Abstract Since 2020, in Colombia it is required that students pursuing bachelor’s degrees in foreign languages obtain a level of sufficiency (C1), which affirms the validity of the knowledge of the language and culture as a degree requirement (MEN, 2017). Language policy posits that language tests measure students’ language skills as well as (inter)cultural notions and attitudes. However, from a socio-cognitive lens, the conception of the tests does not say much about the cognitive and social processes that become crucial for taking the exams. Therefore, it seems relevant to review the ontology of institutional language exams and to identify which factors give coherence and validity to the passing of such tests as a degree requirement. To achieve this, a phenomenological description is proposed. The hypothesis of this article is as follows: language tests, instead of measuring the linguistic and (inter)cultural skills of students, are actually concerned with, above all, their social and cognitive systems, especially morality. As a result, there is a strong case to be made for profound and rapid changes to the convention of employing standardized tests as a degree requirement.

Resumen Desde el 2020, en Colombia es requerido que los estudiantes de licenciaturas en lenguas (modernas o extranjeras) obtengan un nivel de suficiencia (C1), el cual valida el conocimiento de la lengua y la cultura como requisito de grado (Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN), 2017). La política lingüística postula que los exámenes de lengua midan las habilidades lingüísticas, así como las nociones y actitudes (inter)culturales de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, desde un lente sociocognitivo, la concepción de los exámenes no dice mucho sobre los procesos cognitivos y sociales que se tornan cruciales para la concepción misma de las pruebas. Por lo tanto, parece relevante revisar la ontología de los exámenes institucionales de lengua y poder identificar qué aspecto da coherencia y validez a la necesidad de obtener dichos exámenes como requisito de grado. Para lograr esto, se propone una descripción fenomenológica, postulando la siguiente hipótesis: los exámenes de lengua en lugar de medir las habilidades lingüísticas e (inter)culturales de los estudiantes, circundan, sobre todo, sus sistemas sociales y cognitivos, en especial, la moral. Como resultado, se podría postular que la concepción de los exámenes como requisito de grado requiere de cambios profundos a corto plazo.

Histories is die onderrig van Afrikaanse literatuur op skoolvlak Afrikanergesentreerd. Alhoewel daar sedert die politieke omwenteling in 1994 in Suid-Afrika pogings aangewend is om 'n inklusiewer letterkunde voor te skryf, oefen die voormelde geskiedenis steeds 'n invloed uit op hoe Afrikaans op skoolvlak onderrig word. Ondanks die skoolkurrikulum se transformatiewe beginsels en verbintenis tot sosiale regstelling, word min tekste voorgeskryf wat nie in 'n standaardvariëteit geskryf is nie. Voorts maak die pedagogiese benadering tot letterkundeonder-rig wat taalonderwysers volg min ruimte vir uiteenlopende interpretasies van literêre tekste. Gevolglik skep dit 'n gaping tussen die beginsels van die skoolkurrikulum en dit wat in die letterkundeklaskamer gebeur. Paris en Alim (2017) se "kultuurhandhawende pedagogie" (KHP) is 'n onderrigbenadering wat die onderhou en ontwikkeling van leerders se kulture sien as sentraal tot pedagogiek. Ons voer aan dat 'n KHP-benadering gepas is vir die onderrig van Afrikaanse literatuur, aangesien dit sal behels dat leerders se variëteite en kultuurpraktyke nie gesien word as buite of slegs aanvullend tot die pedagogiese projek nie, maar eerder sentraal daartoe staan. In hierdie artikel fokus ons op hoe twee gedigte ("Ouma Xhau" en "Ontheemding") in Lynthia Julius se bundel Uit die kroes (2020) op 'n KHP-wyse onderrig kan word op 'n manier wat leerders in staat stel om Oranjerivierafrikaans, die invloed van Nama op Afrikaans, orale literêre tradisies en kulturele ontheemding te verken. Ons analise sluit praktiese raad in oor hoe hierdie twee gedigte onderskeidelik benader kan word as 'n tipe portret en selfportret om sodoende die Europese portretkunstradisie en die uitdaag daarvan in die klaskamer te verken.

The legacy of apartheid continues to impact South African education, specifically the teaching of Afrikaans literature. After South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, curriculum design for schools in post-apartheid South Africa was aimed at correcting historical injustices. Efforts have been made to transform the teaching and learning of Afrikaans at school level by, among other things, making the literature prescribed at school level more inclusive. The current school curriculum (the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement [CAPS]) builds on previous curricula in that it also aims to address the historical injustices of the South African educational model. In the CAPS for Afrikaans Home Language grades 10 to 12, it is advised that social transformation is to be achieved by promoting a sensitivity to diversity and an appreciation for indigenous knowledge systems (Department of Basic Education [DvBO] 2011:9; Schultz & Le Cordeur, 2019:549). Although the CAPS in principle regards learners' lived experiences as valuable, Schultz and Le Cordeur (2019:555) find that teachers and postgraduate education students are of the opinion that the aforementioned principles are not realised in practice in the literature classroom. This gap between the principles and practice can be attributed to the selection of prescribed literary texts that do not represent the socio-cultural diversity of the learners in the Afrikaans classroom as well as a preference for the "universal value judgement" approach to literature teaching which leaves little room for interpretations of literary texts that are informed by the diverse socio-cultural lived experiences of the learners in the Afrikaans classroom. As a response to the lack of diversity in the prescribed poetry as well as the need for pedagogical approaches empowering marginalised communities and valuing their knowledges, this paper proposes applying culturally sustaining pedagogy (CSP) principles to teaching Lynthia Julius's debut poetry collection, Uit die kroes (2020) in the Afrikaans Home Language classroom. CSP is a pedagogical approach developed by Django Paris and H. Samy Alim which centres students' culturally embedded ways of knowing, rather than viewing their existing knowledge as a stepping stone to sanctioned knowledge. By validating linguistic and cultural diversity, CSP can be employed to address the ongoing influence of apartheid on contemporary Afrikaans literature instruction while fulfilling the previously mentioned curriculum goals of social transformation. CSP offers an approach to education that positions marginalised students' own cultural backgrounds and linguistic practices as essential rather than supplementary to the pedagogical endeavour. Paris and Alim argue that the sustainment of non-dominant cultures and languages should be as important a pedagogical goal as the transference of subject knowledge. This article argues that CSP can provide significant benefits for the teaching of Afrikaans literature by considering students' own language varieties and cultural knowledge as classroom resources, while also enabling critical examination of hegemonic linguistic ideologies and the erasure of non-standard varieties and cultures. Rejecting assimilationist models, CSP validates fluidity and heterogeneity within communities. It also fosters critical examination of learners' own cultural practices including intracultural oppressive aspects, such as the sexism or homophobia within marginalised groups. CSP aligns well with the ways in which Julius's collection thematically engages history through what Barbara Boswell following on Gqola) calls the "re-memorying" of silenced perspectives. Its restorative ethics centre marginalised subjects and uphold pluralism, showing literary analysis' potential for recognition and engagement with the process of identity construction and marginalisation. As a case study, we examine how two poems from Uit die kroes, "Ouma Xhau" and "Ontheemding," could be productively taught to highlight features of the Oranjerivierafrikaans language variety, Nama cultural and its linguistic influences on Oranjerivierafrikaans, oral literary traditions, and personal experiences of cultural displacement and discrimination. The article outlines practical classroom strategies grounded in CSP for teaching these poems in order to centre marginalised cultural histories and sustain non-standard varieties of Afrikaans. We contend that "Ouma Xhau" can be considered a lyrical portrait of a historicalfigure, whereas "Ontheemding" rather functions as a type of autobiographical self-portrait. "Ouma Xhau" portrays an indigenous woman in what is today the Northern Cape, sharing her people's dispossession by colonialism. A CSP analysis of this poem involves contextualising oral traditions 'importance as knowledge systems by explaining literary conventions like collective storytelling. As assessment, we suggest that students could create oral histories or rap "portraits". Opportunities arise for learners from varied backgrounds to engage marginalised perspectives and enrich one another interculturally. "Ontheemding" depicts intergenerational displacement from the Nama language and culture caused by, amongst other things, urbanisation. Taking a CSP approach to teaching this poem acknowledges linguistic heterogeneity by validating students ' own backgrounds and experiences. Building sociolinguistic awareness, assessments like the writing of "self-portrait" poems encourage critical examination of the learners' linguistic experiences and community norms. Inclusion of diverse voices resists monolingual framings of literary pedagogy. Together, the teaching of these two poems offer opportunities for the sustaining of culture by focussing on absented histories through creative reimaginings. Themes of loss, identity negotiation and societal constraints promote development of analytical skills when approached via CSP. Its restorative ethics uphold pluralism through the inclusion of marginalised subjectivities. The teaching of literature can serve as a vehicle of reconstructing knowledge pluralistically when analysed through frameworks attentive to lived diversity and the power dynamics shaping meaning-making. Research into CSP's impacts is still emerging but indicates benefits for empowering marginalised learners and transforming discriminatory educational dynamics. Its varieties-inclusive, community-centred nature demonstrates potential for decolonising curricula historically privileging monolingual, Afrikaner-centric canons. Most essentially, CSP shows how literary analysis situates aesthetics within the socio-political by fostering critical thought around linguistic justice, cultural recognition and plurality through including and championing silenced subjectivities in knowledge production. Adopting CSP principles allows the teaching of Julius's collection to address the lack of non-standard language representation in Afrikaans literature curricula while achieving curriculum goals through a transformative lens attentive to diversity and social problems. Its restorative ethics reconstruct education as community-oriented rather than a process of assimilationist knowledge transfer. Analysis of the two poems highlights literature's capacity for enrichment when diverse experiences, marginalised histories and fluid cultural realities are taken as point of departure. Most significantly, CSP validates plurality as an intellectual and pedagogical strength central to knowledge formation compatible with democratic principles of inclusion and multivocality.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es diferenciar los factores de metalengua, asertividad y discriminación semántico-lexical observados en una traducción realizada por estudiantes de una licenciatura en idiomas, cuyo programa propone dos rutas de aprendizaje diferentes en una universidad estatal. El enfoque mixto inductivo-deductivo que se implementó permitió clasificar los resultados de ejecución de la muestra de manera más amplia y a detalle con respecto a la frecuencia, duración, comportamiento, recursividad y usos de la L1 y la L2, en el proceso de traducción de un extracto narrativo. La población estuvo constituida por 10 sujetos entre los 21 y 35 años, que se encuentran en su último semestre de la licenciatura. Los instrumentos de recolección y análisis de datos fueron: Translog 2.0, una encuesta diagnóstica, la Traducción y Re-Traducción (revisión de traductores expertos en textos especializados), el diccionario-corpus Linguee y una lista de cotejo. La investigación permitió romper con las asociaciones referentes a las comunidades bilingües y el bilingüismo, en vista de ciertos rasgos como las competencias traductoras y lingüísticas diversas. Se concluye que los estudiantes de traducción manejan un rango de vocabulario mucho más especializado, incurren menos en la literalidad de un itinerario de expresiones, sus indicadores de hipercorrección son menores y emplean un mayor número de figuras literarias.

Abstract The objective of this research was to differentiate the factors of metalanguage, translation processes, and translators’ semantic and lexical awareness within translations performed by two groups of students pursuing a bachelor’s degree in languages, whose curricular program encompasses two dissimilar learning focus areas. The implementation of an inductive-deductive mixed approach in this investigation facilitated a broader and more detailed classification of the sample's execution in terms of frequency, duration, behavior, recursion, and the usage of L1 and L2 during the translation of a narrative extract. The study involved 15 participants aged 21 to 35, all in their final semester. The instruments employed for data collection and analysis were Translog 2.0, a diagnostic survey, the Translation and Re-Translation method (a review of expert translators in specialized texts), the corpus-dictionary Linguee, and a list of compliance. The research initially addressed concerns regarding bilingual communities, in view of certain features such as diversity in language domain and translation skills. It is concluded that translation students manage a more specialized range of vocabulary, exhibit less inclination towards literal interpretations of idiomatic expressions, display fewer indicators of hypercorrection, and employ literary figures more extensively.

Resumen Este estudio de investigación-acción explora cómo los materiales de enseñanza diseñados por el docente con base en el aprendizaje significativo contribuyen al desarrollo de las habilidades de escritura en estudiantes de grado décimo. El estudio fue realizado con 35 estudiantes de una institución pública de la ciudad de Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Como instrumentos para recolectar la información se utilizaron materiales de los estudiantes, las notas de campo del profesor y una entrevista de grupo focal. Los resultados muestran que la implementación de materiales diseñados por el docente y fundamentados en un marco de referencia para el diseño de los mismos contribuye al desarrollo de las actividades de aprendizaje, y fomenta el aprendizaje y el uso del lenguaje. Adicionalmente, el estudio resalta que el aprendizaje significativo se logra al contextualizar el contenido de las clases, localizar y personalizan las experiencias de los estudiantes en las actividades de aprendizaje propuestas en el taller. De esta manera, es posible involucrar a los estudiantes en su desarrollo. Las habilidades de escritura de los estudiantes que participaron en el estudio mejoraron notoriamente a través de la construcción de textos mediante los estadios con enfoque de escritura por procesos y el trabajo cooperativo. Asimismo, se logró identificar que la realimentación entre estudiantes y entre el docente y los estudiantes ayuda a conocer el estado del progreso en sus escritos.

Abstract This qualitative action research study examines how teacher-made materials can contribute to developing writing skills among tenth-grade students through meaningful learning. The study was conducted with 35 students at a state-funded school in Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, and utilized students’ artifacts, teachers’ field notes, and a focus group interview as data collection tools. The findings evince the positive effects of implementing well-informed teacher-made materials based on a materials development (MD) framework in the classroom, as it contributes to developing learning activities and promotes language acquisition. The study also highlights that meaningful learning is achieved through contextualizing content, localizing, and personalizing experiences to engage students in the learning activities proposed in the workshop. The students involved in the study significantly improved their writing skills by scaffolding the construction of their texts through process-approach procedures and cooperative work. Finally, the study shows that exchanging feedback plays a crucial role in identifying the progress of student writing and serves as a source of learner-learner and teacher-learner interaction.

Resumen El uso de materiales auténticos para la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras ha sido una práctica desarrollada durante las últimas décadas. Gracias a los avances tecnológicos, estos materiales son ahora más accesibles, especialmente en formato digital. Aunque no se diseñaron principalmente con fines pedagógicos, se han vuelto un recurso importante en la enseñanza del inglés. Sin embargo, para usar estos recursos de manera efectiva en el aula, se requiere una estructura sistemática que permita aprovecharlos. Este artículo examina el uso de materiales auténticos para desarrollar diferentes habilidades lingüísticas a nivel local e internacional, con un enfoque particular en la comprensión auditiva a través de un ciclo de tres etapas: antes, durante y después. La revisión de la literatura muestra que el uso de materiales auténticos es una práctica común entre los profesores-investigadores, pero no se ha difundido lo suficiente entre una audiencia más amplia de instructores. Además, los estudios no abordan la preparación de los instructores para diseñar actividades apropiadas que complementen dichos materiales. Por lo tanto, después de examinar estos estudios y basándonos en nuestra experiencia en docencia e investigación, este artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir a la implementación de una estrategia pedagógica que combine el uso de materiales auténticos, la comprensión de escucha y el diseño de tareas que logren un equilibrio entre el reto y el apoyo para comprender el contenido.

Abstract The use of authentic materials in foreign language teaching has been a growing practice over the last few decades. With the emergence of technology, these materials are more accessible, particularly in digital formats. Despite being primarily designed for non-pedagogical uses, these materials have become valuable resources for English language learning. However, using them effectively for teaching and learning purposes requires a systematic structure. This article examines the use of authentic materials in relation to various language skills, with a particular focus on listening comprehension framed within a pre-, while-, and post-stage cycle at both local and international levels, with the latter referring to the Colombian context. A review of scholarship shows that the use of authentic materials is a seemingly frequent practice among teacher-researchers, but not among a larger audience of practitioners. Additionally, studies do not provide guidance on how to prepare practitioners to design appropriate activities that complement authentic materials. Therefore, after examining studies and based on our teaching-research experience, we aim to contribute to the implementation of a pedagogical strategy that combines the systematic use of authentic materials with listening comprehension and a task design that provides a balance of challenge and support.

Abstract This study discusses some problematic issues around comparability and equivalence in empirical research, particularly focusing on the case of indicators and taking a cross-national study on linguistic skills and use of foreign languages in the scientific production of researchers from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile as reference. The discussion is framed within broader epistemological and methodological debates concerning the status of comparisons in the social sciences and, mainly, the case of cross-national comparative studies. Within these debates, and resorting to concrete examples arising from research into scientists’ linguistics skills, we address the comparability issue of target populations and samples, as well as that of indicator equivalence, with emphasis in the problems of questionnaire design, reliability, and validity. crossnational cross national Argentina Brazil reference mainly studies scientists samples design reliability validity

Resumo Este artigo discute algumas questões problemáticas em torno da comparabilidade e equivalência em pesquisas empíricas, focando particularmente no caso dos indicadores, e tomando como referência um estudo transnacional sobre habilidades linguísticas e uso de línguas estrangeiras na produção científica por pesquisadores da Argentina, Brasil e Chile. A discussão se enquadra em debates epistemológicos e metodológicos mais amplos sobre o status da comparação nas ciências sociais e, principalmente, no caso dos estudos comparativos transnacionais. No âmbito destes debates, e recorrendo a exemplos concretos decorrentes da investigação das competências linguísticas dos cientistas, é abordada a questão da comparabilidade de populações-alvo e amostras, bem como da equivalência de indicadores, com destaque para os problemas de desenho de questionários, confiabilidade e validade. empíricas indicadores Argentina Chile principalmente transnacionais cientistas populaçõesalvo populações alvo amostras questionários validade

Developing competencies in language and communication is becoming increasingly important for the contemporary engineering student if career success and community engagement are to be enhanced. The integration of language, and other 'soft-skills', into broader engineering education could assist in preparing students to become more employable and improve their overall engineering ability. This study adopted a design-based research strategy to develop design principles regarding the integration of language and communication skills into engineering education. Eleven participants were purposefully sampled to form part of a design team that became responsible for this development. The principles that emerged emphasised the role culture plays in the process of learning, highlighting the importance of embracing cultural diversity in ways that frame it as a strength to be exploited. Differing abilities and levels of English language proficiency need to be accommodated, requiring lecturers to build in a feedback process to manage progress and effective student engagement. It is advisable to adopt a holistic approach to teaching and learning, and to pay careful attention to appropriate learning strategies. An integrated learning environment necessitates the dismantling of the traditional silos that have characterised engineering education and greater cooperation among various disciplines needs to be encouraged. TRANSDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTION: The integration of language and communication into engineering education goes beyond the boundaries of individual disciplines and involves collaboration between the faculties of engineering and humanities as well as industry partners, and accreditation bodies. The diverse range of expertise required, range from linguistics and pedagogy to engineering and instructional design.

In this paper, we discuss teachers' views and related classroom practices of teaching the mother tongue, (MT) Luganda as a subject, as observed in rural classrooms in central Uganda. The challenges observed arise from the lack of and, in some cases, limited training of teachers in MT teaching. Also, there is a disjointed approach to the teaching of Luganda and English, languages to which learners are simultaneously introduced when they first learn to read. The disjointed approach to the teaching of Luganda and English brings about the problem of letter-naming when teaching the two languages. In addition, the overrepresentation of the Luganda orthography regarding the use of /r/ and /l/ as though they are phonemes affects the quick mastery of writing skills in Luganda. The paper demonstrates how teachers go about the teaching of the MT (Luganda) and how these difficulties affect language teaching in rural schools in two districts in Uganda. The paper ends with a discussion on what can be done to overcome these challenges with implications on teacher-education.

Resumen Contar con información valiosa sobre los perfiles de ingreso de estudiantes universitarios es clave para abordar sus necesidades académicas a medida que avanzan en su trayectoria formativa. En Chile, esta importancia es reconocida por la Ley 20903, que exige que los programas de pedagogía de nivel terciario apliquen una prueba diagnóstica al inicio de los estudios. Esto, en aras de emparejar el nivel académico de los estudiantes y establecer medidas de apoyo para quienes obtengan bajos resultados. Buscando enriquecer el perfil de ingreso de un grupo de estudiantes de pregrado de en pedagogía en inglés (TEFL), este estudio explora la manera en que factores como el nivel de dominio del inglés, la asistencia a clases y la motivación influyen en su desempeño académico durante el primer semestre de sus estudios. A través del análisis de fuentes cuantitativas de datos, los resultados sugieren que la asistencia a clases y los resultados obtenidos en la prueba diagnóstica institucional suministran información valiosa sobre el desempeño de los estudiantes pero no explican del todo su éxito académico. Los datos cualitativos de entrevistas con profesores sugieren que perfilar a los estudiantes incluye una mirada a factores como la motivación. Los hallazgos deberían suscitar una reflexión sobre la necesidad de contar con perfiles de ingreso más detallados y pruebas diagnósticas integrales que trasciendan la evaluación de aspectos lingüísticos para asegurar mejores trayectorias formativas en estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract Having valuable information about newly enrolled university students in the form of entry profiles is key to addressing their academic needs as they advance through their educational trajectories. In Chile, this is acknowledged by Law 20903, which mandates that all tertiary-level pedagogy programs implement a diagnostic assessment at the beginning of the studies. This, in order to even out students’ academic level and establish supportive measures for those who obtain low results. Aiming to enrich the entry profile of a group of Chilean English language teaching (TEFL) undergraduates, this research explores how factors such as English proficiency level, class attendance, and motivation influence their academic performance during the first semester of their university studies. Through the analysis of quantitative sources of data, the results suggest that class attendance and scores on an institutional English entry test provide valuable information about students’ performance but do not fully explain their academic success. Qualitative data from teacher interviews suggest that profiling students also involves looking into factors such as motivation. Findings should spark reflection on the need for more detailed entry profiles and comprehensive diagnostic assessments that transcend the assessment of English skills and linguistic knowledge in order to ensure better learning trajectories for university students.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The production of the scientific text in the areas of human knowledge and in particular in the medical sciences, is a current requirement. Despite this, shortcomings appear, which limit scientific creation, its promotion and the quality of the documents, due to shortcomings that affect the development of linguistic competence. The text has as an objective to analyze the results of the initial diagnosis of development of scientific text production as a stylistic linguistics competence in the users of the Cuban scientific journal Medical Files of Camagüey. Methods: The results are ascribed to the research project Enhancement of professional skills in the context of health, which is managed by the Center for the Development of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health and with the participation of the Provincial Information Center of Medical Sciences, belonging to the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey, which runs between January 2020 and December 2022. It constitutes the initial approach in a research+development (R+D) study whose simple involves users of the magazine. Results: There are methodological, syntactic, semantics and pragmatics that limit the quality of statements and impede the production of the scientific text. Discussion: The need to systematize actions for the development of habits, abilities, skills and capacities that determine the domain in the professional of the medical sciences of the linguistic-stylistic competence, so that the production of the scientific text becomes a mode of action as performance in this area of human knowledge.

RESUMEN Introducción: La producción del texto científico en las áreas del conocimiento humano y en particular en las ciencias médicas, constituye una exigencia actual. Pese a ello se presentan insuficiencias que limitan la creación científica, su promoción y la calidad de los documentos, debido a carencias que afectan el desarrollo de la competencia linguoestilística. El texto tiene como objetivo analizar los resultados del diagnóstico inicial del desarrollo de la producción del texto científico como competencia linguoestilística en los usuarios de la revista científica cubana Archivo Médico de Camagüey. Métodos: Los resultados se adscribe al proyecto de investigación Perfeccionamiento de competencias profesionales en el contexto de la salud, que se gestiona en el Centro para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud y con la participación del Centro Provincial de Información de las Ciencias Médicas, pertenecientes a la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, el cual se ejecuta entre enero de 2020 y diciembre de 2022. Constituye el acercamiento inicial en un estudio de carácter investigación+desarrollo (I+D) cuya muestra involucra usuarios de la revista. Resultados: Se presentan insuficiencias metodológicas, sintácticas, semánticas y pragmáticas que limitan la calidad de los enunciados e impiden la producción del texto científico. Discusión: Se reconoce la necesidad de sistematizar acciones para el desarrollo de hábitos, habilidades, destrezas y capacidades que determinen el dominio en el profesional de las ciencias médicas de la competencia linguoestilística, de manera que la producción del texto científico se convierta en modo de actuación como desempeño en esta área del saber humano.

Abstract Reading, as a cultural and cognitive activity, is present in the academic processes of children and young people of all educational levels, and particularly, in the blended-learning (b-l) modality. The ability required for reading in print or digital requires a process of training and theoretical-practical schoolwork, guided by teachers; since the ways of reading and approaching texts effectively are not inherent to the human being, it is necessary to learn them. Applying the Systematic Literature Review (RSL) method in a documentary corpus of 43 investigations carried out between 2012 and 2018, this review article presents some trends and characteristics about reading and its digital use in b-learning environments. Among the results, the incidence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the ways in which schoolchildren read and access information, as well as its mediating role in learning and the interaction of the reader with the text, stand out. However, the development of reading skills is not achieved as a direct consequence of the inclusion of technological resources in the b-l environment, whereby it is required to extend the research spectrum, in this regard, specifically in primary education.

Resumen La lectura como actividad cultural y cognitiva está presente en los procesos académicos de niños y jóvenes de todos los niveles educativos, en particular, en la modalidad blended-learning (b-l). El dominio exigido para la lectura en impreso o digital requiere de un proceso de formación y trabajo escolar teórico-práctico orientado por los docentes, pues los modos de leer y aproximarse de forma efectiva a los textos no son inherentes al ser humano, de ahí la necesidad de aprenderlos. Aplicando el método de Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura (RSL) en un corpus documental de 43 investigaciones realizadas entre el 2012 y el 2018, este artículo de revisión expone algunas tendencias y características relacionadas con la lectura y su uso digital en ambientes b-l. Entre los resultados se destacan la incidencia de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en las maneras como los escolares leen y acceden a la información, así como su papel mediador en el aprendizaje y la interacción del lector con el texto. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de competencias lectoras no se logra como consecuencia directa de la inclusión de recursos tecnológicos en el ambiente b-l, razón por la cual se requiere ampliar el espectro de investigación, concretamente, en la educación primaria.

Corpus compilation is a challenging research endeavor that many researchers decide to pursue. Few learner corpora, however, can be easily accessed (e.g.,the International Corpus of Learner English), and none of them carry a variety of text registers written by English learners at different proficiency levels studying in the Brazilian university context. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present the compilation of a learner corpus, much needed in our research and teaching context, pointing out the advantages of building this type of corpus for the understanding of learners’ needs as well as for pedagogical decision-making based on sound data. Presenting a detailed rationale of the corpus compilation, this article reveals the various decisions made in order to guarantee that fair comparisons can be made. To exemplify the value of building a carefully designed corpus, results of previous studies are compared. Some of the conclusions reached refer to the need for discipline-specific tasks to propel writing proficiency and for authorship skills to be developed in English for Academic Purposes classes to foster academic success.

A compilação de corpus é uma empreitada de pesquisa desafiadora que muitos pesquisadores decidem realizar. Poucos corpora de aprendizes, entretanto, podem ser facilmente acessados (por exemplo, o International Corpus of Learner English), e nenhum deles carrega uma variedade de registros textuais escritos por aprendizes de inglês de níveis diferentes de proficiência e que estudam no contexto universitário brasileiro. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a compilação de um corpus de aprendiz, muito necessário em nosso contexto de pesquisa e ensino, evidenciando as vantagens de construir este tipo de corpus para a compreensão das necessidades dos aprendizes, bem como para as tomadas de decisões pedagógicas baseadas em dados sólidos. Apresentando a fundamentação detalhada para a compilação do corpus, este trabalho revela as várias decisões tomadas, a fim de garantir que comparações justas possam ser feitas. Algumas conclusões obtidas referem-se à necessidade de tarefas específicas por área para impulsionar a proficiência na escrita, e para o desenvolvimento das habilidades de autoria nas aulas de Inglês para Fins Acadêmicos para fomentar o sucesso acadêmico.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify genetically enhanced physical skills (speed, strength, endurance and motor coordination), provided by the dermatoglyphic method and to analyze the preliminary correlation between dermatoglyphic and acoustic data of lyrical and pop singers. Methods: the study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee. Four male singers were evaluated (two lyrical and two pop singers), 31-53 years old. Data collection and analysis procedures comprised (1) Survey -Self-Perception of Vocal Characteristics in Singers (vocal habits, voice performance and phenotypic characteristics); (2) Dermatoglyphic Profile (fingerprint image digitalization: predominance of digital drawings (Arch, Loop and Whorl); scores of deltas (D10); the Total Ridge Count (TRC); digital formula and dermatoglyphic profile (aerobic, anaerobic and mix)); (3) Acoustic Analysis (the Expression Evaluator script application to the audio recordings: f0, intensity, spectral slope and long-term average spectrum - LTAS values); and (4) Integrated (Statistical) Analysis; cluster analysis. Results: correlations were found between dermatoglyphic variables (Arch, Loop, Whorl, D10, TRC) and acoustic parameters (f0 (median); intensity (asymmetry); spectral slope (mean); and LTAS (SD)). The dermatoglyphic profile did not segregate singing styles. Conclusion: the dermatoglyphic profiles showed a preliminary correlation with the acoustic vocal measures, especially f0 and LTAS measures.

RESUMO A compilação de corpus é uma empreitada de pesquisa desafiadora que muitos pesquisadores decidem realizar. Poucos corpora de aprendizes, entretanto, podem ser facilmente acessados (por exemplo, o International Corpus of Learner English), e nenhum deles carrega uma variedade de registros textuais escritos por aprendizes de inglês de níveis diferentes de proficiência e que estudam no contexto universitário brasileiro. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a compilação de um corpus de aprendiz, muito necessário em nosso contexto de pesquisa e ensino, evidenciando as vantagens de construir este tipo de corpus para a compreensão das necessidades dos aprendizes, bem como para as tomadas de decisões pedagógicas baseadas em dados sólidos. Apresentando a fundamentação detalhada para a compilação do corpus, este trabalho revela as várias decisões tomadas, a fim de garantir que comparações justas possam ser feitas. Algumas conclusões obtidas referem-se à necessidade de tarefas específicas por área para impulsionar a proficiência na escrita, e para o desenvolvimento das habilidades de autoria nas aulas de Inglês para Fins Acadêmicos para fomentar o sucesso acadêmico.

ABSTRACT Corpus compilation is a challenging research endeavor that many researchers decide to pursue. Few learner corpora, however, can be easily accessed (e.g.,the International Corpus of Learner English), and none of them carry a variety of text registers written by English learners at different proficiency levels studying in the Brazilian university context. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present the compilation of a learner corpus, much needed in our research and teaching context, pointing out the advantages of building this type of corpus for the understanding of learners’ needs as well as for pedagogical decision-making based on sound data. Presenting a detailed rationale of the corpus compilation, this article reveals the various decisions made in order to guarantee that fair comparisons can be made. To exemplify the value of building a carefully designed corpus, results of previous studies are compared. Some of the conclusions reached refer to the need for discipline-specific tasks to propel writing proficiency and for authorship skills to be developed in English for Academic Purposes classes to foster academic success.

Resumen Este artículo presenta un estudio investigativo que explora el rol de las tareas en pareja para promover la investigación educativa en 20 profesores de inglés en formación (once hombres y nueve mujeres) de una universidad pública colombiana. El proyecto fue realizado para ampliar las habilidades y el conocimiento de la investigación educativa mediante el desarrollo de tareas de investigación teórico-prácticas de trabajo en pareja. La información se recopiló a través de notas de campo de observaciones, entrevistas semiestructuradas y diarios de campo. Los resultados sugieren que las tareas de investigación en parejas aumentaron las oportunidades de los estudiantes para adquirir conocimientos y habilidades en investigación educativa. Debido a esa práctica, los participantes aprendieron a definir, formular objetivos-preguntas de investigación, revisar la literatura y plantear metodologías de investigación para finalmente redactar sus propuestas de investigación. Las asignaciones en parejas ofrecieron una manera eficaz de trabajar juntos, negociar, llegar a acuerdos y ganar experiencia mediante la realización de ejercicios de investigación teóricos y prácticos.

Abstract This paper presents a study that explores the role of pair-work tasks to promote educational research in 20 pre-service English language teachers (eleven males and nine females) of a Colombian public university. The project was carried out to enhance educational research skills and knowledge by developing theoretical-practical pair-work research tasks. Data was collected through observation field notes, semi-structured interviews, and field journals. The results suggest that pair-work research tasks increased learners’ opportunities to acquire theoretical and practical educational research knowledge and skills. Due to this exercise, the participants learned to define, formulate research objectives-questions, review the literature, and state research methodologies to finally write their research proposals. Additionally, pair-work research assignments offered an effective way to work together, negotiate, reach agreements, and gain experience by conducting theoretical and practical research exercises.