This study aims to propose a new method for derivatizing fatty acids (FAs) from human milk (HM), eliminating the lipid extraction step, and simplifying the preparation for gas chromatography with a flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis to quantify the FAs. The Design Expert software optimized the reaction times, concentrations, and sample amount. The proposed method (PM) was validated for lyophilized HM and results for the figures of merit for precision in relative standard deviation (RSD) (RSDintra-day 1.34-4.03% and RSDinter day 2.08 5.16%), accuracy (99.87-102.16%), and robustness are within a linear range of 3 to 38% lipids in HM samples. The atmospheric solids analysis probe tandem mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS/MS) technique confirmed the efficiency of PM by expressing the molecular composition of triacylglycerol formed by FAs from the GC-FID technique. The PM requires a small sample size and conducts derivatization directly in the sample matrix, minimizing extraction errors. (FAs HM, , (HM) step GCFID GC FID (GC-FID times concentrations amount (PM RSD (RSD RSDintraday RSDintra 1.344.03% 134403 1.34 4.03% 1 34 4 03 1.34-4.03 208 2 08 2.0 5.16%, 516 5.16% 5 16 5.16%) 99.87102.16%, 998710216 99.87 102.16% 99 87 102 (99.87-102.16%) 38 samples ASAPMS/MS ASAPMSMS ASAP MS/MS MS (ASAP-MS/MS matrix errors (HM 344 1.344.03 13440 134 1.3 403 4.03 0 1.34-4.0 20 2. 51 5.16 87102 99.87102.16% 99871021 9987 99.8 10216 102.16 9 8 10 (99.87-102.16% ASAPMS MSMS 1.344.0 1344 13 1. 40 4.0 1.34-4. 5.1 8710 99.87102.16 9987102 998 99. 1021 102.1 (99.87-102.16 1.344. 4. 1.34-4 5. 871 99.87102.1 998710 102. (99.87-102.1 1.344 1.34- 99.87102. 99871 (99.87-102. 99.87102 (99.87-102 99.8710 (99.87-10 99.871 (99.87-1 (99.87- (99.87 (99.8 (99. (99 (9 (

Diaporthe phaseolorum, an endophyte isolated from Combretum lanceolatum, has exhibited diverse biological activities including antimicrobial, leishmanicidal, antitumoral, and herbicidal properties. Regardless of these activities, there remains limited research on its chemical constituents. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the metabolome of D. phaseolorum employing mass spectrometry data dereplication through molecular networking and MolNetEnhancer tools. Twenty two molecular families were annotated, including prenol lipids, benzenoids, organoheterocyclic compounds, and nucleosides. Among the 41 nodes annotated, 36 metabolites were confirmed via spectral references, including alismol, farnesol, linoleic acid, tyramine, N-acetyl-tyramine, 5-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde, 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one, and adenosine. Further node annotation was achieved through MolNetEnhancer, resulting in the classification of an additional 68 nodes into various molecular families. Consequently, this study represents a significant contribution to the identification of the D. phaseolorum metabolome, highlighting its secondary metabolites and providing valuable chemical insights to elucidate its demonstrated biological activities. lanceolatum antimicrobial leishmanicidal antitumoral properties constituents Therefore D tools annotated lipids benzenoids compounds nucleosides 4 3 references alismol farnesol acid tyramine Nacetyltyramine, Nacetyltyramine N acetyl N-acetyl-tyramine 5methoxy1Hindole3carbaldehyde, 5methoxy1Hindole3carbaldehyde methoxyHindolecarbaldehyde 5 methoxy 1H indole carbaldehyde, carbaldehyde H 5-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde 6pentyl2Hpyran2one, 6pentyl2Hpyran2one pentylHpyranone 6 pentyl 2H pyran 2 one, one 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one adenosine Consequently Hindole Hpyran

Seaweeds have been explored by humans for thousands of years as a source of chemical compounds. This study describes the content of minerals, ash, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and main metabolites of dichloromethane / methanol extracts of the seaweed Ulva lactuca, Padina gymnospora, Palisada perforata and Gelidiella acerosa from sandstone reefs on the Brazilian tropical coast (Pernambuco, Northeastern of Brazil). The content (% dry weight) of carbohydrates ranged from 14.35-48.52, proteins 7.49-14.98, total lipids 0.40-8.92, and ash 18.51-37.02. The concentration (mg kg dry algae−1) of Ca (900-3468), Mg (1655-4902), K (810-1707), Na (1062-4580), Mn (19-4462), and Cu (3.6-6.4) were maximum in Palisada and minimum in Padina. In turn, the lowest and highest contents (mg kg dry algae−1) of Fe (100-2312), Zn (18-43), and Cr (0.08-0.93) were recorded in Gelidiella and Ulva, respectively. Neophytadiene was the major compound. Phytol and palmitic acid were found in all seaweeds, although in low quantities. Palisada had the highest contents (% dry weight) of metabolites (neophytadiene: 23.89, phytol: 8.29; palmitic acid: 8.32), while Ulva had the lowest, except phytone, which was present only in this species. Our findings highlight the potential of these macroalgae from the coastal reefs as a source of chemical compounds. compounds minerals protein lactuca gymnospora Pernambuco, Pernambuco (Pernambuco Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) % ( weight 14.3548.52, 14354852 14.35 48.52, 14 35 48 52 14.35-48.52 7.4914.98, 7491498 7.49 14.98, 7 49 98 7.49-14.98 0.408.92, 040892 0.40 8.92, 0 40 8 92 0.40-8.92 18.5137.02. 18513702 18.51 37.02. 18 51 37 02 18.51-37.02 mg algae−1 algae1 algae 1 9003468, 9003468 900 3468 , (900-3468) 16554902, 16554902 1655 4902 (1655-4902) 8101707, 8101707 810 1707 (810-1707) 10624580, 10624580 1062 4580 (1062-4580) 194462, 194462 19 4462 (19-4462) 3.66.4 3664 3.6 6.4 3 6 4 (3.6-6.4 turn 1002312, 1002312 100 2312 (100-2312) 1843, 1843 43 (18-43) 0.080.93 008093 0.08 0.93 08 93 (0.08-0.93 respectively compound seaweeds quantities neophytadiene (neophytadiene 2389 23 89 23.89 phytol 8.29 829 29 8.32, 832 8.32 32 8.32) phytone species 3548 14.3548.52 1435485 1435 14.3 4852 48.52 5 14.35-48.5 4914 7.4914.98 749149 749 7.4 1498 14.98 9 7.49-14.9 408 0.408.92 04089 040 0.4 892 8.92 0.40-8.9 5137 18.5137.02 1851370 1851 18.5 3702 37.02 18.51-37.0 algae− 900346 90 346 (900-3468 1655490 165 490 (1655-4902 810170 81 170 (810-1707 1062458 106 458 (1062-4580 19446 446 (19-4462 66 3.66. 366 36 3. 64 6. (3.6-6. 100231 10 231 (100-2312 184 (18-43 080 0.080.9 00809 008 0.0 093 0.9 (0.08-0.9 238 2 23.8 8.2 82 83 8.3 354 14.3548.5 143548 143 14. 485 48.5 14.35-48. 491 7.4914.9 74914 74 7. 149 14.9 7.49-14. 0.408.9 0408 04 0. 8.9 0.40-8. 513 18.5137.0 185137 185 18. 370 37.0 18.51-37. 90034 34 (900-346 165549 16 (1655-490 81017 17 (810-170 106245 45 (1062-458 1944 44 (19-446 3.66 (3.6-6 10023 (100-231 (18-4 0.080. 0080 00 09 (0.08-0. 23. 8. 14.3548. 14354 48. 14.35-48 7.4914. 7491 7.49-14 0.408. 0.40-8 18.5137. 18513 37. 18.51-37 9003 (900-34 16554 (1655-49 8101 (810-17 10624 (1062-45 194 (19-44 (3.6- 1002 (100-23 (18- 0.080 (0.08-0 14.3548 14.35-4 7.4914 7.49-1 0.408 0.40- 18.5137 18.51-3 (900-3 (1655-4 (810-1 (1062-4 (19-4 (3.6 (100-2 (18 (0.08- 14.354 14.35- 7.491 7.49- 18.513 18.51- (900- (1655- (810- (1062- (19- (3. (100- (1 (0.08 (900 (1655 (810 (1062 (19 (3 (100 (0.0 (90 (165 (81 (106 (10 (0. (9 (16 (8 (0

Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been widely used, and along with other methodologies such as derivatization, is a powerful tool to analyze phytocompounds, including cuticular wax components. The loss of structural information upon fragmentation of waxes makes it difficult to interpret and identify the GC-MS mass spectra of these compounds with the traditional methods, as digital libraries. Therefore, as a new complementary alternative to traditional methods of identifying aliphatic acyclic lipids based on mass spectra, we present the new software WaxAlly in this technical note. WaxAlly is a new software created based on simple algorithms, enabling the rapid recognition by the user of eight aliphatic acyclic lipid classes, including alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and TMS derivatives of free fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, and their homologues with carbon chains varying between 10 and 100 carbons. Additionally, the WaxAlly software provides a section for data organization, internet comparison to NIST and PubChem databases, and academic information about mass fragmentation of acyclic lipids. The software has proven to be a very useful complementary technique in identifying plant wax lipid homologues, and new fragmentation patterns of lipid classes can be added in the future to improve the program. GCMS GC MS (GC-MS used derivatization phytocompounds components libraries Therefore note algorithms alkanes alkenes aldehydes ketones esters acids alcohols 1 carbons Additionally organization databases program

ABSTRACT The use of CO2 sensors has been reported as an effective tool in the early detection of signs of deterioration, allowing good accuracy in decision-making about the quality of stored grains. The objective of this study was to quantify the CO2 levels produced by maize grains stored at ambient temperature in a prototype silo, with initial moisture contents of 14, 16 and 18% w.b., and to evaluate the quality of the product over time and the technical breakage. Analyses of moisture content, ash, proteins, lipids, Hue Angle (color), germination and electrical conductivity were performed. Inside the silos, the amount of CO2, relative air humidity and temperature were monitored every hour. Grain quality evaluations were carried out at four storage times (0, 30, 60 and 90 days). A completely randomized design in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with six replicates was used. Grains with higher moisture contents showed higher technical breakage and losses associated with CO2 emissions. Moisture content, protein, lipids, germination, bulk density, lightness and chroma decreased over time, while the electrical conductivity increased, resulting in greater damage to membranes and loss of quality of maize grains. Monitoring of CO2 in the grain mass is a good tool to assess the quality of grain, and higher initial moisture content caused greater level of CO2 emission and reduction in quality of maize grains. CO deterioration decisionmaking decision making silo 14 1 18 wb w b w.b. ash proteins lipids color, color , (color) performed silos hour 0, 0 (0 30 6 9 days. days . days) used emissions protein density increased w.b (color (

RESUMO O uso de sensores de CO2 tem sido reportado como uma medida eficaz na detecção precoce de sinais de deterioração, permitindo uma boa acurácia na tomada de decisão sobre a qualidade de grãos armazenados. Neste estudo objetivou-se quantificar os níveis de CO2 produzidos por grãos de milho armazenados em temperatura ambiente em silo protótipo, com teores de água iniciais de 14, 16 e 18% b.u., bem como avaliar a qualidade do produto ao longo do tempo e a quebra técnica. Foram realizadas análises de teor de água, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, Hue Angle (cor), germinação e condutividade elétrica. No interior dos silos foi monitorada a quantidade de CO2, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura a cada uma hora. As avaliações de qualidade dos grãos ocorreram em quatro tempos de armazenamento (0, 30, 60 e 90 dias). Foi usado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 × 4 e seis repetições. Os grãos mais úmidos apresentaram maior quebra técnica e perdas associadas a emissões de CO2. Os teores de água, proteína, lipídeos, germinação, massa específica aparente, L* e croma reduziram ao longo do tempo, enquanto que a condutividade elétrica aumentou, resultando em maior danificação das membranas e perda de qualidade dos grãos de milho. O monitoramento do CO2 na massa de grãos é uma boa ferramenta para avaliar a qualidade dos grãos, e maior teor de umidade inicial causou maior nível de emissão de CO2 e redução na qualidade dos grãos de milho. CO deterioração objetivouse objetivou se protótipo 14 1 18 bu b u b.u. cinzas proteínas lipídeos cor, cor , (cor) hora 0, 0 (0 30 6 9 dias. dias . dias) casualizado repetições proteína aparente L aumentou b.u (cor (

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EV) are spherical structures limited by membranes and shed by several cell types. Specifically, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanometric particles constitutively produced by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) under different environmental conditions. OMVs are biologically active; they are loaded with selected lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, and even different types of nucleic acids. OMVs from pathogenic oral bacteria play key roles in pathogen-host interactions, constituting a possible link between oral health and systemic disease. OMVs participate in adhesion, invasion, and damage to cells, as well as in modulating the host's immune response, biofilm formation, and promotion of virulence. The objective of this systematic review was to collect, analyze and synthesize the knowledge available on literature reviews on OMVs of the most studied pathogenic oral anaerobic GNB. This information was classified into the following categories: induction of vesiculation and biogenesis, its liberation from the parental cell, content, internalization by another host cell, and the interaction with the host cell. It was found that the most studied OMVs are those of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides spp. and, to a lesser extent, Aggregatibacter spp., and Treponema spp. This systematic review provides a synthesis of the current knowledge regarding OMVs, with emphasis on the information available for periodontopathogens.

Resumen Las vesículas extracelulares (EV) son estructuras esféricas delimitadas por membranas y producidas por varios tipos de células. En particular, las vesículas de membrana externa (OMV) son partículas nanométricas producidas constitutivamente por bacterias Gram negativas (GNB) en diferentes condiciones ambientales. Las OMV son biológicamente activas; están cargadas de lípidos, polisacáridos, proteínas e incluso diferentes tipos de ácidos nucleicos. Las OMV de bacterias orales patógenas desempeñan papeles clave en las interacciones patógeno-hospedero, constituyendo un posible vínculo entre la salud oral y las enfermedades sistémicas. Las OMV participan en la adhesión, la invasión y el daño celular, así como en la modulación de la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedero, la formación de biopelículas y la promoción de la virulencia. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática era recopilar, analizar y sintetizar los conocimientos disponibles sobre las OMV de las GNB anaerobias orales patógenas más estudiadas. Esta información se clasificó en las siguientes categorías: inducción de la vesiculación y biogénesis, su liberación de la célula parental, contenido, internalización por otra célula hospedadora e interacción con la célula hospedadora. Se observó que las OMV más estudiadas son las de Porphyromonas gingivalis y Bacteroides spp. y, en menor medida, Aggregatibacter spp. y Treponema spp. Esta revisión sistemática ofrece una síntesis de los conocimientos actuales sobre las OMV, haciendo hincapié en la información disponible para los periodontopatógenos.

ABSTRACT: Psidiummyrtoides fruits food industries produce by-products such as liqueurs, ice cream, jellies, and juices. However, there needs to be more information about the nutritional composition of fruits, as well as the biological potential, mainly of seed flour.Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities of pulp and seed of fruits of Psidiummyrtoides. Moisture content, total minerals and mineral profile, total lipids and fatty acids profile, total proteins, dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) and total carbohydrates were analyzed. Vitamins C and complex B, organic acids and the profile of phenolic compounds were also determined. DPPH and ABTS methods evaluated the antioxidant activity, and cancer chemopreventive activity was evaluated by quinone reductase induction and NF-κB inhibitory activity. The fruits are a good source of thiamine, iron, phosphorus, potassium, fiber, and protein. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in both pulp and seed. Quercetin (1600 µg/100g) and pyrogallol(819 µg/100g) were the major phenolic compounds pulp and seed, respectively. The fruits showed strong antioxidant capacity, mainly the seeds, and the ability to induce quinone reductase activity, highlighting a cancer chemopreventive activity. Seed flour has a high potential to enrich food, in addition to valuing agro-industrial by-products, where we can highlight 25%, 13% and 37% of the recommended daily intake for iron (1.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (58 mg/100g) and vitamin B1 (450 µg/100g), respectively, in addition to antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities. ABSTRACT byproducts products liqueurs cream jellies juices However flourTherefore Therefore flour.Therefore content proteins soluble insoluble analyzed B determined NFκB NF κB thiamine potassium protein 1600 (160 µg/100g µg100g µgg µg 100g g pyrogallol819 pyrogallol 819 pyrogallol(81 respectively capacity seeds agroindustrial agro industrial byproducts, products, 25 25% 13 37 1.6 16 1 6 (1. mg/100g, mg100g mgg mg/100g , mg 58 (5 450 (45 µg/100g, 160 (16 pyrogallol81 81 pyrogallol(8 2 3 1. (1 5 ( 45 (4 pyrogallol8 8 pyrogallol( 4

RESUMO: Frutos de Psidium myrtoides são utilizados na produção de subprodutos como licores, sorvetes, geleias e sucos, porém, existem poucas informações sobre a composição nutricional das frutas, bem como o potencial biológico, principalmente da farinha de sementes. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a composição nutricional e as atividades antioxidante e quimiopreventiva de câncer da polpa e sementes de frutos Psidium myrtoides. Foram analisados o teor de umidade, minerais totais e perfil de minerais, lipídios totais e perfil de ácidos graxos, proteínas totais, fibra alimentar (solúvel e insolúvel) e carboidratos totais. Também foram determinadas as vitaminas C e do complex B, ácidos orgânicos e perfil de compostos fenólicos. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelos métodos DPPH e ABTS, e a atividade quimiopreventiva de câncer foi avaliada pela indução da enzima quinona redutase e pela atividade inibitória do NF-κB. Os resultados mostraram que os frutos são boas fontes de vitamina B1, ferro, fósforo e potássio, além de fibras (polpa: 7%; semente: 25%) e proteínas. O ácido linoléico foi o principal ácido graxo tanto na polpa quanto na semente. Quercetina (1600 µg/100g) e pirogalol (819 µg/100g) foram os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados na polpa e na semente, respectivamente. A fruta apresentou forte capacidade antioxidante, principalmente as sementes, que também apresentam capacidade de induzir a atividade da enzima quinona redutase, ressalando atividade quimiopreventiva de câncer. A farinha de semente tem grande potencial para enriquecer alimentos, além de valorizar subprodutos agroindustriais, em que podemos destacar 25%, 13% e 37% da ingestão diária recomendada para ferro (1,6 mg/100g), fósforo (58 mg/100g) e vitamina B1 (450 µg/100g), respectivamente, além de atividades antioxidantes e quimiopreventivas do câncer. RESUMO licores sorvetes sucos porém frutas biológico forma umidade graxos solúvel insolúvel B ABTS NFκB. NFκB NF κB. κB NF-κB potássio (polpa 7% 7 25% 25 1600 (160 µg/100g µg100g µgg µg 100g g 819 (81 respectivamente alimentos agroindustriais 13 37 1,6 16 1 6 (1, mg/100g, mg100g mgg mg/100g , mg 58 (5 450 (45 µg/100g, 2 160 (16 81 (8 3 1, (1 5 ( 45 (4 8 4

ABSTRACT Cassava wastewater (CWW) is a natural biofertilizer successfully tested as a source of K in long-cycle crops; however, it still needs to be better evaluated in short-cycle crops. This study aimed to evaluate the use of CWW as a source of K in the growth, yield, and physicochemical quality of curly lettuce. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design arranged in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Five CWW doses were evaluated as an exclusive source of K: 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1 of K2O; two forms of application: 1-total dose at planting: 2-application of 50% of the dose at planting + 50% of the dose in topdressing, and an additional treatment: 100% mineral fertilization at 120 kg ha-1 of K2O dose, using KCl as the source. The number of leaves (NL), plant height (PH), fresh mass (FM), dry mass (DM), moisture (MO), ashes (ASH), fibers (FB), lipids (LIP), proteins (PTN), and carbohydrates (CHO) contents were evaluated. All agronomic attributes of lettuce showed lower values when fertilized only with CWW than mineral fertilization. Lettuce fertilized only with CWW, depending on total or split application and dose, showed higher ASH, FB, LIP, PTN, and CHO contents reaching 4.05, 3.97, 1.75, 7.11, and 3.63%, respectively, compared to mineral fertilization. The CWW can potentially be used as a complementary K source in lettuce cultivation, as its exclusive use does not replace traditional mineral fertilization. (CWW longcycle long cycle crops however shortcycle short growth yield greenhouse scheme replicates 0 60 180 24 ha1 ha ha- KO O 1total 2application 50 topdressing treatment 100 12 NL, NL , (NL) PH, PH (PH) FM, FM (FM) DM, DM (DM) MO, MO (MO) ASH (ASH) FB (FB) LIP (LIP) PTN (PTN) (CHO 405 4 05 4.05 397 3 97 3.97 175 75 1.75 711 7 11 7.11 363 63 3.63% respectively cultivation 6 18 10 (NL (PH (FM (DM (MO (ASH (FB (LIP (PTN 40 4.0 39 9 3.9 17 1.7 71 7.1 36 3.63 4. 3. 1. 7. 3.6

RESUMO Água residuária de mandioca (ARM) é um biofertilizante natural que foi testado com sucesso como fonte de K para culturas de ciclo longo; entretanto, ainda precisa ser melhor avaliado em culturas de ciclo curto. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização do ARM como fonte de K no crescimento, produção e qualidade físico-química da alface crespa. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2 + 1, com quatro replicações. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de ARM como fonte exclusiva de K: 0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de K2O; duas formas de aplicação: 1-dose total no plantio: 2-aplicação de 50% da dose no plantio + 50% em cobertura, e um tratamento adicional: adubação 100% mineral com dose de 120 kg ha-1 de K2O, utilizando KCl como fonte. O número de folhas (NF), altura da planta (AP), massa fresca (MF), massa seca (MS), umidade (UM), conteúdos de cinzas (CZ), fibras (FB), lipídios (LIP), proteínas (PTN) e carboidratos (CHO) foram avaliados. Todos os atributos agronômicos da alface avaliados apresentaram valores inferiores quando adubada apenas com ARM comparado à adubação mineral. A alface adubada apenas com ARM, dependendo da aplicação total ou parcelamento e da dose, apresentou maiores teores de CZ, FB, LIP, PTN e CHO atingindo 4,05, 3,97, 1,75, 7,11 e 3,63%, respectivamente, em comparação à adubação mineral. A água residuária de mandioca pode potencialmente ser utilizado como fonte complementar de K na produção de alface, pois seu uso único não substitui a adubação mineral. (ARM longo entretanto curto crescimento físicoquímica físico química crespa vegetação casualizados 1 replicações 0 60 18 24 ha1 ha ha- K2O KO 1dose 2aplicação 50 cobertura adicional 100 12 NF, NF , (NF) AP, AP (AP) MF, MF (MF) MS, MS (MS) UM, UM (UM) CZ (CZ) FB (FB) LIP (LIP) (PTN (CHO 405 4 05 4,05 397 3 97 3,97 175 75 1,75 711 7 11 7,1 363 63 3,63% respectivamente 6 10 (NF (AP (MF (MS (UM (CZ (FB (LIP 40 4,0 39 9 3,9 17 1,7 71 7, 36 3,63 4, 3, 3,6

RESUMEN Hibiscus cannabinus L. es una especie anual cultivada por sus fibras. Se profundizó la descripción morfológica de las semillas de los cultivares 'Endora' y 'Tainung 1', se adecuó y ajustó un procedimiento de prueba de tetrazolio y se clasificaron los embriones según su viabilidad y vigor. En la coloración y ornamentación de las semillas participan células de las capas del episperma. Se identificaron la tapa de imbibición y el istmo y se analizó su función. Se reconocieron lípidos y proteínas en el mesofilo de los cotiledones y la ausencia de aréolas en la epidermis. Mediante la prueba de tetrazolio se establecieron patrones de tinción para clasificar las semillas según su viabilidad. Ambos cultivares presentaron valores de viabilidad aceptables. La prueba de germinación respaldó la metodología propuesta para tetrazolio. Se realizan aportes novedosos sobre la morfología de las semillas y se proponen relaciones estructura-función para el ingreso de agua. Las semillas de ambos cultivares comparten características morfológicas fundamentales para establecer los criterios de evaluación en la prueba bioquímica de tetrazolio. La adaptación del protocolo de la prueba de viabilidad por tetrazolio permitió la clasificación de las semillas como viables en tres categorías (vigor alto, medio y bajo) y no viables.

ABSTRACT Hibiscus cannabinus L. is an annual species cultivated for its fibers. The morphological description of the seeds of the cultivars 'Endora' and 'Tainung 1' was broadened, a tetrazolium test procedure was adapted and adjusted, and the embryos were classified according to their viability and vigor. Cells from the seed coat layers participate in the seed coloration and ornamentation. The imbibition cap and the isthmus were identified, and their function was analyzed. Lipids and proteins were recognized in the mesophyll of cotyledons and the absence of areoles in the epidermis. Using the tetrazolium test, staining patterns were established to classify the seeds according to their viability. Both cultivars presented acceptable viability values. The germination test supported the proposed methodology for tetrazolium. Novel contributions are made to seed morphology, and structure-function relationships for water intake are proposed. The seeds of both cultivars share the morphological characteristics that are fundamental to the establishment of evaluation criteria in the tetrazolium biochemical test. The adapted tetrazolium viability test protocol allowed the seeds classification as either viable into three categories (high, medium, and low vigor) and non-viable seeds.

ABSTRACT Marine diatoms are important part of the diet of mollusks, crustaceans and fish because of their nutritional profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional profile of eight strains of microalgae of the genera Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, dominant in the central coast of Peru, in order to rate their potential as an ingredient for aquaculture. For this, 7 L cultures were carried out at a pH of 7.5-8.5, at 17 °C, illumination of 35 µmol.s-1.m-2 and a photoperiod of 12:12 hours. After 15 days of culture, the dry biomass was obtained by lyophilization and the nutritional profile analyzes were performed. The results show values of moisture from 5 to 14 %, ash from 19 to 57 %, carbohydrates from 2 to 23 %, lipids from 3 to 9 %, and proteins from 12 to 30 %. The strain with the highest percentage of the last two compounds was that corresponding to S. costatum (IMP-BG-466). Likewise, all the strains presented high relative percentages of the essential fatty acid, eicopentaenoic acid (EPA), from 13 to 30 % and the essential amino acid leucine from 1 to 3 % (% w/w). However, as this strain presents low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arginine, histidine and lysine, it is necessary to supplement it with other sources for the formulation of balanced diets.

RESUMEN Las diatomeas marinas forman parte importante de la dieta de moluscos, crustáceos y peces debido a su perfil nutricional. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el perfil nutricional de ocho cepas de microalgas de los géneros Chaetoceros y Skeletonema, dominantes en la costa central del Perú, y valorar su potencial como ingrediente para acuicultura. Se realizaron cultivos de 7 L a pH de 7.5-8.5, a 17 °C, iluminación de 35 µmol.s-1.m-2 y fotoperiodo 12:12 horas. Luego de 15 días de cultivo, se obtuvo la biomasa seca mediante liofilización y se realizaron los análisis de perfil nutricional. Los resultados indican valores de humedad de 5 a 14 %, cenizas de 19 a 57 %, carbohidratos de 2 a 23 %, lípidos de 3 a 9 % y proteínas de 12 a 30 %. La cepa con mayor porcentaje de estos dos últimos compuestos fue la correspondiente a la especie S. costatum (IMP-BG-466). Así mismo, todas las cepas presentaron altos porcentajes relativos del ácido graso esencial, ácido eicopentaenoico (EPA), de 13 a 30 % y el aminoácido esencial leucina de 1 a 3 % (% p/p). Sin embargo, al presentar bajas concentraciones del ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), arginina, histidina y lisina, es necesario complementar su utilización con otras fuentes para la formulación de dietas equilibradas.

Resumen: El gel de Aloe vera es considerado una fuente natural de múltiples beneficios, originados por la acción combinada de vitaminas, aminoácidos, compuestos fenólicos, enzimas, minerales, ácidos orgánicos, lípidos y carbohidratos, que se relacionan con la mejora de enfermedades neuro-degenerativas como Alzheimer. Los ensayos in vitro e in silico permiten confirmar e identificar posibles beneficios de esta planta y sus compuestos en enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante del gel de A. vera y mediante análisis in silico, establecer el potencial terapéutico de sus compuestos bioactivos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se obtuvieron hojas de A. vera, de las que se extrajo el gel, retirando el exocarpio, se liofilizó y almacenó hasta su uso. Se caracterizó la capacidad antioxidante, se cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides y se analizó la relación que existe entre los parámetros mediante correlación de Pearson. Mediante análisis in silico se evaluó el potencial de interacción de 8 compuestos del gel con la proteína gamma secretasa. El gel de A. vera obtuvo alta capacidad antioxidante por ABTS, DPPH, radical OH y poder reductor, usando bajas concentraciones para inhibir el 50 % de los radicales, y correlaciones positivas con fenoles totales y flavonoides. En el estudio in silico el compuesto que presentó mejor unión con gamma secretasa fue aloe-emodina, con menor energía libre de unión y menor concentración de constante de inhibición, sugiriendo su potencial uso como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract: Aloe vera gel is considered a natural source of multiple benefits, originated by the combined action of vitamins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes, minerals, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, which are related to the improvement of neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. In vitro and in silico tests allow us to confirm and identify possible benefits of this plant and its compounds in diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. vera gel and, through in silico analysis, to establish the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds in Alzheimer’s disease. A. vera leaves were obtained, from which the gel was extracted, removing the exocarp, lyophilized and stored until use. The antioxidant capacity was characterized, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified, and the relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The interaction potential of 8 compounds in the gel with the gamma secretase protein was evaluated through in silico analysis. The A. vera gel obtained high antioxidant capacity due to ABTS, DPPH, OH radical and reducing power, using low concentrations to inhibit 50 % of the radicals, and positive correlations with total phenols and flavonoids. In the in silico study, the compound that showed the best binding with gamma secretase was aloe-emodin, with lower binding free energy and lower inhibition constant concentration, suggesting its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract Introduction. The multifactorial etiology of gastroenteritis emphasizes the need for different laboratory methods to identify or exclude infectious agents and evaluate the severity of diarrheal disease. Objective. To diagnose the infectious etiology in diarrheic children and to evaluate some fecal markers associated with intestinal integrity. Materials and methods. The study group comprised 45 children with diarrheal disease, tested for enteropathogens and malabsorption markers, and 76 children whose feces were used for fat evaluation by the traditional and acid steatocrit tests. Results. We observed acute diarrhea in 80% of the children and persistent diarrhea in 20%. Of the diarrheic individuals analyzed, 40% were positive for enteropathogens, with rotavirus (13.3%) and Giardia duodenalis (11.1%) the most frequently diagnosed. Among the infected patients, occult blood was more evident in those carrying pathogenic bacteria (40%) and enteroviruses (40%), while steatorrhea was observed in infections by the protozoa G. duodenalis (35.7%). Children with diarrhea excreted significantly more lipids in feces than non-diarrheic children, as determined by the traditional (p<0.0003) and acid steatocrit (p<0.0001) methods. Moreover, the acid steatocrit method detected 16.7% more fecal fat than the traditional method. Conclusions. Childhood diarrhea can lead to increasingly severe nutrient deficiencies. Steatorrhea is the hallmark of malabsorption, and a stool test, such as the acid steatocrit, can be routinely used as a laboratory tool for the semi-quantitative evaluation of fat malabsorption in diarrheic children.

Resumen Introducción. La etiología multifactorial de la gastroenteritis enfatiza la necesidad de usar diferentes métodos de laboratorio para identificar o excluir agentes infecciosos y evaluar la gravedad de la enfermedad diarreica. Objetivo. Diagnosticar la etiología infecciosa de la diarrea en niños y evaluar algunos marcadores fecales asociados con la integridad intestinal. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 45 niños con enfermedad diarreica, en los cuales se evaluaron la presencia de enteropatógenos y los marcadores de malabsorción. Se analizaron las muestras fecales de 76 niños, mediante las pruebas de esteatocrito tradicional y esteatocrito ácido, para la cuantificación de la grasa. Resultados. Se observó diarrea aguda en el 80 % de los niños y diarrea persistente en el 20 %. De los individuos con diarrea, el 40 % fue positivo para enteropatógenos; los más diagnosticados fueron rotavirus (13,3 %) y Giardia duodenalis (11,1 %). Entre los pacientes infectados, la sangre oculta fue más evidente en aquellos portadores de bacterias patógenas (40 %) o enterovirus (40%), mientras que la esteatorrea se observó en infecciones por el protozoo G. duodenalis (35,7 %). Los niños con diarrea excretaron significativamente más lípidos en las heces que aquellos sin diarrea, según lo determinado por los métodos de esteatocrito tradicional (p<0,0003) y esteatocrito ácido (p<0,0001). Conclusiones. La diarrea infantil puede provocar deficiencias graves de nutrientes. La esteatorrea es distintiva de la malabsorción intestinal y puede detectarse mediante la estimación del esteatocrito ácido. Esta prueba podría utilizarse de forma rutinaria como una herramienta de laboratorio para la evaluación semicuantitativa de la malabsorción de grasas en niños con diarrea.

Abstract Introduction: Care towards nutrition is essential for the quality of a sustainable aquaculture product. Since the balance in food affects the growth and production of gametes. The circular economy is made possible through the use of discarded materials. Objective: The aim of this research was to study the fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways in the gametes of Arbacia dufresnii, with a focus on the implications of incorporating shrimp byproducts into aquaculture feeds. Methods: Four different treatments were designed to maintain optimal nutritional quality, particularly in lipids and proteins, based on previous studies. The fatty acid profiles of the feeds and gametes were analyzed by using gas-chromatography, and statistical analyses were conducted to determine significant differences. Results: Significant differences were observed in the abundance (%) of omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids. The (ω-3) metabolic pathway was more pronounced in the gametes of wild animals and those fed with the experimental feeds. In contrast, the (ω-6) metabolic pathway was less relevant in these groups. The (ω-3) /(ω-6) ratio was highest in the gametes of wild animals. Feeds enriched in fatty acids enhanced their bioaccumulation in the gametes reaching higher concentrations than wild animals. The availability of fatty acids in foods allowed their bioaccumulation in gametes, with concentrations equal to or higher than those observed in animals in their natural environment for certain fatty acids. Conclusions: Incorporating shrimp byproducts in aquaculture feeds demonstrated a promising strategy for resource utilization and organic input generation. The fatty acid composition in the gametes of A. dufresnii was influenced by the diet, highlighting the potential of balanced feeds to enhance the bioaccumulation of essential fatty acids. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable aquaculture practices and the production of nutritionally enriched seafood products.

Resumen Introducción: El cuidado hacia la nutrición es fundamental para la calidad de un producto acuícola sostenible. Ya que el balance en los alimentos afecta el crecimiento y producción de los gametos. A partir del aprovechamiento de materias de descarte se posibilita la economía circular. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la composición de ácidos grasos y las vías metabólicas en los gametos de Arbacia dufresnii, centrándose en las implicaciones de la incorporación de subproductos de camarones en los alimentos de acuicultura. Métodos: Se diseñaron cuatro tratamientos diferentes para mantener una calidad nutricional óptima, especialmente en lípidos y proteínas, basándose en estudios previos. Se analizaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos de los alimentos y los gametos mediante cromatografía de gases, y se realizaron análisis estadísticos para determinar diferencias significativas. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en la abundancia (%) de ácidos grasos omega-3 (ω-3) y omega-6 (ω-6). La vía metabólica de (ω-3) fue más pronunciada en los gametos de los animales en su entorno natural y aquellos alimentados con los piensos experimentales. Por el contrario, la vía metabólica de (ω-6) tuvo menos relevancia en estos grupos. La relación (ω-3) /(ω-6) fue más alta en los gametos de los animales en su entorno natural. La disponibilidad de ácidos grasos en los alimentos permitió su bioacumulación en los gametos, con concentraciones iguales o superiores a las observadas en los animales en su entorno natural para ciertos ácidos grasos. Conclusiones: La incorporación de subproductos de camarones en los alimentos de acuicultura demostró ser una estrategia prometedora para la utilización de recursos y la generación de insumos orgánicos. La composición de ácidos grasos en los gametos de A. dufresnii fue influenciada por la dieta, destacando el potencial de los alimentos balanceados para mejorar la bioacumulación de ácidos grasos esenciales. Estos hallazgos brindan información valiosa para el desarrollo de prácticas sostenibles en acuicultura y la producción de productos marinos enriquecidos nutricionalmente.

ABSTRACT The effect of three sources of lipids in the diet of fattening turkeys from the Hybrid Converter line on growth, carcass weight and blood metabolites were evaluated. A total of 90 43-day-old male turkeys were randomly distributed into 3 treatments, with 5 repetitions and 6 birds per group. The turkeys received isonutritional diets supplemented with Cajamarca Creole lard (MCCC), soybean oil (AS) or palm oil (AP). Turkeys aged 43 to 70 days with MCCC and AP had better body weight gain, lower feed consumption and better feed conversion (p<0.05) than those with the AS treatment; However, there were no differences between treatments during the finishing phase (71-98 days) nor in the total fattening period (43-98 days). The carcass weight in MCCC and AS was greater than in AP, in addition, they reduced (p<0.05) the relative weight of the liver and the percentage of abdominal fat compared to AP. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood were lower (p<0.05) in AS and MCCC than in AP, likewise, MCCC decreased (p<0.05) the malondialdehyde content in blood. It is concluded that MCCC in fattening turkeys from 43 to 98 days of age can replace AS and AP in the diet, since it does not generate negative effects or a decrease in the evaluated indicators.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el efecto de tres fuentes de lípidos en la dieta de pavos de engorde de la línea Hybrid Converter sobre el crecimiento, peso de carcasa y metabolitos sanguíneos. Un total de 90 pavos machos de 43 días de edad se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en 3 tratamientos con 5 repeticiones y 6 aves por grupo. Los pavos recibieron dietas isonutricionales suplementadas con manteca de cerdo criollo cajamarquino (MCCC), aceite de soya (AS) o aceite de palma (AP). Los pavos de 43 a 70 días con MCCC y AP tuvieron mejor ganancia de peso corporal, menor consumo de alimento y mejor conversión alimenticia (p<0.05) que los del tratamiento AS; sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre tratamientos durante la fase de finalización (71-98 días) ni en el total periodo de engorde(43-98días). El peso de la carcasa en MCCC y AS fue mayor que en AP; además, redujeron (p<0.05) el peso relativo del hígado y el porcentaje de grasa abdominal en comparación con AP. Los triglicéridos y el colesterol total en sangre fueron menores (p<0.05) en AS y MCCC que en AP. Asimismo, el MCCC disminuyó (p<0.05) el contenido de malondialdehído en sangre. Se concluye que la MCCC en pavos de engorde de 43 a 98 días de edad puede reemplazar el AS yAP en la dieta, ya que no genera efectos negativos ni disminución de los indicadores evaluados.

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid is considered a functional food since its consumption improves people’s health. This compound is found in the milk of ruminant animals and is synthesized in the rumen and mammary gland using linoleic and α-linolenic acids as substrates, which are widely found in forage plants. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the content of fatty acids in forages, particularly of native species. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of native forage shrubs that are consumed by goats under extensive grazing in northern Mexico in 2019. For this, forage shrubs consumed by goats were collected. The selected forages were determined: dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total lipids, and fatty acid profile. The forage shrubs consumed by the goats in the rangeland were huizache [Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.], mesquite [Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild], gobernadora [Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC)] and chaparro prieto [Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif)]. Of these, mesquite (CP 148 g kg-1 DM) and chaparro prieto (CP 147 g kg-1 DM) had the best crude protein contents; likewise, mesquite had a high concentration in linoleic (14.21 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) and α-linolenic (36.22 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) fatty acids, so these forage shrubs can be considered in the diet of goats that aim to increase the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in milk or meat of grazing goats.

Resumen El ácido linoleico conjugado es considerado un alimento funcional ya que su consumo mejora la salud de las personas. Este compuesto se encuentra en leche de animales rumiantes y es sintetizado en el rumen y glándula mamaria utilizando como sustratos a los ácidos linoleico y α-linolenico, los cuales se encuentran en forma amplia en plantas forrajeras. Sin embargo, existe poca información respecto al contenido de ácidos grasos en forrajes, en particular, de especies nativas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la composición química y perfil de ácidos grasos de arbustos forrajeros nativos que son consumidos por cabras bajo pastoreo extensivo en el norte de México, en 2019. Para ello, se realizó una colecta de arbustos forrajeros consumidos por cabras. A los forrajes seleccionados se le determino: materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos. Los arbustos forrajeros consumidos por las cabras en el agostadero fueron: huizache (Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.), mezquite (Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild), gobernadora (Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC) y chaparro prieto (Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif). De estos, mezquite (PC 148 g kg-1 de MS) y chaparro prieto (PC 147 g kg-1 de MS) tuvieron los mejores contenidos de proteína cruda, asimismo, mezquite tuvo una alta concentración en los ácidos grasos linoleico (14.21 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales) y α-linolenico (36.22 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales), por lo que estos arbustos forrajeros pueden ser considerados en dieta de las cabras que tengan el objetivo de incrementar la concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado en leche o carne de cabras en pastoreo.