BACKGROUND: Oral feeding practices of young patients on high-flow oxygen (HFO2) have been controversial. Limited literature exists on this topic, but new studies suggest introducing oral feeds OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the changes in swallowing and feeding of a group of young children on HFO2 METHOD: Twelve participants (mean age 34.17 months [s.d. = 3.97]) on HFO2 were assessed clinically at the bedside using the Schedule of Oral Motor Assessment. Assessments were conducted twice to determine the change in characteristics: upon approval from the managing doctor when respiratory stability on HFO2 was achieved and for a second time on the last day of receiving HFO2 (mean 2.6 days apart). Patients received standard in-patient care and speech therapy intervention RESULTS: Most participants displayed typical oral motor function at initial and final assessments for liquid, puree and semi-solid consistencies. Purees and soft solid consistencies were introduced to most participants (n = 11, 91.7%). Solids and chewables were challenging for all participants during both assessments. Half of the participants displayed gagging and a wet vocal quality with thin liquids at the initial assessment only CONCLUSION: This small-scale study found that HFO2 should not preclude oral diets, but in this sample, small amounts of oral feeding could be introduced with caution, in an individualised manner, and with a collaborative multidisciplinary approach. Further research is essential CONTRIBUTION: Partial oral feeding of specific consistencies was possible during the assessment of young paediatric in-patients on HFO2. Monitoring of individual patient characteristics and risk factors by a specialist feeding team is essential

RESUMEN Jules Lefort (1816-1889) fue un farmacéutico y químico francés que se dedicó a la toxicología y ensayos forenses, especialmente de la morfina y el fósforo. Reportó la coloración generada por diversos reactivos con la morfina, narcotina, brucine y estricnina, así como los efectos químicos y toxicológicos producidos por la morfina durante su pasaje por la economía animal. La morfina resistía sin alteración la putrefacción más activa y extensa del material animal. Las sales del sesquióxido de fierro eran el mejor reactivo para asegurar la presencia de morfina en polvo o en soluciones concentradas. El ácido yódico con amoníaco era capaz de detectar morfina en un líquido conteniendo 1/10.000 partes de alcaloide, y la morfina, consumida en forma continua y en dosis variable, aparecía en la orina y no en el sudor. Demostró que el HCl gaseoso era el mejor reactivo para detectar la presencia de digitalina en un líquido incoloro y que este compuesto podía ser separado en forma nítida por diálisis. Leroy reportó las diferencias entre la ipecacuanha proveniente de Brasil y la de Nueva Granada; esta última contenía 23% menos de emetina. También desarrolló un proceso muy eficiente para separar este principio. Leroy encontró que el olor desprendido por los cuerpos en putrefacción, así como su débil fosforescencia, se debían a un derivado sulfurado y a una combinación de fósforo e hidrógeno. También determinó la cantidad de atropina presente en las hojas y las raíces de la belladona y propuso un método eficiente para su extracción.

ABSTRACT Jules Lefort (1816-1889) was a French pharmacist and chemist who did extensive research on toxicology and forensic tests, particularly for morphine and phosphorus. He studied the coloration produced by different reagents with morphine, narcotine, brucine, and strychnine, and the chemical and toxicological effects produced by morphine during its passage through the animal economy. Morphine resisted without alteration the most active and extended putrefaction of animal matter. Salts of iron sesquioxide were the best reagent for assuring the presence of morphine in powder or concentrated solution; iodic acid with ammonia could detect morphine in a liquid containing 1/10,000 part of the alkaloid, and morphine ingested in a continuous manner and in variable doses, would appear in the urine but not in the sweat. He proved that HCl gaseous was the best reagent for detecting the presence of digitaline in colorless liquids and that this compound could be neatly separated by dialysis. Leroy reported the differences between the ipecacuanhas originating from Brasil and from New Granada; the latter contained 23% less emetine. He also developed a very efficient procedure for the separation of this principle. Leroy found that the odor released by putrefying bodies, as well as their slight emission of light, were caused by a sulfur derivative and a combination of hydrogen and phosphorus. He also determined the amount of atropine present in the leaves and roots of belladonna and proposed an efficient method for its extraction.

Abstract The processes of separating pollutant particles in liquids and gases are crucial processes in many industries. There are different approaches to modeling these processes, including 2D and 3D models. Some disadvantages of these models range from not accurately fitting the real complexity of the problem, and other models that improve this can be very computationally complex. The proposal of this work is a computational model based on a multi-layered filtering medium constructed using Voronoi-Laguerre diagrams to represent non-woven fibrous materials. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the filter efficiency under different process conditions and with statistical analysis. The results are consistent with the general theory of filtration and allowed the captured particles to be located in pores or fibers, enabling visualization of the 3D structure of the filtering medium. Moreover, this model has the potential to estimate the topological properties of the filtering medium, such as tortuosity and connectivity. Future work is required to improve the computational time for generating the models.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sepsis is an inflammatory response of the body to an infection. Currently it continues as a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early fluid administration is a fundamental strategy in the management of sepsis. However, the amount and type of fluids administered in patients with sepsis is still a matter of debate. Objective: To evaluate the results of randomized clinical trials for a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of fluid restriction in patients with sepsis. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in different databases to carry out a critical evaluation of the included articles, the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tools and data analysis were used. Results: Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included, which compared fluid restriction versus fluid administration in adult patients with sepsis. Conclusions: We found that fluid restriction was associated with a reduction in mortality and a lower number of days of respiratory and cardiovascular support in patients with sepsis. However, some studies found no significant difference in mortality between fluid restriction and fluid administration.

RESUMEN Introducción: La sepsis es una respuesta inflamatoria del cuerpo a una infección. En la actualidad continúa como una causa importante de morbimortalidad en todo el mundo. La administración temprana de líquidos es una estrategia fundamental en el manejo de la sepsis. Sin embargo, la cantidad y el tipo de líquidos administrados en pacientes con sepsis es aún objeto de debate. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de ensayos clínicos aleatorios para una comprensión más profunda de la efectividad de la restricción de líquidos en pacientes con sepsis. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases de datos para realizar una evaluación crítica acerca de los artículos incluidos, se utilizaron las herramientas de evaluación de riesgo de sesgo cochrane y análisis de datos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 ensayos clínicos aleatorios controlados que compararon la restricción de líquidos versus la administración de líquidos en pacientes adultos con sepsis. Conclusiones: Se encontró que la restricción de líquidos se asoció con una reducción en la mortalidad y un menor número de días de soporte respiratorio y cardiovascular en pacientes con sepsis. Sin embargo, algunos estudios no encontraron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad entre la restricción de líquidos y la administración de líquidos.

Abstract U2 and U4 were successfully synthesized from C7H6N2 N-alkylation (general and useful route to quaternary ammonium salts NH4Cl from tertiary amines) with alkyl bromides. The products were further alkylated to the corresponding ILs: U5 and U7. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and their compositions were established through elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were investigated as inhibitors for MS corrosion, using 1 M HCl as a model solution. WL experiments, surface analysis, quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation methods were used for evaluating the inhibitors anticorrosion properties. The results showed that ILs possessed remarkable inhibition properties under the studied conditions. U5 displayed the highest IE of 95.22%, at 200 ppm. ILs corrosion IE(%) was ascribed to their adsorption onto the MS surfaces, which followed the Langmuir’s isotherm. SEM revealed the formation of a barrier film by the inhibitors on the MS surface. Finally, the experimental results were corroborated by theoretical quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation studies. The studied inhibitor molecules interaction energies with the Fe surface followed the order U5 > U7 > U2 > U4, which is consistent with the experimental data.

Resumen En este artículo de recolección e investigación se estudia la propagación de ondas ultrasónicas en líquidos con burbujas de gas. Estos medios son extremadamente no lineales, una pequeña fracción de vacío cambia drásticamente las propiedades acústicas del medio. Las burbujas de gas no solo producen una alta no linealidad, sino que también producen fenómenos de dispersión y atenuación que son muy importantes para el comportamiento ultrasónico. Se presentan aquí varios resultados obtenidos mediante un modelo numérico desarrollado previamente (basado en el método de los volúmenes finitos en la dimensión espacial y en el método de las diferencias finitas en el dominio temporal) que permite analizar algunos efectos complejos asociados a este problema. El modelo resuelve un sistema diferencial que acopla las oscilaciones no lineales de las burbujas y el campo acústico. Nos centramos principalmente en entender como potenciar la generación de nuevas frecuencias (armónicos y subarmónicos a partir de una fuente de una frecuencia y frecuencias suma y diferencia a partir de una fuente de dos frecuencias) teniendo en cuenta algunos aspectos como el tipo de cavidad, el suavizado y optimización del medio.

Abstract In this survey article we study the propagation of ultrasonic waves in liquids with gas bubbles. These media are extremely nonlinear. A tiny void fraction changes the properties of the medium drastically. The gas bubbles not only produce high nonlinearity, but also introduce dispersive phenomena and attenuation that can be decisive for the ultrasonic behavior. Several results obtained by a numerical model previously developed (based on the finite-volume method in the space dimension and the finitedifference method in the time domain) are presented here, which allow us to analyze some complex effects associated with this problem. The model solves a differential system that couples the nonlinear oscillations of the bubbles and the acoustic field. We mainly focus on understanding how to enhance the generation of new frequencies (harmonics and subharmonics from a one-frequency source and sum and difference frequencies from a two-frequency source) taking into account some aspects such as cavity type, smoothing and optimization of the medium.

The liquid product of the pyrolysis of biomass is a mixture of an organic phase and other aqueous, being the last one rich in phenol monomers which can be used in industrial chemistry as input for plastic and resin production. This work aimed to develop a method for extracting phenols present in the aqueous fraction obtained from the pyrolysis of guava seeds, using ultrasonic assisted liquid-liquid extraction (UALLE) with ethyl acetate and ionic liquids (ILs) as co-solvents (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide (BMIM.NTF2) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolinium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM.PF6)). The percentage IL, ultrasonic bath potency, temperature, and pH were studied. Quantification of twelve phenol monomers was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the total phenol concentration (TPC) was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The ionic liquid BMIM.NTF2 was more efficient for phenol extraction than BMIM.PF6. The phenolic extractions were influenced by the pH of the aqueous fraction (higher extraction yields at pH ≤ 7), and thus, presented recoveries above 80% for both ionic liquids.

In this work, a visible-light-driven synthesis of alkynyl selenides using [BMIm]BF4 as an environmentally friendly solvent and without the addition of metal catalysts, photosensitizers, directing-groups, or bases is reported. The target compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields with good functional group tolerance by the reaction of diorganoyldiselenides with 1-bromoalkynes proceeding through a radical mechanism.

Although liquid consonants have been described as complex segments because they involve the simultaneous production of double articulatory gestures, tip and dorse, and are commonly involved in phonological simplification processes, there are contrary arguments in this regard, and there is no consensus in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the correct productions of alveolar liquids and the simplification processes (semivocalization and substitution) of /ɾ/ of Brazilian Portuguese in 30 children aged 4 to 9 years from an ultrasound analysis of the tongue. The correct productions were described as having double gestures (tip and dorse) for both phonemes, with higher tip and more anterior dorse for [ɾ] compared to [l]. In productions with substitution (/ɾ/

Apesar de as consoantes líquidas virem sendo descritas como segmentos complexos por envolverem a produção concomitante de duplos gestos articulatórios, ponta e dorso, e estarem comumente envolvidas nos processos fonológicos de simplificação, há argumentos contrários a esse respeito, não havendo um consenso na literatura. Deste modo, este estudo objetivou descrever as produções corretas das líquidas alveolares e os processos de simplificação (semivocalização e substituição) de /ɾ/ do português brasileiro em 30 crianças de 4 a 9 anos a partir de uma análise ultrassonográfica de língua. As produções corretas foram descritas como tendo duplos gestos (ponta e dorso) para ambos os fonemas, com ponta mais elevada e dorso mais anteriorizado para [ɾ] comparativamente ao [l]. Nas produções com substituição de /ɾ/

Abstract The city of Foz do Iguaçu, PR, is located on the triple border Brazil-Paraguay-Argentina, and is home to one of the largest dry ports in Latin America. This study aimed to identify the chemical products and dangerous goods moved through this port between 2014 and 2018, as well as the risks that affect local organizations in the prevention, preparedness and rapid response (P2R2) to emergencies involving these products. From the COMEX STAT, the products were identified and, through the interview technique, the organizational risks were pointed out. As a result, 284 products were described, totaling 8,948 economic transactions and 10,556 million kilograms, which were allocated into 8 classes, and 18 risk subclasses. Through the Pareto Method, the accumulated frequency of economic transactions and their quantities was evaluated, verifying that, in the studied period, Class 3 – Flammable Liquids and Class 8 – Corrosive Substances, together represented 25% of the risk classes, 70.51% of the cumulative frequency of economic transactions and 80% of the number of products sold. As for organizational risks, it was found that 29.46% of the evidence belongs to the category “strategic risks”; 28.68% to “operational risks”; 20.16% to “image risks”; 15.50% to “budgetary risks”; and 6.20% to “legal risks”. These results help public agents to develop risk management programs associated with P2R2 at the local level.

Resumen La ciudad de Foz do Iguaçu, PR, está ubicada en la triple frontera Brasil-Paraguay-Argentina y alberga uno de los puertos secos más grandes de América Latina. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los productos químicos y mercancias peligrosas que transitaron por este puerto entre 2014 y 2018, así como los riesgos que afectan a las organizaciones locales en la prevención, preparación y respuesta rápida (P2R2) ante emergencias que involucren estos productos. A partir del COMEX STAT se identificaron los productos y, a través de la técnica de la entrevista, se señalaron los riesgos organizacionales. Como resultado, se describieron 284 productos, totalizando 8.948 transacciones económicas y 10.556 millones de kilogramos, los cuales fueron asignados en 8 clases y 18 subclases de riesgo. A través del Método de Pareto, se evaluó la frecuencia acumulada de las transacciones económicas y sus cantidades, verificando que, en el período estudiado, la Clase 3 – Líquidos Inflamables y la Clase 8 – Sustancias Corrosivas, en conjunto, representaron el 25% de las clases de riesgo, el 70,51% de la frecuencia acumulada de transacciones económicas y el 80% de la cantidad de productos vendidos. En cuanto a los riesgos organizacionales, se encontró que el 29,46% de la evidencia pertenece a la categoria “riesgos estratégicos”; el 28,68%, a “riesgos operativos”; el 20,16%, a “riesgos de imagen”; el 15,50%, a “riesgos presupuestarios”; y el 6,20%, a “riesgos legales”. Estos resultados ayudan a los agentes públicos a desarrollar programas de gestión de riesgos asociados a P2R2 a nivel local.

Resumo A cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, PR, está localizada na tríplice fronteira Brasil-Paraguai-Argentina e sedia um dos maiores portos secos da América Latina. Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar os produtos químicos e artigos perigosos movimentados por meio desse porto, entre 2014 e 2018, assim como os riscos que afetam as organizações locais na prevenção, preparação e resposta rápida (P2R2) a emergências envolvendo esses produtos. A partir do COMEX STAT, foi realizada a identificação dos produtos e, pela técnica de entrevista, foram apontados os riscos organizacionais. Como resultado, foram descritos 284 produtos, totalizando 8.948 transações econômicas e 10.556 milhões de quilos, que foram alocados em 8 classes e 18 subclasses de risco. Por meio do Método de Pareto, foi avaliada a frequência acumulada das transações econômicas e de suas quantidades, verificando-se que, no período estudado, a Classe 3 – Líquidos Inflamáveis e a Classe 8 – Substâncias Corrosivas, juntas, representaram 25% das classes de risco, 70,51% da frequência acumulada das transações econômicas e 80% da quantidade de produtos comercializados. Quanto aos riscos organizacionais, verificou-se que 29,46% das evidências pertencem à categoria “riscos estratégicos”; 28,68%, a “riscos operacionais”; 20,16%, a “riscos de imagem”; 15,50%, a “riscos orçamentários”; e 6,20%, a “riscos legais”. Estes resultados contribuem para que agentes públicos desenvolvam programas de gestão de riscos associados à P2R2 em nível local.

Abstract This study evaluated surface roughness, color stability, whitening index, and opacity of different types of modeling liquids for resin composite coating after exposure to staining and toothbrushing. Disc-shaped resin composite (Vittra APS, FGM) specimens were fabricated and divided into four groups (n = 10 each): control group, Composite Wetting resin (Ultradent Products), Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose adhesive (3M ESPE), and Adper Universal adhesive (3M ESPE). Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a rugosimeter, while color stability (∆E00), whitening index (WI), and opacity (%) were measured using a spectrophotometer. Assessments were made at four time points: after polishing (baseline, T1), after immersion in red wine for 24 h (T2), and after 5,000 (T3) and 10,000 (T4) cycles of toothbrushing. Scanning electron microscopy images were captured to analyze the scratches created. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey’s honestly significant difference tests (α = .05). Modeling with the Wetting resin resulted in higher surface roughness (p < 0.05) and low color stability, which were attributable to porosities. Higher color change values were observed in the control group after staining. Both adhesives showed the lowest mean ΔE00 values (p < 0.005). WI decreased after staining, except with the use of the Universal adhesive (p < 0.005). The lowest opacity values were observed at baseline for all groups (p < 0.005). The Universal and Scotchbond adhesives had lower surface roughness, better color stability, higher WI, and the lowest opacity values after staining with red wine and toothbrushing.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the profile of speech-language-hearing therapists from Northeastern Brazil assisting children presented with congenital Zika syndrome and their perception of these children’s orofacial myofunctional aspects and speech-language-hearing intervention procedures. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study with quantitative/qualitative analysis. The data collection instrument was an online questionnaire with 34 items on the speech-language-hearing therapists’ sociodemographic information and perception of the study topic. The sample comprised 23 speech-language-hearing therapists from the nine Northeastern states. Results: altogether, 96% of the sample were females. Most professionals had more than 3 years of experience with congenital Zika syndrome. Concerning stomatognathic system characterization, the professionals described a greater degree of change in aspects of orofacial muscle posture and mobility. Regarding oral functions, they perceived greater changes in speech and swallowing liquids and solid foods. There was a greater degree of change in masticating solids than in swallowing liquids. Conclusion: most speech-language-hearing therapists in the research had a specialization degree, especially in dysphagia and oral-motor control. Most of them had more than 3 years of experience following up with children with congenital Zika syndrome, which indicates a satisfactory time working with this population to help identify orofacial myofunctional changes in them. The professionals stated that orofacial muscle posture and mobility, speech, and swallowing liquids and solid foods were the most changed aspects.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar o perfil e a percepção de fonoaudiólogos do Nordeste do Brasil, que atuam com crianças com Síndrome Congênita pelo Zika vírus, quanto aos aspectos miofuncionais orofaciais e aos procedimentos de intervenção fonoaudiológica. Métodos: trata-se de estudo transversal, observacional, com análise quanti-qualitativa. O instrumento de coleta de dados tratou-se de um questionárioon-line, que continha 34 questões abrangendo: dados sociodemográficos e questões voltadas para a percepção de fonoaudiólogos no que se refere ao assunto estudado. A amostra foi composta por 23 fonoaudiólogos dos nove estados do Nordeste. Resultados: da amostra, 96% foram mulheres. A maioria dos profissionais apresentava mais de 3 anos de experiência com a Síndrome Congênita pelo Zika Vírus. Na caracterização do sistema estomatognático, os profissionais descreveram maior grau de alteração nos aspectos de postura e mobilidade da musculatura orofacial. Em relação às funções, observou-se maior percepção de alteração na fala e deglutição para líquido e sólido. Conclusão: a maioria dos fonoaudiólogos da pesquisa possuem especialização, com destaque nas áreas de Disfagia e Motricidade Orofacial. Os profissionais afirmaram que a postura e mobilidade da musculatura orofacial são os aspectos mais alterados, assim como as funções de fala e deglutição de sólido e líquido.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to assess the effect of progressive neutralization on the antimicrobial properties against bacteria and yeasts of wood vinegar obtained from the pyrolysis of Eucalyptus urograndis (clone I144) wood. Wood samples were carbonized at a heating rate of 0.9 °C min-1 until a final temperature of 450 °C, totalizing 8 hours of carbonization. The raw pyrolysis liquids were left to settle, and the aqueous fraction was separated. Then, the aqueous fraction (raw wood vinegar - WV) was purified to yield the WV. WV samples were collected and neutralized from pH 2.5 until 7.5 (2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5, by adding NaOH solution. Through the broth microdilution method, the antimicrobial effect of the neutralized samples at each pH was assessed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus agalactiae (CEPA CLINICA), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (and fungicidal) concentrations were determined through in vitro technics. Results were subjected to logarithmic regression analysis, and statistical models were fitted for each microorganism in the assessed pH range; as pH increased, a progressive decrease in the CIM increased, demanding higher concentrations of WV to inhibit microbial growth. The more resistant strains were S. aureus and S. agalactiae, which required an increase in WV concentration from a minimum of 6.25% at pH 2.5 to reaching 50% at pH 6.0. When at pH 7.0, both strains were not inhibited even at 50% (the highest concentration evaluated in the study). In contrast, C. albicans proved to be the most sensitive strain, starting from 3.12% EP at pH 2.5 and requiring only 25% for inhibition at pH 7.0. The behavior of P. aeruginosa and S. enteritidis followed the pattern of C. albicans, differing only at pH 7.0, where they required 50% of EP. As observed, even at neutral and slightly alkaline pH, the inhibitory activity of EP on microbial growth was maintained to some extent. Nevertheless, even when neutral and slightly alkaline pH values are reached, the inhibitory activity remains at a certain level. Higher pH values of the WV were associated with lower antimicrobial activity. However, its activity remained even at neutral and slightly alkaline pH values.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da neutralização progressiva na atividade antimicrobiana do extrato pirolenhoso (EP) da madeira do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (clone I144). Amostras de madeira foram carbonizadas a uma taxa de aquecimento de 0.9 °C min-1 até a temperatura final de 450 °C, perfazendo 8 horas de carbonização. Os líquidos brutos da carbonização foram deixados em repouso e a fração aquosa foi separada. A fração aquosa correspondente ao EP bruto foi destilada obtendo o EP purificado. Alíquotas de EP purificado foram progressivamente neutralizadas do pH 2.5 até 7.5, respectivamente, 2,5, 3,0, 3,5, 4,0, 4,5, 5,0, 5,5, 6,0, 6,5, 7,0, e 7,5, por meio da adição de NaOH. Com o método da micro-diluição em caldo, o efeito antimicrobiano das amostras neutralizadas em cada pH foi avaliado contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus agalactiae (CEPA CLINICA) e Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). As concentrações inibitórias mínimas e as concentrações bactericida e fungicida mínimas foram determinadas por técnicas in vitro. Os resultados foram analisados por regressão logarítmica e modelos estatísticos foram ajustados para cada microrganismo em cada pH. Na determinação da CIM, foi detectada uma perda progressiva da atividade antimicrobiana do EP com a neutralização, exigindo, conforme o pH caminhava para 7.0, concentrações mais elevadas de EP para resultar em inibição. As cepas que demonstraram maior resistência foram S. aureus e S. agalactiae. Esses microrganismos partiram da exigência de concentrações de 6.25% de EP, em pH inicial (2.5), e chegaram a requerer 50% em pH 6.0. Quando em pH 7.0, ambas as cepas não foram inibidas nem a 50% (maior concentração avaliada no estudo). Em contrapartida, C. albicans se mostrou a cepa mais sensível, partindo de 3.12% de EP, em pH de 2.5, e exigindo apenas 25% para inibição em pH 7.0. O comportamento de P. aeruginosa e S. enteritidis acompanhou o padrão da C. albicans, diferenciando-se apenas em pH 7.0, onde exigiram 50% de EP. Como observado, mesmo em pH neutro e ligeiramente alcalino, a atividade inibitória do EP ao crescimento microbiano se manteve em certa extensão.

Abstract Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammation of the upper genital tract. PID is the leading cause of some severe sequelae in the absence of timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment. An appropriate animal model is needed to explore the underlying mechanism of PID sequelae. This study introduced an animal model of PID by vaginal injection of liquid Ureaplasma urealyticum combined with fatigue and hunger (UVF). This study was designed to test the feasibility of a rat model. A rat model was established using UVF irradiation. Levels of some inflammatory cytokines in the serum and the homogenates of the fallopian tubes were measured by ELISA, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry and compared with another rat model of Ureaplasma urealyticum liquids injected into the two uterus horns during laparotomy. Inflammatory alterations and adhesions were observed after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and detected using the Blauer scoring system. The results showed that the combined UVF and rat model caused apparent obstruction, edema, and adhesion in the fallopian tubes and connective tissues. The rat model showed upregulated CD4, CD8, and CD4/CD8 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and significantly increased levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17. UVF also enhanced the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) β, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 (P<0.05). The UVF rat model can induce inflammatory alterations in the fallopian tubes and connective tissues, and can be used as a model of PID.

ABSTRACT Jules Lefort (1816-1889) was a French pharmacist and chemist who did extensive research on toxicology and forensic tests, particularly for morphine and phosphorus. He studied the coloration produced by different reagents with morphine, narcotine, brucine, and strychnine, and the chemical and toxicological effects produced by morphine during its passage through the animal economy. Morphine resisted without alteration the most active and extended putrefaction of animal matter. Salts of iron sesquioxide were the best reagent for assuring the presence of morphine in powder or concentrated solution; iodic acid with ammonia could detect morphine in a liquid containing 1/10,000 part of the alkaloid, and morphine ingested in a continuous manner and in variable doses, would appear in the urine but not in the sweat. He proved that HCl gaseous was the best reagent for detecting the presence of digitaline in colorless liquids and that this compound could be neatly separated by dialysis. Leroy reported the differences between the ipecacuanhas originating from Brasil and from New Granada; the latter contained 23% less emetine. He also developed a very efficient procedure for the separation of this principle. Leroy found that the odor released by putrefying bodies, as well as their slight emission of light, were caused by a sulfur derivative and a combination of hydrogen and phosphorus. He also determined the amount of atropine present in the leaves and roots of belladonna and proposed an efficient method for its extraction.

RESUMEN Jules Lefort (1816-1889) fue un farmacéutico y químico francés que se dedicó a la toxicología y ensayos forenses, especialmente de la morfina y el fósforo. Reportó la coloración generada por diversos reactivos con la morfina, narcotina, brucine y estricnina, así como los efectos químicos y toxicológicos producidos por la morfina durante su pasaje por la economía animal. La morfina resistía sin alteración la putrefacción más activa y extensa del material animal. Las sales del sesquióxido de fierro eran el mejor reactivo para asegurar la presencia de morfina en polvo o en soluciones concentradas. El ácido yódico con amoníaco era capaz de detectar morfina en un líquido conteniendo 1/10.000 partes de alcaloide, y la morfina, consumida en forma continua y en dosis variable, aparecía en la orina y no en el sudor. Demostró que el HCl gaseoso era el mejor reactivo para detectar la presencia de digitalina en un líquido incoloro y que este compuesto podía ser separado en forma nítida por diálisis. Leroy reportó las diferencias entre la ipecacuanha proveniente de Brasil y la de Nueva Granada; esta última contenía 23% menos de emetina. También desarrolló un proceso muy eficiente para separar este principio. Leroy encontró que el olor desprendido por los cuerpos en putrefacción, así como su débil fosforescencia, se debían a un derivado sulfurado y a una combinación de fósforo e hidrógeno. También determinó la cantidad de atropina presente en las hojas y las raíces de la belladona y propuso un método eficiente para su extracción.