This study presents a solution to solid waste problems, focusing on spent lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) and iron ore tailings (IOT) from the Mariana environmental accident in Brazil. The approach involves the production CoFe2O4 from LiBs and IOT, which serves as a catalyst for solar photo-Fenton reactions for methylene blue (MB) decolorization and as an electrochemical sensor for ascorbic acid (AA) detection. Chemical analysis showed recycling potential, with 45.22 ± 0.22% m m−1 Co from LiBs and 14.9 ± 1.5% m m−1 Fe from IOT, determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The sol-gel synthesized CoFe2O4 exhibited a crystallite size of 51.9 ± 1.3 nm and agglomerated crystal clusters. Recycled-CoFe2O4 exhibited a 98.1% MB decolorization efficiency in 60 min under solar irradiation and remained above 92.3% in all 7 reuse cycles. The electrochemical sensor exhibited a coefficient of determination of 0.9987, a sensitivity of 3.352 ± 0.0428 μA mol L−1, and a limit of detection of 0.5511 µM in the concentration range of 1.96 to 23.08 mmol L−1 for AA detection. This study demonstrates the potential of recycled-CoFe2O4 in an environmentally friendly dye removal and as an electrochemical sensor, offering sustainable waste management and resource utilization with solar energy. problems lithiumion lithium ion (LiBs IOT (IOT Brazil CoFeO CoFe O CoFe2O photoFenton photo Fenton (MB (AA 4522 45 22 45.2 022 0 0.22 m1 1 m− 149 14 9 14. 15 5 1.5 ICP OES FAAS. FAAS . (FAAS) solgel sol gel 519 51 51. 13 3 1. clusters RecycledCoFe2O4 RecycledCoFeO Recycled Recycled-CoFe2O 981 98 98.1 6 923 92 92.3 cycles 09987 9987 0.9987 3352 352 3.35 00428 0428 0.042 L1 L 05511 5511 0.551 196 96 1.9 2308 23 08 23.0 L− recycledCoFe2O4 recycledCoFeO recycled recycled-CoFe2O energy 452 4 2 45. 02 0.2 (FAAS RecycledCoFe RecycledCoFe2O 98. 92. 0998 998 0.998 335 35 3.3 0042 042 0.04 0551 551 0.55 19 230 23. recycledCoFe recycledCoFe2O 0. 099 99 0.99 33 3. 004 04 0.0 055 55 0.5 09 0.9 00 05

ABSTRACT This study evaluates titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and hybrid coatings on lithium-ion battery electrodes, focusing on their implications for the Indian electric vehicle supply chain. Using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), coatings were applied to commercial-grade graphite and LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC) electrodes. The coatings were analyzed for ionic conductivity, chemical stability, mechanical reinforcement, thermal stability, and electrochemical performance using SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA, CV, EIS, and long-term cycling tests. Results show TiO2 coatings provide superior ionic conductivity (3.5 × 10–4 S/cm) but lower chemical stability. Al2O3 coatings, with an ionic conductivity of 1.8 × 10–4 S/cm, demonstrated excellent chemical stability and mechanical reinforcement (elastic modulus of 150 GPa). Hybrid coatings exhibited a balanced performance, with 80% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 0.5C and intermediate thermal stability. Conclusions indicate that TiO2 is suitable for high-rate applications, while Al2O3 is ideal for long-term stability. Hybrid coatings offer a promising solution by combining the strengths of both materials, enhancing battery performance, and supporting the development of efficient and reliable energy storage solutions for India’s electric vehicle industry. TiO2, TiO , (TiO2) Al2O3, AlO Al O (Al2O3) lithiumion lithium ion electrodes chain ALD (ALD CVD, CVD (CVD) commercialgrade commercial grade LiNiMnCoO NMC (NMC SEM TEM XRD TGA CV EIS longterm long term tests 3.5 35 3 5 (3. 104 10 4 10– S/cm Scm S cm Al2O 18 1 8 1. elastic 15 GPa. GPa . GPa) 80 50 05C C 0 5C highrate high rate applications materials Indias India s industry (TiO2 (Al2O3 (CVD 3. (3 (TiO (Al2O (

Abstract With the evolution of energy storage, Thermal Runaway (TR) stands out as the most critical safety concern for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs). This study employs a prismatic lithium battery with a nominal capacity of 40Ah, featuring Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 as the cathode material. The investigation delves into the thermal runaway characteristics of the battery at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% State of Charge (SOC) in a nitrogen environment. The findings indicate: 1) an ascending trend in the highest temperatures at various points within the battery as SOC increases, accompanied by a declining trend in normalized gas production and a non-linear relationship between the heat released during TR and the stored electrochemical energy; 2) the highest temperature point within the battery consistently resides at the surface, offering insights for the temperature monitoring of the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS); 3) a direct correlation between higher SOC and increased material ejection, with a mass loss rate of 25.8% at 100% SOC, a static total gas production of 2.45 mol, and a maximum explosion index of 0.2886 kPa⋅m⋅s⁻¹. storage (TR LithiumIon Lithium Ion LIBs. LIBs . (LIBs) 40Ah Ah LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 LiNi06Co02Mn02O2 LiNiCoMnO Li Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2 O2 Ni0 6Co0 2Mn0 2 Ni Co Mn O Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O 25 25% 50 50% 75 75% 100 (SOC environment indicate 1 increases nonlinear non linear surface BTMS (BTMS) 3 ejection 258 8 25.8 245 45 2.4 mol 02886 0 2886 0.288 kPams¹ kPams kPa m s ¹ kPa⋅m⋅s⁻¹ (LIBs LiNi0 2O2 LiNi LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O LiNi06Co02Mn02O Ni06Co02Mn02 NiCoMn Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0. 6Co 2Mn 5 7 10 (BTMS 25. 24 4 2. 0288 288 0.28 kPa⋅m⋅s⁻ 2O Ni06Co02Mn0 Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0 028 28 0.2 kPa⋅m⋅s Ni06Co02Mn Ni0.6Co0.2Mn 02 0.

Electric vehicles are slowly reinforcing their place in the global market, with 6.75 million units sold in 2021, accounting for 8.3% of the global automotive market, with expectations of this increasing to 33% by 2028. South Africa and Kenya, however, only contributed approximately 1559 and 350 units to this total, respectively. To accommodate the anticipated e-mobility growth in South Africa, and the rest of the continent, a sound understanding of the battery chemistry, developments and advances need to be explored and integrated with additional principles, such as project and risk management. The battery chemistry has a profound effect on cradle-to-grave assessments, and in exploring second-life applications, the battery utilisation can be increased before the need for recycling. Sound knowledge of the chemistry is also crucial in elucidating risks and providing a safe working environment, making risk-mitigation initiatives more transparent, improving the manufacturing process and providing opportunities for small start-ups to form, supporting the shift to a more electric-powered mindset. Adopting new technologies and integrating electric mobility can not only advance local efforts to advance electrochemistry research but also support sustainable development schemes in Africa.

With the rise in popularity of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices, having a reliable, lightweight and long-lasting battery is crucial. This has led to the mass commercialisation of lithium-ion batteries (LIB's) because they offer several advantages over other battery technologies. Over the years, one of the concerns was with the ease the batteries can burn or explode when subjected to certain extreme conditions. In order to build trust in these products and to expand the technology into more diverse applications, safety aspects of the batteries has become a key area of research. One aspect of improving the safety by reducing the flammability of the battery is the addition of certain chemicals that stop or suppress the thermal runaway effect. However, this in-turn reduces the battery's capacity and life-cycle performance. Researchers have used the idea of encapsulating these chemicals thereby physically separating them within the (lithium-ion battery) LIB electrolyte system with a minimum effect on performance. This paper reviews some of the novelty that is currently being developed to encapsulate certain active chemicals to aid not only the LIB thermal safety but also to enhance their performance.

Abstract Polymers have played a vital role in developing next-generation energy storage devices. In the progress of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), polymers have been widely used in the preparation of electrolytes and electrode binders, in both cases, due to their unique intrinsic properties, such as high thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical resistance. However, the main limitation of this type of material is its poor ionic conductivity at room temperature, which depends on its structural properties and preparation techniques. In this review, the fundamental properties and ion transport mechanisms characteristic of different types of ion- conducting polymers, such as solvent-free polymer electrolytes (SPE), gel polymer electrolytes (GPE), and composite polymer electrolytes (CPE), are reported. A current overview of lithium-ion-based battery systems, which can be improved using ion-conducting polymers, is also presented.

Resumen Los polímeros han tomado un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de dispositivos de almacenamiento de energía de última generación. En el perfeccionamiento de baterías de ion litio LIBs, los polímeros han sido utilizados ampliamente en preparación de electrolitos y aglomerantes para electrodos, en ambos casos debido a sus propiedades intrínsecas especiales como alta resistencia térmica, mecánica y electroquímica. Sin embargo, la principal limitante de este tipo de materiales es su pobre de conductividad iónica a temperatura ambiente, la cual depende de sus propiedades estructurales y técnicas de preparación. En esta revisión son presentadas las propiedades fundamentales y mecanismos de transporte iónico característicos de los diferentes tipos de polímeros conductores de iones, como los electrolitos poliméricos sin disolventes (SPE), electrolitos poliméricos en gel (GPE) y electrolitos poliméricos compuestos (CPE). También se presenta un panorama actual de los sistemas de baterías basadas en iones litio, que pueden ser mejoradas de mediante el uso de polímeros conductores de iones.

Abstract A study of the performance of metallurgical grade silicon as active material of electrodes of lithium ion batteries has been performed. The study has been carried out by means of charge and discharge galvanostatic measurements comparing between samples with different contents of impurities. This allows to elucidate the effect of the presence of certain impurities in the performance of the material in batteries. Unlike other existing works, this one has the particularity of showing specifically the concentration and type of impurities in the active material.

Resumen Se ha realizado un estudio del rendimiento de silicio de grado metalúrgico como material activo de electrodos de baterías de ión litio. El estudio se ha basado en mediciones de carga y descarga galvanostática, comparando entre muestras con diferente contenido de impurezas. Esto permite dilucidar el efecto de la presencia de ciertas impurezas en el rendimiento del material en baterías. A diferencia de otros trabajos existentes, este tiene la particularidad de mostrar específicamente la concentración y tipo de impurezas en el material activo.

Resumen Contexto: El modelado de baterías es una actividad que puede ser compleja si se utilizan técnicas basadas en el comportamiento químico. Para facilitar esto se han utilizado estrategias de modelo inverso que se basan en curvas experimentales y ajustes de modelos circuitales. Para la parametrización se utilizan diferentes técnicas que radican en su complejidad, exactitud y tiempo de convergencia. Métodos: En este trabajo se utiliza un algoritmo de optimización por enjambre de partículas para la parametrización de un modelo de polarización dual para una celda de ion litio de tipo 18650. La metodología propuesta divide el problema en diferentes casos de optimización y propone una estrategia de búsqueda localizada basada en la experiencia del caso anterior. Resultados: El algoritmo PSO permite ajustar los parámetros del modelo para cada uno de los casos analizados. La división del problema por casos permite mejorar la precisión global del problema y a su vez disminuir los tiempos de convergencia del algoritmo. A partir de los posibles casos se puede encontrar la dinámica de cada uno de los parámetros en función del estado de carga. Conclusiones: La metodología propuesta permite reducir los tiempos de parametrización del modelo de polarización dual. Debido a la aproximación generada por las experiencias anteriores, es posible disminuir la población del enjambre y disminuir aún más el tiempo de convergencia del proceso. Adicionalmente, la metodología puede ser utilizada con diferentes algoritmos de optimización.

Abstract Context: Battery modeling can be a complex activity if techniques based on chemical behavior are employed. To facilitate this, inverse modeling techniques have been used which are based on experimental curves and adjustments of circuit models. Different techniques are used for parameterization according to their complexity, accuracy, and convergence time. Method: This paper uses a particle swarm optimization algorithm to parameterize a dual-polarization model for a 18650-type lithium cell. The proposed methodology divides the problem into different optimization cases and proposes a localized search strategy based on the experience of the previous case. Results: The PSO algorithm allows adjusting the model parameters for each case analyzed. Dividing the problem by stages allows improving the global precision while reducing the convergence times of the algorithm. Based on the possible cases, it is possible to find the dynamics of each of the parameters as a function of the charge state. Conclusions: The proposed methodology allows reducing the parameterization times of the dual-polarization model. Due to the approximation generated by previous experiences, it is possible to reduce the swarm population and further decrease the convergence time of the process. Additionally, the methodology can be used with different optimization algorithms.

ABSTRACT The non-aqueous electrolyte system comprising of the lithium nonafluoro-1-butane sulfonate (LiNfO) as a potential lithium ion-conducting salt in an equivalent binary mixture of propylene carbonate (PC) and 1, 2-dimethoxyethane (DME) as the solvent was explored for the lithium battery applications. The LiNfO based non-aqueous liquid electrolyte (NALE) system showed the highest ionic conductivity of 2.66 x 10-3 S cm-1 at ambient temperature, and a potential window stability of ~5 V. The lithium ion cells, Li/NALE//LiCoO2 were fabricated with the proposed non-aqueous electrolyte. The cell with particular composition of electrolyte delivered a high specific discharge capacity of 154 mA h g-1 at ambient temperature. The potential advantages of the proposed NALE are discussed in detail.

ABSTRACT In this research work, fine powders of spinel-type LiMn2-xNixO4-?(where x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were synthesized by combustion synthesis using urea as fuel and metal nitrates as oxidizers at a temperature of 600°C. The physiochemical properties of the prepared cathode materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis, energy dispersive analysis (EDAX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical characteristics were studied by impedance spectroscopy. It was found that the physical charactetertistics were moderately influenced because of different dopant (Ni) concentration. Among the samples studied, LiMn1.9Ni0.1O4-? resulted in better electrical conductivity (6.49 x 10-5 Scm-1) at room temperature and hence it may be suitable for lithium ion battery applications.

Resumen Contexto: Este artículo presenta un estudio mediante simulación del comportamiento de tres topologías para la interconexión de baterías y supercondensadores en un sistema híbrido de almacenamiento de energía con potencial aplicación a microrredes eléctricas residenciales. El estudio se basa en una comparación preliminar de dos topologías semi-activas hecha por los autores. En este artículo se añade una topología activa al estudio comparativo. Método: En cada una de las topologías del presente estudio se ha usado un convertidor DC bidireccional de medio puente y como estrategia de control básica se usó un control de corriente promedio de doble lazo. Para la topología activa se utilizó una estrategia de control adicional para el desacople de las componentes dinámicas y promedio de la carga o generación pulsante. Resultados: La topología activa permite utilizar mejor la energía almacenada en el condensador, gracias a la posibilidad de variar la tensión en sus terminales. Conclusiones: El diseño y control de las topologías semi-activas resulta mucho más sencillo que el de la topología activa en paralelo. No obstante, para aprovechar la capacidad de almacenamiento del supercondensador, la tensión entre sus terminales debe tener una variación importante, lo que se puede conseguir con la topología activa.

Abstract Context: This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of three topologies for interconnecting Lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors in a hybrid energy storage system for use in electric residential microgrids with intermittent generation. The hybrid system’s main purpose is to prolong battery life, using the supercapacitor to handle the dynamic component of current from a pulsed current load. This work builds upon a preliminary simulation-based study, in which two semi-active topologies were compared and evaluated. Here, we add an active topology to the study and describe the operational benefits of each topology. Method: For every topology in this study, a non-isolated half-bridge bidirectional DC converter was used, and a proportional-integral (PI) double-loop linear ACC control algorithm was designed for controlling the converters. In the active topology an additional optimisation-based real-time frequencydecoupling control strategy was employed. Results: A parallel active topology allows better management of stored energy in the SC by supporting variation of SC terminal voltages with a DC converter as interface to the DC bus. Conclusions: Semi-active topologies are easier to design and control, but the operational benefits of supercapacitors require voltage variation at the terminals. This variation is made possible with an active topology.

Nanostructured silicon (Si) has showed outstanding results as Li-ion battery anode material. Fabrication of nanostructured silicon anode materials is usually very complex, time consuming and expensive. In this work, silicon nanowires (SiNW`s) were produced by using rapid and uncostly metal catalyzed electroless etching (MCEE) method from various silicon wafers with different dopant atoms and concentrations. We have investigated the effect of doping level on capacities and cycle stability. Highly doped silicon nanowires produced better results than lightly doped silicon nanowires due to their highly conductive and highly porous nature. Arsenic doped silicon nanowire anode electrodes have reached a capacity of 3635 mAh/g for the first lithiation and maximum 25% charge capacity loss after the 15th cycle. Owing to their small size and porosity this highly doped silicon nanowires showed very high performance and cycle retention as a lithium ion battery anode material.

RESUMEN Los óxidos de manganeso con estructura tipo espinela (LiMn 2 O 4) han sido utilizados con éxito como materiales de cátodo para las baterías de ion-litio. Para mejorar la capacidad e incrementar el potencial de descarga de la batería, comúnmente se han adicionado metales de transición a la espinela, como dopantes o sustituyentes del manganeso. Esto puede conferirle también estabilidad a la estructura del material de cátodo. En este trabajo se evaluó la obtención y el desempeño de las espinelas de LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) y LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (LNMO) obtenidas por procesos de síntesis en estado sólido y sol-gel se estudiaron. Los materiales sinterizados de (LMO) y (LMNO) se caracterizaron por espectroscopia Raman y difracción de rayos X (DRX) para evidenciar la formación de la estructura tipo espinela. Fue corroborado que mediante ambos métodos de síntesis se puede producir una estructura de espinela adecuada. El análisis SEM mostró en general que la espinela adquiere una forma octahedral. El tamaño de partícula cambia de acuerdo al método de síntesis empleado, obteniendo un menor tamaño de partícula en la síntesis por sol-gel. La caracterización electroquímica demuestra que la síntesis por estado sólido genera componentes con mayor pureza y cristalinidad, los cuales generan una mayor capacidad de intercalación de iones litio. La adición de níquel a la espinela incrementa el potencial de descarga del cátodo en 0.5V.

ABSTRACT Spinel-structured lithium manganese oxide (LiMn 2 O 4) has been successfully used as a cathode material for various lithium batteries. To improve the capacity and increase the discharge potential of the battery, transition metals are commonly added to the spinel as dopants or as a substitute for manganese. This can also confer stability on the structure of the cathode material. In this work, the production and performance of spinel LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) and LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (LNMO) by solid-state and sol-gel synthesis methods were studied. Synthetized (LMO) and (LNMO) materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to verify the formation of a spinel-like structure. It was corroborated that both synthesis methods can produce an adequate spinel structure. SEM analyses showed that in general, spinel take an octahedral form. The particle size changes according to the synthesis method used. Lower particle sizes were obtained by sol-gel. The electrochemical characterization demonstrates that solid-state synthesis generates compounds with greater purity and crystallinity, which induces a greater capacity of lithium ion intercalation. The addition of nickel to the spinel increases the discharge potential of the cathode by 0.5V.

Abstract: Purpose of this paper is the review of the literature and analyze the progress and application that battery technologies have made in the automotive industry, due to the implementation of electrified systems in the power train, that are used in hybrid and electric vehicles. The technologies which are used, were classified by the materials applied in the construction of the electrochemical cells, lead acid, lithium ion and nickel metal hydride were the chosen ones. It was identified the most important characteristics as the capacity, the nominal voltage of their cells, among others. Lead-acid batteries will continue to occupy a considerable market share because of their cost, but they cannot be used as propulsion batteries. Nickel-metal hydride batteries withstand higher work stress and have higher energy density, so they are mainly used in hybrid vehicles. Because of the demand for energy and power, that electric vehicles need, is used the lithium-ion technology.

Resumen: El propósito de la presente investigación es revisar el estado del arte y analizar el avance tecnológico y aplicación de las baterías en el campo automotriz, especialmente en los sistemas de electrificación de potencia de los vehículos híbridos y eléctricos. Las tecnologías aplicadas se clasificaron por los materiales utilizados en la construcción de las celdas electroquímicas, las de plomo ácido, ion litio y níquel metal hidruro fueron las escogidas. Se identificaron las características importantes entre las cuales se encuentran: la capacidad de almacenamiento, el voltaje nominal de sus celdas, entre otras. Las baterías de plomo por su costo seguirán ocupando una cuota de mercado considerable para los sistemas eléctricos convencionales del automóvil, pero por sus prestaciones estas baterías no se utilizan en los sistemas de propulsión. Las baterías de níquel metal hidruro soportan un mayor estrés de trabajo, poseen mayor densidad de energía y se utilizan en los sistemas de propulsión de los vehículos híbridos. Por la demanda de energía y potencia que requieren los vehículos eléctricos se utiliza la tecnología de ion litio.

RESUMO Neste trabalho é proposto um algoritmo de Simulated Annealing (SA) para a parametrização do modelo Battery, utilizado para a modelagem matemática do tempo de vida de baterias de Lítio Íon Polímero (LiPo). Dados experimentais obtidos em uma plataforma de testes são utilizados para a parametrização e a validação do modelo. O algoritmo SA proposto é comparado à metodologia usual de parametrização, que consiste na análise visual de curvas de descarga, e a partir dos resultados obtidos, é possível verificar tanto a eficácia do modelo em predizer o tempo de vida das baterias estudadas, quanto a eficiência do algoritmo SA proposto para a estimação de seus parâmetros.

ABSTRACT In this paper, a Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm is proposed for the Battery model parametrization, which is used for the mathematical modeling of the Lithium Ion Polymer (LiPo) batteries lifetime. Experimental data obtained by a testbed were used for model parametrization and validation. The proposed SA algorithm is compared to the traditional parametrization methodology that consists in the visual analysis of discharge curves, and from the results obtained, it is possible to see the model efficacy in batteries lifetime prediction, and the proposed SA algorithm efficiency in the parameters estimation.