Abstract: Intragenetic Typology focuses its interest on the analysis of properties that are observed in genetically related languages to explain processes of diachronic linguistic change that manifest themselves without trying to develop proposals for historical reconstruction. The analysis of the comparative constructions in Uto-Aztecan languages that are still spoken in the northwestern region of Mexico, Pima Bajo, Tarahumara, Guarijío, Northern Tepehuan, and Yaqui, allows us to show the variety of types of comparative clauses that occur in these languages and to claim in favor of the different grammaticalization paths that give rise to the marker of the standard of comparison, that is, the key operator that contrasts the topic of comparison with the standard of comparison.

Resumen: La Tipología intragenética centra su interés en el análisis de propiedades que se observan en lenguas genéticamente emparentadas para explicar procesos de cambio lingüístico diacrónico que se manifiestan en ellas sin pretender desarrollar propuestas de reconstrucción histórica. El análisis de las construcciones comparativas en lenguas yuto-aztecas que aún se hablan en la región noroeste de México, pima bajo, tarahumara, guarijío, tepehuano del norte y yaqui, permite mostrar la variedad de tipos de cláusulas comparativas que ocurren en estas lenguas y a partir de ellas proponer las distintas etapas de gramaticalización que dan lugar al surgimiento del marcador del estándar de comparación, dígase el operador clave que contrasta al tópico de la comparación con el estándar de la comparación.

Abstract The aim of this research is to analyze the columns on language published (CSL) in the newspaper La Vanguardia and written by Ramón Carnicer, in the seventies, and Magí Camps, in the second decade of the 21st century. The CSLs are conceived as the product of a linguistic tradition, but, at the same time, they are an ideal instrument for observing the evolution of a language. The results show, on one hand, that both authors have the same linguistic interests and discuss the same issues of idiomatic correctness in their writings, although they are nearly fifty years apart. On the other hand, the columns are a reflect of a period and an excellent tool to study modern Spanish, in particular, the change in the conception of both norm and usage and the evolution towards a pan-Hispanic linguistic policy and respect for other varieties of Spanish or other languages.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las columnas sobre la lengua (CSL) publicadas en el periódico La Vanguardia y escritas por Ramón Carnicer y Magí Camps, el primero de ellos en los años setenta y el segundo en la segunda década del siglo XXI. Concebimos las CSL como producto de una tradición lingüística, pero, al mismo tiempo, son un instrumento ideal para la observación de la evolución de una lengua. Los resultados muestran, por un lado, que ambos autores tienen las mismas preocupaciones lingüísticas y tratan los mismos temas sobre corrección idiomática en sus escritos, aunque les separa una distancia de cerca de cincuenta años. Por otro lado, las columnas son reflejo de una época y un excelente medio para estudiar el español moderno, en concreto, el cambio de concepción tanto de norma como de uso y la evolución hacia una política lingüística panhispánica y de respeto a otras variedades del español u otras lenguas.

Resumo: Embora existam pesquisas consideráveis que reconhecem a necessidade de promover a aprendizagem linguística e sociocultural entre os jovens estudantes de língua inglesa (ELLs) em comunidades rurais, um número menor de pesquisas explora as vantagens do design centrado no ser humano (HCD) para atingir este objetivo. Este estudo deriva de um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo sobre o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de aprendizagem online (FUNREAD), coprojetada com professores de língua inglesa (ELTs), para promover a aprendizagem linguística e sociocultural entre ELLs da sexta série em comunidades rurais na Costa Rica. Este estudo usa uma lente HCD para analisar dados vindos de entrevistas em grupo a partir das percepções e sugestões dos principais consultores curriculares de inglês em nível nacional sobre como melhorar o aprendizado de idiomas, a equidade e a representação para ELLs rurais na Costa Rica. As principais conclusões incluem (1) a necessidade de combinar os materiais de ensino e as tecnologias disponíveis com as características demográficas dos ELL rurais, (2) particularmente onde a ruralidade desempenha um papel importante na forma como o ensino, o desenvolvimento de materiais e as decisões curriculares são feitos. O estudo conclui que a educação para a justiça social, com ênfase na equidade, representação e translinguagem para apoiar a aquisição do inglês, é crucial para o desenvolvimento de materiais de ensino eficazes para ELLs rurais na Costa Rica. Diretrizes baseadas em evidências derivadas do HCD são fornecidas para auxiliar no processo de desenvolvimento.

Resumen: Mientras que un número considerable de investigaciones reconocen la necesidad de promover el aprendizaje lingüístico y sociocultural entre los jóvenes estudiantes de inglés (ELL) en las comunidades rurales, menos investigaciones han explorado las ventajas del diseño centrado en el ser humano (HCD) para lograr este objetivo. Este estudio se deriva de un proyecto de investigación de diseño más amplio para desarrollar una plataforma de aprendizaje en línea (FUNREAD), codiseñada con profesores de inglés (ELT), para promover el aprendizaje lingüístico y sociocultural entre los ELL de sexto grado en las comunidades rurales de Costa Rica. Este estudio utiliza una lente de HCD para analizar los datos de entrevistas grupales de dos asesores clave del currículo de inglés a nivel nacional y sus ideas y sugerencias para mejorar el aprendizaje de idiomas, la equidad y la representación de los estudiantes ELL rurales en Costa Rica. Los hallazgos clave incluyen (1) la necesidad de adaptar los materiales didácticos y las tecnologías disponibles a las características demográficas de los estudiantes ELL rurales, (2) especialmente cuando la ruralidad juega un papel importante en cómo se toman las decisiones sobre la enseñanza, el desarrollo de materiales y el currículo. El estudio concluye que la educación para la justicia social, con énfasis en la equidad, la representación y el translenguaje para apoyar la adquisición del inglés, es crucial para el desarrollo de materiales didácticos eficaces para los estudiantes ELL rurales en Costa Rica. Se proporcionan directrices basadas en la evidencia derivadas del HCD para ayudar en el proceso de desarrollo.

Abstract: While considerable research recognizes the need to promote linguistic and sociocultural learning among youth English language learners (ELLs) in rural communities, less research has explored the advantages of human-centered design (HCD) in achieving this goal. This study branches from a larger design research project to develop an online learning platform (FUNREAD), co-designed with English language teachers (ELTs), to promote linguistic and sociocultural learning among sixth grade ELLs in rural communities in Costa Rica. This study uses an HCD lens to analyze group interview data from two key national-level English curriculum advisers’ insights and suggestions for improving language learning, equity, and representation for rural ELLs in Costa Rica. Key findings include (1) the need to adapt teaching materials and available technologies to demographic characteristics of rural ELLs, (2) especially when rurality plays a major role in how teaching, materials development, and curricular decisions are made. The study concludes that social justice education, with an emphasis on equity, representation, and translanguaging to support English language acquisition, is crucial to the development of effective teaching materials for rural ELLs in Costa Rica. Evidence-based guidelines derived from HCD are provided to assist in the development process.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this paper is to explain the method of Interactional Discourse Analysis (IDA) conceived and developed in the Latin American context, based on categories that have emerged from empirical research on political and academic discourse over a period of 40 years. Originality/support: The main contribution of this method lies in its multidisciplinary theoretical and methodological framework, which differs in many aspects from European critical analyses. It is anchored in four central categories: dialogue, text, evaluation, and change, which allow for the examination of discursive and ideological issues. IDA serves as a guiding tool for research in the humanities and social sciences. Method: The research is conducted from a synchronic (micro) and diachronic (macro) perspective. The former investigates the interaction among text producers in different types of dialogues, while the latter observes interaction and ideologies throughout social change. Strategies/Data collection: Data collection strategies from linguistics, conversation analysis, dialogue studies, and social sciences are employed. Conclusions: IDA is a recognized multidisciplinary Latin American method that contributes to uncovering patterns of interaction and changes in political and academic discourse.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo é explicar o método de Análise Interacional do Discurso (IAD) que vem sendo construído e desenvolvido no contexto latino-americano, a partir de categorias que emergiram de pesquisas empíricas sobre o discurso político e acadêmico ao longo de 40 anos. Originalidade/suporte: A principal contribuição do método é oferecer um quadro teórico-metodológico multidisciplinar que difere em muitos aspectos das análises críticas europeias. Está ancorado em quatro categorias centrais: diálogo, texto, avaliação e mudança, que permitem examinar problemas discursivos e ideológicos. A AID serve de orientação para pesquisas nas áreas de humanidades e ciências sociais. Método: A pesquisa é realizada numa perspectiva sincrónica (micro) e diacrônica (macro). A primeira estuda a interação entre os produtores dos textos em diferentes tipos de diálogos e a segunda observa a interação e as ideologias ao longo da mudança social. Estratégias/ coleta de datos: São utilizadas estratégias de coleta de dados da linguística, da análise da conversação, do diálogo e das ciências sociais. Conclusões: A AID é um método multidisciplinar reconhecido na América Latina que contribui para revelar padrões de interação e mudanças no discurso político e acadêmico.

Resumen Objetivo: Explicar el método del Análisis Interaccional del Discurso (AID) que ha sido construido y desarrollado en el contexto latinoamericano con base en categorías surgidas de la investigación empírica sobre el discurso político y académico a lo largo de cuarenta años. Originalidad/aporte: El principal aporte del método es que ofrece un marco teórico-metodológico multidisciplinar diferente en muchos aspectos a los análisis críticos europeos. Se ancla en cuatro categorías centrales: diálogo, texto, evaluación y cambio, que permiten examinar problemas discursivos e ideológicos. El AID sirve para orientar la investigación en las humanidades y en las ciencias sociales. Método: La investigación se lleva a cabo desde una perspectiva sincrónica (micro) y diacrónica (macro). La primera estudia la interacción entre los productores de los textos en diferentes tipos de diálogos y la segunda observa la interacción y las ideologías a lo largo del cambio social. Estrategias/recolección de información: Se usan estrategias de recolección de datos de la lingüística, el análisis de la conversación, el diálogo y las ciencias sociales. Conclusiones: El AID es un método latinoamericano multidisciplinar reconocido que contribuye a develar patrones de interacción y cambios en el discurso político y académico.

Abstract Several proposals have been presented to make Spanish more inclusive in recent decades. In the case of inclusive language for a third gender, different groups advocate for new suffixes, such as <-@, -*, -x, -e, and -i>. In this work, I suggest that an option aligned with general trends in linguistic change is more likely to succeed, although intentional language planning will likely still be needed. Characteristics of a more easily adoptable third-gender suffix are presented, and each potential suffix is evaluated to determine which could be more successful from the perspective of linguistic change.

Resumo Têm sido apresentadas diversas propostas para tornar o espanhol mais inclusivo nas últimas décadas. No caso da linguagem inclusiva para um terceiro género, diferentes grupos defendem novos sufixos, tais como -@, -*, -x, -e e -i. Neste trabalho, sugiro que uma opção alinhada com as tendências gerais da mudança linguística tem mais possibilidades de sucesso, embora ainda haja a necessidade de planeamento linguístico intencional. Apresentam-se as características de um sufixo de terceiro género mais facilmente adotável, e avalia-se cada sufixo para determinar qual poderia ser mais bem-sucedido sob a ótica da mudança linguística.

Resumen Diversas propuestas han sido presentadas para hacer el español más inclusivo en las últimas décadas. En el caso del lenguaje inclusivo para un tercer género, distintos grupos defienden nuevos sufijos, como -@, -*, -x, -e e -i. En este trabajo, sugiero que una opción alineada con las tendencias generales en el cambio lingüístico tiene más posibilidades de éxito, si bien existe aún la necesidad de planificación lingüística intencional. Se presentan características de un sufijo de tercer género más fácil de adoptar, y cada sufijo se evalúa para determinar cuál podría ser más exitoso desde la perspectiva del cambio lingüístico.

Abstract Objective To adapt the Scale of Perception of Respect for and Maintenance of the Dignity of the Inpatient (CuPDPH) to the Brazilian language and culture and to assess its psychometric properties. Results The scale was evaluated by 15 experts, and 239 patients from three tertiary hospitals in Rio de Janeiro. All participants signed a consent form. Data have shown adequacy of the model (KMO=0.839, Bartlett's test of sphericity: χ2(171) = 2241.3, p = 0.000010), good adjusted content validity (CVCa ≥ 0.90), internal consistency and reliability, such as α = 0.927. Discussion CuPDPH is a rating scale on observable professional attitudes. Illnesses change lives and impose adaptation to a new situation, perceived as depersonalization, leading patients to try to regain control of their lives. Patients expressed “ill will” to fill out the scale. Psychiatric patients’ scale filling time was higher than others. A sample from three Rio de Janeiro third-level hospitals may not reflect the country's population; also, this adaptation may not comprise all linguistic variations of Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese-speaking countries. Conclusion The Portuguese version of the Scale of Perception of Respect for and Maintenance of the Dignity of the Inpatient (CuPDPH), a 19-item, six-component version is a reliable instrument to measure the perception of internal medicine, surgical, and psychiatric patients on the maintenance of their dignity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This knowledge could be used in advancing research on patients’ perception of dignity, as well as professional ethical competencies, staff-patient relationship skills, and leadership development in medical and other healthcare professional education. (CuPDPH properties 1 experts 23 form KMO=0.839, KMO0839 KMO 0 839 (KMO=0.839 Bartletts Bartlett s sphericity χ2171 χ χ2 171 χ2(171 22413 2241 3 2241.3 0.000010, 0000010 0.000010 , 000010 0.000010) CVCa 0.90, 090 0.90 90 0.90) reliability 0927 927 0.927 attitudes situation depersonalization ill will others thirdlevel third level countrys country population also Portuguesespeaking speaking countries CuPDPH, 19item, 19item item 19 item, 19-item sixcomponent six component medicine surgical Brazil competencies staffpatient staff patient skills education 2 KMO=0.839 KMO083 83 (KMO=0.83 χ217 17 χ2(17 224 2241. 000001 0.00001 00001 09 0.9 9 092 92 0.92 KMO=0.83 KMO08 8 (KMO=0.8 χ21 χ2(1 22 00000 0.0000 0000 0. KMO=0.8 KMO0 (KMO=0. χ2( 0.000 000 KMO=0. (KMO=0 0.00 00 KMO=0 (KMO= 0.0 KMO= (KMO

Abstract Faria (2021) offers an extraordinary discussion concerning topics that are rarely treated in relation with each other: change in mental content, its relevance for inferential validity and its consequences for agential responsibility (both in action and thought). Faria’s (2021) goal is to defend that the impermanence of content, the vulnerability of ordinary inferences, the role of luck and the lack of control in our thoughts and actions are inescapable elements of ordinary life. In this paper I will argue that Faria’s arguments are successful, yet I will cast doubt over the specific consequences that Faria draws from them. I will show that, even though there is in fact impermanence, vulnerability and luck, they are not overwhelming and, thus, do not modify our intuitive understanding of contents, beliefs and rationality.

Resumen Faria (2021) presenta una extraordinaria discusión sobre temas que rara vez suelen entrelazarse en la tradición analítica: el cambio en el contenido mental, su relevancia para la validez inferencial y las consecuencias que esto tiene para la responsabilidad (tanto en la acción como en el pensamiento). La meta de Faria (2021) es defender que la impermanencia del contenido, la vulnerabilidad de nuestras inferencias, el azar y la falta de control en nuestros pensamientos y acciones forman parte ineludible de nuestra forma de vida. En este trabajo argumentaré que dichos argumentos son exitosos, aunque pondré en duda las consecuencias específicas que Faria (2021) obtiene de estos, argumentando que si bien hay impermanencia, vulnerabilidad y azar, no son tan radicales como para afectar nuestra concepción intuitiva de contenidos, creencia y racionalidad.

ABSTRACT: With the current policy of internationalization of federal universities in Brazil, with the design of an appraisal system, and with the rapid trend towards digitization, there have been far-reaching changes in the day-to-day organization of academic life and in the communicative practices of academics. Before the internationalization policy, the main language of research was Portuguese, but now there is a growing shift to English in some fields. This article focuses on the impact of these changes on the language and literacy practices of academic staff, and on the stances and strategies they have adopted vis-à-vis the changes. It draws on interviews conducted with academics during a critical ethnographic research project carried out in two federal universities in 2019. The focus was on their academic trajectories over time, their techno-linguistic biographies and their views on the changes. I present detailed insights from research conducted with three academics at one of the federal universities. ABSTRACT Brazil system digitization farreaching far reaching daytoday day Portuguese fields staff visàvis vis à 2019 time technolinguistic techno linguistic 201 20 2

RESUMO: Com a atual política de internacionalização das universidades federais no Brasil, com o projeto de um sistema de avaliação e o rápido avanço para a digitalização, há mudanças de longo prazo na organização da vida acadêmica diária e nas práticas comunicativas dos professores universitários. Antes da política de internacionalização, a principal língua na área da pesquisa era o português, mas agora há uma mudança crescente para o inglês em algumas áreas. Este artigo enfoca o impacto dessas mudanças nas práticas de linguagem e letramento de docentes, e nas posturas e estratégias que eles/as adotaram diante das mudanças. Baseia-se em entrevistas conduzidas com acadêmicos/as em um projeto de pesquisa etnográfica crítica realizada em duas universidades federais em 2019. O foco eram as trajetórias acadêmicas, as biografias tecno-linguísticas e as percepções sobre as mudanças. Apresento insights detalhados de pesquisa realizada com três acadêmicos/as em uma das universidades federais. RESUMO Brasil digitalização universitários português áreas docentes elesas eles Baseiase Baseia se acadêmicosas acadêmicos 2019 acadêmicas tecnolinguísticas tecno linguísticas 201 20 2

This article explores the use of artificial stuttering as a powerful practice and therapy in higher education in Palestine where the need for applied drama is increasing. It specifically focuses on the artistic and/or performative re-employment of Charles Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby to enhance the academic achievement and social development of dysfluent students throughout and beyond their university education. By using extra-curricular, art-mediated training and in-class performance of chosen passages from Dickens's narrative, students not only improve their linguistic and intellectual competencies but also develop dynamic confidence to articulate themselves in daily social contexts during self-presentation. This academic practice, which is part of a one-term educational disability programme, focuses on training a selected number of undergraduate students with a severe or mild stutter by relying on the technique of artificial impersonation of the stuttering of Smike, who is one of the most common Victorian dysfluent characters, in different melodramatic acts. In this experience, students show linguistic growth and social command of communication, and thus chart a new subjective identity.

ChatGPT's adaptability spans various fields, notably scientific research. This research investigates the transformative possibilities of incorporating ChatGPT into scientific enquiry, employing a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis to examine its merits and drawbacks. The analysis highlights the model' s strengths, encompassing an extensive knowledge base, linguistic proficiency, information-retrieval capabilities, and continuous learning capacity. Conversely, it uncovers weaknesses such as a lack of contextual comprehension, potential dependence on training data, limitations in information verification, and constrained critical thinking abilities. Amidst these considerations, opportunities emerge, including support for literature reviews, fostering collaborative ideation, facilitating seamless language translation, interpretation, and enhancing knowledge dissemination. However, a range of threats looms, encompassing concerns about plagiarism, ethical dilemmas, the dissemination of misinformation, and the potential erosion of higher-order cognitive skills. These multifaceted elements warrant comprehensive examination. Recommendations for researchers incorporating ChatGPT advocate for a balanced approach that harmonises artificial intelligence with human creativity to maintain research integrity. The potential of ChatGPT to reshape scientific exploration hinges on judicious use and ongoing oversight.

Biodiversity research is vital to understand the complexity and global scale of the biodiversity crisis, necessitating diverse participation and perspectives through collaborative efforts. However, the current state of biodiversity research highlights significant issues concerning inclusivity, representation, and equitable collaboration. Local expertise from biodiversity-rich countries and regions is often underrepresented, with Western institutions dominating the field. This imbalance hinders effective conservation initiatives and limits opportunities for local scientists to contribute to biodiversity knowledge. Addressing these challenges requires a collective effort, acknowledging the complexity and interplay of factors, such as linguistic bias and capacity constraints, across different levels of the research landscape. In this paper, we present a comprehensive set of strategies aimed at promoting and enhancing inclusivity in the biodiversity research community. These strategies encompass researchers, publishers, institutions, and funding bodies, and are designed to embrace diversity, dismantle barriers, and foster effective collaboration. We aim to advocate change by creating a research landscape that values and integrates diverse perspectives, empowers researchers from underrepresented regions, and bridges critical knowledge gaps hindering comprehensive biodiversity research. Together, these collective efforts can drive a paradigm shift fostering a more inclusive and impactful approach to biodiversity research that ensures equitable representation and maximizes the potential of our diverse and collective knowledge for conserving biodiversity and ecosystems.

A pesquisa em biodiversidade é vital para entender a complexidade e a escala da crise global da biodiversidade, exigindo participação e perspectivas diversas por meio de esforços colaborativos. No entanto, o estado atual da pesquisa em biodiversidade destaca questões significativas relativas à inclusão, representação e colaboração equitativa. A experiência local de países e regiões ricas em biodiversidade é frequentemente sub-representada, com as instituições ocidentais ricas dominando o a área de pesquisa. Esse desequilíbrio dificulta iniciativas efetivas de conservação e limita as oportunidades para os cientistas locais contribuírem para o conhecimento da biodiversidade. Enfrentar esses desafios requer um esforço coletivo, reconhecendo a complexidade e a interação de fatores, como viés linguístico e limitações de infra-estrutura, em diferentes níveis do cenário de pesquisa. Neste artigo, apresentamos um conjunto abrangente de estratégias destinadas a promover e aumentar a inclusão na comunidade de pesquisa em biodiversidade. Essas estratégias abrangem pesquisadores, editoras, instituições e órgãos de financiamento e são projetadas para abraçar a diversidade, desmantelar barreiras e promover uma colaboração efetiva. Nosso objetivo é defender a mudança criando um cenário de pesquisa que valorize e integre perspectivas diversas, capacite pesquisadores de regiões sub-representadas e preencha lacunas críticas de conhecimento que impedem a pesquisa abrangente sobre biodiversidade. Juntos, esses esforços coletivos podem impulsionar uma mudança de paradigma, promovendo uma abordagem mais inclusiva e impactante para a pesquisa em biodiversidade que garanta uma representação equitativa e maximize o potencial de nosso conhecimento diversificado e coletivo para conservar a biodiversidade e os ecossistemas.

Biodiversity research is vital to understand the complexity and global scale of the biodiversity crisis, necessitating diverse participation and perspectives through collaborative efforts. However, the current state of biodiversity research highlights significant issues concerning inclusivity, representation, and equitable collaboration. Local expertise from biodiversity-rich countries and regions is often underrepresented, with Western institutions dominating the field. This imbalance hinders effective conservation initiatives and limits opportunities for local scientists to contribute to biodiversity knowledge. Addressing these challenges requires a collective effort, acknowledging the complexity and interplay of factors, such as linguistic bias and capacity constraints, across different levels of the research landscape. In this paper, we present a comprehensive set of strategies aimed at promoting and enhancing inclusivity in the biodiversity research community. These strategies encompass researchers, publishers, institutions, and funding bodies, and are designed to embrace diversity, dismantle barriers, and foster effective collaboration. We aim to advocate change by creating a research landscape that values and integrates diverse perspectives, empowers researchers from underrepresented regions, and bridges critical knowledge gaps hindering comprehensive biodiversity research. Together, these collective efforts can drive a paradigm shift fostering a more inclusive and impactful approach to biodiversity research that ensures equitable representation and maximizes the potential of our diverse and collective knowledge for conserving biodiversity and ecosystems.

La investigación sobre la biodiversidad es vital para comprender la complejidad y la escala global de la crisis de la biodiversidad, lo cual requiere una participación y perspectivas diversas a través de esfuerzos de colaboración. Sin embargo, el estado actual de la investigación sobre la biodiversidad pone de relieve cuestiones importantes relacionadas con la inclusión, la representación y la colaboración equitativa. Los conocimientos locales de los países y regiones ricos en biodiversidad suelen tener menor representación, mientras que las instituciones occidentales dominan este campo. Este desequilibrio obstaculiza las iniciativas de conservación efectivas y limita las oportunidades para que los científicos locales contribuyan al conocimiento de la biodiversidad. Abordar estos desafíos requiere un esfuerzo colectivo, reconociendo la complejidad y la interacción de factores, como el sesgo lingüístico y las limitaciones de capacidad, en los diferentes niveles del panorama de la investigación. En este documento, presentamos un conjunto integral de estrategias destinadas a promover y mejorar la inclusión en la comunidad de investigación de la biodiversidad. Estas estrategias abarcan a investigadores, editores, instituciones y organismos de financiación y están diseñadas para abarcar la diversidad, desmantelar las barreras y fomentar una colaboración eficaz. Nuestro objetivo es abogar por el cambio mediante la creación de un panorama de investigación que valore e integre diversas perspectivas, empodere a los investigadores de regiones con menor representación y cierre las brechas críticas de conocimiento que obstaculizan la investigación integral de la biodiversidad. Estos esfuerzos colectivos impulsan un cambio de paradigma, lo cual fomentaría un enfoque más inclusivo que impacte la investigación de la biodiversidad y garantice la representación equitativa. Todo esto, maximiza el potencial de un conocimiento diverso y colectivo para conservar la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas de forma efectiva.

Resumo Estudos comparativos intratipológicos aumentam a possibilidade de estabelecer hipóteses sobre a estabilidade de mudança em línguas geneticamente relacionadas. O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados da análise de sete diferentes construções morfossintáticas e reflete a variação que se observa em línguas da mesma família linguística e área geográfica. A discussão dos resultados mostra semelhanças e diferenças entre as línguas como evidência da estabilidade que manifestam conforme sua proximidade com a protolinguagem ou distanciamento dela. A relativa estabilidade ou não estabilidade mostrada pelos idiomas pode ser motivada por vários fatores.

Abstract Comparative intra-typological studies enhance the possibility of establishing hypotheses on the stability of change in genetically related languages. The present work presents the results of the analysis of seven different morphosyntactic constructions and reflects the variation that is observed in languages of the same linguistic family and geographical area. The discussion of the results shows similarities and differences between the languages as evidence of the stability that they show according to their closeness to the proto-language or distance from it. The relative stability or non-stability shown by languages may be motivated by different factors.

Resumen Los estudios comparativos de corte intra-tipológico potencializan la posibilidad de establecer hipótesis sobre la estabilidad del cambio en lenguas genéticamente emparentadas. El presente trabajo plantea los resultados del análisis de siete distintas construcciones morfosintácticas y se reflexiona la variación que se observa en lenguas de una misma familia lingüística y zona geográfica. La discusión de los resultados muestra similitudes y diferencias entre las lenguas como evidencias de la estabilidad que manifiestan según su cercanía hacia la proto-lengua o la distancia de ella. La relativa estabilidad o no-estabilidad que muestran las lenguas puede estar motivada por factores diversos.

Legislative definitions must be as clear and precise as possible. Different sources for legislative drafting provide guidelines on how to ensure clarity and precision. Many of these guidelines provide language-related advice. However, language guidelines and linguistic principles are not the same thing. Garth Thornton's book is one of the few that suggests drafters study language to benefit their drafting techniques. He specifically mentions the link between language and society, and claims that drafters will gain by understanding how meaning (and language) change owing to societal changes. This article explores Thornton's observation by attending to the polysemy and possible semantic change of the word "strike", taken from the case of SaSrIA v Slabbert Burger Transport [2008] ZASCA 73. The article claims that social processes like lived experiences and changing perspectives function as drivers of semantic change. These changes lead to the development of new semantic variations that coexist with the old or base meaning of a word, resulting in polysemy. Polysemy has the potential to cause vagueness, ambiguity and uncertainty, which complicates drafters' task in producing clear and precise texts. Understanding the complexity and instability of words ahead of time could aid drafters to hone their definitions for better legal communication. To prevent unnecessary semantic pitfalls, the contribution further suggests that drafters apply their linguistic awareness (referred to as the "lexicological approach") to words chosen for definition, as well as to a selection of words deliberately left undefined.

Resumen Se aplica el concepto de normalidad en sus connotaciones descriptiva y normativa al campo de la salud mental, destacando su tonalidad ética en diferentes contextos culturales y situacionales. Se define la ética como la justificación lingüística de la moral y se caracteriza a la bioética como fuente de argumentos basados en procesos dialógicos, discursivos y deliberativos. La toma de decisiones en clave bioética influencia las relaciones humanas y posee implicaciones para el diagnóstico, el pronóstico, las intervenciones y la evaluación de resultados y consecuencias. La normalidad en salud mental debiera ser reformulada sobre la base de principios bioéticos a fin de impedir ser fuente de estigma y discriminación en una época en que la diversidad y el cambio cultural imponen una redefinición de límites conceptuales y la despatologización de diferentes formas de conducta y vivencia.

Abstract This article applies the concept of normality, in both its descriptive and normative connotations, to the field of mental health, emphasizing its ethical undertones in different cultural and situational contexts. Ethics is defined as the linguistic justification of morals, and bioethics is characterized by arguments based on dialogical, discursive, and deliberative processes. Bioethical decision-making influences human relationships and has implications for diagnosis, prognosis, interventions, and evaluation of therapeutic results and outcomes. Normality in mental health should be reformulated on bioethical principles to avoid being a source of stigma and discrimination, at a time when human diversity and cultural change impose a redefinition of conceptual boundaries and depathologization of different forms of behavior and experience.