Resumen: Las Reservas Ecológicas, son la base primordial para la subsistencia de la biodiversidad, desempeñan funciones cruciales para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, especialmente, en la preservación de los servicios ecosistémicos de regulación del clima y suministro de agua. Determinar la capacidad de acumulación del COS en tres ecosistemas de la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas (REAR) y la influencia que tienen con los factores de profundidad y el tipo de suelo, fue el objetivo de la investigación. Se partió de la hipótesis que dichos factores ejercen un efecto sobre las propiedades físicas-químicas del suelo, provocando la variabilidad del carbono. Se establecieron 14 unidades de muestreo para los tres ecosistemas; 1) Intervenido, 2) Bosque deciduo y 3) Bosque arbustal deciduo, se extrajo de cada unidad dos muestras de suelo a profundidades de (0-10 y 10-30 cm), dando un total de 28 muestras. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas entre los tres tipos de ecosistemas, permitiendo afirmar que, en la REAR, el contenido de COS es mayor en el ecosistema de Bosque deciduo, que en los denominados Bosque arbustal deciduo y la zona Intervenida. Así mismo, los suelos del tipo Alfisol y Entisol en el Bosque deciduo presentaron la mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de COS, siendo la capa superficial la de mayor acumulación en los tres ecosistemas. Se concluyó que las bajas precipitaciones, el aumento de la temperatura y la esporádica vegetación producida por actividades antrópicas, afectan el almacenamiento de COS, limitando la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con la captura de carbono edáfico.

Abstract: Ecological Reserves are the primary basis for the subsistence of biodiversity, they play crucial roles in the maintenance of ecosystems, especially in the preservation of ecosystem services of climate regulation and water supply. The objective of the research was to determine the accumulation capacity of COS in three ecosystems of the Arenillas Ecological Reserve (REAR) and the influence of depth factors and soil type. It was hypothesized that these factors exert an effect on the physical-chemical properties of the soil, causing carbon variability. Fourteen sampling units were established for the three ecosystems; 1) Intervened, 2) Deciduous Forest and 3) Deciduous shrub forest, two soil samples were extracted from each unit at depths of (0-10 and 10-30 cm), giving a total of 28 samples. The results revealed significant differences between the three types of ecosystems, allowing us to affirm that, in the REAR, the COS content is higher in the deciduous forest ecosystem than in the deciduous shrub forest and the Intermediate zone. Likewise, Alfisol and Entisol soils in the deciduous forest had the highest COS storage capacity, being the surface layer the one with the highest accumulation in the three ecosystems. It was concluded that low precipitation, increased temperature and sporadic vegetation produced by anthropic activities affect COS storage, limiting the provision of ecosystem services related to soil carbon sequestration.

Abstract Background: Although the loss of Melipona beecheii colonies in meliponaries suggests insufficient availability of melliferous blooming plants, there is limited knowledge about the diversity and conditions of the surrounding vegetation. Question: What is the diversity, structure, and composition of the melliferous and non-melliferous vegetation surrounding meliponaries, and how does it affect the availability of food sources for bees? Study site and dates: The vegetation surrounding nine meliponaries, three in each political state of the Yucatán Peninsula encompassing the main vegetation types, was studied in 2022 and 2023. Methods: Four 150-meter-long transects with the point-centered quadrants method were traced in each meliponary to estimate plant species composition, the availability of melliferous and blooming plants (IVI), diversity parameters (Hill-numbers), tree density, and diameter per strata. Results: 312 taxa, 250 genera, and 73 plant families were recorded. In five meliponaries, blooming melliferous plants accounted for less than 9 % of the IVI, with one meliponary having no blooming species. The highest diversity was found in a meliponary surrounded by semi-evergreen forest. The high stratum had a mean tree height of 5.5 (SD ± 2.9) meters and 3,390 (SD ± 2,702) trees/hectare across vegetation types. The tree diameter was lowest in meliponaries located in the semi-deciduous forest. Conclusions: The meliponaries are surrounded by young secondary vegetation with high density of small trees and predominance of the low stratum. We found a similar vegetation diversity among meliponaries and scarce blooming melliferous plants. Human activity seems to impact plant diversity and food availability for M. beecheii.

Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque la pérdida de colonias de Melipona beecheii en meliponarios sugiere insuficientes plantas melíferas en floración, existe conocimiento limitado sobre la diversidad y condiciones de la vegetación circundante. Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la diversidad, estructura y composición de la vegetación melífera y no melífera circundante a los meliponarios y cómo afecta a la disponibilidad de fuentes de alimento para las abejas? Sitio de estudio y fechas: Vegetación circundante de nueve meliponarios, tres por cada estado de la Península de Yucatán, abarcando los principales tipos de vegetación en 2022 y 2023. Métodos: Con cuatro transectos de 150-metros por meliponario y método de cuadrantes centrados en puntos, se estimó composición, disponibilidad de plantas melíferas y con flores (IVI), parámetros de diversidad (números de Hill), densidad y diámetros de árboles. Resultados: 312 taxa, 250 géneros y 73 familias de plantas registradas. En cinco meliponarios, las plantas melíferas floreciendo representaron menos del 9 % del IVI y uno no tuvo especies floreciendo. La mayor diversidad fue en un meliponario rodeado de selva mediana subperennifolia. La altura promedio de árboles en el estrato alto fue 5.5 (DE ± 2,9) metros, con 3,390 (DE ± 2.702) árboles/hectárea en todos los tipos de vegetación. El diámetro de árboles fue menor en meliponarios en selva mediana subcaducifolia. Conclusiones: Los meliponarios están rodeados de vegetación secundaria joven, alta densidad de árboles pequeños, predominio del estrato bajo, características similares y escasas plantas melíferas floreciendo, sugiriendo que, la actividad humana afecta la diversidad vegetal y disponibilidad de alimento para M. beecheii.

Abstract Forest fires are important environmental perturbations, recurrent in the Michoacán spring, where they were particularly numerous in 2021, during the confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this work was to identify the fires of 2021, in the forest areas of northwest Michoacán, evaluating the severity and recovery from spectral vegetation indices calculated in Sentinel-2 images of different dates. The severity was determined from the dNBR (Normalized Burned Ratio increase) in spring and the recovery with the dNDVI (Normaliced Difference Vegetation Index increase) and dCIre (Chlorophylle Index Red Edge increase), in spring and winter. Five types of vegetation were distinguished (V1 to V5) according to the behavior of the NDVI on the dates considered. The burned areas were identified by classifying the May image. Of V1 (low density deciduous shrub), 15161 ha (31%) were burned, 72% with low or moderate-low damage; a great regeneration capacity was observed. Of V2 (high density deciduous, oaks), 17029 ha (34%) were burned, 64% with moderate-high or high affectation; there was sprouting after moderate fires. Of V3 and V4 (low and high density evergreen, conifers) were burned 1999 ha (4%) and 7366 ha (15%), respectively, 95% and 79% with low or moderate-low damage; there was recovery after minor fires, with greater resilience of V4. V5 (low deciduous forest) 7967 ha (16%) were burned, 91% with low or moderate-low damage, with greater recovery observed in the most affected areas, as a post-fire sprouting effect of vegetation. Remote sensing is a very versatile tool for fire assessment and recovery monitoring, although it does not replace observation in the field.

Resumen Los incendios forestales son perturbaciones ambientales importantes, recurrentes en la primavera michoacana, donde fueron particularmente numerosos en el año 2021, durante el confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los incendios ocurridos en 2021 en las zonas forestales del noroeste de Michoacán, evaluando la severidad y la recuperación a partir de índices espectrales de vegetación calculados en imágenes Sentinel-2 de diferentes fechas. La severidad se determinó a partir del dNBR (incremento del Normalized Burned Ratio) en primavera y la recuperación con el dNDVI (incremento del Normaliced Difference Vegetation Index) y dCIre (incremento del Chlorophylle Index Red Edge), en primavera e invierno. Se distinguieron cinco tipos de vegetación (V1 a V5) según el comportamiento del NDVI en las fechas consideradas. Las áreas quemadas se identificaron clasificando la imagen de mayo. De V1 (arbustiva caducifolia con baja densidad) se quemaron 15161 ha (31%), 72% con afectación baja o moderada-baja; se observó una gran capacidad de regeneración. De V2 (caducifolia con alta densidad, encinos), se quemaron 17029 ha (34%), 64% con afectación moderada-alta o alta; hubo rebrote tras los incendios moderados. De V3 y V4 (perennifolia con baja y alta densidad, coníferas) se quemaron, respectivamente, 1999 ha (4%) y 7366 ha (15%), 95% y 79% con afectación baja o moderada-baja; hubo recuperación tras incendios poco graves, con mayor resiliencia de V4. De V5 (bosque tropical caducifolio) se quemaron 7967 ha (16%), 91% con afectación baja o moderada-baja, observándose mayor recuperación en las zonas más afectadas, como un efecto de rebrote post-incendio de la vegetación. La teledetección es una herramienta muy versátil para la evaluación de los incendios y el seguimiento de la recuperación, si bien no sustituye la observación en campo.

Summary: Amphipterigyum adstringens “cuachalalate” is growing on degraded soils of the low deciduous forest of the coast of Oaxaca. Two objectives were carried out: 1. On cuachalalate: to define the vertical and horizontal population structure, to identify the dispersal pattern of the individuals, and observe the period of the phenological phases. 2. On the soil: to determinate the physical and chemical characteristics of the degraded Lithosol of San Pedro Mixtepec, Oaxaca, where cuachalalate is growing. In sites of 1000 m2 all cuachalalate individuals were registered. These were classified by growing stage (saplings, juveniles and trees). To analyze the size hierarchy, the horizontal and vertical structure of the cuachalalate populations was analyzed. The spatial dispersion of populations was estimated with the Morisita Index. Phenological events were recorded in the trees: foliation, female and male flowering, fruiting and defoliation, during one year (2017 rainy season to 2018 dry season). The cuachalalate presented lower (2.0 to 9.5 m) and upper (10.0 to 16.0 m) vertical structure; the horizontal structure showed that saplings and juveniles have diameters < 2.5 cm, and trees of 5 to 10 cm. The spatial distribution of the populations is aggregated. Flowering occurred during the rainy season, fruiting during rainy to dry season of next year, foliation from dry to rainy season of the same year and defoliation from rainy season to dry season of next year. Degraded lithosols tend to be eroded by runoff, are impermeable and hydrophobic. The piedmont soils have physical and chemical characteristics that highlight incipient accumulation processes, which anticipate a transition to an eutrophic regosol, a favorable soil for the persistence of the low deciduous forest.

Resumen: Amphypterigium adstringens “cuachalalate” crece en los suelos degradados de la selva baja de la costa de Oaxaca. Dos objetivos fueron llevados a cabo: 1. En cuachalalate: obtener la estructura poblacional vertical y horizontal, identificar el patrón de dispersión de los individuos y observar el periodo de las fases fenológicas. 2. En el suelo: determinar las características físicas y químicas del litosol degradado de San Pedro Mixtepec, Oaxaca, donde crece el cuachalalate. En sitios de 1000 m2 fueron registrados todos los individuos de cuachalalate. Éstos fueron clasificados por etapas de crecimiento (brinzal, latizal, fustal). Para analizar la jerarquía de tamaños de las poblaciones de cuachalalate se analizó la estructura horizontal y vertical. La dispersión espacial de las poblaciones fue estimada con el índice de Morisita. En los fustales se registraron los eventos fenológicos: foliación, floración femenina y masculina, fructificación y defoliación, durante un año (época lluviosa de 2017 a época seca de 2018). La estructura vertical de las poblaciones de cuachalalate presentó dos estratos: inferior (2.0 a 9.5 m) y superior (10.0 a 16.0 m); la estructura horizontal mostró que brinzales y latizales tienen diámetros < 2.5 cm y fustales de 5 a 10 cm. La distribución espacial de las poblaciones es agregada. La floración ocurrió durante la época lluviosa, la fructificación durante la época lluviosa a la seca del siguiente año, la foliación de la época seca a la lluviosa del mismo año, la defoliación de la época lluviosa a la seca del siguiente año. Los litosol degradados tienden a ser erosionados por escurrimiento, son impermeables e hidrófobos. Los suelos de piedemonte poseen características físicas y químicas que destacan procesos incipientes de acumulación, lo que anticipa transición hacia regosol éutrico, suelo favorable para la persistencia de la selva baja caducifolia.

Resumen: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis multitemporal de cambio de uso de suelo y cobertura vegetal en el municipio de Linares, Nuevo León México, en cinco períodos de tiempo diferentes: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2021 y 1995-2021. Para el análisis, se realizó una clasificación supervisada de ortofotos e imágenes satelitales de alta resolución GeoEye-1 y Birdseye. La precisión de la clasificación de imágenes presentó valores promedio de índice de Kappa de 0.76, considerados dentro de un nivel de precisión sustancial. Con los datos obtenidos se calculó la tasa de deforestación anual mediante la ecuación propuesta por Puyravaud. Los resultados indican que en un lapso de 26 años el municipio perdió el 61.77% de sus bosques de encino-pino, pino-encino y encino, mostrando tasas de deforestación anual de -5.82%, -3.31% y -3.06%, respectivamente; así mismo, se perdió el 27.58% de matorral submontano y el 4.8% de matorral desértico rosetófilo, con tasas deforestación anual de -1.24 y -0.19%, respectivamente. A diferencia de la selva baja espinosa caducifolia y el pastizal, que mostraron un incremento de cobertura vegetal de 310.58 y 18.09%, con tasas de cambio anual de 5.43 y 0.64%, respectivamente. Estos cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo pueden llegar a afectar procesos atmosféricos y climáticos globales, por lo que este estudio pretende servir de referencia para el diseño de políticas públicas y programas de conservación y manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales.

Abstract: The aim of this research was to perform a multi-temporal analysis of land use change and vegetation cover in Linares, Nuevo León, México, at five different time periods: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2021 and 1995-2021. For the analysis, a supervised classification of orthophotos and high-resolution satellite images GeoEye-1 and Birdseye was performed. The accuracy of the image classification presented average values of Kappa index of 0.76, considered within a substantial level of accuracy. With the data obtained, the annual deforestation rate was calculated using the equation proposed by Puyravaud. The results indicate that in a period of 26 years the municipality lost 61.77% of its oak-pine, pine-oak and oak forests, showing annual deforestation rates of -5.82%, -3.31% and -3.06% respectively; Likewise, 27.58% of submontane scrubland and 4.8% of rosetophilous desert scrubland were lost, with annual deforestation rates of -1.24 and -0.19%, respectively. Unlike the low deciduous spiny forest and the grassland, which showed an increase in plant cover of 310.58 and 18.09%, with annual exchange rates of 5.43 and 0.64%, respectively. These changes in land cover and use can affect global atmospheric and climate processes, so this study aims to serve as a reference for the design of public policies and programs for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la calidad microbiológica y actividad antibacteriana en 43 muestras de miel producida por Melipona beecheii, extraída durante las épocas de cosecha (enero a mayo del 2020 y 2021) y poscosecha (junio a octubre 2020) de meliponarios ubicados en selva baja caducifolia del Sureste de México. Materiales y métodos. La calidad microbiológica se determinó evaluando el contenido de mesófilos aerobios totales, coliformes, hongos, levaduras y anaerobios formadores de esporas. Para la actividad antibacteriana, se utilizó el ensayo de difusión en agar con pocillos utilizando concentraciones de miel al 5, 10, 20, 40 y 80%. Resultados. Se observó la presencia de mesófilos aerobios (83.7% de las muestras), coliformes (4.6%), mohos (20.9%) y levaduras (39.5%), con un máximo de 4.5x102, 2.5x10, 9.5x10 y 3.2x103 UFC/g, respectivamente. En ninguna muestra se observó la presencia de formas esporuladas de clostridios sulfito reductores. Con respecto a la actividad antibacteriana las mayores zonas de inhibición se registraron contra Staphylococcus aureus a una concentración de la miel al 80 y 40%, contrario a lo observado con Salmonella var. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aureginosa y Escherichia coli, en donde la interferencia en el crecimiento bacteriano no fue tan evidente. Conclusiones. No obstante, el crecimiento de mesófilos y levaduras en la mayoría de las muestras, éstas presentaron actividad antibacteriana contra los patógenos referidos, lo cual puede ser atribuido a las interacciones entre microbioma, plantas, abejas y características fisicoquímicas de la miel.

ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the microbiological quality and antibacterial activity in 43 samples of honey produced by Melipona beecheii, extracted during the years 2020 and 2021 in the harvest (January to May) and post-harvest (June to October) seasons from meliponaries located in the low deciduous forest of southeast of Mexico. Materials and methods. Microbiological quality was determined by evaluating the content of total aerobic mesophiles, coliforms, molds, yeasts, and spore-forming anaerobes. For antibacterial activity, the agar well diffusion assay was used using 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80% honey concentrations. Results. The presence of aerobic mesophiles (83.7% of the samples), coliforms (4.6%), molds (20.9%) and yeasts (39.5%) was observed, with a maximum of 4.5x102, 2.5x10, 9.5x10 and 3.2x103 CFU/g, respectively. The presence of sporulated forms of sulfite-reducing clostridia was not observed in any sample. With respect to the antibacterial activity, the highest zones of inhibition were recorded against Staphylococcus aureus at a honey concentration of 80 and 40%, contrary to what was observed with Salmonella var. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Escherichia coli, where the interference in bacterial growth was not so evident. Conclusions. However, the growth of mesophiles and yeasts in most of the samples showed antibacterial activity against the pathogens mentioned above, which can be attributed to the interactions between microbiome, plants, bees and physicochemical characteristics of honey.

Resumen Antecedentes: La leña es el principal recurso energético de las familias rurales en diversas comunidades de México. En Morelos el 6.2 % de las viviendas particulares utilizan este recurso para cocinar y la Selva Baja Caducifolia es el principal tipo de vegetación de donde la obtienen. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es el consumo de leña en los hogares de una comunidad campesina y qué factores influyen en las tasas de aprovechamiento? Sitio y años de estudio: Comunidad El Zoquital, Municipio de Amacuzac, Morelos. Enero-diciembre 2021. Métodos: Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 33 unidades familiares para documentar las especies utilizadas como combustible. Además, se evaluó mediante la medición directa el consumo de leña en seis hogares. Con los datos obtenidos se aplicaron análisis estadísticos (ANOVA, ANCOVA, χ2, residuos ajustados de Haberman y LDA) para evaluar los factores que influyen en las tasas de aprovechamiento. Resultados: Se identificaron 23 especies como leña. El consumo total anual en las seis unidades familiares fue de 13,338.1 kg, y estuvo afectado por la edad y el número de integrantes. Existen diferencias significativas en el consumo de leña a lo largo del año y entre temporalidad estacional (lluvias vs. secas). La disponibilidad y consumo por especie fue diferente en las unidades productivas tradicionales (milpa, potrero, patio y monte) debido a la diversidad de actividades productivas entre unidades familiares. Conclusiones: El aprovechamiento de recursos dendroenergéticos en el suroeste de Morelos es producto de factores causales determinados por la disponibilidad de las especies y la composición de cada unidad familiar.

Abstract Background: Firewood is the main energy resource for rural people in many communities in Mexico. In Morelos, 6.2 % of private dwellings use this resource for cooking and the low deciduous forest is the main ecosystem from which they obtain it. Questions and Hypotheses: What is the consumption of firewood in the dwellings of a peasant community and what factors influence the rates of use? Study site and dates: El Zoquital Community, Municipality of Amacuzac, Morelos. January-December 2021. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were applied to 33 family units to document the species used as fuel. In addition, the consumption of firewood in six households was evaluated through direct measurement. With the data obtained, statistical analyzes were applied (ANOVA, ANCOVA, χ2, Haberman's adjusted residuals and LDA) to evaluate the factors that influence the rates of use. Results: Twenty-three species were identified as firewood. The total annual consumption in the six family units was 13,338.1 kg and was affected by age and the number of members. There are significant differences in firewood consumption throughout the year and between seasonality (rainy vs. dry). The availability and consumption by species were different in the traditional productive units (milpa, paddock, patio and forest) due to the diversity of productive activities among family units. Conclusions: The use of dendroenergetic resources in the southwest of Morelos is the product of causal factors determined by the availability of the species and the composition of each family.

Abstract Non-timber forest products are transcendental for the well-being of rural households, rural and suburban communities, they provide them with priority goods and services for their subsistence. The present work tries to identify the use of non-timber forest resources for the elaboration of handicrafts in the community of Malinalco, State of Mexico; as well as register the habitat where the resources come from and the legal and economic framework for the use of said resources. Through the ethnographic method, the instrument for obtaining the information, which was a questionnaire, was carried out and validated. Key informants were obtained, and interviews were conducted. During five months through semi-structured interviews with three artisans and 17 artisans from the community, a list of 11 different crafts made and marketed in the Malinalco community was obtained. Forest diversity was 15 species, 19 genera and 12 families; of which 4 taxa were identified at the generic level. The most used species are Agave sp. Crescentia alata Kunth and Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. The most representative families were Bignoniaceae and Asparagaceae. 43.9% were tree species, and 22% climbers, obtained from the low deciduous forest (58.3%) or from home gardens (18.75%). Regarding the parts used, 46.34% correspond to fruits and 17.07% to seeds. The knowledge about the use of flora in the elaboration of handicrafts allowed us to know the importance of the low deciduous forest and family gardens to obtain resources for the elaboration and commercialization of handicrafts in the community of Malinalco, State of Mexico.

Resumen Los productos forestales no maderables son trascendentales para el bienestar de las unidades domésticas campesinas, de comunidades rurales y suburbanas, les aportan bienes y servicios prioritarios para su subsistencia. El presente trabajo pretende identificar el uso de los recursos forestales no maderables para la elaboración de artesanías en la comunidad de Malinalco, Estado de México; así como registrar el hábitat de donde provienen los recursos y el marco legal y económico para el uso de dichos recursos. Por medio del método etnográfico, se realizó y validó el instrumento de obtención de la información que fue un cuestionario. Se obtuvieron los informantes clave y se realizaron las entrevistas. Durante cinco meses mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 03 artesanas y 17 artesanos de la comunidad, se obtuvo un listado de 11 diferentes artesanías elaboradas y comercializadas en la comunidad de Malinalco. La diversidad forestal fue de 15 especies, 19 géneros y 12 familias; de los cuales 4 taxa se identificaron a nivel genérico. Las especies más utilizados son; Agave sp., Crescentia alata Kunth y Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. Las familias con mayor representatividad fueron Bignoniaceae y Asparagaceae. El 52.63% fueron especies arbóreas, y el 42.10% herbáceas, obtenidas de la selva baja caducifolia (58.3%) o de huertos familiares (18.75%). Respecto a las partes utilizadas el 46.34% corresponde a frutos y el 17.07% a semillas. El conocimiento sobre el aprovechamiento de la flora en la elaboración de artesanías permitió conocer la importancia de la selva baja caducifolia y de los huertos familiares para la obtención de recursos para la elaboración y comercialización de artesanías en la comunidad de Malinalco, Estado de México.

Resumen El Corredor Biológico (COBIO) Chichinautzin es un Área Natural Protegida ubicada al norte del estado de Morelos, importante por su riqueza de especies, suelo agrícola y recarga de acuíferos, donde sus habitantes originarios y recientemente urbanos manejan la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, el COBIO no escapa al proceso de fragmentación del paisaje. Una estrategia de resistencia cultural ante la problemática mencionada son los cercos vivos (CV), que se encuentran en todo el mosaico antrópico dentro de matrices agrícolas, cuya estructura dentro del paisaje provee servicios ecosistémicos. Se documentó el efecto del conocimiento ecológico tradicional (CET) y de la altitud sobre la riqueza, estructura y diversidad de especies en tres tipos de vegetación: bosque tropical caducifolio (BTC), bosque de pino-encino (BPE) y la ecotonía entre éstos. Para documentar el CET se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los manejadores, que son campesinos originarios y recientemente urbanos, con el propósito de registrar las prácticas culturales para el establecimiento y manejo de los CV, el uso local y el destino de la producción de cada especie. La obtención de los parámetros ecológicos se generó mediante muestreos en cinco municipios del COBIO, en los que se eligieron 10 sitios en un gradiente altitudinal que va de los 1212 a 2561 m, allí se establecieron 23 transectos de 100 x 2 m cada uno. Se determinó el índice de diversidad de Jaccard, el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y el índice de valor forestal (IVF). El dendrograma de calor permitió identificar las comunidades con más similitud. El Análisis de Escalamiento Multidimensional No Métrico (NMDS) se empleó para determinar qué variables influyen en la riqueza, estructura y diversidad arbórea. Las especies arbóreas registradas fueron 35, pertenecientes a 30 géneros y 21 familias, de las cuales el 71% son nativas de México y de éstas el 8% son endémicas del país. Estos taxa proveen seis valores de uso. Las prácticas de manejo cultural fueron cuatro. Los CV ubicados en la zona de transición y en el BTC mostraron la mayor riqueza de especies, mientras que en el BPE está métrica fue menor. Tanto en el IVI como en el IVF las especies jerárquicamente dominantes fueron Erythrina americana Mill., Ipomoea murucoides Roem. & Schult. y Spondias purpurea L. El dendrograma visualiza la existencia de dos grandes grupos y expresan una baja tasa de recambio de especies a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal. El NMDS muestra que tres prácticas culturales asociadas con el CET son estadísticamente significativas y que influyen directamente en la riqueza, estructura y diversidad arbórea. La presencia de los CV es importante para la conservación biocultural porque albergan en su mayoría especies nativas tanto silvestres como cultivadas, además de que suministran alimento y combustible para cubrir necesidades básicas. Contrario a lo esperado, los parámetros ecológicos estructurales no están influenciados por el gradiente altitudinal y por los tipos de vegetación, sino por el tipo de especies cultivadas o favorecidas por los campesinos.

Abstract The Chichinautzin Biological Corridor (COBIO) is a Protected Natural Area located in the north of the state of Morelos, important for its richness of species, agricultural land and aquifer recharge, where its original and recently urban inhabitants manage biodiversity. However, COBIO does not escape the process of landscape fragmentation. A strategy of cultural resistance to the mentioned problem are the live fences (CV), which are found throughout the anthropic mosaic within agricultural matrices, whose structure within the landscape provides ecosystem services. The effect of traditional ecological knowledge (CET) and altitude on the richness, structure and diversity of species in three types of vegetation was documented: tropical deciduous forest (BTC), pine-oak forest (BPE) and the ecotony between them. To document the CET, semi-structured interviews were applied to the managers who are original and recently urban peasants with the purpose of recording the cultural practices for the establishment and management of the CV, the local use and the destination of the production of each species. Obtaining the ecological parameters was generated by sampling in five COBIO municipalities, in which 10 sites were chosen in an altitudinal gradient that goes from 1212 to 2561 m, where 23 transects of 100 x 2 m each were established. The Jaccard diversity index, the importance value index (IVI) and the forest value index (IVF) were determined. The heat dendrogram allowed to identify the communities with the most similarity. The Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling Analysis (NMDS) was used to determine which variables influence tree richness, structure, and diversity. The registered tree species were 35, belonging to 30 genera and 21 families, of which 71% are native to Mexico and of these, 8% are endemic to the country. These taxa provide six use values. There were four cultural management practices. The CV located in the transition zone and in the BTC showed the highest species richness, while in the BPE this metric was lower. In both IVI and IVF, the hierarchically dominant species were Erythrina americana Mill., Ipomoea murucoides Roem. & Schult. and Spondias purpurea L. The dendrogram visualizes the existence of two large groups tham show a low rate of species turnover along the altitudinal gradient. The NMDS shows that three cultural practices associated with CET are statistically significant and that they directly influence tree richness, structure, and diversity. The presence of CVs is important for biocultural conservation because its shelter mostly native species, both wild and cultivated, in addition to providing food and fuel to cover basic needs. Contrary to expectations, the structural ecological parameters are not influenced by the altitudinal gradient and by the vegetation types, but by the kind of species cultivated or favored by peasants.

RESUMEN Vitex mollis Kunth es un árbol que pertenece a la familia Lamiaceae y se localiza en todo México. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer una metodología para la obtención de callogénesis de Vitex mollis in vitro. El porcentaje de callogénesis en tallo fue 75%, en yema axilar y apical 85% y 80%, respectivamente, y en hoja 60%. El crecimiento de callo con respecto a la altura, tiempo de evaluación (4, 5 y 6 periodos de incubación) y concentraciones de 1,0; 1,5 y 2,0 mgL-1 de AIB fue mejor en yema axilar con 0,70; 1,79 y 2,60 mm, y en yema apical 0,56; 1,22 y 2,33 mm. La altura de callo en promedio con 1,0; 1,5 y 2,0 mgL-1 de AIB en yema axilar fue de 1,04 a 1,14 mm, y en yema apical 0,91 a 1,06 mm. El ancho de callo en yema axilar, yema apical y tallo obtuvo el mayor crecimiento en el tiempo evaluado. Al medir el ancho de callo con 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 y 2,0 mgL-1 de AIB el promedio en tallo fue 0,92; 1,04; 1,08 y 1,14 mm; yema axilar 1,14; 1,22; 1,40 y 1,50 mm; yema apical 0,97; 1,08; 1,13 y 1,16 mm, y hoja en las concentraciones de 1,0; 1,5 y 2,0 mgL-1 0,90, 1,00 y 0,99 mm. Con respecto al porcentaje de contaminación, se obtuvo el 14,33%, mientras que el porcentaje de oxidación en los explantes osciló entre 25 y 32,66%.

ABSTRACT Vitex mollis Kunth is a tree that belongs to the Lamiaceae family, and is found throughout Mexico. The objective of this work was to establish a methodology for obtaining callogenesis of Vitex mollis in vitro. The percentage of callogenesis in stem was 75%, in axillary bud and apical bud (85% and 80%, respectively) and leaf 60%. Callus growth with respect to height, evahuation time (4, 5 and 6 incubation periods) and concentrations of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL- 1 of IBA was better in axillary bud with 0.70, 1.79 and 2.60 mm and in apical bud 0.56, 1.22 and 2.33mm. The average callus height with 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL -1 of IBA in the axillary bud was 1.04 to 1.14 mm and in the apical bud 0.91 to 1.06 mm. The width of the callus in the axillary bud, apical bud and stem were the ones with the highest growth over the time evaluated. When evaluating the width of the callus with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL -1 of IBA, the average in the stem was 0.92, 1.04, 1.08 and 1.14 mm, axillary bud 1.14, 1.22, 1.40, and 1.50 mm, apical bud 0.97, 1.08, 1.13 and 1.16 mm, leaf in the concentrations of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL -1 showed 0.90, 1.00 and 0.99 mm. Regarding the percentage of contamination, 14.33% was obtained. while the percentage of oxidation in the oxyl explants from 25 to 32.66%.

Abstract Fires are a major environmental concern due to their potentially adverse effects on ecosystems, soil, and the atmosphere. Fires are increasing worldwide as a result of climate change. Field reports are the closest data on active fires and burned areas; however, they are not always reliable or sufficient, so global series generated from satellite information are useful. Satellite products available for burned areas include the 300m Copernicus PROBA-V series (2014-2020), which calculates indices that detect significant vegetation changes, and NASA’s MCD64A1 500m MODIS collection, based on the detection of heat spots. This study aimed to compare these products in the state of Michoacán, Mexico, where temperate and tropical dry forests (or low deciduous forests) are located, as well as cropland and other vegetation types; the study period covered from 2015 to 2020. For each series, the pixels with a burned-area report were quantified by month and year for each vegetation cover, and matches were analyzed. To illustrate some cases, Sentinel-2 images were used as an independent baseline with a higher resolution than the compared series, and the dNBR index was calculated to assess the impact level. During the study period, the number of PROBA-V detections was 16 times greater than that of MODIS (308699 versus 19061). PROBA-V identified burned areas from December to May, while MODIS did so in April and May, which better matched the actual conditions in the study area. In the PROBA-V series, 56.65 % of the detections corresponded to tropical dry forest, 27.25 % to agriculture, and 13.57 % to temperate forest; in MODIS, 50.02 % of the area was cropland, 31.31 % temperate forest, and only 17.31 % tropical dry forest. Between 37.90 % (2015) and 78.72 % (2020) of the burned areas noted by MODIS were also detected by PROBA-V, but MODIS detected less than 5 % of the areas identified by PROBA-V. In the tropical dry forest, the correlation between both systems was below 2 % in any year, indicating a significant overdetection by PROBA-V in this type of vegetation. The six burned areas visualized in Sentinel-2 images from January to June show that they usually occur in April or May in the transition zone between temperate and dry forests or until June in areas near avocado plantations. On the other hand, cropland fires occur at different times of the year. MODIS was generally more accurate than PROBA-V in the study area; the dNBR index correctly identified high-impact burned areas but overdetected low-impact areas. The burned-area series facilitates general and systematic monitoring of fires in a territory, while archival data are suitable for historical studies. The accuracy of each series depends on the data and algorithms used to generate it, as well as on the characteristics of the study area. Burned-area series based on thermal anomalies, such as the MCD64A1 collection of MODIS, are more accurate than those identifying changes in vegetation, such as PROBA-V, particularly when deciduous vegetation is found in the area. However, false detections from highly reflective surfaces, such as clouds or water bodies, should be eliminated. Additionally, to study forest fires, it is necessary to overlay land-use maps. The information provided by the series does not include fires that are small relative to the pixel size. If a detailed study of fires in small areas is required, the information in the series can be supplemented with field data and high-resolution satellite imagery, for example, to assess the impact of fire or to monitor the recovery process. In this case, the image needs to be classified beforehand to identify the burned areas. Although the MODIS and PROBA-V satellites are approaching the end of their useful life, others are already taking over, both by NASA and ESA, so the availability of time series for burned area and other biophysical and climatic variables is warranted, recording increasingly higher-quality data over longer periods.

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Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: En la Sierra Norte de Puebla (SNP), México, el bosque mesófilo de montaña es el tipo de vegetación que alberga el mayor número de pteridofitas en el país; sin embargo, para esta zona aún faltan estudios sobre la riqueza de este grupo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar el listado florístico de las licofitas y helechos de la SNP, y determinar la afinidad de especies entre los tipos de vegetación. Métodos: Se revisaron ejemplares herborizados del año 1900 al 2018, incluyendo colectas hechas por los autores. Se calculó la curva de acumulación de especies mediante índices no paramétricos, y el índice de biodiversidad taxonómica (IB, taxones/km2) con los resultados obtenidos y de estudios pteridoflorísticos de zonas aledañas a la SNP; se estimó el índice de similitud de Sorensen (IS) y se hizo un análisis de agrupamiento, para determinar la afinidad específica entre las vegetaciones. También se documentó el estado de conservación de los taxones. Resultados clave: Se registraron 253 especies, 12 variedades y un híbrido, circunscritos en 81 géneros y 29 familias; 44 taxones no se habían reportado antes para la zona, de estos, 14 son nuevos registros para el estado. El bosque mesófilo presentó la mayor riqueza (190 especies y 10 variedades). El IB de la SNP fue de 30.4 taxones/km2. El análisis de completitud mostró una tendencia a la asíntota, pero podría incrementar el número de especies (22-33%). La similitud de pteridofitas entre las vegetaciones fue baja (IS=0-0.52), el valor más alto ocurrió entre las selvas mediana perennifolia y subperennifolia. Conclusiones: La SNP concentra 69.8% de las pteridofitas del estado de Puebla, y resulta preponderante implementar proyectos de conservación, e incrementar las recolectas en los municipios menos explorados, sobre todo con bosque mesófilo de montaña.

Abstract: Background and Aims: In the Sierra Norte de Puebla (SNP), Mexico, the montane cloud forest is the vegetation with the greatest number of pteridophytes in the country; nevertheless, this region still lacks studies about the richness of this plant group. The objective of this work was to present a floristic list of the lycophytes and ferns of the SNP and determine the species affinity between the different vegetation types. Methods: Herbarium specimens from 1900 to 2018 were examined, including collections made by the authors. The species accumulation curve was calculated by nonparametric indices; the taxonomic biodiversity index (IB, taxa/km2) was estimated using results from this study and others from areas adjacent to SNP; the Sorensen similarity index (IS) was calculated, and a cluster analysis was performed to determine the species affinity between the vegetations. The conservation status of the taxa was also documented. Key results: In total 253 species, 12 varieties and one hybrid were recorded, all circumscribed in 81 genera and 29 families; 44 taxa had not been reported previously for this area, 14 of these are new records for the state of Puebla. The montane cloud forest had the highest richness (190 species and 10 varieties). The IB for the SNP was 30.4 taxa/km2. The completeness analysis showed a trend toward the asymptote, which indicates that the number of species could still increase (22-33%). Pteridophyte similarity between vegetation types was low (IS=0-0.52), the highest value was between medium evergreen and semi- deciduous forests. Conclusions: The SNP contains 69.8 % of pteridophytes of the state of Puebla, therefore it is imperative to implement conservation projects and to increase collections in the less explored municipalities, especially in those with montane cloud forests.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los estudios sobre la rehabilitación de canteras son escasos en México. En este estudio se analizó la importancia relativa de las plantaciones y la regeneración natural en la recuperación inicial de la vegetación en una cantera del trópico seco. Se comparó la composición y diversidad de especies presentes por ambas vías, su contribución a la cobertura y algunos rasgos funcionales que explican su desempeño. Métodos: En septiembre de 2019 se marcaron e identificaron los individuos presentes (plantados y reclutados naturalmente) en 26 bloques (18 × 3.5 m) en los que se estableció la plantación. Se registró su altura y cobertura y se tomaron muestras de ramas y hojas para analizar algunos rasgos funcionales. Un año después se registró la supervivencia y el crecimiento de los individuos previamente marcados en una submuestra de los bloques. Resultados clave: La contribución de la regeneración natural a la cobertura de la vegetación fue mucho mayor (81%) que la de la plantación (19%); su diversidad fue también mayor. Las especies reclutadas naturalmente tuvieron valores bajos de densidad de madera y contenido de masa seca de las hojas, al igual que Senecio salignus, la especie plantada con mayor cobertura. Con excepción de Dodonaea viscosa, las especies con mayor densidad de la madera tuvieron menor supervivencia y/o crecimiento. Conclusiones: Se destaca la gran aportación de la regeneración natural a la cobertura inicial, uno de los primeros objetivos de la rehabilitación; su abundancia y diversidad se favorecieron por la cercanía a un bosque maduro. Seis de las especies plantadas tuvieron un buen desempeño, por lo que se recomienda su uso futuro. Cuando no haya una fuente de propágulos cercana, se puede fomentar la presencia de las especies de regeneración natural mediante la siembra de semillas o con plantaciones.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Studies on rehabilitation of quarries are scarce in Mexico. In this study we analyzed the relative importance of plantations and natural regeneration on the initial recovery of vegetation in a quarry of the dry tropics. We compared species composition and diversity of plants established by both means, their contribution to vegetation cover and some functional traits that explain their performance. Methods: In September 2019 we marked and identified all individuals (planted and naturally recruited) established in 26 plots (18 × 3.5 m) where the plantation was established. Their height and crown cover were registered; samples of branches and leaves were taken to analyze some functional traits. One year later we registered survival and growth of previously marked individuals in a subsample of the plots. Key results: The contribution of natural regeneration to vegetation cover was much higher (81%) than that of the plantation (19%); its diversity was also higher. Species from natural regeneration had low values of wood density and leaf dry matter content, as well as Senecio salignus, the planted species having a larger crown cover. Except for Dodonaea viscosa, species with higher wood density had lower survival and/or growth. Conclusions: The large contribution of natural regeneration to initial vegetation cover, one of the first objectives of rehabilitation, is remarkable; its abundance and diversity were favored by proximity to a mature forest. Six of the planted species had a good performance, so we recommend their use in the future. When there is no nearby source of propagules, the presence of naturally established species can be promoted by seed sowing or plantations.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue sistematizar las especies apropiadas, formas de apropiación y valores de uso asignados a la fauna silvestre en comunidades de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, México, mediante un análisis documental y trabajo de campo. Se registraron 46 especies con valor de uso pertenecientes a 31 familias. La clase con mayor número de especies apropiadas son las aves (42.5%), seguidas de los mamíferos (34%). El 64% de las especies se apropian con fines alimentarios y el 38.3% se utilizan para el tratamiento de enfermedades en la medicina tradicional. Otros usos son adornos, amuletos, elaboración de herramientas y como animal de compañía. La apropiación de fauna silvestre se realiza por medio de la cacería, la recolección y la pesca. Las armas de fuego como la escopeta es el principal instrumento para la cacería. También se utilizan perros, machetes, resorteras, tarrayas, anzuelos, nudos corredizos y se capturan manualmente. La apropiación puede ser una actividad oportunista u organizada por medio de las arreadas, espiadas, lampareadas, campeadas, acorralamiento y recolección manual. La apropiación de fauna silvestre es una actividad culturalmente arraigada en las comunidades de la reserva. Sin embargo, el análisis de la relación sociedad-fauna en la región es limitado, por lo que es necesario generar información que promueva el manejo sostenible del recurso faunístico.

Abstract The aims of this paper were the systematization of appropriated species, appropriation forms and assigned use values of wildlife species in the Biosphere Reserve of the Sierra de Huautla, Mexico, by means of documentary analysis and field work. We recorded 46 species with use value pertaining to 31 families. Birds accounted for the highest number of appropriated species (42.5%), followed by mammals (34%). Of the total species, 64% are appropriated for alimentary purposes and are used in the treatment of diseases in traditional medicine. Others are used as ornaments, talismans, in tool manufacture and as pet animals. Wildlife appropriation is achieved by hunting, collection and fishing. Fire arms such as shotguns are the main instrument used in hunting. Dogs, machetes, slingshots, nets, hooks, slipknots, are also used, or they are captured by hand. Appropriation can be an opportunistic or organized activity by means of “arreadas” (herding), “espiadas” (opportunistic observation), “lampareadas” (spotlighting), “campeadas” (scouring), “acorralamiento” (cornering) and manual collection. Wildlife appropriation is a culturally rooted activity in the reserve communities. Nevertheless, the analysis of the relationship society-fauna in the region is limited and this is why the generation of information that may enable a sustainable management of the faunistic resource is necessary.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a composição florística e estrutural em um trecho de floresta secundária, no município de Dona Francisca - RS. Foram instaladas 50 parcelas permanentes de dimensão 10 x 20 m, de modo sistemático, distanciadas 10 m entre si e 40 m entre faixas, totalizando 1 ha. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos que apresentassem CAP ≥ 15,7 cm e calculado os estimadores fitossociológicos. Foi realizada a curva de acumulação de espécie para verificar a suficiência amostral. Para o cálculo de diversidade e dominância, utilizou-se o Índice de Shannon (H’) e Equabilidade de Pielou (J’). Para a riqueza potencial utilizaram-se os estimadores não paramétricos Jackknife. Avaliou-se a composição florística e estrutural por meio da Análise de Correspondência Distendida (DCA). Verificou-se, também, a distribuição diamétrica e hipsométrica da comunidade arbórea, e para as espécies, com valor de importância acima de 5 %, a distribuição em classes de DAP. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa R. Foram identificadas 65 espécies arbóreas e arbustivas com 2.045 indivíduos distribuídas em 31 famílias botânicas. As espécies com valor de importância acima de 5% foram Casearia sylvestris (14,04%), Nectandra lanceolata (12,86 %), Cupania vernalis (9,57 %), Guarea macrophylla (7,29 %) e Ocotea puberula (5,07 %). Os valores para a diversidade e dominância foram, respectivamente, de 2,91 nats.ind-1 e 0,69, indicando que a área possui baixa diversidade e dominância de poucas espécies. Pela DCA é possível verificar que as parcelas estão distribuídas homogeneamente no trecho florestal. A distribuição diamétrica representou o esperado para a comunidade arbórea com tendência ao J-invertido e a maioria das árvores apresentou altura concentrada no estrato intermediário da floresta. Das cinco espécies analisadas, apenas Nectandra lanceolata e Ocotea puberula não apresentaram curva exponencial negativa. Foi possível observar que há um predomínio de indivíduos nas primeiras classes de DAP e altura, o que caracteriza a resiliência da área após distúrbio. Ainda, indica as flutuações e estabilidade das espécies, na sucessão ecológica, de uma floresta em estágio intermediário de regeneração.

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the floristic and structural composition of an area located in a section of secondary Forest, in the municipality of Dona Francisca, RS state. To do so, 50 permanent plots with a dimension of 10 x 20 m (200 m2) were installed in a systematic way, 10 m apart and 40 m between tracks, totaling 1 ha. All individuals with CAP ≥ 15.7 cm were identified and sampled and the phytosociological estimators were calculated. The species accumulation curve was used to verify the sample adequacy. For the calculation of diversity and dominance estimators, the Shannon Index (H ‘) and Pielou Equability (J’) were used. Subsequently, the floristic and structural composition was evaluated through the Distributed Correspondence Analysis (DCA). It was also verified the diameter and histopic distribution of the tree community, and for the species, with importance value above 5%, the distribution in classes of DAP. Statistical analyzes were performed in the R program. 65 tree and shrub species were identified with 2,045 individuals distributed in 31 botanical families. The species with a value of importance above 5% were Casearia sylvestris (14, 04 %), Nectandra lanceolata (12, 86 %), Cupania vernalis (9, 57 %), Guarea macrophylla (7,29 %) and Ocotea puberula (5.07 %). The values for diversity and dominance were, respectively, 2.91 nats.ind-1 and 0.69, indicating that the area has low diversity and dominance of few species and that by DCA it is possible to verify that the plots are homogeneously distributed in the forest. The diameter distribution represented the expected behavior for the arboreal community with J-inverted tendency and the majority of the trees presented height concentrated in the middle stratum of the forest. Only Nectandra lanceolata and Ocotea puberula did not present negative exponential curve from the five species analyzed. It was possible to observe the mosaic of tree species distributed in the forest section. In addition, there is a predominance of individuals in the first classes of DBH and height, which characterizes the resilience of the area after the disturbance and its capacity for natural recovery. It also indicates the fluctuations and stability of species in ecological succession of a forest in an intermediate stage of regeneration.