This study aimed to assess how a partial lockdown due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected air quality in four cities with dissimilar characteristics. In three cities, Araraquara (ARQ), Presidente Prudente (PPE), and Santos (STS), reductions in NO2 concentrations were observed due to social distancing. Conversely, in Santa Gertrudes (SGD), NO2 concentrations increased, indicating that a brief pause in ceramics industry activity was not sufficient to reduce NO2 emissions. A variable behavior was observed in O3 concentrations; in some cases, it followed the trends observed in previous years, but in others, an increase or decrease in concentrations was observed due to variations in concentrations of NO2 and volatile organic compounds and/or climatic conditions. Particulate matter (PM) concentrations decreased in SGD and STS due to social distancing, meteorological conditions, such as wind speed, and reductions in industrial and port activities. Nevertheless, in the cities of ARQ and PPE, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM10) concentrations were elevated during the pandemic period, due to numerous biomass burning events in 2020. Thus, although vehicular and industrial emission control/reduction policies are effective in improving air quality, they may not be sufficient to achieve air quality standards if they are not combined with more restrictive measures to manage biomass burning. 201 COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 characteristics ARQ, , (ARQ) PPE (PPE) STS, (STS) NO distancing Conversely SGD, (SGD) increased emissions O cases years others andor conditions PM (PM speed activities Nevertheless 1 PM10 (PM10 period 2020 Thus controlreduction control reduction 20 COVID1 (COVID-1 (ARQ (PPE (STS (SGD PM1 (PM1 202 2 (COVID- (COVID

The study's main objective was to investigate the challenges faced by smallholder crop farmers and informal food traders in the agri-food value chain in Gauteng province. A sample of 32 smallholder crop farmers and 32 informal food traders was gathered using questionnaire surveys. The different challenges identified have negatively influenced the progress and development of these actors. For example, COVID-19 lockdown regulations have destroyed the trading jobs of informal food traders, directly affecting smallholder crop farmers' income. This was because informal food traders were identified as the major customers for smallholder crop farmers, as indicated by the study data. Other challenges faced by smallholder crop farmers included a small amount of arable land, lack of grower schemes, regulatory barriers, lack of agricultural management skills and extension services, and lack of credit facilities and resources. As part of the recommendations for the smallholder crop farmers, it was proposed that the Department of Agriculture Land Reform and Rural Development should improve policies on the reaction and management of shocks like COVID-19 in the economy to protect the vulnerable groups in society. Additional recommendations included addressing gender disparity in the smallholder crop farming sector as males dominated the agricultural sector; introducing easy eligibility criteria for micro-loan applications by DFIs to enable smallholder crop farmers to access loans; and the proposal for extensive arable land to aid smallholder crop farmers to expand and grow in their business trajectory. For the informal food traders, it was recommended that the municipal authority improve the by-laws that govern how informal food traders are treated.

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 ha aumentado las demandas que enfrentan los trabajadores con respecto a su alimentación, como comprar alimentos y cocinar. Estudios muestran diferencias de género en estas demandas, pero también según características sociodemográficas como el nivel de escolaridad. Este estudio comparó patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos por género en trabajadores chilenos, antes y durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Este estudio es de corte transversal y utilizó datos de la primera ola de un estudio multinacional realizado en abril de 2020. La muestra fue 317 participantes que tenían trabajo durante el confinamiento (67.8 % mujeres, edad promedio de 38.14). Los participantes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas y reportaron sus prácticas de compra y preparación de alimentos antes y durante el confinamiento. Se utilizó el análisis de comparación de proporciones. Durante el confinamiento, los hombres realizaron más compras de alimentos y las mujeres cocinaron más. Las mujeres se dedicaron a tareas relacionadas con la alimentación con más frecuencia durante la pandemia que los hombres. Este estudio muestra que personas trabajadoras han cambiado su nivel de involucramiento en tareas de alimentación durante la pandemia, tomando en cuenta condiciones como los roles de género, escolaridad y teletrabajo. Estos hallazgos pueden guiar intervenciones y políticas que refuercen ventajas derivadas de las medidas de confinamiento (e.g., cocinar en casa), para contribuir al bienestar alimentario de personas trabajadoras y sus familias durante y después de la pandemia.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demands that workers face regarding household food-related tasks, such as grocery shopping and cooking. The literature shows that there are differences in these demands by gender, but also based on other sociodemographic characteristics, such as schooling level. The aim of this study was to compare food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender in Chilean workers, before the COVID-19 lockdown and during the first six weeks of lockdown. The study was cross-sectional, and data was collected for the first wave of a multi-country study in April 2020. The sample was composed of 317 participants who were employed during lockdown (67.8% women, mean age of 38.14). Participants answered sociodemographic questions and reported their food purchasing and preparing practices before and during lockdown. Analysis of comparison of proportions was used. On average, during lockdown, men increased their involvement in grocery shopping while women cooked more. Overall, female workers have turned to food-related tasks more often during the pandemic than male workers. This study shows the extent to which workers have changed their degree of involvement in food-related tasks, accounting for conditions such as gender roles, schooling level and working from home. These findings can inform interventions and policies that reinforce advantageous changes brought on by lockdown measures (e.g., home-cooking) to contribute to workers’ and their families’ food-related well-being during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las políticas de confinamiento domiciliario durante la pandemia de COVID-19 limitaron la exposición solar y pudieron influir en los niveles de vitamina D. Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios en 25(OH)D durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y el impacto del aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio (ASPO) en la dosis recomendada de radiación UV modificada por las nubes para la síntesis de vitamina D (UVDVC). Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 15 908 pacientes en quienes se determinó el nivel de 25(OH)D entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2021 en un laboratorio centralizado en Rosario, Argentina. Resultados: Se constataron niveles más bajos de 25(OH)D en menores de 40 años durante 2020, así como una variación durante el período pandémico, con menores valores en la primera ola. Se registraron menores niveles de 25(OH)D en el período posterior al ASPO en comparación con el período de ASPO (p < 0.00001), además de mayor frecuencia de hipovitaminosis D (48.6 % versus 36.1 %). No se observaron estas diferencias en la comparación de los mismos períodos de 2019. La UVDVC no varió entre 2019 y 2020. Conclusiones: Las restricciones por la pandemia de COVID-19 llevaron a mayor frecuencia de hipovitaminosis D y menor frecuencia de valores óptimos.

Abstract Background: Home confinement policies during the COVID-19 pandemic limited sun exposure and may have influenced on vitamin D levels. Objective: To assess changes in 25(OH)D during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of Mandatory Preventive Social Isolation (MPSI) on UV radiation recommended dose modified by clouds for the synthesis of vitamin D (UVDVC). Material and methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 15,908 patients in whom the level of 25(OH)D was determined between January 2019 and December 2021 in a centralized laboratory in Rosario, Argentina. Results: Lower levels of 25(OH)D were documented in people younger than 40 years during 2020, as well as a variation during the pandemic period, with lower values in the first wave. Lower levels of 25(OH)D were recorded in the post-MPSI period in comparison with the MPSI period (p < 0.00001), in addition to a higher frequency of hypovitaminosis D (48.6% vs. 36.1%). These differences were not observed in the comparison of the same periods of 2019. UVDVC did not vary between 2019 and 2020. Conclusions: The restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic led to a higher frequency of hypovitaminosis D and lower frequency of optimal values.

We employed emerging smartphone-based location data and produced daily human mobility measurements using Nigeria as an application site. A data-driven analytical framework was developed for rigorously producing such measures using proven location intelligence and data-mining algorithms. Our study demonstrates the framework at the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and successfully quantifies human mobility patterns and trends in response to the unprecedented public health event. Another highlight of the paper is the assessment of the effectiveness of mobility-restricting policies as key lessons learned from the pandemic. We found that travel bans and federal lockdown policies failed to restrict trip-making behaviour, but had a significant impact on distance travelled. This paper contributes a first attempt to quantify daily human travel behaviour, such as trip-making behaviour and travelling distances, and how mobility-restricting policies took effect in sub-Saharan Africa during the pandemic. This study has the potential to enable a wide spectrum of quantitative studies on human mobility and health in sub-Saharan Africa using well-controlled, publicly available large data sets. SIGNIFICANCE: • The mobility measurements in this study are new and have filled a major data gap in understanding the change in travel behaviour during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Nigeria. These measurements are derived from high-quality data samples by state-of-the-art data-driven methodologies and could be further adopted by other quantitative research related to human mobility. • Additionally, this study evaluates the impact of mobility-restricting policies and the heterogeneous effects of socio-economic and socio-demographic factors by a time-dependent random effect model on human mobility. The quantitative model provides a decision-making basis for the Nigerian government to provide travel-related guidance and make decisions in future public health events.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Due to “stay at home” restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, people spent more time at home leading to an increase in home accidents, including burns. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiology of burns that occurred within homes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This was a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sample. METHODS: Data were collected through the distribution of survey links on social networking sites and websites, and through email between December 2020 and February 2021. Participants were over 18 years of age, living in Brazil. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and dispersion statistics. RESULTS: A total of 939 adults (aged > 18 years) participated in this study. The mean age was 37.2 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.5), 75.6% were female, 70.0% self-reported white skin color, 74% had completed higher education, and 28.1% had an income of 3 to 6 times the monthly minimum wage. A total of 21.6% suffered burns during the pandemic, 44.3% from a hot object. Approximately 49.3% never had access to a burn prevention campaign. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develop burn prevention strategies that reach a wider population and to strengthen public policies to reduce the prevalence of domestic burns, especially during the pandemic.

ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate how families and social referents adopted different policies to deal with food insecurity suffered by children under vulnerable circumstances during the COVID-19 isolation in the Province of Mendoza, Argentina. Methods Exploratory and qualitative study. The intentional sample included adults responsible for feeding children and adolescents who reside in vulnerable neighbourhoods of Mendoza -in households that had food insecurity before the pandemic. Semi-structured interviews (April to June 2021) were conducted with mothers or grandmothers (n:27) and social referents (n:15). The analysis was guided by Glaser and Strauss' method of constant comparison. Results Adults in the families' work in the informal economy. In the face of the health and economic crisis, support networks were established between neighbours, families, and community organizations in all the social spaces studied. All dining rooms maintained their activities during the pandemic. The assessment of direct food assistance, through the delivery of bags of dry food, was of significant help. Generally, the food provided by the state, provincial and national levels was not very varied and focused on non-perishable foods. Monetary transfers extended the options for children's access to food. Conclusions Public policies implemented by the state to face food insecurity suffered by children during the pandemic were important for families and the social references interviewed. However, they expressed objections that should be considered so that the design of future policies considers the subjectivity of their recipients and strengthens the initiatives and efforts of community-based organizations.

RESUMEN Objetivo Indagar los modos en que las familias y referentes sociales adoptaron diferentes políticas para enfrentar la inseguridad alimentaria de infancias vulnerables de la provincia argentina de Mendoza durante el aislamiento por COVID-19. Método Estudio exploratorio y cualitativo. La muestra intencional incluyó a adultos responsables de la alimentación de niños y adolescentes que residen en hogares que registraban inseguridad alimentaria antes de la pandemia. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas (abril a junio 2021) a madres y/o abuelas (n:27) y a referentes sociales (n:15). El análisis de la información se orientó por el método de comparación constante de Glaser y Strauss. Resultados Los adultos participantes de la investigación trabajan en la economía informal. Ante la crisis económica que desencadenó el aislamiento dispuesto por el Gobierno para prevenir el COVID-19, activaron redes de ayuda entre vecinos y organizaciones comunitarias en todos los espacios sociales estudiados. Comedores y merenderos barriales mantuvieron e incrementaron sus actividades en pandemia. En general, la alimentación entregada por el estado provincial y nacional fue poco variada y se focalizó en alimentos no perecederos. Las transferencias monetarias ampliaron las opciones de acceso a la alimentación de los niños. Conclusiones Las políticas públicas implementadas para enfrentar la inseguridad alimentaria de las infancias en pandemia fueron significativas para las familias y referentes sociales entrevistadas. Sin embargo, manifiestan reparos que deberían contemplarse, de modo tal que el diseño de futuras políticas tenga en cuenta la subjetividad de sus destinatarios y fortalezca iniciativas y esfuerzos de las organizaciones barriales.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has evolved complex challenges especially for families with children and adolescents. The impact of the pandemics' confinement on mental health has been described as devastating, limiting the resources available to families and increasing caregivers' stress levels and demands on their efforts. This study showed the results of an online survey of caregivers, mothers or fathers, with at least one child between 0 and 11 years old who lived the first weeks of confinement throughout Chile. The variables associated with physical symptoms, anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, sleep problems, low frustration tolerance, attentional difficulties, hyperactivity and regressive behaviors that are related to the psychological impact that the measure of confinement has had on children from 0 to 11 years of age were studied through a questionnaire quantifying their frequency by age group, identifying how these effects are expressed in relation to the vital stages of child development. The results indicate that the younger the age of the children (0 to 3 years) the greater the presence of disruptive behaviors, while the older the age (9 to 11 years) the greater the presence of symptoms such as sadness, anxiety, listlessness and sleep problems. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of policies and strategies to address them, which should consider both the developmental stage of the children and the main caregivers, given the protective role they can play in stressful situations.

Resumen: La pandemia por COVID-19 que afectó al mundo entero ha traído desafíos complejos, especialmente para las familias con niños y adolescentes. Se ha descrito que el impacto del encierro o confinamiento de la pandemia sobre la salud mental ha sido devastador, ya que ha limitado los recursos con los que las familias contaban, incrementando en los cuidadores mayores niveles de estrés y demanda de esfuerzos. Este estudio presenta los resultados de un cuestionario online dirigido a cuidadores, madres o padres, con al menos un hijo entre los 0 a 11 años que vivieron las primeras semanas de confinamiento a lo largo de Chile. Se estudiaron las variables asociadas a síntomas físicos, ansiosos, del estado de ánimo, conducta disruptiva, problemas del sueño, baja tolerancia a la frustración, dificultades atencionales, hiperactividad y conductas regresivas que están relacionadas al impacto psicológico que ha tenido la medida de confinamiento en niños de 0 a 11 años, a través de un cuestionario cuantificando su frecuencia por tramo de edad, identificando cómo estos efectos se expresan en relación a las etapas vitales del desarrollo infantil. Los resultados señalan que a menor edad de los niños (0 a 3 años) mayor presencia de conductas disruptivas, mientras que a mayor edad (9 a 11 años) se observa mayor presencia de síntomas como tristeza, ansiedad, desgano y problemas asociados al sueño. Se discuten las implicancias de estos resultados en términos de políticas y estrategias de abordaje de los mismos, las cuales debiesen considerar tanto la etapa del desarrollo de los niños/as, como a los cuidadores principales dado el rol protector que estos pueden cumplir frente a las situaciones estresantes.

Abstract We estimate the impact of strict social distancing policies on isolation, COVID-19 cases and deaths, and employment in Brazil. Compiling social distancing decrees and combining them with publicly available data, we identify a set of treated municipalities that adopted lockdown between May and June 2021 in the State of São Paulo and build a control group with cities from the same Regional Health Departments. We estimate the lockdown effects using a Difference-in-Differences model with two-way fixed effects and staggered adoption. Our findings suggest that the policy increased social distancing one week after its adoption, decreased cases from two weeks on, reduced deaths from four weeks on, and did not significantly impact employment. isolation COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Brazil data 202 Departments DifferenceinDifferences Difference Differences twoway way adoption COVID1 1 COVID- 20 2

Resumo Nós estimamos o impacto de políticas restritivas de distanciamento social sobre isolamento, casos e mortes de COVID-19 e emprego no Brasil. Compilando decretos de distanciamento social e combinando-os com dados públicos, nós identificamos um conjunto de municípios tratados que adotaram lockdown entre maio e junho de 2021 no Estado de São Paulo e construímos um grupo de controle com cidades dos mesmos Departamentos Regionais de Saúde. Nós estimamos os efeitos do lockdown usando um modelo de Diferença-em-Diferenças com efeitos fixos de dois níveis e adoção escalonada. Nossas conclusões sugerem que a política aumentou o isolamento social uma semana após sua adoção, diminuiu os casos a partir de duas semanas, reduziu as mortes a partir de quatro semanas e não teve impactos significativos no emprego. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Brasil combinandoos combinando públicos 202 Saúde DiferençaemDiferenças Diferença em Diferenças escalonada COVID1 1 COVID- 20 2

RESUMEN Objetivo Proponer una herramienta para identificar sectores de población que requieren mayor atención por parte de autoridades locales o gubernamentales en situaciones de crisis biológica, considerando los factores que influyen en la adherencia a las normas de minimización de riesgos. Metodología Se implementó un algoritmo de ordenamiento, tomando como referencia las restricciones de julio del 2021 en Ecuador. El contexto del estudio se resume en siete sectores urbanos de la ciudad de Guayaquil, con una población caracterizada por un nivel de educación promedio por debajo de la educación secundaria superior (70%) y más del 50% entre 20-34 años, con alguna ocupación en el medio de una economía popular debilitada. Siete factores de riesgo fueron identificados después de un análisis estructural de la hipótesis de adherencia (x2/gl=3,6; CFI≥0,91; TLI≥0,90; RMSEA≤0,05), basado en una muestra aleatoria de n=515 adultos viviendo en las áreas afectadas. Resultados El seguimiento de las normas está influenciado por la percepción del clima de seguridad, el riesgo percibido y el entendimiento del riesgo. El umbral de ordenamiento (h) permite establecer relaciones unidireccionales entre variables. Conclusiones Los resultados muestran que Vergeles, Norte y Fertisa representan los sectores con mayor prioridad de atención en materia de salud pública {A4,A5,A6}>{A2}>{A3}>{A1}>{A7}. Se requiere identificar más factores para garantizar una diferenciación óptima.

ABSTRACT Objective To propose a tool to identify local communities that require public health work priority, taking into account factors that influence adherence to risk minimization guidelines, especially in lock-down environments and unconventional workplaces. Methodology An ordering algorithm, based on the theory of uncertainty, was applied to classify population zones exhibiting high levels of infection and non-compliance with regulations in Guayaquil, during the last 'weekend' lockdown episode in July 2021. Seven urban sectors showed the highest number of infections (more than 70% of the local population): Vergeles (A1), Samanes (A2), Socio Vivienda (A3), Guasmo Norte (A4), Fertisa (A5), Alborada (A6), Urdesa (A7). Seven risk factors were identified after a path analysis of compliance hypothesis (x2/gl=3,6; CFI≥0,91; TLI≥0,90, RMSEA≤0,05), based on a random sample of n=515 adults living in the affected areas. Results Adherence to norms is influenced by the safety climate, perceived risk and risk understanding. The ordering threshold (h) leaded unidirectional relationships between variables. Conclusions: Adding more factors are believed to increases the differentiation path. The results showed that Vergeles, Norte and Fertisa were the areas with the highest priority for public health care {A4,A5,A6}>{A2}>{A3}>{A1}>{A7}.

Résumé L’insécurité permanente et la non-protection sociale sont devenues structurelles sur le marché du travail. La pandémie de COVID-19 a révélé et aggravé ces processus, qui sont à l’origine de l’accumulation de multiples vulnérabilités socio-économiques, relationnelles et existentielles. La période de confinement a conduit à des situations de stagnation du travail et les inégalités et vulnérabilités, qui découlent encore de la Grande Récession, ont été aggravées par la dichotomie sociale entre les travailleurs considérés comme essentiels et non essentiels. L’article analyse les dynamiques récentes de ce phénomène, à partir des trajectoires de vie de travailleurs au Portugal. À partir de leurs expériences, recueillies au moyen de 53 entretiens approfondis et d’un suivi de 14 cas pendant la pandémie, on vise à réfléchir aux effets multidimensionnels qui émergent des trajectoires de participation de ces personnes sur le marché du travail.

Resumo A insegurança permanente e a desproteção social tornaram-se estruturais no mercado de trabalho. A pandemia de COVID-19 revelou e agudizou estes processos, que se encontram na origem da acumulação de múltiplas vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas, relacionais e existenciais. O período de confinamento conduziu a situações de estagnação laboral e as desigualdades e vulnerabilidades, ainda decorrentes da Grande Recessão, agravaram-se através da dicotomia social entre os trabalhadores considerados essenciais e não essenciais. O artigo analisa as dinâmicas recentes deste fenómeno a partir das trajetórias de vida de trabalhadores em Portugal. Com base nestas experiências, recolhidas por meio de 53 entrevistas em profundidade e de um follow-up de 14 casos durante a pandemia, pretende-se refletir sobre os efeitos multidimensionais que emergem dos percursos de participação destas pessoas no mercado de trabalho.

Abstract Permanent insecurity and social deprotection have become structural in the labour market. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed and aggravated these processes, which are at the origin of the accumulation of multiple socio-economic, relational and existential vulnerabilities. The lockdown period led to situations of labour stagnation. Inequalities and vulnerabilities, still arising from the Great Recession, were aggravated through the social dichotomy between those workers considered as either essential or non-essential. The article analyses the recent dynamics of this phenomenon from the life trajectories of workers in Portugal. Based on their experiences, collected from 53 in-depth interviews and a follow-up of 14 cases during the pandemic, it is aimed at reflecting on the multidimensional effects that emerge from these trajectories of participation in the labour market.

Resumen: En México, el 8 de marzo de 2020, miles de feministas salieron a las calles a protestar contra los feminicidios, la violencia de género y sexual, las desapariciones y cientos de agravios más. Unos días después se nos pidió confinarnos en casa. Durante la pandemia de covid-19, las mujeres han estado en primera línea de la crisis. En particular las mujeres indígenas, afrodescendientes, pobres, lesbianas, trans, trabajadoras del hogar y de servicios, empacadoras, limpiadoras, cocineras, cuidadoras y muchas que viven al día. En este artículo, analizaremos el contexto de la emergencia sanitaria y social, que no responde solo a la crisis actual, sino a un proceso de largo plazo que se agravó con el desastre de la pandemia. En ese sentido, nos preguntamos ¿cuáles son los desafíos de las antropólogas feministas ante políticas que proclaman una supuesta igualdad, pero que afectan fuertemente a las mujeres, que despolitizan los feminismos y que promueven megaproyectos y extractivismos? ¿Cómo desafiar las barreras ante los inconcebibles recortes presupuestales que afectaron en forma directa a proyectos como las Casas de la Mujer Indígena o Afromexicana (Cami), las alertas de género, la salud y la educación? En este artículo, reflexionaremos sobre la conexión entre desigualdades, políticas públicas y feminismos en el contexto de la covid-19, que generaron un conjunto de acciones sociales en las que se implicaron antropólogas feministas, en un contexto de antemano sexista, racista, clasista, de despojo, desposesión y extractivista.

Abstract: In Mexico, on March 8th, 2020, thousands of feminists went out to the streets to protest against feminicides, gender and sexual violence, disappearances, and other injustices. Some days after we were obligated to lockdown in our homes. During the COVID-2020 pandemic, women were in the first line of the crisis, particularly, indigenous, Afro-descendant, poor, lesbian, trans, domestic workers women, cleaners, cookers, caregivers and many who live in the day. In this article, we will analyze the context of the health and social emergency that is not a current crisis, but a long-time process, and that worsened with the disaster of the pandemic. In this sense, what are the challenges of feminist anthropologists face some policies that proclaim a supposed equality but that strongly affect women, depoliticize feminisms, and promote mega projects and extractivisms? How can we challenge the inconceivable government budget cuts that directly affected projects such as “Casas de la Mujer Indígena o Afromexicana” (Cami), gender alerts, health, and education? This article will reflect on the connection between inequality, public policy, and feminism in COVID-19, which generated a set of social actions in which feminist anthropologists were involved in a previously sexist, racist, classist dispossession, and extractivist context.

Resumo:No México, no dia 8 de março de 2020, milhares de feministas saíram às ruas para protestar contra feminicídios, violência de gênero e sexual, desaparecimentos/ sequestro de mulheres e centenas de outras queixas. Alguns dias depois nos pediram para ficarmos confinadas em casa. Contudo, durante a Pandemia de COVID-19 as mulheres têm estado na linha de frente da crise, particularmente as mulheres indígenas, afrodescendentes/negras, pobres, lésbicas, trans, trabalhadoras domésticas e de serviços, empacotadoras, faxineiras, cozinheiras, zeladoras e muitos outros. Neste artigo, analisaremos esse contexto de emergência sanitária e social, que não responde apenas à crise atual, mas a um processo de longo prazo que se agravou com o desastre pandêmico. Neste sentido, nos perguntamos: quais são os desafios das antropólogas feministas diante de políticas que proclamam uma suposta igualdade, mas que afetam fortemente as mulheres, despolitizam os feminismos e promovem megaprojetos e extrativismos? Como desafiar as barreiras diante dos inconcebíveis cortes orçamentários que afetaram diretamente os alertas de gênero, a saúde, a educação e projetos como as Casas de la Mujer Indígena o Afromexicana - CAMI -. Neste texto refletiremos sobre a conexão entre desigualdades, políticas públicas e feminismos durante a pandemia de COVID-19 que gerou um conjunto de ações sociais em que se envolveram antropólogas feministas, em um contexto antes sexista, racista, classista, desapropriação e extrativista.

Abstract The lockdown was the measure taken by the Peruvian state as a response to the pandemic caused by COVID-19. This imposition meant a delay for almost all sectors, including the academic sector. This study analyzes the repercussions of the lockdown through scientific work in Peru in 2020, focusing on subjects of biodiversity and conservation. We conducted a during July and August of 2020, which was answered by 111 researchers. Results of the survey show that the most affected research area was field research due to the restrictions; and that the most affected group were women, which presented the highest percentages of dissatisfaction, both in their work and emotional state. This research reveals the reality of a country with a historically low investment in research, and now the work of many researchers is restricted due to the current economic and employment situation due to the pandemic. Its replication in other Latin American countries could be of help for future policies in favor of academic research.

Resumen La cuarentena fue la medida tomada por el estado peruano para enfrentar a la pandemia causada por el COVID- 19. Esta significó un retraso para casi todos los sectores, incluyendo el sector académico. Este estudio analiza las consecuencias de esta medida en el trabajo de los investigadores científicos del Perú durante el 2020, enfocándose en aquellos que trabajan en biodiversidad y conservación. Se realizó una encuesta durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2020 que fue respondida por 111 investigadores. Los resultados de la encuesta muestran que el área más afectada fue la investigación en campo por las evidentes restricciones, y el grupo más afectado fue el de las investigadoras quienes presentaron los porcentajes más altos de insatisfacción, tanto en su vida laboral como en su estado emocional. Esta investigación da a conocer la realidad del Perú, con una inversión históricamente baja en investigación y donde, con la situación económica y laboral provocada por la pandemia, el trabajo de muchos investigadores se vio restringido. Consideramos que la réplica de esta investigación en otros países de Latinoamérica podría ser de ayuda para futuras políticas a favor del trabajo científico en los países y regionalmente.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Due to COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing policies were enacted worldwide, including by the Portuguese official authorities. However, the impact of these measures on maxillofacial trauma and fracture surgical repair remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the incidence and aetiology of facial fractures submitted to surgical repair during 1-year of COVID-19 pandemic versus the previous 4 years, in a level III Trauma Centre located in Lisbon, Portugal. Materials and methods: All emergency episodes registered in our hospital between March 2016 and February 2021 that resulted in patient admittance for surgical treatment of facial fracture were included. Comparative analysis was performed for variables such as fracture type and aetiology. Results: Analysis showed that surgeries performed during the 1st year of COVID-19 were reduced by 37.5 %. Considering only the 75-day lockdown period at the beginning of the pandemic, reduction was even more pronounced and reached -66.7 %. Significant differences in the aetiology were also found, with physical assault and sport accidents relative frequency decreasing. Moreover, despite being systematically the second most common cause of fracture, during lockdown, fall ranked first, over physical assault. The relative frequency of nasal fractures, the most common facial fracture treated in our hospital, decreased during both the 1st year of COVID-19 and the lockdown period, while mandible fractures ranked first during lockdown. Conclusions: Our study shows that COVID-19 pandemic and enacted policies have significantly changed the epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Debido a la pandemia por COVID-19, se establecieron políticas de confinamiento social mundial, incluso por parte de las autoridades oficiales portuguesas. Sin embargo, el impacto de estas medidas sobre la cirugía originada por traumatismo maxilofacial sigue siendo poco conocida. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido evaluar y comparar la incidencia sobre la etiología de las fracturas faciales quirúrgicas, durante 1 año de pandemia de COVID-19 versus los 4 años anteriores, en un Centro de Traumatología (nivel III) ubicado en Lisboa, Portugal. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron todos los registros de urgencia en nuestro hospital, entre marzo de 2016 y febrero de 2021, que cursaron con el ingreso de pacientes diagnosticados de fractura facial y su correspondiente tratamiento quirúrgico. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de variables cualitativas como el tipo de fractura y la etiología de las mismas. Resultados: El análisis mostró que las cirugías realizadas durante el primer año por COVID-19 se redujeron en un 37,5 %. Teniendo en cuenta solo el periodo de confinamiento de 75 días al comienzo de la pandemia, la reducción fue aún más pronunciada y alcanzó el 66,7 %. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la etiología: disminuyendo la frecuencia relativa de agresiones físicas y accidentes deportivos. A pesar de ser sistemáticamente la segunda causa más frecuente de fractura durante el confinamiento, la caída ocupó el primer lugar, por encima de las agresiones físicas. La frecuencia relativa de las fracturas nasales, fractura facial tratada con mayor incidencia en nuestro hospital, disminuyó tanto durante el primer año por COVID-19 así como durante el periodo de confinamiento, mientras que las fracturas maxilares ocuparon el primer lugar durante el confinamiento. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio muestra que tanto la pandemia por COVID-19 como las políticas establecidas al respecto han cambiado significativamente la epidemiología del traumatismo maxilofacial.

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a greatest challenge in all sectors of life in the 21st Century. Due to worldwide lockdown and social distancing regulations, higher education institutions who offer face-to face classes had to go online to provide educational services to their students, which had major impacts on student lives. To study the immediate effects of it, a global study on the life of higher education students, initiated by University of Ljubljana (with international partners) was conducted as a voluntary and anonymous online survey across the world started on 5 May 2020. The survey targeted higher education students - on what student life looks like during the COVID-19 pandemic, in different parts of the world. This article reports on part of that global study, reporting on the teaching and learning aspect of a sample of 274 undergraduate students from a South African rural higher education institution (HEI) who participated in the study. Thus, this article highlights the immediate impacts of the pandemic during 5 May - 15 June 2020 of the rural HEI. The study is important as the student perspective can have an impact on post-COVID academic policies of HEIs with similar contexts.