ABSTRACT Coelogyne pandurata L., an orchid native to Indonesia, has medicinal properties and potential for lowland cultivation. This study assessed the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of the leaves, bulbs, and flowers in the vegetative and generative phases of C. pandurata. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Plant parts (leaves, bulbs, and flowers) were analyzed across two phenological phases (vegetative and generative) with three replicates for each combination. Each experimental unit comprised five biological replicates. The extracts were prepared via ultrasonic extraction using methanol, ethanol, and n-hexane. The range of TPC was 2.51-11.44 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry weight (DW), that of TFC was 6.05-38.16 mg quercetin equivalents per g DW, that of the DPPH antioxidant activity was 0.21-1.41 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE) per g DW, and that of the FRAP capacity was 15.63-80.70 µmol TE g−1 DW. Ethanol extracts, particularly from preflowering bulbs, exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity, underscoring its superior extraction efficiency for C. pandurata. L L. Indonesia cultivation leaves bulbs C (TPC (TFC methods 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl 2 (DPPH ferricreducing ferric reducing (FRAP assays (leaves combination methanol ethanol nhexane. nhexane n hexane. hexane n-hexane 2.5111.44 2511144 2.51 11.44 51 11 44 2.51-11.4 DW , (DW) 6.0538.16 6053816 6.05 38.16 6 05 38 16 6.05-38.1 0.211.41 021141 0.21 1.41 0 21 41 0.21-1.4 (TE 15.6380.70 15638070 15.63 80.70 15 63 80 70 15.63-80.7 g1 g− 2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, 5111 2.5111.4 251114 251 2.5 1144 11.4 5 4 2.51-11. (DW 0538 6.0538.1 605381 605 6.0 3816 38.1 3 6.05-38. 211 0.211.4 02114 021 0.2 141 1.4 0.21-1. 6380 15.6380.7 1563807 1563 15.6 8070 80.7 8 7 15.63-80. 511 2.5111. 25111 25 2. 114 11. 2.51-11 053 6.0538. 60538 60 6. 381 38. 6.05-38 0.211. 0211 02 0. 14 1. 0.21-1 638 15.6380. 156380 156 15. 807 80. 15.63-80 2.5111 2511 2.51-1 6.0538 6053 6.05-3 0.211 0.21- 15.6380 15638 15.63-8 2.511 2.51- 6.053 6.05- 15.638 15.63-

RESUMO Coelogyne pandurataL., uma orquídea nativa da Indonésia, possui propriedades medicinais e potencial para cultivo em áreas de baixa altitude. Este estudo avaliou os teores de fenólicos e flavonoides, bem como a atividade antioxidante das folhas, bulbos e flores nas fases vegetativa e generativa deC. pandurata. O teor total de fenólicos (TPC) e o teor total de flavonoides (TFC) foram medidos usando métodos colorimétricos. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada utilizando ensaios de sequestro de radicais 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH) e de poder antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP). As partes da planta (folhas, bulbos e flores) foram analisadas em duas fases fenológicas (vegetativa e generativa) com três réplicas para cada combinação. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por cinco réplicas biológicas. Os extratos foram preparados via extração ultrassônica utilizando metanol, etanol e n-hexano. A faixa de TPC variou de 2,51-11,44 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico por g de peso seco (DW), a de TFC foi de 6,05-38,16 mg de equivalentes de quercetina por g DW, a atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH foi de 0,21-1,41 µmol de equivalente Trolox (TE) por g DW, e a capacidade FRAP variou de 15,63-80,70 µmol TE g−1 DW. Os extratos etanólicos, particularmente de bulbos antes da floração, exibiram os maiores valores de TPC, TFC e atividade antioxidante, destacando sua superior eficiência de extração paraC. pandurata. pandurataL pandurataL. Indonésia altitude folhas deC pandurata (TPC (TFC colorimétricos 2,2difenil1picrilhidrazila 22difenil1picrilhidrazila difenilpicrilhidrazila 2,2 difenil 1 picrilhidrazila 2 (DPPH FRAP. . (FRAP) (folhas combinação biológicas metanol nhexano. nhexano n hexano. hexano n-hexano 2,5111,44 2511144 2,51 11,44 51 11 44 2,51-11,4 DW , (DW) 6,0538,16 6053816 6,05 38,16 6 05 38 16 6,05-38,1 0,211,41 021141 0,21 1,41 0 21 41 0,21-1,4 (TE 15,6380,70 15638070 15,63 80,70 15 63 80 70 15,63-80,7 g1 g− etanólicos floração paraC 2difenil1picrilhidrazila 22 2, (FRAP 5111 2,5111,4 251114 251 2,5 1144 11,4 5 4 2,51-11, (DW 0538 6,0538,1 605381 605 6,0 3816 38,1 3 6,05-38, 211 0,211,4 02114 021 0,2 141 1,4 0,21-1, 6380 15,6380,7 1563807 1563 15,6 8070 80,7 8 7 15,63-80, 511 2,5111, 25111 25 114 11, 2,51-11 053 6,0538, 60538 60 6, 381 38, 6,05-38 0,211, 0211 02 0, 14 1, 0,21-1 638 15,6380, 156380 156 15, 807 80, 15,63-80 2,5111 2511 2,51-1 6,0538 6053 6,05-3 0,211 0,21- 15,6380 15638 15,63-8 2,511 2,51- 6,053 6,05- 15,638 15,63-

Resumen Introducción: Leptodactylus latinasus y Physalaemus cuqui son especies de anuros simpátricos con requerimientos ambientales similares y modos reproductivos contrastantes. La configuración climática determina los patrones de distribución y promueve la simpatría de los nichos ambientales, pero la especificidad/selectividad determina el éxito de los modos reproductivos. Los modelos de distribución de especies (MDE) son una herramienta valiosa para predecir distribuciones espacio-temporales basadas en la extrapolación de predictores ambientales. Objetivos: Determinar la distribución espacio-temporal de los nichos ambientales y evaluar si las áreas protegidas de la base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (DMAP) permiten la conservación de estas especies en el escenario actual y futuro. Métodos: Aplicamos diferentes algoritmos para predecir la distribución y superposición espacio-temporal de nichos ambientales de L. latinasus y P. cuqui dentro de América del Sur en el último máximo glacial (UGM), Holoceno medio, actual y futuro. Evaluamos el estado de conservación de ambas especies con las unidades de conservación de la DMAP. Resultados: Todos los algoritmos aplicados mostraron un alto rendimiento para ambas especies (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). Las predicciones de L. latinasus mostraron amplios nichos ambientales desde LGM hasta el escenario actual (49 % de nichos estables, 37 % de nichos ganados y 13 % de nichos perdidos), sugiriendo fidelidad histórica por regiones climático-ambientales estables. En la transición actual-futura L. latinasus incrementaría la cantidad de nichos estables (70 %) y perdidos (20 %), sugiriendo fidelidad por regiones de tierras bajas y la posible tendencia hacia el microendemismo. P. cuqui pierde nichos ambientales desde el LGM al escenario actual (25 %) y en la transición actual-futura (63 %), incrementando la simpatría ambiental entre ambas especies; 31 % de superposición espacial en el escenario actual y 70 % en el futuro. Conclusión: Los eventos de sequía extrema y las variaciones de precipitaciones, derivados del cambio climático, sugieren la pérdida de nichos ambientales para estas especies, actualmente no se encuentran amenazadas, pero no están adecuadamente protegidas por las unidades de conservación. La pérdida de nichos ambientales aumenta la simpatría espacial que representa un nuevo desafío para estos anuros y la conservación de sus poblaciones.

Abstract Introduction: Leptodactylus latinasus and Physalaemus cuqui are sympatric anuran species with similar environmental requirements and contrasting reproductive modes. Climatic configuration determines distribution patterns and promotes sympatry of environmental niches, but specificity/selectivity determines the success of reproductive modes. Species distribution models (SDM) are a valuable tool to predict spatio-temporal distributions based on the extrapolation of environmental predictors. Objectives: To determine the spatio-temporal distribution of environmental niches and assess whether the protected areas of the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) allow the conservation of these species in the current scenario and future. Methods: We applied different algorithms to predict the distribution and spatio-temporal overlap of environmental niches of L. latinasus and P. cuqui within South America in the last glacial maximum (LGM), middle-Holocene, current and future scenarios. We assess the conservation status of both species with the WDPA conservation units. Results: All applied algorithms showed high performance for both species (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). The L. latinasus predictions showed wide environmental niches from LGM to the current scenario (49 % stable niches, 37 % gained niches, and 13 % lost niches), suggesting historical fidelity to stable climatic-environmental regions. In the current-future transition, L. latinasus would increase the number of stable (70 %) and lost (20 %) niches, suggesting fidelity to lowland regions and a possible trend toward microendemism. P. cuqui loses environmental niches from the LGM to the current scenario (25 %) and in the current-future transition (63 %), increasing the environmental sympathy between both species; 31 % spatial overlap in the current scenario and 70 % in the future. Conclusion: Extreme drought events and rainfall variations, derived from climate change, suggest the loss of environmental niches for these species that are not currently threatened but are not adequately protected by conservation units. The loss of environmental niches increases spatial sympatry which represents a new challenge for anurans and the conservation of their populations.

ABSTRACT: In this paper I illustrate how semiotic analysis of art can be produced for a region for which we lack contemporaneous texts. The Ulúa Polychrome tradition of Honduras, which developed in the borderlands of Classic Maya society between ad 450 and 950, has been viewed as a variant of the Maya Lowland ceramic tradition. Instead, I show how key aspects of the iconography of these pots at the moment of greatest entanglement of Ulúa people with their Maya neighbors can only be understood in relation to a distinct indigenous Honduran history. Despite superficial similarities between these ceramic traditions, the depiction of nonhuman actors and the framing of human authority are part of a specific Honduran visual culture and aesthetic. The case study demonstrates how archaeological materials can provide a context through their visual and material indexicality, which illuminates features that might be missed by using more general guidance from texts covering neighboring and later societies.

RESUMEN: En este artículo ilustro cómo se puede producir un análisis semiótico del arte para una región de la cual carecemos de textos contemporáneos. La tradición Policroma Ulúa de Honduras se desarrolló en las tierras fronterizas de la sociedad maya del período Clásico, entre los años 450y 950 dc, y ha sido vista como una variante de la tradición cerámica de las Tierras Bajas mayas. En cambio, muestro cómo aspectos claves de la iconografía de estas vasijas en el momento de mayor entrelazamiento del pueblo Ulúa con sus vecinos mayas solo pueden entenderse en relación con una historia indígena hondureña distinta. A pesar de las similitudes superficiales entre estas tradiciones cerámicas, la representación de actores no humanos y el encuadre de la autoridad humana, son parte de una cultura visual y una estética específica de Honduras. El estudio demuestra cómo los materiales arqueológicos pueden proporcionar un contexto a través de su indexicalidad visual y material, que ilumina características que podrían pasarse por alto al utilizar una guía más general de textos de sociedades vecinas y posteriores.

Abstract Central Chile's lowland valleys constitute a major fruit-producing region, but they face soil copper (Cu) contamination originating from Cu mining in the nearby Andes Mountains as well as the historical and ongoing use of Cu-based pesticides. This study investigated the potential toxicity of Cu to plants (phytotoxicity) in a representative fruit-growing valley. To assess this risk, soil samples were collected from 12 agricultural sites with documented Cu contamination and one uncontaminated site to serve as a baseline. A short-term bioassay was conducted using perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to evaluate the effects of Cu on plant growth. The results demonstrated that elevated Cu levels significantly reduced both the shoot length and dry mass of the ryegrass plants. However, other soil properties, such as the presence of soluble zinc, organic matter, available nitrogen, and clay content, could mitigate these negative effects. Interestingly, the estimated concentration of Cu causing a 50% reduction in plant growth (EC50) was greater than the values reported in previous studies. This may be because Cu binds to soil organic matter (SOM), which reduces its bioavailability and immediate toxicity to plants. While this binding to SOM can initially reduce the negative effects of Cu, the eventual breakdown of SOM over time may release Cu back into the soil, posing long-term risks to both crops and the wider soil ecosystem. To fully understand these potential long-term impacts, further research is needed and should include studies with other soil organisms, such as earthworms and microorganisms, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological consequences of Cu contamination in these vital agricultural systems.

Resumen La producción frutícola intensiva en la zona central de Chile, concentrada en los valles de la depresión intermedia, se ve desafiada por la contaminación del suelo con cobre (Cu), originada tanto por la actividad minera en la Cordillera de los Andes como por la aplicación histórica y actual de pesticidas cúpricos. En este estudio, se evaluó la fitotoxicidad del Cu acumulado en el horizonte superficial del suelo de un valle representativo de cultivo frutícola intensivo. Se analizaron muestras de suelo de 12 sitios agrícolas con contaminación por Cu, contrastándolas con un sitio de referencia sin contaminación, mediante un bioensayo con Lolium perenne. Los resultados revelaron que, si bien las altas concentraciones de Cu impactan negativamente el crecimiento vegetal (longitud y masa seca del vástago), propiedades del suelo como el zinc soluble, la materia orgánica, el nitrógeno disponible y el contenido de arcilla ejercen un efecto mitigador sobre la toxicidad del Cu. La concentración efectiva 50 (CE50) para el Cu total en el suelo fue de 1030 mg kg-1 para la longitud del vástago y 1084 mg kg-1 para la masa seca del vástago, valores que superan a los reportados previamente en la literatura. Es crucial considerar que el Cu puede encontrarse mayormente asociado a la materia orgánica del suelo (MOS), lo que limita su biodisponibilidad. No obstante, la degradación de la MOS podría conllevar a la liberación de Cu, constituyendo un riesgo latente para los cultivos y la biota edáfica. Se propone la realización de estudios adicionales que incluyan otros organismos del suelo (e.g., lombrices de tierra, microbiota) para una evaluación integral de la toxicidad del Cu en estos agroecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction. Bactris guineensis is a crop that produces visually appealing fruits resembling purple-black grapes with round seeds. This palm species naturally thrives in the lowland regions of tropical America. However, limited information available about this fruit. Objective. To investigate the nutritional composition, bioactive compound content, antioxidant capacity, and aroma profile of the huiscoyol fruit grown in Costa Rica, as well as to evaluate the effects of juice processing (enzymatic maceration and thermal treatment) on its bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. Materials and methods. Fruits were collected from randomly selected palms and bunches in Guanacaste Conservation Area, specifically in Palo Verde and Cañas, during peak harvest years (2007, 2011, 2014, and 2016). Nutritional composition, bioactive compound content, antioxidant capacity, and aroma and polyphenol profiles were analyzed. Juices were prepared using thermal treatment, enzymatic maceration, and a combination of both methods. The bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity were assessed following each treatment. Results. Huiscoyol fruit exhibited high fiber content (7.3 ± 2.5 g per 100 g of fresh weight (fw)), and significant potassium content (307 ± 98 mg per 100 g fw). Anthocyanin levels ranged from 28.3 to 47.9 mg per 100 g fw, with cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside as the predominant compound. Total polyphenol content varied between 219 and 1,013 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g fw. Vitamin C content reached a maximum of 48 mg per 100 g fw. Antioxidant capacity, as measured by H-ORAC, ranged from 6,690 to 14,688 µmol Trolox equivalents per 100 g fw. Enzymatic maceration and thermal treatments applied to the juice did not significantly affect the bioactive compounds content or antioxidant activity (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Huiscoyol fruit demonstrate nutritional and antioxidant potential, making it promising ingredient for funtional beverages. Its bioactive components, such as polyphenols and anthocyanins, showed remarkable stability under thermal and enzymatic processing conditions.

Resumen Introducción. Bactris guineensis es un cultivo que produce frutos atractivos, similares a uvas de color negro-púrpura, con semillas redondas. Esta especie de palma prospera naturalmente en las regiones bajas de América tropical. Sin embargo, existe poca información disponible sobre este fruto. Objetivo. Investigar la composición nutricional, el contenido de compuestos bioactivos, la capacidad antioxidante y el perfil de aroma del fruto huiscoyol cultivado en Costa Rica, así como evaluar los efectos del procesamiento del jugo (maceración enzimática y tratamiento térmico) sobre sus compuestos bioactivos y capacidad antioxidante. Materiales y métodos. Los frutos se recolectaron de palmas y racimos seleccionados aleatoriamente en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste, durante los años de cosecha pico (2007, 2011, 2014 y 2016). Se analizaron la composición nutricional, el contenido de compuestos bioactivos, la capacidad antioxidante y los perfiles de aromas y polifenoles. Los jugos se prepararon mediante tratamiento térmico, maceración enzimática y una combinación de ambos métodos. El contenido de compuestos bioactivos y la capacidad antioxidante se evaluaron después de cada tratamiento. Resultados. El fruto de huiscoyol presentó un alto contenido de fibra (7,3 ± 2,5 g por 100 g de peso fresco (pf)) y un contenido significativo de potasio (307 ± 98 mg por 100 g pf. Los niveles de antocianinas variaron entre 28,3 y 47,9 mg por 100 g pf, con cianidina-3-O-rutinósido como compuesto predominante. El contenido total de polifenoles osciló entre 219 y 1013 mg de equivalentes de ácido gálico por 100 g pf. El contenido máximo de vitamina C fue de 48 mg por 100 g pf. La capacidad antioxidante, medida por H-ORAC, varió entre 6690 y 14 688 µmol de equivalentes de Trolox por 100 g pf. Los tratamientos de maceración enzimática y térmicos aplicados al jugo no afectaron significativamente el contenido de compuestos bioactivos ni la actividad antioxidante (p > 0,05). Conclusión. El fruto de huiscoyol demostró un potencial nutricional y antioxidante, lo que lo convierte en un ingrediente prometedor para bebidas funcionales. Sus componentes bioactivos, como los polifenoles y las antocianinas, mostraron una notable estabilidad frente al procesamiento térmico y enzimático.

Abstract Introduction. Segregated populations can exhibit fluctuating yields from one generation to the next. This can sometimes perplex plant breeders when interpreting observed phenomena and determining which selection methods to choose. Objective. To analyze the performance and yield components of several tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) populations selected through the pedigree method in lowland environments in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Materials and methods. This study was conducted from December 2018 to April 2019 at the Experimental Garden of Bogor Agricultural University, Tajur II (207 meters above sea level), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Four generations were utilized, derived from 99D×Tora, i.e., 200 plants from the F2 generation and 100 plants each from the F3, F5, and F6 generations, respectively. Results. Population variance in terms of yield and yield components, as well as heritability, were lower in later generations compared to earlier generations. An increase in mean value was observed in the F3 generation, but decreased in the F5 and F6 generations across all observed traits. This could be attributed to fixation resulting from the elimination of epistatic genes that played a role in environmental stress. Conclusion. Pedigree selection in early generation was not suitable in lowland. It is suggested to evaluate mass selection methods or single seed descent, as these methods were able to maintain population variance into later generations.

Resumen Introducción. Las poblaciones segregadas pueden mostrar un rendimiento fluctuante de una generación a otra. Esto a veces puede confundir a los mejoradores de plantas al interpretar los fenómenos observados y determinar los métodos de selección que deben elegirse. Objetivo. Analizar el rendimiento y los componentes de rendimiento de varias poblaciones de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), mediante el método de pedigrí en entornos de tierras bajas, Bogor, Java Occidental, Indonesia. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo de diciembre de 2018 a abril de 2019 en el Jardín Experimental de la Universidad Agrícola de Bogor, Tajur II (207 metros sobre el nivel del mar), Bogor, Java Occidental, Indonesia. Se utilizaron cuatro generaciones, obtenidas a partir de 99D×Tora, es decir, 200 plantas de la generación F2 y 100 plantas de cada una de las generaciones F3, F5 y F6, respectivamente. Resultados. La varianza de la población en cuanto al rendimiento y los componentes de rendimiento y la heredabilidad fueron menores en las generaciones posteriores en comparación con las generaciones anteriores. Se observó un aumento en el valor medio en la generación F3, pero disminuyó en las generaciones F5 y F6 en todos los caracteres observados. Esto podría ser causado por la fijación como resultado de la eliminación de genes de epistasia que desempeñaron un papel en el estrés ambiental. Conclusión. La selección de pedigrí en las primeras generaciones no fue adecuada en las tierras bajas. Se sugiere evaluar métodos masales o descendencia de una sola semilla, ya que esos métodos fueron capaces de mantener la varianza de la población hasta las generaciones posteriores.

SUMMARY Bursera glabrifolia is a species native to the low deciduous forest and has low germination rates making it difficult for the species to propagate. The objective was to evaluate the germination potential of seeds from select Bursera glabrifolia trees with different pregerminative treatments. The seeds were collected in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. An average of 75 seeds per parent were morphologically described, in 2014, it were subjected to pregerminative treatments for 24 h: 1) immersion in 15 ml of 99.5% acetone; 2) immersion in 15 ml of Coca Cola® classic soft drink; 3) immersion in Bassariscus sumichrasti excrement. Four to 10 seeds per Petri dish were placed in an incubation chamber at a constant temperature of 25°C. A completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement (9×3, parents-TP) was used to evaluate germination. Analysis of variance, tests of means (Tukey, 0.05) and hierarchical tree classification (cluster analysis) were performed. The vigor indicators showed differences (P ≤ 0.0001) between trees, TP and interaction. Seeds collected from three trees showed better results in germination percentage, germination energy, germination speed and germination speed index. The lowest and highest germination was acetone (8.9 % at 34 days) and Coca Cola® (48.9% at 23 days). To achieve a higher germination percentage in the species, seeds were immersed in Coca Cola® for 24 h, after sanding before sowing.

RESUMO Bursera glabrifolia (copal branco) é uma espécie nativa da floresta estacional decídua baixa e apresenta baixas taxas de germinação dificultando a propagação da espécie. O objetivo foi avaliar o potencial germinativo de sementes de árvores selecionadas de Bursera glabrifolia (copal branco) com diferentes tratamentos pré-germinativos. As sementes foram coletadas nos Vales Centrais de Oaxaca, México; Foram descritas morfologicamente em média 75 sementes por genitor. Em 2014, foram submetidas a tratamentos pré-germinativos (TP) por 24 h: 1) imersão em 15 mL de acetona 99,5%; 2) imersão em 15 mL de refrigerante clássico Coca Cola®; 3) imersão em excrementos de Bassariscus sumichrasti (cacomixtle). Quatro a 10 sementes por placa de Petri foram colocadas em uma câmara de incubação a uma temperatura constante de 25°C. Para avaliar a germinação foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial (9×3, pais-TP). Foram realizadas análise de variância, testes de médias (Tukey, 0,05) e classificação em árvore hierárquica (análise de cluster). Os indicadores de vigor apresentaram diferenças (P ≤ 0,0001) entre árvores, TP e interação; Sementes coletadas de três árvores apresentaram melhores resultados em porcentagem de germinação, energia de germinação, velocidade de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação. A menor e maior germinação foi a acetona (8,9 % aos 34 dias) e a Coca Cola® (48,9% aos 23 dias). Para atingir maior percentual de germinação na espécie, as sementes foram imersas em Coca Cola® por 24 h, após lixamento antes da semeadura.

RESUMEN Bursera glabrifolia (copal blanco) es una especie nativa de la selva baja caducifolia y presenta tasas bajas de germinación con dificultad para la propagación de la especie. El objetivo fue evaluar el potencial germinativo de semillas de árboles selectos de Bursera glabrifolia (copal blanco) con diferentes tratamientos pregerminativos. Las semillas fueron colectadas en Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, México; se describieron morfológicamente un promedio de 75 semillas por progenitor, en 2014 se sometieron a tratamientos pregerminativos (TP) durante 24 h: 1) inmersión en 15 mL de acetona al 99.5 %; 2) inmersión en 15 mL de bebida gaseosa de nombre comercial Coca Cola® clásica; 3) inmersión en excremento de Bassariscus sumichrasti (cacomixtle). Se colocaron en cámara de incubación de cuatro a 10 semillas por caja Petri a una temperatura constante de 25°C. Se utilizó diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado con arreglo factorial (9×3, progenitores-TP) para evaluar germinación. Se realizaron análisis de varianza, pruebas de medias (Tukey, 0.05) y clasificación jerárquica de árboles (análisis clúster). Los indicadores de vigor mostraron diferencias (P ≤ 0.0001) entre árboles, TP e interacción; semillas colectadas de tres árboles mostraron mejores resultados en porcentaje germinativo, energía germinativa, velocidad germinativa e índice de velocidad de germinación. La menor y mayor germinación fue acetona (8.9 % a 34 días) y Coca Cola® (48.9 % a 23 días). Para alcanzar mayor porcentaje germinativo en la especie, se realizó inmersión de semillas en Coca Cola® durante 24 h, previo lijado antes de la siembra.

RESUMO O arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina é cultivado em monocultivo, o que tem agravado os problemas com plantas daninhas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja sobre a redução da infestação de plantas daninhas em uma área de produção de arroz irrigado, utilizando para isso herbicidas em pré e/ou pós-emergência da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Turvo - SC no período de agosto de 2021 a abril de 2022. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com tratamentos organizados em esquema fatorial 6 × 5, com quatro repetições. O fator A constou de seis tratamentos aplicados em pré-emergência, os herbicidas utilizados foram: S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, além de uma testemunha sem herbicida. Já o fator B constou de cinco tratamentos aplicados em pós-emergência: testemunha sem herbicida, gyphosate em duas doses (930 e 1550 g e.a. ha-1), aplicadas de forma isoladas ou em associação com clethodim. O herbicida S-metolachlor foi ineficiente para o controle de outras plantas daninhas, mesmo quando combinado com a aplicação em pós-emergência. O controle deficiente destas espécies não resulta em significativa interferência, não causando decréscimo na produtividade de grãos da soja, em ambientes de terras baixas. O uso dos herbicidas S-metolachlor, diclosulam e pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combinados com a aplicação em pós-emergência de glyphosate (930 g e.a. ha-1) resultou em controle eficiente de capim-arroz e inibiu a produção de sementes. Apenas a associação de glyphosate (1550 g e.a. ha-1) com clethodim suprimiu a produção de sementes de capim-arroz, sem a aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência. monocultivo modo eou pósemergência pós emergência 202 2022 Utilizouse Utilizou se 5 repetições préemergência, préemergência emergência, pré-emergência foram Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor diuron flumioxazin 930 (93 155 ea e.a ha1, ha1 ha 1 , pósemergência. emergência. interferência baixas ha-1 capimarroz capim (155 capimarroz, arroz, préemergência. 20 93 (9 15 ha- (15 2 9 ( (1

ABSTRACT Lowland rice in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, is grown as a sole crop, which has aggravated problems with weeds. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of weed management systems in soybean crops to decrease weed infestation in lowland rice production areas, using pre- and post-emergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted in Turvo, SC, from August 2021 to April 2022. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 6 × 5 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of six pre-emergence herbicides treatments (S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, and a control without herbicide), and five post-emergence herbicide treatments: control without herbicide, glyphosate at two rates (930 and 1,550 g a.e. ha-1), applied alone or in combination with clethodim. The herbicide sulfentrazone caused persistent phytotoxicity and resulted in the lowest soybean grain yield. The herbicide S-metolachlor was ineffective in controlling weed species, except barnyard grass, even when combined with post-emergence application. The poor control of these weed species does not result in significant interference, causing no significant decreases in grain yield of soybean crops grown in floodplain soils. The use of S-metolachlor, diclosulam, and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combined with post-emergence application of glyphosate (930 g a.e. ha-1), resulted in highly effective control of barnyard grass, inhibiting weed seed production. Only the combination of glyphosate (1,550 g a.e. ha-1) with clethodim can suppress barnyard grass seed production without using pre-emergence herbicides. SC , (SC) Brazil crop weeds context areas pre postemergence post emergence Turvo 202 2022 used arrangement preemergence Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor (S-metolachlor diclosulam diuron flumioxazin herbicide) 930 (93 1550 1 550 1,55 ae e a.e ha1, ha1 ha interference soils (1,55 ha-1 (SC 20 93 (9 155 55 1,5 (1,5 ha- 2 9 ( 15 1, (1, (1

Abstract The application of an exogenous plant growth regulator, gibberellic acid (GA3), was studied for its effect on the yield of ridge gourd in a rainfed lowland condition. Three GA3 concentrations (0, 200, and 300 ppm) were applied separately in the ridge gourd. Based on the correlation analysis, fruit count hill−1 and weight displayed a very high and positive association with fruit yield hill−1 and plot−1. A high and positive correlation exists between fruit weight, fruit yield hill−1, yield plot−1, and fruit yield ha−1. GA3 application increased the yield attributes of ridge gourd more than no application. Among the GA3 concentrations, a higher concentration produced the highest fruit weight, fruit count and yield hill−1, and fruit yield plot−1. Farmers can use the highest GA3 concentration to maximize the plant growth regulator’s effect on ridge gourd. However, if there is a financial constraint, 200 ppm can be used due to its higher attributes and improved effect than no application.

Resumen Se estudió la aplicación de un regulador exógeno del crecimiento de las plantas, el ácido giberélico (GA3), por su efecto sobre el rendimiento de la luffa en condiciones de secano en tierras bajas. Se aplicaron por separado tres concentraciones de GA3 (0, 200 y 300 ppm) en fruto de L. acutangula. Según el análisis de correlación, el recuento y el peso de los frutos en montículo mostraron una asociación muy alta y positiva con el rendimiento de frutos por montículo y por parcela. Existe una correlación alta y positiva entre el peso de fruto, el rendimiento de fruto por montículo, el rendimiento por parcela y el rendimiento de fruto por hectárea. La aplicación de GA3 aumentó los atributos de rendimiento de la luffa más que ninguna aplicación. Entre las concentraciones de GA3, una concentración más alta produjo el mayor peso por fruto, mayor recuento y rendimiento en el montículo y en parcela un mayor rendimiento de fruto. Los agricultores pueden utilizar la concentración más alta de GA3 para maximizar el efecto del regulador de crecimiento de las plantas en L. acutangula. Sin embargo, si existe una restricción financiera, se puede usar 200 ppm debido a los efectos alcanzados.

Resumen Las patologías infecciosas han constituido una de las principales causas de muerte en las sociedades prehistóricas. Su estudio permite conocer el impacto en las dinámicas poblacionales e investigar los patrones de adaptación frente al surgimiento de nuevos patógenos y sus mutaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una primera aproximación al análisis de procesos infecciosos en restos bioarqueológicos del Holoceno Tardío (desde ca. 4200 años cal AP hasta el presente) en ambientes de altura y planicies de las provincias de Mendoza y Córdoba (Argentina). Los grupos que ocuparon estas áreas presentan particularidades respecto a su organización social, pero comparten similitudes en los modos de vida y las estrategias de subsistencia, basados en la caza-recolección a comienzos del período, con incorporación de la horticultura hacia momentos finales. Se realizó el análisis paleopatológico de 75 individuos adultos de ambos sexos, mediante la observación macroscópica y el registro sistemático de lesiones óseas. Se calcularon frecuencias por sexo, edad, criterios cronológicos (pre y post 1000/1200 años AP) y ambientales (Sierras/Llanuras y Planicies/Montañas). El 48% de los individuos de la muestra presentó lesiones que podrían asociarse a patologías infecciosas, de los cuales el 46% corresponde a Mendoza y el 58,3% a Córdoba. Se observan mayores prevalencias para Mendoza a inicios del Holoceno Tardío, así como en momentos finales del período para Córdoba; en términos geográficos/ambientales, los grupos que habitaron la zona de Sierras en Córdoba y la Planicie de Mendoza registraron mayores porcentajes de afectación. Estos resultados se discuten según el modelo de transiciones epidemiológicas. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26(1), 076, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e076

Abstrct Infectious diseases have been one of the main causes of death in prehistoric populations. Their study reveals their impact on population dynamics and enables research on patterns of adaptation to the emergence of new pathogens and their mutations. The aim of this work is to present a first approach to the analysis of infectious diseases in bioarchaeological remains from the Late Holocene (from ca. 4200 cal years BP to the present) in high altitude and lowland environments of Mendoza and Córdoba (Argentina). The groups that inhabited these areas present differences regarding their social organization, but they share similarities in lifestyle and subsistence strategies, based on hunting-gathering at the beginning of the period, and the introduction of horticulture towards the end of the Holocene. Paleopathological analysis of 75 adult individuals of both sexes was carried out. Macroscopic observation and systemic recording of bone lesions were performed. Frequencies were calculated by sex, age, chronological (pre and post 1000/1200 years BP), and environmental criteria (Highlands/Lowlands and Plains/Mountains). Forty-eight percent of the total sample presented lesions possibly associated with infectious pathologies; 46% were from Mendoza and 58.3% from Córdoba. Higher prevalences are observed for Mendoza at the beginning of the Late Holocene and for Córdoba at the end of the period. Regarding environmental aspects, the groups that inhabited the Sierras area in Córdoba and the Mendoza Plain registered higher prevalences. These results are discussed in relation to the epidemiological transitions model. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26(1), 076, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e076

Resumen En la Sudamérica fluvial, las tierras bajas son escenario de superposición de procesos naturales y procesos urbanos; la falta de proyecto que integre tierra y agua y oriente transformaciones sustentables en el territorio, aumenta vulnerabilidades y desigualdades, alejando oportunidades, especialmente en las áreas marginales. A pesar de los numerosos aspectos críticos, estas periferias suelen presentar importantes recursos patrimoniales, naturales y culturales de capacidad representativa. El turismo cultural, y especialmente patrimonial, puede desempeñar un papel notable, al renovar estos valores y transformarlos en oportunidades de desarrollo sustentable desde abajo. Se propone una reflexión proyectual del tipo investigación-servicio que postula lo insular como clave de lectura e interpretación cultural territorial. El paisaje cultural de islas, interpretado a escala sudamericana, regional y local, sirve para caracterizar los espacios del turismo comunitario en territorios fluviales. La investigación identifica una posible proyectualidad insular que el proyecto de turismo patrimonial puede promover de manera comunitaria. Se discute el rol activista del proyecto y el valor de lo colectivo en la organización de islas posibles, propicias para el turismo y la vida cotidiana en tiempos de cambio climático.

Abstract In the riverine South America, lowland areas shape the setting where both natural and urbanistic processes overlap. The lack of a project with an orientation towards sustainable transformations of the terrain integrating land and water increases vulnerability and inequality, which in turn, pushes away opportunities, especially in peripheral areas. Despite numerous critical aspects, these areas usually present important heritage, natural and cultural resources that have notable representative capability. Cultural and especially heritage tourism can play a fundamental role in renewing these values and transforming them into opportunities for a sustainable bottom-up development. A reflection grounded on service-design research postulating the island as a key element of a territory's reading and cultural analysis is proposed. The cultural landscape of the islands -which is interpreted from a South American, regional, and local perspective- becomes useful to characterize the tourism community space in the peripheral areas. This research identifies the possibility of an islands-centered project which can be promoted at a communal level by the heritage tourism project. The project’s activistic role and the value of the collective in the construction of possible islands suitable for tourism and everyday life in times of climate change are discussed.

Resumen La construcción de carreteras puede generar amenazas a la biodiversidad de una importante red hidrológica conformada por riachuelos conocidos comúnmente como quebradas en la amazonia peruana. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la composición, riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, dominancia y similaridad de hábitats de comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentónicos de cinco quebradas ubicadas en el área de influencia del eje carretero Iquitos-Nauta (Loreto, Perú). Las colectas se realizaron en cuatro épocas (vaciante, seca, creciente y llena), usando una red tipo D-net. La comunidad de macroinvertebrados bentónicos estuvo compuesta por 68 taxones y 4 556 individuos, distribuidos en 4 filos (Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca y Nematoda). El análisis de similitud indica que hubo diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) entre las épocas de vaciante-seca con las de creciente-llena; siendo la época seca la de mayor valor de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad; y creciente la de mayor dominancia. Chironomidae, Leptophlebiidae, Elmidae y Palaemonidae; fueron los taxones más dominantes. El presente trabajo es un aporte al conocimiento de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados que habitan los pequeños ecosistemas lóticos de la selva baja peruana.

Abstract The construction of roads can generate threats to the biodiversity of an important hydrological network made up of streams known as quebradas in the Peruvian Amazon. The objective of the study was to determine the composition, richness, abundance, diversity, dominance, and similarity of habitats of benthic macroinvertebrate communities of five streams located around the Iquitos-Nauta highway axis (Loreto, Peru). The collections were made in four periods (empty, dry, growing, and full), using a D-net type network. The benthic macroinvertebrate community was composed of 68 taxa and 4556 individuals, distributed in 4 phyla (Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca and Nematoda). The similarity analysis indicates that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the empty-dry seasons and the growing-full seasons; The dry season being the one with the greatest value of wealth, abundance, and diversity; and increasing the one with greater dominance. Chironomidae, Leptophlebiidae, Elmidae and Palaemonidae; were the most dominant taxa. The present work is a contribution to the knowledge of the macroinvertebrate communities that inhabit the small lotic ecosystems of the Peruvian lowland forest.

Abstract As part of ongoing studies of Solanum in South America, three new species of the Geminata clade are described for Colombia. Solanum caquetense J.D.Tovar sp. nov., from the Department of Caquetá, is a riverside shrub found in lowland rainforests, with willow-like leaves characteristic of rheophyte plants. Solanum pinguiculum J.D. Tovar sp. nov. is confined to the understory of cloud forests on the eastern Andean slopes in the Departments of Cauca, Huila, and Putumayo, and is a tiny subshrub with somewhat watery stems and minute flowers. Solanum sabu J.D. Tovar sp. nov. is a rare plant, represented by a single collection from the eastern Andean slopes of the Cordillera Central in the Department of Tolima; it is a shrub with loose dendritic trichomes on abaxial leaf surface, and is described here to encourage further investigation in the field and herbaria. Differences between these new taxa and morphologically similar species are discussed, and photos, preliminary conservation status, and distribution maps are provided for all newly described species. To facilitate the identification of these morphologically very similar plants, a dichotomous key for all members of the Geminata clade occurring in Colombia is provided together with a synopsis of their distribution by Department. America JDTovar J D sp nov Caquetá rainforests willowlike willow like plants JD J.D Cauca Huila Putumayo flowers plant Tolima surface herbaria discussed photos status

RESUMO: Astrocaryum murumuru é uma palmeira típica de áreas de várzea amazônica, cujas sementes são exploradas extrativamente para a fabricação de cosméticos. A germinação da espécie é demorada, evidenciando a necessidade de desenvolvimento de técnicas que acelerem este processo. Desse modo, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a germinação e o vigor de sementes de A. murumuru, submetidas a diferentes condições térmicas de estratificação. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (diferentes condições térmicas) e quatro repetições. Após a secagem dos diásporos, extração e embebição das sementes, estas (com grau de umidade de 26,8%) foram acondicionadas em sacos plásticos duplos contendo vermiculita, umedecida com água o equivalente a 60% de sua massa seca. Em seguida, foram mantidas nas seguintes condições: ambiente natural (27,8 ± 2,7 °C); estufa com temperatura de 40 °C, por 3 horas, por dia; estufa com temperatura de 40 °C, por 6 horas, por dia; e estufa com temperatura de 40 °C, por 9 horas, por dia. A estratificação sob temperatura a 40 °C/3 horas/dia proporciona melhor desempenho germinativo e de desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de A. murumuru (51%), além de redução das sementes remanescentes dormentes (25%) e mortas (24%). RESUMO amazônica cosméticos demorada processo modo casualizado repetições diásporos 26,8% 268 26 8 vermiculita 60 seca seguida 27,8 278 27 (27, 2 7 2, °C C °C) 4 horas dia C3 °C/ horasdia 51%, 51 51% , (51%) 25% 25 (25% 24%. 24 24% . (24%) 26,8 27, (27 5 (51% (25 (24% 26, (2 (51 (24 ( (5

ABSTRACT: Astrocaryum murumuru is a palm tree typical of Amazonian lowland areas (floodplains), whose seeds are exploited extractively for the manufacture of cosmetics. Germination of the species takes time, highlighting the need to develop techniques that shorten this process. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the germination and vigor of A. murumuru seeds, subjected to different thermal conditions of stratification. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, with four treatments (different thermal conditions) and four replications. After drying the diaspores, extracting and soaking the seeds, these (with moisture content of 26.8%) were placed in double plastic bags containing vermiculite, moistened with water equivalent to 60% of their dry mass. They were then maintained under the following conditions: natural environment (27.8 ± 2.7 °C); oven with a temperature of 40 °C for 3 hours per day; oven with a temperature of 40 °C for 6 hours per day; and oven with a temperature of 40 °C for 9 hours a day. Stratification at a temperature of 40 °C/3 hours/day provides better germination performance and initial development of A. murumuru seedlings (51%), in addition to reducing remaining dormant (25%) and dead (24%) seeds. ABSTRACT floodplains, floodplains , (floodplains) cosmetics time process Therefore A stratification randomized replications diaspores 26.8% 268 26 8 vermiculite 60 mass 27.8 278 27 (27. 2 7 2. C °C) 4 day C3 °C/ hoursday 51%, 51 51% (51%) 25% 25 (25% 24% 24 (24% (floodplains 26.8 27. (27 5 (51% (25 (24 26. (2 (51 ( (5

RESUMO As áreas de várzeas amazônicas possuem valor ecológico agregado aos seus múltiplos serviços ecossistêmicos, incluindo o abastecimento de água, regulagem do clima local, biodiversidade com um número acentuado de espécies endêmicas e com diversidade de micro-habitat. Considerando a importância da conservação desses ambientes, este estudo objetivou analisar o comportamento e delimitar as áreas de distribuição natural das espécies florestais Alchornea castaneifolia (Willd.) A. Juss e Laetia corymbulosa (várzea baixa) e Maquira coriacea (H. Karst.) C.C. Berg (Moraceae) e Ocotea cymbarum Kunth (várzea alta), além de avaliar os impactos potenciais das mudanças climáticas sobre a distribuição futura, inferindo sobre a sua conservação. A modelagem de distribuição potencial das espécies foi feita com o uso do Environmental Modelling & Software, a partir dos algoritmos como: Bioclim, Domain, Maximum Entropy, Random Forests e Support Vector Machine (SVM). As projeções indicam que as mudanças climáticas representam ameaça à ocorrência das espécies de várzea. Sob o cenário SSP 585 para ambos os períodos, as quatro espécies estudadas perderão áreas de adequação climática até o final do século XXI, principalmente, na Amazônia brasileira. O estudo mostra a necessidade de aumentar a responsabilidade socioambiental para conservação das áreas protegidas atuais em ecossistemas de água doce e, implementar novas áreas prioritárias para a conservação de zonas úmidas (Sítios Ramsar) na Amazônia. Tais medidas são fundamentais para garantir a conservação in situ e protegê-las de uma perda de habitat. ecossistêmicos local microhabitat. microhabitat micro habitat micro-habitat ambientes Willd. Willd (Willd. várzea baixa H. H (H Karst. Karst CC C C.C Moraceae (Moraceae alta, alta , alta) futura Software como Bioclim Domain Entropy SVM. SVM . (SVM) 58 períodos XXI principalmente brasileira Sítios Ramsar protegêlas protegê las (Willd (SVM 5

ABSTRACT The areas of Amazonian floodplains have added ecological value to their multiple ecosystem services, including water supply, local climate regulation, biodiversity with a marked number of endemic species, and diversity of micro-habitat. Considering the importance of conserving these environments, this study aimed to analyze the behavior and delimit the areas of the natural distribution of forest species Alchornea castaneifolia (Willd.) A. Juss and Laetia corymbulosa (lowland low), Maquira coriacea (H.Karst.) C.C. Berg (Moraceae), and Ocotea cymbarum Kunth (high floodplain), besides evaluating the potential impacts of climate change on the future distribution inferring on its conservation. The potential species distribution was modeled using Environmental Modelling & Software, by employing algorithms such as Bioclim, Domain, Maximum Entropy, Random Forests, and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The projections indicate that climate change threatens the occurrence of floodplain species. Under the SSP 585 scenario for both periods, the four species studied will lose areas of climatic adequacy until the end of the 21st century, especially in the Brazilian Amazon. The study shows the need to increase socio-environmental responsibility through conserving current protected areas in freshwater ecosystems and implementing new priority areas for conserving wetlands (Ramsar Sites) in the Amazon. Such measures are essential to ensure in situ conservation and protect them from habitat loss. services supply regulation microhabitat. microhabitat micro habitat. micro-habitat environments Willd. Willd (Willd. A lowland low, low , low) H.Karst. HKarst H Karst (H.Karst. CC C C.C Moraceae, Moraceae (Moraceae) high floodplain, floodplain) Software Bioclim Domain Entropy Forests SVM. SVM . (SVM) 58 periods st century Amazon socioenvironmental socio environmental Ramsar Sites loss (Willd H.Karst (H.Karst (Moraceae (SVM 5