Abstract: The present work focuses on a practical application of remote control for the opening and closing of the reactive compensation tuned to the fifth harmonic at the output of the 13.8 kV distribution feeder of the Novacero S.A. electrical substation, through the migration from local control to remote control by means of a Schneider Electric U27 series recloser as a switch for its location in the yard. The process includes the use of the recloser in one-shot mode which is performed by the operator from the control room, in addition a SEL-551 protection relay is implemented which commands the recloser to open in the event of possible overcurrent faults by means of an ADVC-IOEX card located on the recloser board. This device helps to open and close the filter remotely in conjunction with the WSOS software of the equipment for the supervision and operation from a level 2 substation automation system. The result obtained through this automation system is to safeguard the safety of the operator from level 0 to level 1 automation, in addition to being able to monitor and supervise the variables measured inside the control room from level 2.

Resumen: El presente trabajo se enfoca en una aplicación práctica de control remoto para la apertura y cierre de la compensación reactiva sintonizada a la quinta armónica en la salida del alimentador de distribución a 13,8 kV de la subestación eléctrica Novacero S.A., mediante la migración de control local a control remoto por medio de un reconectador marca Schneider Electric serie U27 como interruptor para su ubicación en patio. El proceso comprende con la utilización del reconectador en modo de un solo disparo que lo realiza el operador desde el cuarto de control, además se implementa un relé de protección SEL-551 que manda abrir el reconectador ante posibles fallas por sobrecorriente por medio de una tarjeta ADVC-IOEX ubicada en el tablero del reconectador, este dispositivo ayuda a la apertura y cierre del filtro de manera remota en conjunto con el software WSOS del equipo para la supervisión y operación desde un nivel 2 de sistemas de automatización de subestaciones. El resultado obtenido mediante este sistema de automatización es precautelar y salvaguardar la seguridad del operador llevando de un nivel 0 a nivel 1 de automatización, además de poder monitorear y supervisar las variables medidas dentro del cuarto de control desde un nivel 2.

RESUMEN Numerosos autores han interpretado el margen pacífico colombiano como sucesivas acreciones de terrenos oceánicos, con la generación de cuencas de antearco bajo un régimen tectónico compresivo-transpresivo vigente durante el Cretácico tardío-Mioceno. Existe nueva información adquirida en la última década, consistente en nuevas secciones sísmicas y geológicas reprocesadas, además de información de pozos y columnas estratigráficas. En el presente trabajo se analiza esta nueva información y se hace notar que no presenta coherencia con los modelos de sucesivas acreciones de terrenos oceánicos propuestos a la fecha. Los nuevos datos sugieren que, entre el Cretácico tardío y el Eoceno Medio-tardío, las cuencas costa adentro (onshore basins) estuvieron regidas por una extensa plataforma marina, con crecimiento de carbonatos arrecifales hacia el final de ese periodo. Coetáneo a la sedimentación del Cretácico tardío, se presentó magmatismo efusivo, principalmente basáltico. A partir del Oligoceno, la evolución de las cuencas estuvo dominada por procesos diferentes durante tres periodos. Primero, en el Oligoceno-Mioceno temprano, en la cuenca Tumaco y subcuenca San Juan ocurrió un evento transtensional acompañado del emplazamiento de cuerpos ígneos hacia sus bordes orientales, con la generación de estructuras de pilares tectónicos, fosas tectónicas y fallas tipo dominó. En tanto, la subcuenca Atrato presentó hacia su límite sur deformación con fallas inversas locales concentradas en su flanco oriental. Segundo, durante el Mioceno Medio-tardío se levantó el flanco occidental de la cuenca Tumaco, mientras que en la subcuenca San Juan tuvo lugar deformación transpresiva dada por la interacción del sistema de fallas San Juan y Garrapatas. Tercero, durante el Pleistoceno, en la subcuenca Atrato se generó el anticlinal de Baudó asociado a un régimen transpresional. Los resultados aquí expuestos sugieren que no hay evidencia de acreción de terrenos oceánicos en las cuencas estudiadas; tampoco se observan los efectos generados por la presencia de un sistema de subducción durante el Cretácico tardío-Eoceno Medio. Esto abre la posibilidad de que el sistema de subducción en el margen pacífico colombiano haya comenzado en el Oligoceno temprano.

ABSTRACT Several authors have interpreted the Colombian Pacific margin as a succession of oceanic terrane accretions, with generation of forearc basins under a compressive-transpressive tectonic regime during the Late Cretaceous-Miocene. New data acquired in the last decade, consisting of reprocessed seismic lines, geological cross-sections, stratigraphic data from wells, and new stratigraphic columns, are analyzed in this study. We suggest that the proposed models of successive terrane accretions are not supported by the new data; rather, the onshore basins were likely controlled by a marine platform from the Late Cretaceous to the Middle-Late Eocene, with reef growth to the end of this period. In the Late Cretaceous, contemporary to the sedimentation stage, effusive magmatism, mainly basaltic, also occurred. Since Oligocene time, the basins were affected by three different tectonic processes. First, during the Oligocene-Early Miocene, an extensional-transtensional event occurred in the Tumaco Basin and San Juan Sub-basin, which produced horst and graben structures and domino faults, along with the emplacement of igneous bodies in the eastern flank of the basins. The Atrato Sub-basin was affected by local reverse faulting towards its eastern edge. Second, during the Mid-Late Miocene, the western side of the Tumaco Basin was uplifted, and transpressive deformation occurred in the San Juan Sub-basin as evidenced by the San Juan and Garrapatas fault systems. Finally, in the Atrato Sub-basin, a transpressional regime is evidenced by the Baudó anticline. Our results suggest there is no evidence of oceanic terrane accretions in the abovementioned basins during the Late Cretaceous-Middle Eocene. Furthermore, we do not see evidence of a subduction system during that period. We conclude that subduction in western Colombia could have begun during the Early Oligocene instead.

Abstract During 2022, the National Seismological Network (RSN) located 4763 local earthquakes, which is equivalent to the seismic energy released by an earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 7.0. The epicenters were mainly concentrated in nine areas with 25-400 events. A total of 184 earthquakes (~4 % of the total) were felt by the population, including 19 with Mw between 5.0 and 6.7. Most of these events were shallow (~87 % < 30 km), of low magnitude (~52 % Mw < 3.9), and originated by faults in the Caribbean and Panama plates (~52 %). The largest earthquake of the year, Mw 6.7, was related to the subduction of the Nazca plate and generated the highest reported intensity of V in Burica. High intensities were not reported because all of the Mw ≥ 5.5 earthquakes were located offshore and far from populated centers.

Resumen Durante el año 2022, la Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN) localizó 4763 sismos locales, lo cual equivale a la energía sísmica liberada por un terremoto de magnitud momento (Mw) 7,0. Los epicentros se concentraron principalmente en nueve zonas con 25-400 temblores. Se documentaron 184 sismos (~4 % del total) sentidos por la población, incluyendo 19 con Mw entre 5,0 y 6,7. La mayoría de estos eventos fueron superficiales (~87 % < 30 km), de magnitud baja (~52 % Mw < 3,9) y fueron originados en fallas de las placas Caribe y Panamá (~52 %). El sismo de mayor tamaño del año, de Mw 6,7, se originó por la subducción de la placa Nazca y generó la intensidad más alta reportada, de V en Burica. Todos los sismos de Mw ≥ 5,5 tuvieron sus epicentros mar adentro y alejados de centros poblados, por lo que no se reportaron intensidades altas.

Abstract Motor bearings are prone to different degrees of performance degradation, fatigue damage and failure undergoing complex and harsh environments. Vibration signal analysis is a mature method for diagnosing motor bearing faults, while it is not applicable for installing additional vibration sensors on many occasions. Practically, the fault of motor bearings changes the air gap flux between the rotor and stator, which leads to harmonic fluctuations in the stator current. The current signals can be used to diagnose the motor bearing faults without additional sensors. Inevitably the harmonics caused by the motor bearing faults will be coupled with the original signals. This paper combines bi-spectrum and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) to analyze the current signals of motor bearing faults. The CNN diagnosis model is trained based on the local bi-spectrum of current, and the CNN parameters are optimized. Diagnose and analyze motor bearing faults with different fault implantation methods, working conditions, fault degrees and fault locations. The diagnostic accuracy reaches more than 80%. degradation environments occasions Practically bispectrum bi spectrum (CNN optimized methods conditions locations 80 80% 8

Abstract The Bonsucesso zinc-lead (Zn-Pb) sulfide deposit is hosted in carbonate rocks from the Vazante Group (transition of the Mesoproterozoic to the Neoproterozoic time), northwest of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Regional deformation is associated with the thin-skinned tectonics that led to the formation of the foreland zone of the Brasília Orogen during the Neoproterozoic. These orogenic processes are the trigger of Zn-Pb mineralization in many base-metal deposits in the Vazante Group. Here, we describe the ore textures and the structures of the deposit to define its structural controls in deposit scale and formulate hypotheses about its forming process in the context of other Vazante Zn-Pb deposits. Mineralization distribution is controlled by a high-angle fault zone striking NNW and dipping 60° to WSW. Fault-related fractures functioned as pathways for Zn-Pb-rich fluids to be redistributed and crystallize where chemical conditions were adequate. Mineralization was likely formed in an extensional setting in breccia zones controlled by flexurally induced normal faults related to development of the foreland basin of Brasília Orogen. Later, the entire Vazante sequence underwent an inversion process and extensional structures were reactivated or obliterated. Finally, an understanding of local controls may be of good use to target exploration for new orebodies in the district scale. zinclead zinc lead ZnPb Zn Pb (Zn-Pb transition time, time , time) State Brazil thinskinned thin skinned basemetal base metal Here highangle high angle 60 WSW Faultrelated Fault ZnPbrich rich adequate Later obliterated Finally 6

Resumen La localidad Área Nueva, se ubica, en la porción NE de la Sierra de Guadalupe, en la ladera sur del domo La Cantera, el cual presenta un escarpe intensamente diaclasado y fracturado, de 450 m de longitud. En este estudio se realizó un inventario de 114 depósitos de caídas de rocas, en los que se obtuvo para los bloques mayores, su posición geográfica, altitud, pendiente, distancia del escarpe, volumen y adherencia del bloque sobre la superficie del terreno. Con esta información y el uso de sistemas de información geográfica, se elaboraron los mapas de pendientes, curvatura del terreno y geomorfológico. Para complementar el inventario de depósitos de caídas de rocas, se obtuvo la imagen de un drone de baja altitud, cuyo sobrevuelo fue a 80 m de altura y posteriormente se procesó la información. Además, se realizó un análisis estadístico, con la finalidad de determinar la distribución de los bloques y su posible relación con los factores que puedan influir en el tamaño del bloque y la distancia potencial de recorrido del mismo. El grado de la pendiente influye de manera significativa en el alcance potencial del recorrido de los bloques rocosos inestables, que pudieran desprenderse del escarpe. La distancia de recorrido de las rocas, es menor cuando las pendientes son mayores de 45°, correspondientes a la ubicación del escarpe y los bloques de menor volumen, son los que alcanzan distancias mayores; sin embargo por la cercanía de los asentamientos humanos a 120 m del escarpe y la intensidad de la deforestación, por la presión que ejercen los habitantes en la zona, incrementa la posibilidad de que los bloques que se desprendan del escarpe, incrementen su alcance potencial de recorrido y lleguen a impactar sobre las casas y las personas, ocasionando daños considerables. El aumento de la deforestación, ha dejado al descubierto bloques rocosos inestables, que aunado, a eventos detonantes de los desprendimientos de rocas, por las grandes avenidas durante lluvias torrenciales y la sismicidad, incrementa la susceptibilidad a caídas de rocas.

Abstract Among the natural events that have caused great human and economic damage in the world, rockslides occurring on unstable slopes, due to their geological and geomorphological characteristics, together with the triggering factors (earthquakes, torrential rains, anthropogenic processes) that accelerate their fall, stand out. Population growth and the economic position prevailing in many social nuclei, mostly in extreme poverty and in need of housing, is reflected in the occupation of hillside areas, without considering the dangers of rock falls. In areas susceptible to this process, studies have been carried out using various methodologies to determine its causes, the degree of impact on the population living there and the probability of preventing or mitigating it. Since the industrialization during the 1970s in part of the Basin of Mexico and adjacent to the Sierra de Guadalupe, migrants from different states arrived in search of employment, which increased the demand for urban land and, consequently, the territorial occupation of the hillsides of the sierra, where some leaders offered them land at low cost, without considering the risk to which they are exposed by landslides and falling blocks, mainly during the rainy season or when seismic events occur. The formation of the sierra derives from Pleistocene volcanic activity, which has given rise to several volcanoes, domes and spills that present fractures (diaclases) and faults of tectonic origin, with a predominant NW-SE and E-W direction. Prior to intense urbanization the area was used to exploit material banks, which was often done with the help of dynamite for the extraction of materials, which in some areas intensified the fracturing by blasting effects. During the earthquakes that occurred in September 2017, 2 large unstable blocks detached from the dome called "Cerro Gordo", located in the southern portion of the study area. The study area corresponds to the locality of Área Nueva, which is located in the NE portion of the Sierra de Guadalupe, on the southern slope of the La Cantera dome, and which presents an intensely diaclased and fractured escarpment, 450 m long and an average height of 30 m. In this study, an inventory of 114 rockfall deposits was carried out, in which the geographic position, altitude, slope, distance from the escarpment, volume and adherence of the block to the ground surface were obtained for the blocks. With this information and the use of geographic information systems, slope, terrain curvature and geomorphological maps were prepared. The vegetation index (NVDI) was obtained with Sentinel satellite information (analysis of satellite images from 2016 to 2021). In addition to the inventory of rockfall deposits, images of the study area were obtained from a low-altitude drone, whose overflight was at an altitude of 80 m, and the information was subsequently processed to obtain the orthophoto and digital elevation model (DEM). With this information, a statistical analysis was carried out to determine the distribution of the blocks, their size and their potential travel distance. From the results obtained, it was observed that the slope grade significantly influences the potential travel distance of the unstable rock blocks. The distance of travel of the rocks is less when the slopes are greater than 45°, corresponding to the location of the escarpment, and the blocks of smaller volume are those that reach greater distances; however, due to the proximity of human settlements (120 m from the escarpment) and deforestation, the possibility of the blocks breaking off and impacting houses and people increases, causing considerable damage. This risk increases due to the fact that informal constructions continue to be built on the hillside (the "Ricardo Flores Magón" educational complex) and a dirt road cut located between the lower part of the dome and the residential area that connects with other neighborhoods located behind it, which means that there is continuous traffic of inhabitants and their recreational activities. Likewise, deforestation has exposed potentially unstable blocks, which, together with triggering events such as torrential rains and regional and local seismicity, increases the susceptibility to rock falls. Based on the statistical analysis and the field inventory, it is recommended that the larger unstable blocks be stabilized with anchors, prevent further construction by establishing a safety strip of at least 100 meters from the base of the escarpment, and carry out reforestation programs with forest plantations native to the region. Raise awareness among the population about the risks of rockfall events in the area and restrict access in order to prevent and mitigate any event that could occur due to this type of process.

Resumen La Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN) localizó 3745 sismos locales durante el año 2021, lo cual es equivalente a la energía sísmica liberada por un evento de magnitud (Mw) 6,9. La sismicidad se localizó principalmente en siete zonas con 50-350 temblores. Hubo 209 sismos (~6% del total) sentidos por la población, incluyendo 31 con Mw entre 5,0 y 6,7. La mayoría de estos sismos fueron superficiales (~88% < 30 km), de magnitud baja (~52% Mw < 3,9) y fueron originados en fallas de las placas Caribe y Panamá (~69%). El sismo mayor del año, de Mw 6,7, se originó en la Zona de Fractura de Panamá, sin generar daños ni víctimas. Todos los sismos de Mw ≥ 5,5 tuvieron sus epicentros mar adentro y alejados de centros de población por lo que no se reportaron intensidades altas.

Abstract The National Seismological Network (RSN) located 3745 local earthquakes during 2021, which is equivalent to the seismic energy released by an event of magnitude (Mw) 6.9. The seismicity was mainly located in seven zones with 50-350 earthquakes. There were 209 felt events (~6% of the totality), including 31 with Mw between 5.0 and 6.7. Most of these earthquakes were shallow (~88% < 30 km), had a low magnitude (~52% Mw < 3.9), and were originated in faults within the Caribbean and Panama plates (~69%). The largest earthquake of the year of Mw 6.7 originated in the Panama Fracture Zone, without causing damage or casualties. Because all the earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5 were centered offshore and far from the population high intensities were not reported.

Abstract This paper describes the effects of some seismic motions in buildings of the city of Morelia, Michoacan, the urban morphology, soil characteristics, local seismic faults and the evolution of seismic design parameters proposed in local regulations. The importance of the Nicolaita Seismic Network, composed of 10 accelerometric stations, in recording the seismic movements to mitigate the seismic risk is pointed out. Currently, the recorded accelerograms have shown significant differences in the ground motion that must be considered when conducting a seismic hazard assessment. The paper also presents some recorded accelerograms and response spectra. The objective of this manuscript is to show that, according to the seismic history and the damage caused by past seismic events, the city of Morelia is a site prone to destructive earthquakes, which makes it essential the seismic network.

Resumen En este trabajo se describen los efectos producidos por algunos sismos importantes en construcciones de la ciudad de Morelia, Michoacán, la morfología urbana, las características de los suelos, las fallas sísmicas locales, así como la evolución de parámetros de diseño sísmico que se han propuesto en los reglamentos de diseño locales. Se señala la importancia de la Red Sísmica Nicolaita, compuesta de diez estaciones acelerométricas, en la obtención de registros que permitan mitigar el riesgo sísmico y con los cuales ha sido posible establecer diferencias apreciables del movimiento de los suelos en la ciudad y que deben ser consideradas en estudios de peligro. También, se presentan algunos acelerogramas registrados y espectros de respuesta. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que, de acuerdo con la historia sísmica y los daños producidos por eventos sísmicos pasados, la ciudad de Morelia es un sitio propenso a sismos destructivos, lo que vuelve fundamental contar con una red de monitoreo.

Resumen: En Costa Rica, pese a su relativa baja frecuencia, los tsunamis suponen un riesgo en las comunidades costeras. La integración de información geofísica y geológica permite la interpretación de posibles áreas de ruptura para las cuales se evalúa la propagación e inundación de tsunamis a través de simulaciones numéricas en el Caribe de Costa Rica y zonas adyacentes al sismo tsunamigénico ocurrido en 1991 (Mw 7,7). Los resultados muestran que el peligro de inundación por tsunamis en el Caribe de Costa Rica devenga particularmente de sismos generados en el Cinturón Deformado del Norte de Panamá. Además, se muestra que sismos de mediana magnitud (Mw~7) en fallas de alto ángulo, pueden provocar tsunamis locales. Este trabajo puede ser usado como base para la generación de mapas de evacuación y concientización del peligro de tsunamis en la zona.

Abstract In Costa Rica, despite their relative low frequency, tsunamis could pose risk to coastal communities. The integration of geophysical and geological information allows the interpretation of possible rupture areas for which tsunami propagation and inundation is evaluated through numerical modeling along the Caribbean of Costa Rica and areas adjacent to the tsunamigenic earthquake that occurred in 1991 (Mw 7,7). The results show that the tsunami threat in the Caribbean of Costa Rica arises particularly from earthquakes generated in the North Panama Deformation Belt. In addition, it is shown that medium-magnitude earthquakes (Mw ~ 7) in high-angle faults can cause local tsunamis. This work can be used as a basis for the generation of evacuation maps and awareness of the tsunami threat in the area.

Abstract The Pathé geothermal zone, in the central portion of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, attracted a variety of scientists and explorers since late 18th century. Joseph Burkart (1798-1870), a German mining engineer and a contemporary of Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), provided in 1836 a geological description of the zone because of which Pathé was the first geothermal system to be studied in Mexico under modern science principles. At the beginning of the 20th century, this zone was investigated by the Mexican geologist José Guadalupe Aguilera Serrano (1857-1941), who described in 1907 the local volcanic rocks and their alteration. His main interest were the kaolin deposits of Yexthó, located one km to the west of the geothermal manifestations. By the middle of the century, the area was already explored for geothermal energy, which resulted in the first geothermal power plant in all America, operating between 1959 and 1972 with a nominal capacity of 3.5 MW. The thermal manifestations of Pathé are located at the junction of two regional normal fault systems, striking N-S and E-W, and are hosted by a volcanic unit (tuff and lava) of basic to intermediate composition and Upper Miocene age. Surficial hydrothermal alteration is conspicuous and largely controlled by faults of these two systems. Associated with the N-S faults is a calcite-gypsum alteration assemblage, indicating oxidized, alkaline sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids. On the other hand, linked to the later E-W faults are the kaolin deposits; they are the product of an advanced argillic alteration that is characteristic of a steam-heated environment and indicates acidic conditions (pH: 2 to 3) and temperatures around 100 °C. Because of its unambiguous relation to faults and the absence of recent (Quaternary) volcanism, Pathé is likely to be a fault-controlled geothermal system (non-magmatic, extensional domain type). The successive alteration events suggest that the hydrothermal activity is long-lived and dates back to before the Pliocene.

Resumen La zona geotérmica de Pathé, en el sector central de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana, ha atraído la atención de exploradores y científicos desde finales del siglo XVIII. El ingeniero de minas alemán Joseph Burkart (1798-1870), contemporáneo de Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), elaboró en 1836 una descripción geológica de campo por la cual esta zona geotérmica puede considerarse la primera en México en haber sido investigada bajo los paradigmas de la ciencia moderna. A inicios del siglo XX la zona fue estudiada por el ingeniero José Guadalupe Aguilera Serrano (1857-1941), quien en 1907 describió las rocas eruptivas y sus productos de alteración. Su interés eran los yacimientos de caolín de Yexthó, situados a un km de las manifestaciones termales. A mediados del siglo XX la zona ya se prospectaba como fuente de energía geotérmica, lo que culminó en la primera planta geotermoeléctrica del continente americano, en operación entre 1959 y 1972 con una capacidad instalada de 3.5 MW. Las manifestaciones termales de Pathé se ubican en la intersección de dos sistemas regionales de fallas normales, con rumbos N-S y E-W, y están encajonadas en una unidad volcánica (toba y lava) de composición básica a intermedia y edad Mioceno superior. Las alteraciones hidrotermales superficiales son conspicuas y su distribución está igualmente controlada por fallas pertenecientes a ambos sistemas. Asociada a las fallas N-S ocurre la asociación de alteración calcita-yeso, que involucra fluidos oxidados y alcalinos ricos en sulfato. Por otro lado, ligados a las fallas E-W ―más tardías― se hallan los depósitos de caolín, producto de una alteración argílica avanzada, característica de zonas de condensación de vapor. Las condiciones del fluido indicadas por esta alteración son un pH muy ácido (2-3) y temperaturas cercanas a los 100 °C. Por su clara asociación con las fallas, así como por la ausencia de vulcanismo reciente (Cuaternario) cercano, Pathé se considera como un sistema geotérmico convectivo controlado por fallas. La sucesión de eventos de alteración sugiere que la actividad hidrotermal inició antes del Plioceno.

Resumo Em muitas culturas, meninas e meninos com deficiência experimentam uma redução em sua dignidade: não só eles têm que lutar desigualmente diante de seus colegas por causa de sua condição, mas também têm menos oportunidades de aprender e participar da escola regular. Por isso, este trabalho aprofunda-se nas narrativas sobre a dinâmica escolar de um aluno com deficiência auditiva. A pesquisa qualitativa é utilizada em um estudo de caso por meio de registros de observação em diferentes situações da atividade escolar do aluno, bem como entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores da sala de aula regular, Educação Física, Música e Centro de Atenção Múltipla da Educação Especial. A análise das informações possibilitou a formação de dois blocos temáticos: “Um aluno com surdez. O que ele sabe, o que tenta e o que lhe permitem fazer ”, onde são analisadas as concepções e práticas dos professores, e“ Vantagens e falhas na estruturação sociocognitiva e na convivência social ”, onde se encontram os recursos e deficiências do aluno. Em ambos os blocos, ênfase especial é colocada no processo comunicativo. Por fim, constata-se que, na prática, os professores que atendem o aluno não utilizam estratégias adequadas de comunicação ou didático-metodológicas para o ensino de acordo com suas possibilidades de aprendizagem e aplicam uma ação didática indiferenciada entre ela e seus colegas. Embora a constituição política local expresse a necessidade de criar ambientes inclusivos para as crianças surdas, por não considerar as diferenças individuais e a língua de sinais na comunicação, elas são excluídas do meio acadêmico, dos jogos, da amizade e do mundo social. Neste contexto, é fundamental reconhecer o direito a uma educação onde seja garantido o ensino da língua de sinais mexicana e unidades de apoio na escola regular para este tipo de alunos.

Abstract In many cultures, children with disabilities live undermining their dignity: not only do they have to fight unequally against their peers for their condition, they also have fewer opportunities for learning and participation in regular school. That's why this paper delves into narratives about school dynamics around a student with a hearing impairment condition. Qualitative research is used in a case study, through observation records in different situations of the student’s school activity, as well as semi-structured interviews with regular classroom teachers, Physical Education, Music and the Special Education Multiple Care Centre. The analysis of the information made it possible to form two thematic blocks: “A student with deafness. What she knows, what she tries to do and what they allow her to do”, in which the conceptions and practices of teachers are analyzed, and “Equipment and faults in the socio-cognitive structure and social coexistence”, in which the resources and needs of the student are described. In both blocks, special emphasis is placed on the communicative process. Finally, it is found that, in practice, teachers who care for students do not use adequate communication neither didactic and methodological strategies for teaching according to her learning possibilities and apply an undifferentiated didactic action between her and her peers. Although the local political constitution expresses the need to create inclusive environments for deaf children, by not considering individual differences and sign language in communication they are excluded from the academic, play, friendship and social world. In this context, it is essential to recognize the right to an education in which teaching in the Mexican sign language and support units in the regular school for this type of student are guaranteed.

Resumen En muchas culturas, las niñas y los niños con condición de discapacidad vivencian menoscabo de su dignidad: no solo tienen que luchar de forma desigual ante sus pares por su condición, sino que también tienen menos oportunidades de aprendizaje y participación en la escuela regular. Por ello, en este trabajo se profundiza en las narrativas sobre la dinámica escolar de una alumna con condición de discapacidad auditiva. Se utiliza la investigación cualitativa en un estudio de caso mediante registros de observación en diferentes situaciones de la actividad escolar de la alumna, así como entrevistas semiestructuradas a los docentes de aula regular, Educación Física, Música y del Centro de Atención Múltiple de Educación Especial. El análisis de la información posibilitó la conformación de dos bloques temáticos: “Una alumna con sordera. Lo que sabe, lo que intenta y lo que le permiten hacer”, donde se analizan las concepciones y prácticas de los docentes, y “Pertrechos y faltas en la estructuración sociocognitiva y la convivencia social”, donde se describen los recursos y carencias de la alumna. En ambos bloques, se hace especial énfasis en el proceso comunicativo. Finalmente, se encuentra que, en la práctica, el profesorado que atiende a la alumna no utiliza una comunicación adecuada ni estrategias didácticas y metodológicas para una enseñanza acorde a sus posibilidades de aprendizaje y aplican una acción didáctica indiferenciada entre ella y sus compañeros. Aunque la constitución política local expresa la necesidad de crear ambientes inclusivos para los niños sordos, al no considerar las diferencias individuales y el lenguaje de señas en la comunicación, se le excluye del entorno académico, de los juegos, la amistad y el mundo social. En este contexto, es indispensable reconocer el derecho a una educación en donde se garantice la enseñanza en la lengua de señas mexicana y unidades de apoyo en la escuela regular para este tipo de alumnos.

ABSTRACT The Yariguíes Anticlinorium, a regional structure located at the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, includes the thickest record of continental sedimentary rocks accumulated near to the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. The sedimentary rocks are lithoarenites and feldspathic arenites, grouped in the Girón Formation, and deposited in a Late Jurassic extensional basin interpreted in this work as a rift basin. We analysed the sedimentologic and compositional characteristics of two sections that accumulated in a complex rift system. We identified important thickness variations, from 3,350 m in the type section to at least 525 m in a reference section in the Zapatoca area, as well as petrographic and lithofacies changes. This led us to confirm that the Girón Formation encompasses all the continental facies, whose source rock correspond mainly to the exhumed blocks of the Santander Massif during the Late Jurassic. The synrift successions were segmented by transverse structures and regional longitudinal faults of the rift-shoulder, as the Suárez Fault. The tectonic frame of the study area shows the relevance of the W-E compressional regimes, explaining the local kinematics as a heritage of the former configuration and tectonic inversion of the basins. However, clockwise rotation of the stress field was detected from the stress tensor analysis. The latest orientation of the stress tensors and shear joints are related to the effect of the transpressional Bucaramanga and Lebrija faults along the study area.

RESUMEN El Anticlinorio de los Yariguíes es una estructura regional localizada en el flanco occidental de la cordillera Oriental de Colombia e incluye el registro más potente de rocas sedimentarias continentales acumuladas cerca del límite Jurásico-Cretácico. Las rocas sedimentarias corresponden a litoarenitas y arenitas feldespáticas, pertenecientes a la Formación Girón, que fueron acumuladas en una cuenca extensional del Jurásico tardío, interpretada en este trabajo como una cuenca de rift. Se analizan las características sedimentológicas y composicionales de dos secciones depositadas en un sistema de rift complejo. Se identificaron variaciones importantes de espesor, desde 3,350 m en la sección tipo hasta 525 m en una sección de referencia en Zapatoca; también se identificaron cambios en las características petrográficas y en las litofacies de las unidades. Esto llevó a confirmar que la Formación Girón agrupa todas las facies continentales cuya fuente estaba localizada principalmente en los bloques exhumados del Macizo de Santander durante el Jurásico tardío. Las sucesiones syn-rift estaban segmentadas por estructuras transversales y por fallas longitudinales regionales del hombro del rift como la Falla Suárez. El marco tectónico del área de estudio muestra un predominio de regímenes compresivos con dirección O-E; esto permite asociar la cinemática local con la configuración original de la cuenca y con su posterior inversión tectónica. Sin embargo, una rotación horaria del campo de esfuerzos puede ser detectada del análisis de tensores de esfuerzo. La orientación final de los tensores de esfuerzo y de las fracturas de cizalla se relaciona con el efecto transpresivo de las fallas Bucaramanga y Lebrija en el área de estudio.

ABSTRACT Background: Many historical buildings in Iran need to be protected. In many of these buildings, wood is used as a structural element in features such as beam, pile, roof and floor systems. For this purpose, the architectural features of a historical building located in Gorgan (Northern part of Iran) and characterisation of faults, in addition to identification of wood species were conducted. Stress wave non-destructive testing (NDT) was used and wave speed (WS) was measured in tested members to evaluate the decay situation of major wooden beams of building frames and roof truss. After obtaining data related to WS, time of wave transition (TWT) was calculated and compared with control time. Structural elements were characterized in comparison with control time and classified according to decay severity. Results: The results showed that local hardwood species were used for construction of this building. Furthermore, in some parts of the building, there were severely defected structures, thus highlighting the importance of safety. Moreover, WS strongly depended on the types of faults. Conclusion: Due to high relative humidity of climate, wood structures are exposed to faults in the northern region of Iran. However, their general appearance is adequate and acceptable. For better decision making, the TWT should be accompanied by more investigation into the types of defects.

Abstract The tectonic and volcanic dynamics of Costa Rica respond mainly to the interaction of the Cocos and Caribbean plates (and the Panama Microplate) near a triple junction where these interact with the Nazca Plate. This work used Lidar images from the Northwest sector of the Poás Volcano generated after the 2009 Cinchona earthquake (Mw 6.2) and supplementary inputs to analyze the morphotectonic traits and propose morphotectonicvolcanic units (UMTV) on a 1:25.000 scale. This sector has been defined as the area of interest because it is the least studied of the Poás Volcano and covers an important part of the national park protection zone. UMTVs were defined from the analysis of the morphometric elements of relief, lithologic conditions, and morphostructural expressions of relief structures. Thus, this study represents an initial step in determining this type of morphostructural relationships of relief in Costa Rica, which can be replicated as a tool in the evaluation of natural hazards in other countries with similar characteristics. Based on previous studies in the area as and using remote sensors (Lidar, radar images, and aerial photographs), criteria were combined including identification and interpretation of tectonic or volcanic structures, altitudinal range, geology and origin of relief forms, slope, seismicity, and guidelines and interpretation of patterns in the hydrographic network. Methodological processes were grouped as follows: a) development of the elevation and shading digital model through processing in ArcMap 10.5 for use in morphometric analyses and identification of tectonic structures; b) geomorphological mapping, analysis of relief morphoelements and litho-stratigraphic and seismicity relationships; c) analysis of altimetric ranges and slopes; d) analysis of structural patterns according to the hydrographic network and its morphometry (dissection depth and density); and e) interpretation of radar images and aerial photographs from available sources. Ten UMTVs were defined that characterize the relief resulting from the evolution of the Poás Volcano northwest sector, based on the relationship between geological structures, altitudinal ranges, morphometric parameters, and relief forms. Besides, these units evidence the importance of neotectonic activity in the formation and differentiation of relief and are a major input in the study of relief forms and natural hazards. Therefore, it is a practical tool for disaster risk mitigation by identifying areas susceptible to seismic and volcanic activity, and those related to extreme hydrometeorological phenomena, such as floods and landslides, under different vulnerability scenarios and multiple-hazard contexts. The most vulnerable UMTVs are ancient, secondary, or current volcanic cones, areas with major faults or fracturing on moderate-to-high slopes and with tectonicstructural control, corresponding to conic and structural volcanic UMTVs or with active-fault tectonics in areas of steep slopes (> 15°). These units display characteristics such as many rivers running through canyons, radial, semi-radial or sub-parallel drainage patterns associated with volcanic geomorphologies, and denudation aspects resulting from ancient landslides. The greatest advantage of the proposed method is the use of easily accessible morphometric parameters from level curves and the generation of its hydrographic network, which can be replicated in similar territories or contexts with available information on basic local geology and tectonics. A limitation of the modeling method is the scale of some of the source data, as studies of this type require either having of producing accurate maps (at least 1:25.000 scale). The definition of UMTVs represents an initial input for the evaluation of natural hazards, being a valuable tool for land-use planning and risk management, with potential for replication in zones sharing characteristics similar to those of the study area, in volcanic environments and tropical climates.

Resumen La dinámica tectónica y volcánica de Costa Rica responde principalmente a la interacción de las placas Cocos y Caribe. Con base en la relación entre las estructuras geológicas, rangos altitudinales, parámetros morfométricos y formas de relieve, se definieron diez unidades morfotectónicas-volcánicas (UMTV) que caracterizan el relieve resultante de la evolución del edificio volcánico del volcán Poás en su sector Noroeste. Se elaboró un mapa considerando criterios asociados a elementos y atributos morfotectónicos y morfoestructurales, litoestratigráficos, geomorfológicos y morfométricos. Basados en estudios previos de la zona, así como con la utilización de sensores remotos como tecnología lidar, imágenes de radar y fotografías aéreas, se combinaron criterios que incluyeron la identificación e interpretación de estructuras tectónicas o volcánicas, el rango altitudinal, la geología y el origen de las formas de relieve, la pendiente, la sismicidad, lineamientos y la interpretación de patrones de la red hidrográfica. Las UMTV identificadas integran las diferentes estructuras y la geología de la zona, y permiten reconocer la importancia de la actividad neotectónica en la formación y diferenciación del relieve. Las UMTV constituyen un insumo inicial para la evaluación de amenazas naturales, siendo una herramienta funcional en el ordenamiento territorial y la gestión del riesgo, con gran potencial de replicación en sitios con características similares a la zona de estudio, en ambientes volcánicos y climas tropicales.

ABSTRACT In this study, three geophysical techniques were used to identify, localize, and characterize a partly blind fault in the Llano Grande basin within the Agua Fría Graben. This tectonic basin is located in the Los Azufres Volcanic Complex, one of the major silicic volcanic centers in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The 1 km wide Agua Fría graben could be considered as an analogous of the larger graben structures bounded by the Morelia-Acambay Fault System. Since it is filled by recent sediments, it represents a challenge for the recognition and characterization of active faults that lack clear surface expression. Newly collected magnetic data led to the identification of lineaments interpreted as structural discontinuities. Ground penetrating radar and seismic refraction surveys were carried out across one of these magnetic lineaments crossing the basin to characterize the nature and geometry of the inferred discontinuity. The ground penetrating radar profiles allowed the identification of buried deformational structures interpreted as the northern segment of the Agua Fría fault. The subsurface reflectors displaced 1 to 1.5 m by the fault indicate that this structure is potentially active. The opening of trenches based on these results makes it possible to confirm the interpretation of the geophysical profiles, to discuss the precision of the data and to validate their use for such studies. On seismic refraction profiles, the deformation zones are related to low P-wave velocity zones. These geophysical studies demonstrate the potential of such techniques to locate faults in the subsurface, partially characterize the width of the fault zone and the associated displacement within the uppermost of the subsurface. Our results may be applied to define ideal sites for paleoseismic excavations which are essential for the identification and description of historical and prehistoric earthquakes, and thus, for the characterization of the local seismic hazard.

RESUMEN En este estudio/ .se emplearon tres técnicas geofísicas para identificar, localizar y caracterizar una falla parcialmente ciega en la cuenca de Llano Grande dentro del graben de Agua Fría. Esta cuenca tectónica se encuentra en el complejo volcánico Los Azufres, uno de los principales centros silícicos del Cinturón Volcánico Transmexicano. El graben de Agua Fría de 1 km de ancho, podría considerarse como análogo a las estructuras de graben más grandes delimitadas por el sistema de fallas Morelia-Acambay. Dado que está lleno de sedimentos recientes, presenta un desafío en cuanto a la identificación y caracterización de fallas activas que carecen de clara expresión superficial. Los datos magnéticos obtenidos para este trabajo nos permitieron identificar lineamientos interpretados como discontinuidades estructurales. Levantamientos con georadar y refracción sísmica se realizaron sobre uno de estos lineamientos magnéticos que cruzan la cuenca, para caracterizar la naturaleza y geometría de la discontinuidad inferida. Los perfiles de georadar permitieron la identificación de estructuras de deformación las cuales son interpretadas como el segmento norte de la falla Agua Fría. Los reflectores desplazados entre 1 y 1.5 m por la falla, indican que esta estructura es potencialmente activa. La apertura de trincheras con base en estos resultados confirma la interpretación de perfiles geofísicos y permite validar su precisión y su uso para este tipo de estudios. En los perfiles de refracción sísmica, las zonas de deformación están relacionadas con zonas de baja velocidad de ondas P. Estos estudios geofísicos demuestran la potencialidad de estas técnicas para localizar fallas en subsuelo a poca profundidad, caracterizar parcialmente el ancho de su zona de influencia y el desplazamiento asociado en los primeros metros del subsuelo. Nuestros resultados podrían ser aplicados para definir sitios ideales para excavaciones paleosísmicas que son esenciales para la identificación y descripción de terremotos históricos o prehistóricos y, por lo tanto, para la caracterización del peligro sísmico local.