Abstract: Materials for teaching, reading, and writing have been the subject of interest in historiography of linguistics over the last few decades. This article analyses one of these materials, in order to reconstruct the history of school texts in Chile: Arturo Atria Osorio’s Silabario biológico (1925). The general objective is to study the marks of intralinguistic and extralinguistic ideology (Zamorano Aguilar 2019a and 2019b), for which we start from the communication theory applied to the historiographical fact (Zamorano Aguilar 2012 and 2022), which allows us to combine data relating to the different components that form part of the communicative act from the Jakobsonian, and of pragmatic theories. As for the former, the research demonstrates the author’s attachment to academic doctrines both in orthographic and grammatical terms, probably to GRAE 1911 or 1913. The second, on the other hand, demonstrates the indoctrinatory purpose of this type of work (Calero Vaquera 2004) and its variability according to the interests of the author of the text.

Resumen: Los materiales para la enseñanza de la lectoescritura han sido objeto de interés por parte de los estudios de la historiografía de la lingüística a lo largo de las últimas décadas. En este artículo se analiza uno de ellos con el fin de reconstruir la historia de estos textos en Chile: el Silabario biológico (1925) de Arturo Atria Osorio. El objetivo general, por tanto, es el estudio de las marcas de ideología intralingüística y extralingüística (Zamorano Aguilar 2019a y 2019b), para lo que partimos de la modelización dialógica del hecho historiográfico (Zamorano Aguilar 2012 y 2022), que nos permite conjugar datos relativos a los distintos componentes que forman parte del acto comunicativo desde las teorías jakobsoniana y pragmáticas. En cuanto a la primera, la investigación demuestra el seguimiento por parte del autor de las doctrinas académicas tanto en lo ortográfico como en lo gramatical, probablemente a través de las GRAE de 1911 o 1913. La segunda, por otra parte, demuestra el fin adoctrinador que poseen este tipo de obras (Calero Vaquera 2004) y su variabilidad en función de los intereses del autor del texto.

RESUMEN Se analizan dos corpus de disponibilidad léxica obtenidos de sendas muestras conformadas, cada una, con 180 estudiantes mexicanos de nivel secundaria, con recogidas en 2019 y 2022, respectivamente. El objetivo fue explorar la variabilidad numérica y semántica en la adquisición de vocabulario en adolescentes durante el periodo de pandemia COVID19 y su trascendencia en el comportamiento prospectivo de empleabilidad y autopercepción. Se fundamenta el estudio desde la propuesta conceptual de disponibilidad léxica ofrecida por Reyes y Flores (2018), en tanto que el fundamento psicológico para la interpretación de la variabilidad en la disponibilidad se basó en parámetros que emergen de los postulados básicos de la teoría de los marcos relacionales (Barnes-Holmes et al., 2005). La metodología partió de la recogida de datos, utilizando el test estandarizado para calcular el índice de disponibilidad léxica (López, 2004) organizado en cuatro centros de interés: profesiones, empleos potenciales, pasatiempos y autopercepción. En la primera fase, el análisis estadístico de los resultados se realizó con software libre R con IDE RStudio, con un enfoque cuantitativo comparativo. Las categorías de análisis para la segunda fase fueron: cambios de posición, aparición/pérdida de vocablos, fuerza ilocutiva/enunciativa de adjetivos y autoeficacia en términos analíticos de oposición, conducta arbitraria, influencia social y auto discriminación. Se localizaron resultados en tres grandes ámbitos: mínima adquisición de vocablos frecuentes, desplazamiento de preferencias aparentemente mediadas por la pandemia y pérdida aspiracional de profesiones. En la muestra postpandemia permeó una gran cantidad de "palabras de resistencia" y, en el caso de las mujeres, se halló emergente incidencia en el demérito de la autoimagen.

ABSTRACT In 2019 and 2022, respectivly, we obtained two corpora of lexical availability with 180 mexican high school students informants each one. The objetive was to explore numerical and semantic variability in vocabulary acquisition in adolescents during the COVID19 pandemic period and its relevance in prospective employability and self-perception linguistic behavior. Our study has as its conceptual basis the proposal of lexical availability offered by Reyes and Flores (2018), while the psychological foundation for the interpretation of variability in availability was based on criteria provided by the basic postulates of relational frame theory (Barnes-Holmes et al., 2005). The methodology started with data collection using the standardized test for calculating the index of lexical availability (López, 2004) organized in four centers of interest: professions, potential jobs, hobbies and self-perception. Statistical analysis is on the first phase with results carried out with free R software with IDE RStudio, with a comparative quantitative approach. For the second phase, categories of analysis were: changes of position, occurrence/loss of words, illocutionary/enunciative force of adjectives and self-efficacy in analytical terms of opposition, arbitrary behavior, social influence and self-discrimination. Results were located in three major domains: minimal acquisition of frequent vocabulary, displacement of preferences apparently mediated by the pandemic, and aspirational loss of professions. In the post-pandemic sample, a large number of "resistance words" permeated and, in the case of women, an emerging incidence was found in the demerit of self-image.

Abstract This paper describes the linguistic situation presented by the third person clitics used to refer to the direct object of the verb llamar with data from Mexican Spanish. In the Hispanic grammatical tradition, studies on the phenomenon of the variation of third person clitics have focused on describing how their variability works in a general way with different types of verbs, however, there are very few analyzes in which a detailed study is made with a verb to observe the behavior of its clitics. Although the norm recommends expressing the direct object of the verb llamar with the clitics lo(s) and la(s), this verb has presented variation since its origins, it means, there is also the possibility of using the clitics le(s). The analysis of the data indicates that in Mexico there is a tendency to favor leísta solutions with this verb and this is mainly motivated by the “designativa” meaning of the verb, as well as by the use of se + clitic constructions.

Resumen En este artículo se describe la situación lingüística que presentan los pronombres clíticos de tercera persona utilizados para referir al objeto directo del verbo llamar con datos del español de México. En la tradición gramatical hispánica, los estudios en torno al fenómeno de la variación de los clíticos de tercera persona se han centrado en describir cómo funciona la variabilidad de éstos de manera general con distintos tipos de verbos; no obstante, son muy pocos los análisis en los que se elabora un estudio detallado con un verbo para observar el comportamiento de sus clíticos. A pesar de que la norma recomienda expresar el objeto directo del verbo llamar con los clíticos lo(s) y la(s), este verbo ha presentado variación desde sus orígenes, es decir, existe también la posibilidad de utilizar los clíticos le(s). El análisis de los datos indica que en México hay una tendencia a favorecer las soluciones leístas con este verbo, y esto es motivado principalmente por la acepción “designativa” del verbo, así como por el uso de las construcciones de se + clítico.

Abstract: This research aimed to establish the association between repetition skills and lexical development. A longitudinal design was used that included measurements at 21, 24 and 30 months. Twelve infants from the region of La Araucanía participated, who were evaluated with the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory MCDI 2 and word and nonword repetition tasks. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between expressive vocabulary and repetition, especially of nonwords. A main effect was obtained from the variables lexical status, syllable length and time, in addition to an interactive effect between the last two. Individual variability was observed in the sample. The results obtained are discussed in the light of similar studies on linguistic development and repetition of words and nonwords.

Resumen: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer la asociación entre las habilidades de repetición con el desarrollo léxico. Se utilizó un diseño longitudinal que contempló mediciones a los 21, 24 y 30 meses. Participaron 12 infantes de la región de La Araucanía, quienes fueron evaluados con el Inventario de Desarrollo Comunicativo MacArthur MCDI 2 y tareas de repetición de palabras y pseudopalabras. Los resultados indican que existe una relación significativa entre el vocabulario expresivo y la repetición, especialmente de pseudopalabras. Se obtuvo un efecto principal de las variables estatus léxico, longitud silábica y tiempo, además de un efecto interactivo entre las dos últimas. Se observó variabilidad individual en la muestra. Los resultados obtenidos se discuten a la luz de estudios similares sobre desarrollo lingüístico y repetición de palabras y pseudo palabras.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar un análisis desde la perspectiva francesa del Análisis de Datos Textuales de producciones escritas de estudiantes universitarios ingresantes y avanzados de una carrera de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina. El análisis se enfocó en los recursos lingüísticos (verbos, marcadores discursivos, cantidad y diversidad de palabras, segmentos). Adicionalmente, esto fue considerado en función de variables descriptivas: presencia de información gráfica adicional, uso de información, momento de cursado, posición valorativa y tipo de texto logrado. Los resultados indican escaso uso de marcadores discursivos argumentativos; utilización de palabras proporcionadas para argumentar (sin incluir palabras nuevas); uso frecuente de verbos específicos; influencia de la información adicional en la estructura argumentativa/contraargumentativa pero no en la mayor diversidad y cantidad de palabras. Se destaca la importancia de este análisis porque rescata el carácter dialógico de la argumentación y la singularidad del escrito y su contexto.

Abstract The goal of this study was to carry out an analysis of written argumentative texts by undergraduate freshmen and senior students pursuing a Social Science degree at the National University of Rosario, Argentina. The analysis is grounded in the French perspective of the analysis of Textual Data, and focused on linguistic resources (verbs, discourse markers, number of word and lexical range, segments). Additionally, these linguistic resources were considered in terms of descriptive variables such as presence of additional graphic information, use of information, years of study, evaluative stance and type of text achieved. The results indicate a scarce use of argumentative discourse markers; use of words provided to argument (excluding new words); frequent use of specific verbs; influence of the additional information on the argumentative/counter-argumentative structure but not on the greater variability of words. The importance of this type of analysis is highlighted because it emphasizes the dialogic aspect of argumentation and captures the singularities of writing and its context.

Résumé L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une analyse de données textuelles (perspective française) des productions écrites d'étudiants débutants et avancés inscrits dans une licence en Sciences Sociales à l'Université Nationale de Rosario, en Argentine. L'analyse s’est focalisée sur les ressources linguistiques (verbes, marqueurs discursifs, nombre et diversité des mots, segments). De plus, cela a été considéré en fonction de variables descriptives : présence d'informations graphiques supplémentaires, utilisation des informations, année d'études, position évaluative et type de texte obtenu. Les résultats indiquent une faible utilisation des marqueurs discursifs argumentatifs ; utilisation des mots fournis pour argumenter (sans inclure des nouveaux mots) ; utilisation fréquente de verbes spécifiques ; influence des informations supplémentaires sur la structure argumentative / contre-argumentative mais pas sur la plus grande diversité et quantité de mots. L'importance de cette analyse est mise en évidence car elle récupère le caractère dialogique de l'argumentation et l'unicité de l'écriture et de son contexte.

Abstract Infiltration of a word’s meaning by world-knowledge is argued to be consistent with the semiological principle. While acknowledging variability in what people know about elephants, there is a common core of what everybody knows that we know we can evoke in anybody’s mind; this constitutes the meaning of the word “elephant”. Regarding truth-conditional semantics, to say that the difference between “dog” and canis familiaris “is not a semantic difference; it is not a difference in what they mean” is to equate meaning with truth-value. This would entail that the complex NP direct object in “I took the four-legged fur-bearing carnivorous animal that barks out for a walk” would have the same meaning as the noun “dog”. From a linguistic point of view, this is completely indefensible. My criticism that the truth-conditional approach erroneously takes sentences to be the basic sign/meaning unit is not obviated by the fact that truth-conditional semantics treats sentence meaning as compositional, the point being that sentences are clearly not pairings of sounds with meanings since they do not have stable meanings which could be paired off with their linguistic forms. This is argued to be the case even if one defines meaning as Logical Form.

RESUMO Objetivo caracterizar a produção da fala de crianças e adolescentes usuários de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual (AASI) ou implante coclear (IC) de um programa de reabilitação auditiva. Métodos estudo observacional transversal. Foram analisadas amostras de fala de 15 participantes de um programa de reabilitação auditiva, que consistiam na prova de fonologia do ABFW (ABFW - Teste de Linguagem Infantil nas Áreas de Fonologia, Vocabulário, Fluência e Pragmática) e na fala espontânea, adaptada do Protocolo de Avaliação de Voz do Deficiente Auditivo. Foi aplicado o teste de Wilcoxon para comparar os índices de Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas (PCC) e Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas revisado (PCC-r) das provas de fonologia e o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar os referidos índices, em relação aos graus de inteligibilidade da fala espontânea. Também foi analisada a variabilidade de produção dos fonemas das provas de fonologia. Resultados verificou-se desvio leve nos índices de PCC e PCC-r para as provas de fonologia, com escores superiores para o PCC-r. Os participantes com médias maiores que 85% alcançaram inteligibilidade “Boa” e participantes com médias entre 85% e 50% apresentaram inteligibilidade “Regular/Insuficiente”. Os usuários de AASI não produziram adequadamente os fonemas /s/, /z/, /Ʒ/ /ɲ/, /l, /ʎ/, arquifonema /S/ e arquifonema /R/ e os usuários de IC, os fonemas /ʎ/ e arquifonema /R/. Conclusão o grupo estudado apresentou desvio leve nos índices de PCC e PCC-r, com médias superiores, quando considerada a distorção como acerto. Participantes com inteligibilidade “Boa” apresentaram maiores escores de PCC e PCC-r. Usuários de AASI não produziram fonemas fricativos adequadamente. Foram observadas produções com variação linguística social e regional.

ABSTRACT Purpose To characterize the speech production of children and adolescents from an auditory rehabilitation program who use hearing aids (HA) or cochlear implant (CI). Methods Cross-sectional observational study. Speech samples from 15 participants of a hearing rehabilitation program were analyzed through the phonology test of the ABFW Test and spontaneous conversation, which were adapted from the Protocol for the Evaluation of Voice in Subjects with Hearing Impairment. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) and the Percentage of Consonants Correct–revised (PCC-r) indexes of the phonology test, and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare these indexes to the degrees of intelligibility of spontaneous conversation. The variability of production of the phonemes of the phonology tests was also analyzed. Results There was a mild deviation in the PCC and PCC-r indexes for the phonology tests, with higher scores for the PCC-r. Participants with averages greater than 85% achieved “Good” intelligibility, and participants with averages between 85% and 50% had “Regular/Insufficient” intelligibility. The HA users did not properly produce the phonemes /s/, /z/, /Ʒ/ /ɲ/, /l, /ʎ/, the archiphoneme /S/, and the archiphoneme /R/. The CI users did not properly produce the phonemes /ʎ/ and the archiphoneme /R/. Conclusion The group had a mild deviation in the PCC and PCC-r indexes, with higher means when the distortion was considered correct. Participants with “Good” intelligibility had higher PCC and PCC-r scores. HA users did not produce fricative phonemes properly. There were productions with a social and regional linguistic variation.

Abstract It is proposed that there are elements of cultural continuity, beyond the material, between the populations that have inhabited the central south of Chile and Norpatagonia in Argentina during the last 2000 years. In order to integrate and link symbolic aspects of archaeological record, the Chezungun linguistic area is taken as a reference. From a bioanthropological point of view, the wide mortuary variability from the Early Ceramic Period to the historical period is analyzed.

Resumen Se plantea que existen elementos de continuidad cultural más allá de lo material entre las poblaciones que han habitado el Centro Sur de Chile y Norpatagonia argentina dentro de los últimos 2000 años. Para lograr integrar y vincular aspectos simbólicos del registro arqueológico se toma como referente el área lingüística del chezungun. Desde un punto de vista bioantropológico se analiza la amplia variabilidad mortuoria desde el período Alfarero Temprano al período histórico.

Abstract: This paper presents the main results of a sociopragmatic study of mitigation in the PRESEEA corpus of Santiago de Chile. The method of analysis follows the proposals of, among others, Cestero and Albelda (2012), Briz and Albelda (2013), Cestero y Rodríguez Alfano (2014) and Albelda et al. (2014), which allows to integrate the linguistic, pragmatic-discursive and social factors. From the examination of nine hours of recordings of the Chilean variety of Spanish, obtained from 18 semi-structured interviews, it is concluded that speakers produce 750 mitigated speech acts and a total of 1731 mitigating devices. It is also shown that the main function of mitigating devices in Chilean Spanish is self-protection, and that modus mitigation tends to be the most widely used type of mitigation, mainly through reasons and excuses. Finally, it is concluded that the greater variability occurs in relation to the age and level of education of participants.

Resumen: En este trabajo se presentan los principales resultados del estudio del fenómeno de la atenuación desde la perspectiva sociopragmática en el corpus PRESEEA de Santiago de Chile. Para cumplir este objetivo, se sigue la metodología de análisis propuesta en Cestero y Albelda (2012), Briz y Albelda (2013), Cestero y Rodríguez Alfano (2014) y Albelda et al. (2014), entre otros. De esta manera, se integran tres tipos de factores: lingüísticos, pragmático-discursivos y sociales. A partir de la revisión de nueve horas de grabación de la variedad chilena del español, registradas en 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas, se concluye que los hablantes presentan 750 actos de habla atenuados con 1731 recursos atenuadores. Se comprueba, asimismo, que la autoprotección es la principal función que cumplen los recursos de atenuación en el español chileno y que suele emplearse más la atenuación del modus, sobre todo mediante justificaciones y excusas. Finalmente, se concluye que la mayor variabilidad se produce en relación con los factores edad y nivel de instrucción de los informantes.

Resumen Por décadas, las relaciones espaciotemporales fueron esenciales en propuestas teóricas que sustentaban la variación lingüística histórica, desplazando el espacio euclidiano, el social y el perceptible. La nueva geografía humana, al validar la incorporación de la dimensión espacial en el estudio de la lengua, dio paso a la geolingüística, una corriente interdisciplinaria caracterizada por el eclecticismo científico y el énfasis en procesos y estructuras espaciales de la lengua. Este trabajo examina el referente teórico y conceptual de un estudio en curso sobre espacialidad del español de Santander (Colombia), en concordancia con los cometidos teóricos de la geolingüística. Los planteamientos teóricos y conceptuales que son el enfoque de la presente discusión incluyen aspectos relacionados con los conceptos de espacio y espacialidad: el espacio euclidiano, el social y el perceptible, y aspectos relacionados con la difusión de fenómenos lingüísticos: centros de articulación y difusión, redes, naturaleza y estructura de la dispersión.

Abstract For decades the spatial-temporal relation was fundamental in theories that supported variability in historical linguistics, while downgrading the Euclidian, social, and perceptible spaces. By incorporating the concepts of space and spatiality to the study of language, the new human geography gave way to the development of geolinguistics, an interdisciplinary subject characterized by scientific eclecticism and the emphasis on processes and spatial structures of language. This paper examines the theoretical and conceptual referents of a study of the spatiality of Santander Spanish (Colombia), following the basic theoretical principles of geolinguistics. The theoretical and conceptual referents that constitute the focus of the present article include aspects related to the concepts of space and spatiality: the Euclidian, social, and perceptible space, as well as aspects related to the diffusion of linguistic phenomena: centers of articulation and dispersion, networks, and the nature and structure of the dispersion.

RESUMO A pesquisa objetivou analisar a percepção de gênero foneticamente, pela variabilidade do pitch, na fala de 14 homens, 7 que se autodeclararam gays e 7 autodeclarados heterossexuais. Os áudios foram submetidos a testes de percepção e julgados por ouvintes juízes leigos. Utilizaram-se os pressupostos teóricos da Sociolinguística Variacionista de Labov (2008 [1972]) e Eckert (1989, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2012; ECKERT; MCCONNELL-GINET, 2010), e testes de percepção da fala realizados por Gaudio (1994); Smyth, Jacobs e Rogers (2003); Levon (2007); Campbell-Kibler (2011); entre outros. Médias maiores de variabilidade do pitch dos informantes gays foram verificadas. Na maioria dos aspectos, as médias dos informantes homossexuais da pesquisa, aproximaram-se mais das médias dos informantes gays participantes das pesquisas em língua inglesa que das médias apresentadas por nossos informantes heterossexuais. Assim, devido às semelhanças encontradas nos resultados de algumas pesquisas, parece plausível afirmar haver alguns aspectos universais característicos e típicos de uma “fala gay”.

ABSTRACT The research aimed at phoneticaly examining the speech of 14 men, 7 who declared themselves to be gay and 7 self-declared heterosexuals. The audios of these men´s voices were submitted to tests of perception and judged by evaluating listening lay judges. The theoretical assumptions of Variationist Sociolinguistics by Labov (2008 [1972]) and Eckert (1989, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2012; ECKERT; MCCONNELL-GINET, 2010) and Speech Perception, carried out by Gaudio (1994); Smyth, Jacobs and Rogers (2003); Levon (2007); Campbell-Kibler (2011), among others, were used. Significant greater averages of pitch variability among gay informants were also verified. In most aspects, the averages of homosexual informants were closer to the averages of gay informants participating in English-language surveys than the averages presented by the heterosexual informants. Thus, due to the similarities of results found in some surveys, it seems acceptable to affirm that there are some universal typical aspects that characterize a “gay speech”.

Abstract The study of mitigation, a complex pragmatic phenomenon, has been prioritized in recent decades. It has been approached through linguistic disciplines related to speech, especially pragmatics and discourse analysis. Nevertheless, the sociopragmatic and geolectal variability of mitigation in Spanish has barely been studied. This is the main objective of this paper (which complements the research presented in Authors, this volume), which aims to examine the state of the art on sociolinguistic variation in mitigation strategies, especially within the framework of the Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of Spanish in Spain and America (PRESEEA). The present paper includes the theoretical framework and methodology for the sociodialectal study of mitigation and summarises the main data obtained from a comparison of mitigation in five urban geographic communities: Madrid, Valencia, Las Palmas, Santiago (Chile), and Puebla (Mexico). The comparison addresses the frequency of mitigation, its different functions and the most productive resources in each community. The findings of the present report show convergences and divergences and draw a picture of dialectal and sociolectal patterns in mitigation.

Resumen La atenuación es un fenómeno pragmático de gran complejidad que se ha convertido en objeto de estudio priorizado en las últimas décadas, en las que se ha abordado, especialmente, desde disciplinas que trabajan con el habla, como la pragmática y el análisis del discurso. Uno de los aspectos menos trabajado en relación con las estrategias de atenuación en español, no obstante, es la variabilidad sociopragmática y geolectal en usos y recursos de atenuación. Este último es el cometido fundamental de este trabajo -que se complementa con la investigación presentada en el artículo de Albelda y Cestero (en este mismo volumen, 2020)-, en el que se pretende dar cuenta del estado actual de la investigación variacionista sobre la estrategia atenuadora, especialmente desarrollada en el marco del Proyecto para el estudio sociolingüístico del español de España y América (PRESEEA). En este artículo, se presentan el marco teórico y metodológico del estudio sociogeolectal de la atenuación y los datos relevantes obtenidos de la comparación y el análisis de lo que acontece en el habla de comunidades urbanas estudiadas, como Madrid, Valencia, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santiago de Chile (Chile) y Puebla (México), entre otras, con respecto a la frecuencia de producción de atenuación, a la función para la que se emplea en interacción transaccional, así como a los recursos más productivos en cada comunidad. Todo ello permite vislumbrar convergencias y divergencias, y apuntar patrones dialectales y sociolectales.

Abstract Time perspective is a psychological term that refers to the process by which a person sorts out personal experiences into temporal categories. It is associated with mental health, risk behaviors, cognitive and emotional empathy, and future goals. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) from Zimbardo & Boyd (1999) is a self-administered questionnaire consisting in 56 items with 5 answer options. It examines time perspective in a quantifiable way. The questionnaire was translated and adapted to many languages and cultures, most of which reported satisfactory psychometric evidences. The Spanish version of the ZTPI was first made in Spain by Diaz-Morales (2006). Based on this version, two other Spanish speaking countries, Chile and Mexico, made their own version of the questionnaire. In Argentina, there is a version of the ZTPI valid only for teenagers. In the present work the original ZTPI was translated by 3 experts and a linguistic adaptation was done in order to adequate the items to Argentinean speech. A pilot test using the Diaz-Morales version was carried out. Based on the independent and blinded translations, and on the results of the pilot test, an analysis was made. Many items of the Spanish versions were kept, but 34 of the 56 items were changed so as to be compressible for Argentinians. This work resulted in an Argentinian version of the ZTPI, specially done for that culture. Using this version, a pilot study was done with a sample of 323 adults from Buenos Aires. The analysis shows that the reliability of items was satisfactory (values between a = .59 to a = .78). Internal validity evidences confirm the 5 factors structure shown by the authors. External validity was analyzed showing significant associations among negative past and psychological distress (r = .43; p < .005), present fatalistic and locus of control (r = .45; p < .005) and present hedonistic and Self-efficacy (r = .31; p < .005). To study the error variance due to passing of time, test-retest was carried out, showing high and positive correlations. This means that scores of time perspective show time stability. In conclusion, the results of the psychometric analysis are satisfactory. This indicates that the ZTPI is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to evaluate time perspective in adults from Buenos Aires. An analysis of the variability of ZTPI punctuations was done. It suggests that they are due to two main reasons: educational level and sex. Regarding educational level, significant variations were shown in four of the five factors. The only factor that showed no difference was the positive past. Considering sex, significative differences were shown in four of the five factors of the test, in which medias were higher in women than in men. No differences were shown in hedonistic present factor. With respect to the age, present hedonistic orientation decrease as age grows. On the other hand, as age grows future orientation grows too. These three variables (educational level, sex and age) explain the variability, but it is a partial significance. This implies that time orientation can be understood as a personality characteristic. Consequently, the different punctuations people get in the ZTPI are due to individual differences. Suggestions are made in order to make a definitive adaptation of the ZTPI for Argentina. The most important are increasing the sample with people from other regions of the country and increase the sample to make test-retest. Finally, future research could be oriented to make a short version of the ZTPI and use the questionnaire for evaluation in clinical samples to understand how time perspective works in psychopathologies and then use time orientation as a valid variable for diagnosis and treatment.

Resumen La perspectiva temporal es un término psicológico que refiere al modo en que las personas ordenan sus experiencias en categorías temporales. Se asocia con la salud mental, las conductas de riesgo y los proyectos a futuro. El Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo (ZTPI; Zimbardo y Boyd, 1999) es un cuestionario autoadministrable que evalúa la perspectiva temporal. En este artículo se informan los resultados del estudio psicométrico del ZTPI, realizado en Buenos Aires, sobre la base de la adaptación española del inventario. En este sentido, un propósito fundamental fue analizar si la adaptación española del ZTPI es igualmente válida para su uso en Argentina. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una adaptación lingüística del instrumento que redundó en cambios en la redacción y contenido en la presente versión para adecuarlas a las particularidades del habla en Argentina. Con esta versión, se realizó un estudio piloto con una muestra de 323 personas adultas cuyos datos permitieron el análisis básico de sus propiedades psicométricas. Las evidencias de validez interna corroboran la estructura de cinco componentes del estudio original. La fiabilidad de los ítems en cada factor fue satisfactoria (valores α entre .59 y .78). Los resultados de validez externa muestran asociaciones significativas entre pasado negativo y malestar psicológico (r = .43; p < .005), presente fatalista y locus de control (r = .45; p < .005), presente hedonista y autoeficacia generalizada (r = .31; p < .005). Respecto a la variabilidad obtenida en las puntuaciones del ZTPI se sugiere que, en parte, se debe al nivel educativo y, secundariamente, al sexo. Conforme aumenta la edad, el patrón de orientación al presente hedonista decrece. Lo contrario sucede con el predominio de la orientación futura.

Resumen: Investigaciones focalizadas en la función pragmática del habla dirigida al niño (HDN) han mostrado diferencias entre distintos grupos socioeconómicos (Hart y Risley 1995; Mastin et.al. 2016). En tanto estos estudios fueron realizados en poblaciones que difieren social, cultural y lingüísticamente de la población argentina, la descripción del entorno lingüístico de distintos grupos socioeconómicos de Argentina puede contribuir a dar cuenta de la variabilidad en las experiencias lingüísticas infantiles. Este trabajo se propone estudiar la relación entre el nivel socioeconómico y la función pragmática del HDN considerando la edad del niño y el nivel educativo de la madre a partir de 40 horas de audiograbación en los hogares de 20 niños (8-20 meses de edad). Se observó en el habla dirigida al niño que el incremento de la escolaridad materna aumenta la probabilidad de comentarios y reportes, en tanto que disminuye la probabilidad de directivas. El incremento en la edad del niño disminuye la probabilidad de preguntas.

Abstract: Research focused on the pragmatic function of child-directed speech (CDS) has shown differences between socioeconomic groups (Hart y Risley 1995; Mastin et al. 2016). Since these studies were carried out in populations that differ socially, culturally and linguistically from the Argentinean population, the description of linguistic environment of different socioeconomic groups of Argentina may contribute to account for the variability in children's early linguistic experiences. This work intends to study the relationship between the socioeconomic status and the pragmatic function of the CDS considering children’s age and maternal education by analyzing 40 hours of audio recording in the homes of 20 children (8-20 months of age). Results showed that higher maternal education increases comments and reports probability and decreases directives probability. Results also showed that questions’ probability decreased with children’s age.

In the current paper, first part, we present the design and development of the Argentinean Psycholinguistic Image Naming Test (PAPDI). This test has two characteristics that make it different from those currently available in our country: (a) the stimuli have been selected by controlling the variables that affect the stages of visual analysis and image recognition (Visual Complexity and Image Agreement) and conceptual knowledge (Image Variability and Familiarity) of the drawing of the object; and the variables (Frequency of Use and Age of Acquisition) that affect the stage that seeks to evaluate the test were manipulated: activation, selection and retrieval of the lexical label (phonological form of the name), to generate a gradient of difficulty in the items of the test. However, the variable Naming Agreement, that also affects this stage, was controlled to selected pictures with only one predominating name. The quantification of these factors by means of specific variables is influenced by the cultural and linguistic context from which they were obtained, consequently we took their values from Argentinean normative data base and (b) semantic cues were elaborated according to semantic feature production norms also from Argentina. The phonological cues corresponded to the first syllable of the object's name. Their use allows to generate more precise hypotheses about the location of the deficit and allows to infer relevant information about the cognitive profile. Therefore, the process of construction and development of the test is presented, showing how these particularities were taken into consideration, which variables were controlled and which were manipulated, and their justification. For the design of the test 62, black and white pictures were originally selected from the 400 pictures taken from Cycowicz's set (of frequent use in Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology). They correspond to concrete concepts from different semantic categories belonging to both living andnon living domains. The criteria used to include those images were that they were moderately complex (in quantity of lines and details), moderately familiar and that they had a mean image variability value. They had to have a medium to high concordance degree between the mental image and its corresponding representation. Besides, these images had to have a naming agreement superior to 80%. To conform the first version of the test, the 62 images selected were ordered according to the variable Age of Acquisition and each image was assigned its corresponding semantic and phonological cues. The former were extracted from the Argentinean norms considering the most relevant features. The second consisted on the word´s first syllable. A pilot study with healthy population (n = 50), of different ages, both sexes and three educational levels, was carried out through which 30 images were selected that constituted the test´s final version. The deleted items were: figures that did not evokea univocal response, that is, they were easily confused with other objects; figures that had more than one acceptable answer although not all were correct; and items that presented a ceiling effect where the scores accumulated in high scores and did not allow to discriminate the participants' ability to select, retrieve and produce a word (only 25 and 30% of the items were retained). In the test´s final version, the items were reordered according to the Age of Acquisition and Frequency values and their difficulty in naming (following the percentage of successes in the spontaneous response). And images that were contain in another naming tests were deleted. The test is short enough for use in the clinic and freely accessible. The second part of the paper presents the psychometric studies that provide evidence of their relevance and validity.

En la primera parte de este trabajo se presenta la construcción y el desarrollo de la Prueba Argentina Psicolingüística de Denominación de Imágenes (PAPDI). La misma tiene dos características que la diferencian de las pruebas actualmente disponibles en nuestro medio: (a) Los estímulos fueron seleccionados controlando las variables que afectan las etapas de análisis visual y reconocimiento de la imagen (Complejidad visual y Concordancia con la imagen) y el conocimiento conceptual (Variabilidad de la Imagen y Familiaridad) del dibujo del objeto también se manipularon las variables (Frecuencia léxica y Edad de adquisición) que afectan la etapa que busca evaluar la prueba: activación, selección y recuperación de la etiqueta léxica. Los índices que operacionalizan a las variables son dependientes de la cultura y de la lengua de dónde se obtengan, por ello se tomaron sus valores de normas argentinas. (b) Las claves semánticas han sido elaboradas cuidadosamente, siguiendo las normas de producción de atributos semánticos también recolectadas en nuestro país, ya que el uso de las mismas permite generar hipótesis más precisas acerca de la localización del déficit. Por lo tanto, se presenta el proceso de construcción y desarrollo de la prueba mostrando cómo se tuvieron en cuenta estas particularidades, cuáles variables han sido controladas y cuáles manipuladas, y su justificación. Por último, los resultados de la prueba piloto permitieron seleccionar 30 ítems y la constitución de la versión final de la prueba, que es lo suficientemente breve para su uso en la clínica y de libre acceso.