosa paraguayana: Viannaia hamata (58.8%), Gracilioxyuris agilisis (52.9%), Travassostrongylus sextus (17.6%), Oncicola luehei (5.9%), and Pritchardia boliviensis (5.9%). Whereas the following two species were observed in Monodelphis dimidiata: Trichohelix tuberculata (100%) and Travassostrongylus sextus (100%). This study represents a new locality record for all helminths described herein, and a new host for four helminth species. This is the first report on the helminth fauna of Monodelphis dimidiata, expanding knowledge about marsupials in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. dynamics State Brazil 405 trapnights, trapnights trap nights, nights trap-nights Sherman Tomahawk traps euthanized necropsied infection prevalence abundance intensity calculated Collectively 1 paraguayana 58.8%, 588 58.8% , 58 8 (58.8%) 52.9%, 529 52.9% 52 9 (52.9%) 17.6%, 176 17.6% 17 6 (17.6%) 5.9%, 59 5.9% 5 (5.9%) 5.9%. . dimidiata 100% 100 (100% 100%. herein Forest 40 58.8 (58.8% 52.9 (52.9% 17.6 (17.6% 5.9 (5.9% 10 (100 4 58. (58.8 52. (52.9 17. (17.6 5. (5.9 (10 (58. (52. (17. (5. (1 (58 (52 (17 (5 (

Resumo Conhecimentos taxonômicos e da biodiversidade parasitária são fundamentais para uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica do ecossistema. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a helmintofauna de marsupiais em cinco fragmentos de Mata Atlântica, na região Oeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Em um total de 4.050 armadilhas/noite, os animais foram capturados com as do tipo Sherman, Tomahawk e Pitfall, eutanasiados, necropsiados e seus órgãos inspecionados em busca de helmintos. Após a identificação do parasita, foram calculados os indicadores de infecção (prevalência, abundância média, intensidade média e variação de intensidade). Seis espécies de helmintos foram observadas em dezoito animais; cinco em Marmosa paraguayana: Viannaia hamata (58,8%), Gracilioxyuris agilisis (52,9%), Travassostrongylus sextus (17,6%), Oncicola luehei (5,9%) e Pritchardia boliviensis (5,9%), e duas em Monodelphis dimidiata: Trichohelix tuberculata (100%) e Travassostrongylus sextus (100%). Este estudo representa um novo registro de localidade para todos os helmintos descritos e um novo hospedeiro para quatro deles. Trata-se do primeiro relato da helmintofauna de Monodelphis dimidiata, expandindo-se os conhecimentos sobre marsupiais na mata Atlântica brasileira. ecossistema Paraná Brasil 4050 4 050 4.05 armadilhasnoite armadilhas noite armadilhas/noite Sherman Pitfall eutanasiados parasita prevalência, prevalência (prevalência intensidade. . intensidade) paraguayana 58,8%, 588 58,8% , 58 8 (58,8%) 52,9%, 529 52,9% 52 9 (52,9%) 17,6%, 176 17,6% 17 6 (17,6%) 5,9% 59 5 (5,9% 5,9%, dimidiata 100% 100 (100% 100%. deles Tratase Trata se expandindose expandindo brasileira 405 05 4.0 58,8 (58,8% 52,9 (52,9% 17,6 1 (17,6% 5,9 (5,9 10 (100 40 0 4. 58, (58,8 52, (52,9 17, (17,6 5, (5, (10 (58, (52, (17, (5 (1 (58 (52 (17 (

Este trabalho apresenta resultados relacionados ao desenvolvimento e validação de um experimento controlado remotamente e um simulador tridimensional, voltados ao estudo prático da lei do inverso do quadrado da distância. As etapas de criação do protótipo consistiram na manufatura dos mecanismos físicos, do hardware e software necessários pela comunicação e controle entre o usuário e o experimento através de um dispositivo com acesso à internet, possibilitando mensurar a intensidade luminosa de uma fonte de luz que se afasta gradativamente de um fotoresistor (LDR, do inglês “Light Dependent Resistor”). Já as etapas de desenvolvimento do simulador foram divididas em modelagem gráfica 3D de todos os componentes e programação da interação, animação e simulação de dados, assim criando o aplicativo para dispositivos Android. A validação do protótipo foi realizada usando análise estatística e a propagação do erro, além de confrontar os dados obtidos com um luxímetro. Os resultados foram satisfatórios para validação do protótipo e da qualidade das ferramentas de prática experimental, em virtude do relativo baixo custo despendido e do seu potencial de uso.

This work presents results related to the development and validation of a remotely controlled experiment and a three-dimensional simulator, aimed at the practical study of the inverse square law of distance. The prototype creation steps consisted in the manufacture of the physical mechanisms, hardware and software necessary for the communication and control between the user and the experiment through a device with internet access, making it possible to measure the luminous intensity of a light source that gradually moves away of a photoresistor (LDR, “Light Dependent Resistor”). The simulator development stages were divided into 3D graphic modeling of all components and interaction programming, animation and data simulation, thus creating the application for Android devices. The prototype validation was performed using statistical analysis and error propagation, in addition to comparing the data obtained with a lux meter. The results were satisfactory for the validation of the prototype and the quality of the experimental practice tools, due to the relative low cost spent and its potential for use.

Resumo Roedores são pequenos mamíferos que podem ser parasitados por uma diversidade de helmintos. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e descrever os indicadores ecológicos de infecção por helmintos, em roedores capturados em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica, na região Oeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Sessenta e oito animais foram coletados, necropsiados e inspecionados em busca de helmintos. Os parasitas foram armazenados em etanol 70%, identificados morfologicamente e contados para o cálculo dos indicadores de infecção. Quatorze espécies de helmintos e uma espécie de crustáceo foram registradas: dez em Akodon montensis, quatro em Mus musculus, duas em Thaptomys nigrita, duas em Oligoryzomys nigripes e uma em Euryoryzomys russatus. As espécies de parasitas registradas foram: Rodentolepis akodontis, Angiostrongylus sp., Protospirura numidica criceticola, Trichuris navonae, Syphacia alata, Syphacia criceti, Syphacia evaginata, Trichofreitasia lenti, Stilestrongylus aculeata, Stilestrongylus eta, Stilestrongylus gracielae, Stilestrongylus franciscanus, Stilestrongylus moreli, Stilestrongylus sp., e Pentastomida gen. sp. Uma correlação positiva entre a intensidade parasitária de T. navonae e T. lenti foi observada com o índice de condição corporal do hospedeiro A. montensis. Para todas as espécies, este estudo representa um novo registro de localidade, e para oito delas um novo hospedeiro.

Abstract Rodents are small mammals that can be parasitized by various helminths. This study aimed to identify and describe the ecological indicators of infection in rodents captured in fragments of the Atlantic Forest in the western region of Paraná State, Brazil. Sixty-eight specimens of five rodent species were collected, necropsied, and inspected in search of helminths. The parasites were stored in 70% ethanol, morphologically identified, and counted for calculation of infection indicators. Fourteen species of helminths and one species of Crustacea were recorded: ten in Akodon montensis, four in Mus musculus, two in Thaptomys nigrita, two in Oligoryzomys nigripes, and one in Euryoryzomys russatus. The registered species of parasites were: Rodentolepis akodontis, Angiostrongylus sp., Protospirura numidica criceticola, Trichuris navonae, Syphacia alata, Syphacia criceti, Syphacia evaginata, Trichofreitasia lenti, Stilestrongylus aculeata, Stilestrongylus eta, Stilestrongylus gracielae, Stilestrongylus franciscanus, Stilestrongylus moreli, Stilestrongylus sp., and Pentastomida gen. sp. A positive correlation between the intensity of infection of T. navonae and T. lenti was observed with the body condition index of the host A. montensis. For all species, this study represents a new register of locality, and for eight of them a new host.

Wild populations of the green mojarra Cichlasoma beani, are being pressured by anthropogenic activities. It is possible to mitigate the deterioration of native species populations by developing culture techniques. Environmental factors such as light intensity and photoperiod may affect the development of fish under culture conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of these factors on growth, survival, and condition of C. beani cultured in different light intensities and photoperiods. Light intensities of 1000, 1500 and 2000 lux and photoperiod 24:00, 16:08 and 08:16 Light:Dark (L:D) were tested in 40 L tanks (10 fish per tank, three replicates per treatment) during eight weeks. There were no significant differences in light intensity or photoperiod, which was associated with the natural adaptation of the species to these factors. The results also suggested the favorable overall growing conditions during the trial and he response of the life cycle stage of the specimens used in this study. The results of the present study indicate that the natural adaptations of C. beani, allow the favorable culture in various light conditions in juveniles, which can be advantageous for commercial culture as may imply low energy costs.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of photoperiod length and light intensity on leg and eye health, tonic immobility, some blood parameters, carcass, and meat quality characteristics in broilers. A total of 272 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups based on the photoperiod length (23L:1D or increasing duration of light) and light intensity (20 lux vs. dim light) with four replicates. In this study, photoperiod lenght had no effect on incidence of foot pad and hock burn. On the other hand, the effect of photoperiod lenght had significant influence on the gait score. The incidences of gait score (3 + 4 + 5) in bright and dim light groups was found as 21.4 and 41.0% in broilers, respectively. In addition, the effect of light intensity had statistical significance on gait score. The tonic immobility duration in 20 lux and dim light groups were 271.53 and 226.78 s, respectively, and tonic immobility duration was unaffected by light intensity. All the blood parameters, except for triglyceride, were not affected by light intensity. The dim light had a negative effect on broiler welfare as demonstrated by increased eye weight and dimensions. Cold carcass yield and whole breast and wing yields were lower in the dim light group than in 20 lux light intensity. The broilers kept with dim light had lower breast meat ultimate pH (6.19) and L* values (54.30) than those reared with 20 lux. These findings have a lot of implications on the use of increasing photoperiod and bright light to improve leg an eye health benefits for the broiler welfare in broilers.

Abstract: Quillaja saponaria is an endemic tree species from four countries in South America. From its bark, saponins are extracted which are economically important molecules used in pharmaceutical, industrial and agricultural purposes. In the present study the effect of hormonal components on the morphogenic capacity of Q. saponaria from caulinary segments from adult trees were evaluated. Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium supplemented with nine concentrations of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was used. A completely randomized balanced design with five replications was used; the experimental unit was a glass jar with four explants. The material was kept in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1 °C during day time and 22 ± 1 °C at night, with a light intensity of 3000 lux and a relative humidity of 60 %. Significant effects (P = 0.01) of the treatments on the variables number of outbreaks and caulinary elongation were determined. Duncan’s multiple range test confirmed that the treatments with significant differences were 1.0 mg L-1 of IBA and 2.0 mg L-1 BAP, for the number of shoots per explant and 1.5 mg L-1 of IBA and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP for caulinary elongation. The histological analyses revealed that the proliferation of meristematic structures was originated in the subepidermic tissue. These results support the scientific foundation of morphogenic competence of adult trees as sources of germ plasm for clonal propagation, which are crucial in a massive program of elite individuals.

Resumen: Quillaja saponaria es una especie arbórea endémica de cuatro países de América del Sur. De su corteza, se extraen saponinas, moléculas de importancia económica utilizadas con fines farmacéuticos, industriales y agronómicos. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de componentes hormonales sobre la capacidad morfogénica de Q. saponaria, a partir de segmentos caulinares provenientes de árboles adultos. Se empleó el medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (MS) suplementado con nueve concentraciones de ácido indol 3-butírico (AIB) y 6-bencilaminopurina (BAP). Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar balanceado con cinco repeticiones; la unidad experimental fue un frasco de vidrio con cuatro explantes. El material se mantuvo en una cámara de crecimiento a 25±1 °C en el día y 22±1 °C en la noche, a una intensidad lumínica de 3000 lux y una humedad relativa de 60 %. Se determinaron efectos significativos (P = 0.01) de los tratamientos sobre las variables número de brotes y elongación caulinar. La prueba estadística de rangos múltiples de Duncan ratificó que los tratamientos con diferencias significativas fueron 1.0 mgL-1 de AIB y 2.0 mgL-1 de BAP, para número de brotes por explante y 1.5 mg L-1 de AIB y 0.5 mg L-1 de BAP para la elongación caulinar. El análisis histológico evidenció la proliferación de estructuras meristemáticas a partir de tejido subepidérmico. Estos resultados respaldan los cimientos científicos de la competencia morfogénica de árboles adultos como fuentes de germoplasma para la propagación clonal, clave en un programa de masificación de individuos elite.

Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium tenellum is noted for its ability to change color depending on different stimuli. In order to determine different light intensities on the chromatophore expression, growth and survival, juvenile shrimps (28.60-28.97 mm) were subjected to four treatments 30, 600, 1500 and 3500 lux for 45 days. At the end of the experiment the growth in size and weight, amount of food consumed, feed conversion and survival were determined. The expression analysis of chromatophores was performed by its count from photos of the third somite and the uropod exopodite. Growth in height and weight of prawns subject to the different light intensities showed no differences between treatments (P > 0.05). The total consumption of food, feed conversion and survival showed no significant differences. In relation with the number of chromatophores, differences between treatments were evident; lower light intensities were different to higher ones. The higher light intensity increased the number of expressing chromatophores.

Macrobrachium tenellum es un langostino dulceacuícola que destaca por su capacidad de cambio en función de diferentes estímulos. Para determinar el efecto de diferentes intensidades de luz sobre la expresión de cromatóforos, crecimiento y supervivencia, se sometieron langostinos juveniles (28.60-28.97 mm) a cuatro tratamientos 30, 600, 1500 y 3500 lux, durante 45 días. Al final de experimento se determinó el crecimiento en talla y peso, cantidad de alimento consumido, factor de conversión alimenticia y supervivencia. El análisis de la expresión de cromatóforos se efectuó mediante su conteo a partir de fotos del tercer somita y exopoditos de los urópodos. El crecimiento en peso y talla de los organismos sometidos a las diferentes intensidades de luz no mostró diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (P > 0,05). El consumo total de alimento, factor de conversión alimenticia y supervivencia tampoco resultaron con diferencias significativas. Respecto de la cantidad de cromatóforos hubo diferencias entre tratamientos, las dos intensidades menores de luz y las dos mayores intensidades de luz fueron diferentes, a mayor intensidad de luz mayor número de cromatóforos expresados.

The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii was isolated from the fresh water Mawatha lake, Jaipur and was grown in Zarrouk's medium at 25 ± 2°C, illuminated with white fluorescent light at the intensity of 2 500 lux with 12:12 h light and dark photoperiod. The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the growth and protein expression by Oscillatoria agardhii were studied under different controlled culture conditions (ALR, ALC, CLR, CLC, and NDL), measuring optical density, cell count and dry weight. Protein content was measured quantitatively by Bradford assay and qualitatively by SDS-PAGE. The densitometric analysis was also carried out for the measurement of the expression level of different proteins/peptides under different culture conditions. Maximum growth and protein content were observed in ALR condition while minimum was in the CLC. Alternate light and dark periods proved efficient as contrasting banding patterns were observed with many new unique polypeptides such as 32, 36.3, 47.9, 60.8, and 67.0 kDa, whereas, expressions of three polypeptides of 57.2, 110.1, and 117.3 kDa were inhibited in constant light cultures.

O caranguejo-uçá, Ucides cordatus,é uma espécie típica dos manguezais brasileiros e tem grande importância econômica para as populações litorâneas tradicionais. O presente trabalho investigou a influência da intensidade luminosa sobre a sobrevivência e a taxa de desenvolvimento larval de U. cordatus. Três intensidades luminosas foram avaliadas: claro - 710 lux, penumbra - 210 lux e escuro - 1 lux, em duas condições de cultivo, individual e coletivo. Houve diferenças significativas entre as taxas de sobrevivência das larvas zoea e as três intensidades luminosas avaliadas (p<0,05). As maiores taxas de ecdise para o estágio de megalopa foram obtidas no tratamento claro (42% nos cultivos coletivos e 30% nos cultivos individuais). No tratamento escuro, a metamorfose para megalopa foi de apenas 16% nos cultivos coletivos e de 7% nos cultivos individuais. Estes resultados indicam que a manutenção das larvas em baixas intensidades luminosas afeta negativamente a sobrevivência larval de U. cordatus.

Ucides cordatus is an edible crab species typical of Brazilian mangroves, and traditionally represents an important economic resource for many coastal populations. The present study investigated the influence of light intensity on the survival and rate of larval development of U. cordatus. Three different levels of luminosity were evaluated: 710 (Light), 210 Lux (Shaded) and 1 Lux (Dark), both in individual and collective cultivation conditions. Significant differences were found for survival of zoea larvae under the different light intensities (P<0.05). The greatest survival rates as well as rates of ecdysis to the megalopa stage were obtained under Light conditions (42% in collective cultures and 30% in individual cultures). In Dark conditions events of metamorphosis to megalopa stage was observed only in 16% of collective cultures and 7% of individual cultures. The result indicates that low light intensities may negatively affect larval survivorship during U. cordatus larval cultivations.

O desponte e a aplicação de dias longos são técnicas culturais imprescindíveis à produção de crisântemo, porem pouco se sabe como estes fatores interferem na qualidade das plantas. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da data do desponte apical e diferentes intensidades luminosas como "quebra de noite" no crescimento e qualidade de crisântemo de vaso, cultivar Giovani. O experimento foi realizado em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, em que as parcelas constituíram as intensidades luminosas (157,26; 66,46; 18,73; 7,66 e 3,8 lux) utilizando lâmpadas incandescentes de 100 W dispostas a um metro de altura dos vasos. As subparcelas constituíram as datas do desponte apical (15, 17, 19 e 21 dias após o estaqueamento, DAE), sendo que as plantas permaneceram sob dias longos até aos 21 DAE. No ápice do florescimento foram avaliadas a altura, diâmetro médio de parte aérea do vaso, número de hastes por vaso, número de nós por haste, comprimento do 3º e 4º entrenós, número de inflorescências, massa seca de caule, folha, inflorescência e total da parte aérea. O desponte realizado aos 15 DAE com intensidade de 157 lux resultou em maior número e massa de inflorescências, maior altura, número de nós e melhor qualidade de vaso.

The pinching and application of long days cultivation are techniques essential to the production of chrysanthemum, however little is known about how these factors affect the quality of the plants. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the date of apical pinching and different light intensities as "night break" in the growth and quality of potted chrysanthemum, cultivar Giovani. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with split plots, in which the plots were the light intensities (157.26; 66.46; 18.73; 7.66 and 3.8 lux) using incandescent 100 W lamps, one meter above the pots. The split dates of apical cut were performed 15, 17, 19 and 21 days after staking, (DAE), whereas plants remained under long days until 21 DAE. At the peak of flowering we assessed the plant height, diameter of aboveground part of the plants, number of stems per pot, number of nodes per stem, length of 3rd and 4th internodes, number of inflorescences, dry mass of stem, of leaf, of inflorescence and of total aboveground part. The pinching done at 15 DAE with intensity of 157 lux resulted in greater number and inflorescence mass, greater height, number of nodes and better quality of the plants.