Resumo: O presente artigo examina como o capítulo “O Rio Grande e o Prata: Contrastes”, do livro Capitania d’El-Rei do historiador e político Moysés Vellinho, representa historiograficamente a Farroupilha. Para isso, examino, por um lado, como a fonte se articula com a historiografia da sua época e, por outro lado, como a fonte articula a historiografia e as questões políticas e de identidade. Para dar conta do objetivo, a metodologia utilizada para analisar a fonte é a operação historiográfica de Michel de Certeau. A hipótese que norteia o artigo diz respeito a nacionalização da história regional no período de 1940 a 1960. Por fim, constato que a fonte/obra analisada foi um objeto tanto de luta política como de uma escrita da história em que a Farroupilha é o ápice da brasilidade da identidade do sul-rio-grandense.

Abstract: This article examines how the “O Rio Grande e o Prata: Contrastes” chapter in Capitania d’El-Rei, by the historian and politician Moysés Vellinho, depicts Farroupilha historiographically. I explore how the source is linked to the historiography of its time on the one hand and how it links historiography to political and identity issues on the other, using Michel de Certeau’s historiographic operation. The hypothesis underlying the article is the nationalization of regional history during the period from 1940 to 1960. Finally, I observe that the source/work analyzed was the object of both a political struggle and a writing of history in which Farroupilha represented the pinnacle of Brazilian identity among Rio Grande do Sul inhabitants.

Resumen: Este artículo examina cómo el capítulo “O Rio Grande e o Prata: Contrastes”, del libro Capitania d’El-Rei, del historiador y político Moysés Vellinho, representa historiográficamente a Farroupilha. Para ello, examino, por un lado, cómo la fuente se articula con la historiografía de su tiempo y, por otro, cómo la fuente articula la historiografía y las cuestiones políticas e identitarias. Para lograr el objetivo, la metodología utilizada para analizar la fuente es la operación historiográfica de Michel de Certeau. La hipótesis que guía el artículo se refiere a la nacionalización de la historia regional en el periodo de 1940 a 1960. Finalmente, observo que la fuente/obra analizada fue objeto tanto de lucha política como de una escritura de la historia en la que Farroupilha es el ápice de la identidad brasileña de los habitantes de Rio Grande do Sul.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo de reflexión estudia las representaciones del Al-Ándalus en la escritura de Jorge Luis Borges, mediante el análisis de los elementos constituyentes de su cuento “La busca de Averroes”. Primeramente, se enfatiza en la realidad histórica a partir de referencias espacio-geográficas, indicaciones temporales y alusión a personajes reales. Así se resalta la teoría borgeana, la de los límites de la historia que recupera los hechos del pasado. En segundo lugar, se consideran los elementos generativos de la ficción tales como la retórica, los símbolos, las imágenes y la inserción de cuentos ficticios dentro de historias reales. Consecuentemente, se examina su teoría de interpretación literaria: la del significado del texto que no depende solo de las condiciones de su producción sino de su recepción. Finalmente, se responde a la siguiente pregunta: ¿“La busca de Averroes” se conforma como un relato histórico o pertenece a la narrativa de ficción?

ABSTRACT: This reflective article examines the representations of Al-Andalus in the writings of Jorge Luis Borges, focusing on the analysis of the constituent elements of his short story “La busca de Averroes”. Firstly, emphasis is placed on historical reality through spatial-geographical references, temporal indications, and allusions to real characters. This highlights Borges' theory concerning the boundaries of history, which revisits events from the past. Secondly, the generative elements of fiction are considered, such as rhetoric, symbols, images, and the incorporation of fictional tales within real stories. Consequently, Borges' theory of literary interpretation is examined: the meaning of the text depends not only on the conditions of its production but also on its reception. Finally, the article addresses the following question: Is “La busca de Averroes” a historical account or does it belong to fictional narrative?

Resumen: El artículo presenta un estudio de caso, construido como tal a partir de una investigación de archivo. El caso se aborda a partir del análisis microtextual y desde la articulación de perspectivas teórico-metodológicas provenientes de la historia del libro, de las materialidades y de las textualidades. Se busca comprender mejor la circulación de textos literarios en un contexto específico, integrando al libro, sus protocolos de escritura y el horizonte de proyectos autoriales y legitimaciones que supone, en la densa y profusa red de las publicaciones de prensa, en un momento de intensas transformaciones en el campo literario argentino, en el contexto de las primeras vanguardias. Para ello, se presentan dos textos muy poco conocidos de un martinfierrista igualmente poco estudiado: Sergio Piñero (h.). El primero consiste en una serie de crónicas sobre un viaje a las islas Orcadas del Sur, publicadas sin firma en el vespertino La Razón entre mayo y junio de 1924, bajo el título Navegando en el Guardia Nacional (Diario de un tripulante). El segundo es un libro que aborda el mismo asunto, publicado por editorial Proa a fines de 1925, titulado El puñal de Orión. Apuntes de viaje, en el que la firma aparece como uno de los rasgos de inscripción del nombre de autor en un proyecto literario de ambición vanguardista. El estudio contrastivo de ambos textos sugiere la importancia de atender a la mediación del periódico y del libro, pero también a las relaciones e intercambios entre ambas, para comprender mejor la especificidad de las prácticas escriturarias que proponen, las redes culturales e intelectuales que trazan y los modos en que desafían y amplían la noción de literatura más allá del libro-centrismo.

Abstract: This article presents a case study constructed from archival research. It delves into the case through microtextual analysis, drawing on theoretical and methodological perspectives from the history of books, materiality, and textual elements. The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of the circulation of literary texts within a specific context. This approach integrates the book, its writing protocols, and the broader horizon of authorial projects and legitimations within the intricate and prolific realm of press publications. This investigation focuses on a period of significant transformation in the Argentine literary field, set against the backdrop of the early avant-garde movements. To achieve this, we introduce two lesser-known texts by a Martinfierrista figure, Sergio Piñero (h.). The first comprises a series of chronicles on a journey to Orcadas del Sur Islands, anonymously published in the evening argentine newspaper La Razón between May and June 1924 and titled “Navegando en el Guardia Nacional (Diario de un tripulante)” (“Navigating on the Guardia Nacional (Journal of a Crew Member)”. The second is a book that explores the same subject, published by Editorial Proa at the end of 1925, titled El puñal de Orión. Apuntes de viaje (Orion Dagger. Travel Notes). Here, the author´s name becomes a definig element within an avant-garde literary project. The comparative analysis of these two texts underscores the significance of considering the interplay between newspapers and books, as well as the relationships and exchanges between them. This approach helps us better understand the unique characteristics of the writing practices they represent, the cultural and intellectual networks they establish, and how they challenge and expand the concept of literature beyond a book-centric perspective.

ABSTRACT The development of the intercultural competence in students of foreign languages is a need today in Cuba. The intercultural competence can be developed in the experiential, but also in the teaching context. This article shows how the use of Caribbean literature, which is content of the subject History of the English-Speaking People´s Culture III contributed to the development of the intercultural competence in students of Foreign Language at the University of Pinar del Río. As theoretical methods were used: the dialectic, the historical, the logic, the systemic and the modelling; as empirical methods were used: the observation, the document analysis, the interview the pre-experiment and the descriptive statistics. A strategy composed by a set of actions focused on the use of literary texts with interactive tasks was proposed. These tasks drew students to the development of the intercultural competence. The strategy was applied with Foreign Language students from fourth year, achieving satisfactory results in terms of interculturality.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de la competencia intercultural en estudiantes de la carrera Lenguas Extranjeras es una necesidad hoy en Cuba. La competencia intercultural se puede desarrollar en la experiencia vivencial pero también en el contexto docente. Este articulo muestra cómo el uso de la literatura caribeña, que forma parte del contenido de la asignatura Historia de la cultura de los pueblos de habla inglesa III contribuyó al desarrollo de la competencia intercultural en los estudiantes de la carrera Lenguas Extranjeras en la Universidad de Pinar del Río. Se utilizaron como métodos del nivel teórico: el dialéctico, el histórico, el lógico, el sistémico y la modelación; como métodos del nivel empírico: la observación, la revisión documental, la entrevista, la prueba pedagógica, el pre-experimento y la estadística descriptiva. Se propuso una estrategia didáctica compuesta por un conjunto de acciones que se centra en la utilización de textos literarios con tareas interactivas para facilitar el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural. La estrategia se empleó en estudiantes de cuarto año de la carrera de Lenguas Extranjeras, logrando resultados satisfactorios en términos de interculturalidad.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento da competência intercultural nos alunos do programa de Línguas Estrangeiras é hoje uma necessidade em Cuba. A competência intercultural pode ser desenvolvida na experiência experiencial, mas também no contexto de ensino. do Rio. Foram utilizados os seguintes métodos no nível teórico: dialético, histórico, lógico, sistêmico e de modelagem; como métodos de nível empírico: observação, revisão documental, entrevista, prova pedagógica, pré-experimento e estatística descritiva. Foi proposta uma estratégia didática composta por um conjunto de ações que foca na utilização de textos literários com tarefas interativas para facilitar o desenvolvimento da competência intercultural. A estratégia foi utilizada em alunos do quarto ano de Línguas Estrangeiras, obtendo resultados satisfatórios em termos de interculturalidade.

Resumo O artigo pretende revelar a contribuição da Ordem Caballero de la Luz para a recepção de la Luz y Caballero em Cuba. A pesquisa baseou-se na análise de diversas fontes documentais, tais como: livros de atas de sessões, regulamentos, circulares, publicações seriadas (revistas e jornais) e fotos. A sistematização das informações obtidas possibilitou oferecer um estudo sistemático e abrangente sobre o tema, o primeiro do gênero. Entre as vias mais utilizadas estão: a comemoração de datas mais importante, a realização de construções comemorativas, o depósito de oferendas florais; bem como o patrocínio de: concursos histórico-literários, publicações, palestras e conferências.

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo revelar la contribución de la Orden Caballero de la Luz a la recepción lucista en Cuba. La investigación se basó en el análisis de diversas fuentes documentales, tales como: libros de actas de sesiones, reglamentos, circulares, publicaciones seriadas (revistas y periódicos) y fotos. La sistematización de la información obtenida, permitió ofrecer un estudio sistemático e integral sobre la temática, el cual constituye el primero de su tipo. Entre las vías más empleadas se encuentran: la conmemoración de fechas significativas, la realización de construcciones conmemorativas, el depósito de ofrendas florales; así como el patrocinio de: concursos histórico-literarios, publicaciones, charlas y conferencias.

Abstract The article is aimed at revealing the contribution of the Order Caballero de la Luz to the reception of the legacy of Luz in Cuba. The research was based on the analysis of various documentary sources, such as: meeting records, regulations, circulars, serial publications (journals and newspapers) and photos. The systematization of the information obtained allowed to offer a systematic and comprehensive study on the subject, which is the first of its kind. Among the most used means are: the commemoration of significant dates, the execution of commemorative constructions, leaving floral offerings; as well as the sponsorship of: historical-literary contests, publications, lectures and conferences.

RESUMEN El artículo examina los factores que llevaron al destacado poeta azerbaiyano Sabir Rustamkhanli a incursionar en el género de la novela histórica. Se demuestra que el escritor ha transitado un extenso camino hacia la creación de novelas históricas, evidenciándose en su pensamiento artístico una formación previa antes de abordar este género. En sus poemas iniciales, el poeta, mediante pequeñas expresiones poéticas en la historia, dedica progresivamente más obras al tema histórico. A través de estos poemas, Rustamkhanli describe y exalta eventos de diversas épocas y momentos de la historia desde una perspectiva ciudadana. La travesía del destino de Ganja Gate y la creación de la imagen de Javad Khan, sometidas al riguroso control de la ideología y la censura soviéticas, cobran vida literaria. La visión del poeta sobre la historia se torna más sistemática con el tiempo, configurando la conciencia histórica y social en los poemas dedicados a la existencia nacional del pueblo. Su actividad literaria destaca también por su firme postura ciudadana y su participación destacada en el movimiento nacional de finales de los años 80, desempeñando un papel crucial en la formación de la conciencia nacional. El "Libro de la vida" se erige como un hito literario y social que contribuye significativamente a la configuración de la conciencia social nacional.

ABSTRACT The article examines the factors that led the distinguished Azerbaijani poet Sabir Rustamkhanli to delve into the genre of historical novels. It is demonstrated that the writer has traversed an extensive path towards the creation of historical novels, with evidence in his artistic thinking of a prior formation before tackling this genre. In his early poems, the poet, through small poetic expressions in history, progressively dedicates more works to the historical theme. Through these poems, Rustamkhanli describes and exalts events from different eras and moments in history from a citizen's perspective. The fate of Ganja Gate and the creation of the image of Javad Khan, subject to the strict control of Soviet ideology and censorship, come to life in a literary manner. The poet's vision of history becomes increasingly systematic over time, shaping historical and social consciousness in poems dedicated to the national existence of the people. His literary activity also stands out for his firm civic stance and prominent role in the late 80s national movement, playing a crucial part in shaping national consciousness. The "Book of Life" stands as a literary and social milestone that significantly contributes to shaping national social consciousness.

The background of this research is the status and significance of an ethics of care of the self in the history of morality. I followed the following methodology: I attempted to come to nuanced, critical understanding of the Foucault's conceptualisation of morality in Volumes II and III of The History of Sexuality. In the 'Ancients', Foucault uncovered an 'ethics-oriented' as opposed to a 'code-oriented' morality in which the emphasis shifted to how an individual was supposed to constitute himself as an ethical subject of his own action without denying the importance of either the moral code or the actual behaviour of people. The main question was whether care of the self-sufficiently regulated an individual's conduct towards others to prevent the self from lapsing into narcissism, substituting a generous responsiveness towards the other for a means-end rationale. I put this line of critique to test by confronting Foucault's care of the self with Levinas's primordial responsibility towards the other and put forward a case for the indispensability of aesthetics for ethics. In conclusion, I defended the claim that care of the self does indeed foster other responsiveness. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: Foucault's ethics, understood as an 'aesthetics of existence' has profound intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary implications, as it challenges traditional ethical normative ethical theories and engages with various fields of philosophy, social sciences and humanities. Interdisciplinary fields greatly influenced by Foucault's ethics include: psychology, literary, cultural, gender and sexuality studies, medical ethics, anthropology and history, among others

Resumen La conciencia histórica es un concepto relativamente nuevo que ha tenido su auge de estudio en años recientes, y ha puesto una vez más la mirada en la necesidad de que los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la historia la contemplen, no solo como el conocimiento de nombres y fechas que puede darse a través de la simple memorización, sin involucrar un proceso más complejo; sino como una oportunidad para impactar en el individuo. Esto mediante el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico, a través de la interiorización de la naturaleza del hecho histórico, como un conjunto de perspectivas distintas de la realidad, en función del contexto desde el que se interpreta; a la vez de reconocerse a él mismo como partícipe de un tiempo histórico determinado y, por lo tanto, agente de impacto. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo desarrollar un acercamiento, por medio de una revisión teórica, hacia la conciencia histórica y su potencial impacto práctico en el presente y futuro, como guía de acción para el individuo. Plantea el cómo la literatura narrativa histórica, que toma contextos pasados y los dota de figuras y elementos propios de los textos literarios, puede lograr que la historia se presente de manera más clara y accesible, contribuyendo así a su conformación, a través del desarrollo de herramientas cognitivas.

Résumé: La conscience historique est un concept relativement nouveau qui a connu son essor d’étude ces dernières années, et a une fois de plus mis l’accent sur la nécessité pour les processus d’enseignement-apprentissage de l’histoire de l’envisager, non seulement comme la connaissance des noms et des dates qui peut être donnée par simple mémorisation, sans impliquer un processus plus complexe; mais comme une occasion d’avoir un impact sur l’individu. Cela par le développement de la pensée critiqué, par l’intériorisation de la nature du fait historique, comme un ensemble de perspectives différentes de la réalité, en fonction du contexte dans lequel il est interprété; tout en se reconnaissant lui-même comme participant d’un temps historique déterminé et donc comme agent d’impact. Cet article vise à développer une approche, par une révision théorique, vers la conscience historique et son impact potentiel pratique dans le présent et l’avenir, comme guide d’action pour l’individu. pose la question de savoir comment la littérature narrative historique, qui prend des contextes passés et les dote de figures et d’éléments propres aux textes littéraires, peut rendre l’histoire plus claire et plus accessible, contribuant ainsi à sa conformation, par le développement d’outils cognitifs.

Abstract Historical consciousness is a relatively new concept that has had its research peak in recent years. It has brought back the attention on the need for history teaching-learning processes to consider it, not only as the knowledge of names and dates that can be acquired through simple memorization, without involving a more complex process, but as an opportunity to impact the individual. This is attempted to be achieved through the development of critical thinking and the internalization of the nature of historical events as a set of different perspectives of reality depending on the context from which it is interpreted. Similarly, individuals recognize themselves as participants in a specific historical period and, therefore, as agents of impact. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach through a theoretical review of historical consciousness and its potential practical impact on the present and future, as an action guide for the individual. It considers how historical narrative literature, which takes past contexts and endows them with figures and elements typical of literary texts, can help history to be presented in a clearer and more accessible way, thus contributing to its conformation through the development of cognitive tools.

Streszczenie Świadomość historyczna to stosunkowo nowe poj ęcie, które w ostatnich latach stało się przedmiotem intensywnych badań, kładąc ponownie nacisk na konieczno ść uwzględnienia jej w procesach nauczania i uczenia się historii. Nie chodzi tu tylko o poznanie nazwisk i dat poprzez proste zapami ętanie, ale o bardziej złożony proces, który ma wpływ na jednostkę. Polega to na rozwijaniu myślenia krytycznego, poprzez wewnętrzną analizę natury wydarzenia historycznego jako zespołu różnych perspektyw rzeczywistości, zależnie od kontekstu, w którym jest interpretowany; jednocześnie uznając siebie za uczestnika określonego okresu historycznego i tym samym agenta wpływu. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest rozwinięcie teoretycznego podejścia do świadomości historycznej i jej potencjalnego praktycznego wpł ywu na teraźniejszość i przyszłość, jako przewodnika dział ania dla jednostki. Artykuł omawia, w jaki sposób historyczna literatura narracyjna, która opiera się na przeszłych kontekstach i nadaje im cechy charakterystyczne dla tekstów literackich, może sprawić, że historia staje się bardziej zrozumiała i dostępna, przyczyniając się tym samym do jej kształtowania poprzez rozwijanie narzędzi poznawczych.

Resumen: Pese a los prejuicios en contra de su participación en la vida intelectual, varias mujeres del siglo XVII intervinieron activamente en las discusiones en torno a la “Nueva Ciencia”. Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) es una de las figuras más singulares entre quienes se insertan en este debate, ya que, sin ninguna educación formal en filosofía y por medio de una pluma extravagantemente prolífica, se dispuso a escribir y experimentar con una variedad de estilos literarios en una apuesta intelectual por la mezcolanza y la hibridación genérica. Por ello es importante sopesar el papel que tiene la imaginación poética para el desarrollo de su particular filosofía natural. Este artículo estudia el papel de la imaginación en el pensamiento de Margaret Cavendish, a partir del análisis de algunos fragmentos de sus obras Poems and Fancies (1653).

Abstract: Despite the reticence against the participation of women in intellectual spheres, several among them engaged actively in the debates around the New Science during the seventeenth century. Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) is one of the most singular figures of her time, in that she did not receive a formal education in philosophy, and yet, by means of a prolific and extravagant outpour, she experimented with a diversity of literary styles and placed her bets on the generic interbreeding of texts. Although Cavendish’s works have often been studied by dividing the creative and literary works from the philosophical ones, reading them side by side seems crucial to understand the role that fancy and poetic imagination plays in the development of her natural philosophy. This paper examines fragments from Poems and Fancies (1653) to assess the role of fancy and imagination in connection to the philosophical ideas of Cavendish.

Abstract What is a historical text, and what are the differences between such a text and other written genres? This question has occupied modern scholars of medieval Europe, medieval European authors themselves, and many others. Prompted by recent scholarship into the benefits, or otherwise, of trying to isolate distinct genres within what one scholar has referred to as “the whole mass of medieval historiography”, this article examines the so-called “historical” texts composed by the medieval English Cistercian abbot Aelred of Rievaulx (1110-1167). None of these seven texts fits into the classic genre of the history, and yet the article argues that all are indeed historiographical texts. Aelred wrote all these works while he was abbot of Rievaulx Abbey in Yorkshire, and the article suggests that Aelred’s experiences and responsibilities as abbot gave him both the skills to combine many literary genres - vita, genealogy, lament, relatio, translatio, exemplum, sermon, letter - when writing about the past as well as the desire to combine such genres so as to provide his readers with models of hope, and occasionally stern advice, from the past to use in the future.

Resumo O que é um texto historiográfico e o que é que o distingue dos outros géneros textuais? Estudiosos atuais da Europa medieval, os próprios autores europeus medievais e muitos outros têm-se ocupado desta questão. Incentivado por estudos recentes sobre os benefícios, ou não, de tentar isolar géneros distintos no quadro do que um académico designou como “toda o conjunto da historiografia medieval”, este artigo examina os chamados textos “históricos” compostos pelo abade cisterciense inglês medieval Aelred de Rievaulx (1110-1167). Nenhum dos seus sete textos se enquadra no género clássico da História, mas o artigo argumenta que todos são, de facto, textos historiográficos. Aelred escreveu todas estas obras enquanto era abade da Abadia de Rievaulx, no Yorkshire, e o artigo sugere que as suas experiências e responsabilidades como abade lhe conferiram capacidades para combinar muitos géneros literários - vita, genealogia, lamento, relatio, translatio, exemplum, sermão, carta - ao escrever sobre o passado, bem como a vontade de combinar estes géneros a fim de fornecer aos seus leitores modelos de esperança e, ocasionalmente, conselhos severos sobre o passado, para uso no futuro.

Abstract This article is a review of the relationship that Antonio Acevedo Escobedo had with the epistolary genre and a review of some letters from his personal archive. Although I briefly dialogue with some definitions of the genre, I focus on the relevance of the letters that include Enrique González Martínez, Mariano Azuela, Alfonso Reyes, Elías Nandino, Edmundo O´Gorman, Mauricio Magdaleno, Rafael Bernal, Jaime García Terrés, José Emilio Pacheco, Francisco Giner de los Ríos and Luis Cardoza y Aragón. By doing this review, I outline a cartography of the Mexican literary panorama of that moment, and I emphasize the relevance of both the archive of Acevedo Escobedo and the epistles selected for its construction.

Resumen El presente artículo es un repaso por la relación que tuvo Antonio Acevedo Escobedo con el género epistolar y una revisión de algunas cartas de su archivo personal. Si bien dialogo brevemente con algunas definiciones del género, me enfoco en la relevancia de las misivas que incluyen a Enrique González Martínez, Mariano Azuela, Alfonso Reyes, Elías Nandino, Edmundo O´Gorman, Mauricio Magdaleno, Rafael Bernal, Jaime García Terrés, José Emilio Pacheco, Francisco Giner de los Ríos y Luis Cardoza y Aragón. Al hacer este examen, esbozo una cartografía del panorama literario mexicano de ese momento, y pongo énfasis en la relevancia tanto del archivo del aguascalentense como en las epístolas seleccionadas para la construcción de este.

Histories is die onderrig van Afrikaanse literatuur op skoolvlak Afrikanergesentreerd. Alhoewel daar sedert die politieke omwenteling in 1994 in Suid-Afrika pogings aangewend is om 'n inklusiewer letterkunde voor te skryf, oefen die voormelde geskiedenis steeds 'n invloed uit op hoe Afrikaans op skoolvlak onderrig word. Ondanks die skoolkurrikulum se transformatiewe beginsels en verbintenis tot sosiale regstelling, word min tekste voorgeskryf wat nie in 'n standaardvariëteit geskryf is nie. Voorts maak die pedagogiese benadering tot letterkundeonder-rig wat taalonderwysers volg min ruimte vir uiteenlopende interpretasies van literêre tekste. Gevolglik skep dit 'n gaping tussen die beginsels van die skoolkurrikulum en dit wat in die letterkundeklaskamer gebeur. Paris en Alim (2017) se "kultuurhandhawende pedagogie" (KHP) is 'n onderrigbenadering wat die onderhou en ontwikkeling van leerders se kulture sien as sentraal tot pedagogiek. Ons voer aan dat 'n KHP-benadering gepas is vir die onderrig van Afrikaanse literatuur, aangesien dit sal behels dat leerders se variëteite en kultuurpraktyke nie gesien word as buite of slegs aanvullend tot die pedagogiese projek nie, maar eerder sentraal daartoe staan. In hierdie artikel fokus ons op hoe twee gedigte ("Ouma Xhau" en "Ontheemding") in Lynthia Julius se bundel Uit die kroes (2020) op 'n KHP-wyse onderrig kan word op 'n manier wat leerders in staat stel om Oranjerivierafrikaans, die invloed van Nama op Afrikaans, orale literêre tradisies en kulturele ontheemding te verken. Ons analise sluit praktiese raad in oor hoe hierdie twee gedigte onderskeidelik benader kan word as 'n tipe portret en selfportret om sodoende die Europese portretkunstradisie en die uitdaag daarvan in die klaskamer te verken.

The legacy of apartheid continues to impact South African education, specifically the teaching of Afrikaans literature. After South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, curriculum design for schools in post-apartheid South Africa was aimed at correcting historical injustices. Efforts have been made to transform the teaching and learning of Afrikaans at school level by, among other things, making the literature prescribed at school level more inclusive. The current school curriculum (the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement [CAPS]) builds on previous curricula in that it also aims to address the historical injustices of the South African educational model. In the CAPS for Afrikaans Home Language grades 10 to 12, it is advised that social transformation is to be achieved by promoting a sensitivity to diversity and an appreciation for indigenous knowledge systems (Department of Basic Education [DvBO] 2011:9; Schultz & Le Cordeur, 2019:549). Although the CAPS in principle regards learners' lived experiences as valuable, Schultz and Le Cordeur (2019:555) find that teachers and postgraduate education students are of the opinion that the aforementioned principles are not realised in practice in the literature classroom. This gap between the principles and practice can be attributed to the selection of prescribed literary texts that do not represent the socio-cultural diversity of the learners in the Afrikaans classroom as well as a preference for the "universal value judgement" approach to literature teaching which leaves little room for interpretations of literary texts that are informed by the diverse socio-cultural lived experiences of the learners in the Afrikaans classroom. As a response to the lack of diversity in the prescribed poetry as well as the need for pedagogical approaches empowering marginalised communities and valuing their knowledges, this paper proposes applying culturally sustaining pedagogy (CSP) principles to teaching Lynthia Julius's debut poetry collection, Uit die kroes (2020) in the Afrikaans Home Language classroom. CSP is a pedagogical approach developed by Django Paris and H. Samy Alim which centres students' culturally embedded ways of knowing, rather than viewing their existing knowledge as a stepping stone to sanctioned knowledge. By validating linguistic and cultural diversity, CSP can be employed to address the ongoing influence of apartheid on contemporary Afrikaans literature instruction while fulfilling the previously mentioned curriculum goals of social transformation. CSP offers an approach to education that positions marginalised students' own cultural backgrounds and linguistic practices as essential rather than supplementary to the pedagogical endeavour. Paris and Alim argue that the sustainment of non-dominant cultures and languages should be as important a pedagogical goal as the transference of subject knowledge. This article argues that CSP can provide significant benefits for the teaching of Afrikaans literature by considering students' own language varieties and cultural knowledge as classroom resources, while also enabling critical examination of hegemonic linguistic ideologies and the erasure of non-standard varieties and cultures. Rejecting assimilationist models, CSP validates fluidity and heterogeneity within communities. It also fosters critical examination of learners' own cultural practices including intracultural oppressive aspects, such as the sexism or homophobia within marginalised groups. CSP aligns well with the ways in which Julius's collection thematically engages history through what Barbara Boswell following on Gqola) calls the "re-memorying" of silenced perspectives. Its restorative ethics centre marginalised subjects and uphold pluralism, showing literary analysis' potential for recognition and engagement with the process of identity construction and marginalisation. As a case study, we examine how two poems from Uit die kroes, "Ouma Xhau" and "Ontheemding," could be productively taught to highlight features of the Oranjerivierafrikaans language variety, Nama cultural and its linguistic influences on Oranjerivierafrikaans, oral literary traditions, and personal experiences of cultural displacement and discrimination. The article outlines practical classroom strategies grounded in CSP for teaching these poems in order to centre marginalised cultural histories and sustain non-standard varieties of Afrikaans. We contend that "Ouma Xhau" can be considered a lyrical portrait of a historicalfigure, whereas "Ontheemding" rather functions as a type of autobiographical self-portrait. "Ouma Xhau" portrays an indigenous woman in what is today the Northern Cape, sharing her people's dispossession by colonialism. A CSP analysis of this poem involves contextualising oral traditions 'importance as knowledge systems by explaining literary conventions like collective storytelling. As assessment, we suggest that students could create oral histories or rap "portraits". Opportunities arise for learners from varied backgrounds to engage marginalised perspectives and enrich one another interculturally. "Ontheemding" depicts intergenerational displacement from the Nama language and culture caused by, amongst other things, urbanisation. Taking a CSP approach to teaching this poem acknowledges linguistic heterogeneity by validating students ' own backgrounds and experiences. Building sociolinguistic awareness, assessments like the writing of "self-portrait" poems encourage critical examination of the learners' linguistic experiences and community norms. Inclusion of diverse voices resists monolingual framings of literary pedagogy. Together, the teaching of these two poems offer opportunities for the sustaining of culture by focussing on absented histories through creative reimaginings. Themes of loss, identity negotiation and societal constraints promote development of analytical skills when approached via CSP. Its restorative ethics uphold pluralism through the inclusion of marginalised subjectivities. The teaching of literature can serve as a vehicle of reconstructing knowledge pluralistically when analysed through frameworks attentive to lived diversity and the power dynamics shaping meaning-making. Research into CSP's impacts is still emerging but indicates benefits for empowering marginalised learners and transforming discriminatory educational dynamics. Its varieties-inclusive, community-centred nature demonstrates potential for decolonising curricula historically privileging monolingual, Afrikaner-centric canons. Most essentially, CSP shows how literary analysis situates aesthetics within the socio-political by fostering critical thought around linguistic justice, cultural recognition and plurality through including and championing silenced subjectivities in knowledge production. Adopting CSP principles allows the teaching of Julius's collection to address the lack of non-standard language representation in Afrikaans literature curricula while achieving curriculum goals through a transformative lens attentive to diversity and social problems. Its restorative ethics reconstruct education as community-oriented rather than a process of assimilationist knowledge transfer. Analysis of the two poems highlights literature's capacity for enrichment when diverse experiences, marginalised histories and fluid cultural realities are taken as point of departure. Most significantly, CSP validates plurality as an intellectual and pedagogical strength central to knowledge formation compatible with democratic principles of inclusion and multivocality.

Scholars raise 2 salient questions regarding poetry in post-apartheid South Africa. One is whether new poetry emerged in the post-apartheid South Africa, and the other is whether poetry produced during and after the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is capable of capturing the imagination of the reading public without resorting to the bigotry of Black versus White. Literature highlights the need for South African poets to move away from using historical facts as the basis for making literary representation. We acknowledge that the use of historical facts as the basis for literary representation of societies may be seen as insensitive to the victims of the injustices of the past practices in highly politically polarised communities. At the same time, we argue that historical narratives with positive ideological intent can heal wounds and unite a nation. To justify this position, we adopted a 2-fold perspective: firstly, we investigated the effects of using history as the basis for literary representation and, secondly, we examined the extent to which post-apartheid South African poets may use history as a necessary tool to enforce unity and a sense of forgiveness.

Resumen El presente artículo versa sobre “Benzulul”, cuento que da nombre a la primera obra del escritor chiapaneco Eraclio Zepeda Ramos. Esta y otras publicaciones del conocido “Ciclo de Chiapas” están vinculadas al entorno sociohistórico de los autores que participaron en los proyectos culturales y políticas públicas del gobierno de Lázaro Cárdenas del Río con la intención de atender a la población indígena, delinear la identidad nacional y homogeneizar el idioma. Para poner en cuestión estas nociones, se presenta el análisis histórico del contexto del autor y de su trabajo; posteriormente se lleva a cabo una revisión literaria general de los elementos regionales de “Benzulul” (1959) a la par que se retoman valores que estudiosos han vertido en torno a la obra y se elaboran consideraciones propias a partir de los aportes teóricos emanados de la teoría de la literatura, de la historia y de los estudios culturales. Se concluye que “Benzulul” es una obra producto del contexto en el que surge. En ella se articula la realidad regional con la visión y voz del autor que, como otros, se involucró en las acciones que el gobierno llevó a cabo para atender a la población indígena con un proyecto de aculturación. Valga decir que los objetivos de estas políticas se modificaron con la intervención de artistas e intelectuales, lo que dio como resultado una concepción de la identidad a partir de la diversidad y la resignificación de los personajes indígenas y mestizos, ya no percibidos como víctimas o seres exóticos, sino como sujetos universales, con vicios y virtudes.

Abstract This article deals with "Benzulul" a story that gives its name to the first work of the Chiapas writer Eraclio Zepeda Ramos. This and other publications of the well-known “Ciclo de Chiapas” are linked to the sociohistorical environment of the authors who participated in the cultural projects and public policies of the government of Lázaro Cárdenas del Río to serve the indigenous population, delineating the national identity and homogenizing language. To question these notions, a historical analysis of the author's context and his work is presented; subsequently, a general literary review of the regional elements of "Benzulul" (1959) is carried out while values that scholars have expressed around the work are retaken and their considerations are elaborated based on the theoretical contributions emanating from the theory of literature, history, and cultural studies. It's concluded that "Benzulul" is a work product of the context in which it arises. In it, the regional reality is articulated with the vision and voice of the author who, like others, became involved in the actions carried out by the government to serve the indigenous population with an acculturation project. It is worth saying that the objectives of these policies were modified with the intervention of artists and intellectuals, which resulted in a conception of identity-based on diversity and the resignification of indigenous and mestizo characters, no longer perceived as victims or being’s exotic but as universal subjects, with vices and virtues.

Resumen En este artículo se examina la figura de Gregorio Torres Quintero y el despliegue e instrumentalización de su discurso literario en el proceso de construcción de un Heimat narrativo y metalingüístico. Se documenta cómo su aproximación al ejercicio creativo y político de la literatura da vida a un corpus cuya voz amplifica las cualidades y atributos regionales de Colima. Este proceso, más allá de la exaltación de parámetros regionales, establece a Colima como región culturalmente autónoma en el contexto más amplio de la nación y los procesos de conformación que la caracterizaron durante etapas clave del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Con ese fin se explora la relevancia y particularidades dentro de la obra de Torres Quintero del vocablo Heimat, de raíces profundas en la historiografía romántica alemana, como vía de aproximación a su obra poética, cuentística y novelística. Se arguye que, a través de este, se fijan los parámetros de la creación de Colima como una entidad literaria e histórica. En ella, la historia de México y el mundo convergen en sus esferas literarias y geopolíticas. Igualmente, estas se presentan como evidencia de una autoconciencia singular, nutrida y definida por el aislamiento geográfico y un discurso letrado decimonónico en conflicto con dichos atributos. Finalmente, se postula que la literatura de Torres Quintero conlleva una proposición paradójica: la del regionalismo como universalismo, punto neural de la nación, si se considera en el contexto de lo que Ignacio Altamirano predicaba como la “literatura nacional” y la genealogía romántica a la que se afilia la literatura de Torres Quintero.

Abstract This article examines the figure of Gregorio Torres Quintero and the deployment and instrumentalization of his literary discourse in the process of articulating a narrative and metalinguistic Heimat. It is documented how his approach to the creative and political exercise of literature brings to life a corpus whose voice amplifies the regional qualities and attributes of Colima. This process, beyond the exaltation of regional parameters, establishes Colima as a culturally autonomous region within the broader context of nation-building and the processes that characterized it during key stages of the 19th and early 20th centuries. To this end, the relevance, and peculiarities of the term Heimat, deeply rooted in German romantic historiography, are explored as a means of approaching his poetic and narrative work. It is argued that, through this, the parameters for the creation of Colima as a literary and historical entity are set. In it, the history of Mexico and the world converge in its literary and geopolitical spheres. Similarly, these are presented as evidence of a unique self-consciousness, nourished, and defined by geographical isolation and a nineteenth-century lettered discourse in conflict with these attributes. Finally, it is posited that Torres Quintero's literature entails a paradoxical proposition: that of regionalism as universalism, a neural point of the nation if considered in the context of what Ignacio Altamirano preached as "national literature" and the romantic genealogy to which Torres Quintero's literature is affiliated.