ABSTRACT: This study determined the extraction conditions, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Citrus nobilis. The results illustrated that soaking in the 9% (w/v) NaCl solution for 2 h with a sample and solvent ratio of 1:3 (w/v) and a subsequent extraction time of 45 min yielded the highest extraction efficiency, reaching 3.66% (w/w). The main chemical components of the essential oils were limonene (90.42%), β-myrcene (4.7%), and α-pinene (1.22%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the density of 5x104, 5x105, and 5x106 cells/mL of Escherichia coli were 100, 125, and 125 mg/mL, respectively; for Staphylococcus aureus were 75, 100, and 125 mg/mL, respectively; and for Bacillus cereus were 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at densities of 5x104, 5x105, 5x106 cells/mL of E. coli were 175, 225, 225 mg/mL, S. aureus were 150, 200, 225 mg/mL, and B. cereus were 125, 175, 200 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activities of Aspergillus flavus of orange essential oils according to the agar dilution method at concentrations of 0.025-0.1%) on the 5th day were 8.84-30.61%. ABSTRACT conditions composition nobilis 9 w/v wv w v (w/v 13 1 3 1: 4 efficiency 366 66 3.66 w/w. ww w/w . (w/w) 90.42%, 9042 90.42% , 90 42 (90.42%) βmyrcene β myrcene 4.7%, 47 4.7% 7 (4.7%) αpinene α pinene 1.22%. 122 1.22% 22 (1.22%) MIC (MIC 5x104 x 5x105 5x10 cellsmL cells mL 12 mgmL mg mg/mL respectively 75 50 10 MBC (MBC E 175 S 150 B 20 0.0250.1% 002501 0.025 0.1% 0 025 0.025-0.1% th 8.8430.61%. 8843061 8.84 30.61%. 8 84 30 61 8.84-30.61% 36 6 3.6 (w/w 904 90.42 (90.42% 4.7 (4.7% 1.22 (1.22% 5x1 5 17 15 0250 0.0250.1 00250 0025 0.02 01 0.1 02 0.025-0.1 8430 8.8430.61% 884306 884 8.8 3061 30.61% 8.84-30.61 3. 90.4 (90.42 4. (4.7 1.2 (1.22 5x 0.0250. 002 0.0 0. 0.025-0. 843 8.8430.61 88430 88 8. 306 30.61 8.84-30.6 90. (90.4 (4. 1. (1.2 0.0250 00 0.025-0 8.8430.6 8843 30.6 8.84-30. (90. (4 (1. 0.025- 8.8430. 30. 8.84-30 (90 ( (1 8.8430 8.84-3 (9 8.843 8.84-

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as condições de extração, composição química e atividades antimicrobianas dos óleos essenciais de Citrus nobilis. Os resultados demonstram que a imersão na solução de NaCl a 9% (p/v) por 2 h com uma proporção de amostra e solvente de 1:3 (p/v) e um tempo de extração subsequente de 45 min produziu a maior eficiência de extração, atingindo 3,66 % (p/p). Os principais componentes químicos dos óleos essenciais foram limoneno (90,42%), β-mirceno (4,7%) e α-pineno (1,22%). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) na densidade de 5x104, 5x105 e 5x106 células/mL de Escherichia coli foram 100, 125 e 125 mg/mL, respectivamente, e para Staphylococcus aureus foram 75, 100 e 125 mg/mL, respectivamente, e para Bacillus cereus foram 50, 75 e 100 mg/mL, respectivamente. A concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) em densidades de 5x104, 5x105, 5x106 células/mL de E. coli foram 175, 225, 225 mg/mL, S. aureus foram 150, 200, 225 mg/mL e B. cereus foram 125, 175, 200 mg/mL, respectivamente. As atividades inibitórias de Aspergillus flavus dos óleos essenciais de laranja, de acordo com o método de diluição em ágar nas concentrações 0,025-0,1%, no dia cinco foram 8,84-30,61%. RESUMO nobilis 9 p/v pv p v (p/v 13 1 3 1: 4 366 66 3,6 p/p. pp p/p . (p/p) 90,42%, 9042 90,42% , 90 42 (90,42%) βmirceno β mirceno 4,7% 47 7 (4,7% αpineno α pineno 1,22%. 122 1,22% 22 (1,22%) CIM (CIM 5x104 x 5x10 célulasmL células mL 12 mgmL mg respectivamente 10 50 MBC (MBC E 175 S 150 B 20 laranja 0,0250,1%, 002501 0,025 0,1%, 0 025 0,025-0,1% 8,8430,61%. 8843061 8,84 30,61%. 8 84 30 61 8,84-30,61% 36 6 3, (p/p 904 90,42 (90,42% 4,7 (4,7 1,22 (1,22% 5x1 5 17 15 0250 0,0250,1% 00250 0025 0,02 01 0,1% 02 0,025-0,1 8430 8,8430,61% 884306 884 8,8 3061 30,61% 8,84-30,61 90,4 (90,42 4, (4, 1,2 (1,22 5x 0,0250,1 002 0,0 0,1 0,025-0, 843 8,8430,61 88430 88 8, 306 30,61 8,84-30,6 90, (90,4 (4 1, (1,2 0,0250, 00 0, 0,025-0 8,8430,6 8843 30,6 8,84-30, (90, ( (1, 0,0250 0,025- 8,8430, 30, 8,84-30 (90 (1 8,8430 8,84-3 (9 8,843 8,84-

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of lime essential oil as a substitute for synthetic preservatives in beef sausage, considering consumer demand for healthy meat products produced with natural ingredients. Lime peel essential oil (LEO) was obtained by hydrodistillation and subjected to an evaluation of antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion and microdilution method. Its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Three sausage formulations were developed in this study: the first without preservatives (LC), the second with synthetic preservatives (L1), and the third containing 0.5% lime essential oil (L2). Physicochemical and microbiological analyses indicated that all treatments followed current legislation, although the moisture content exceeded the maximum limit. The pH and color varied significantly during refrigerated and frozen storage, reaching stability after 20 days. lime essential oil, with D-limonene as the majority component, proved to be effective in inhibiting microbial growth at a concentration of 0.5%, preserving the physicochemical composition of the sausage. Furthermore, there is a tendency for the color to stabilize during frozen storage. Therefore, 0.5% lime essential oil is a viable and natural alternative for application in meat sausages, such as fresh sausage, and adds a different flavor and aroma to this product. ingredients LEO (LEO method spectrometry LC, LC , (LC) L1, L1 L (L1) 05 0 5 0.5 L2. L2 . (L2) legislation limit storage 2 days Dlimonene D limonene component Furthermore Therefore sausages product (LC (L1 0. (L2 (L

RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o potencial do óleo essencial de limão como substituto para conservantes sintéticos em linguiça de carne bovina, considerando a demanda dos consumidores por produtos cárneos saudáveis e produzidos com ingredientes naturais. O óleo essencial da casca do limão (OEL) foi obtido por hidrodestilação, e submetido a avaliação da atividade antibacteriana pelo método de difusão de discos e microdiluição, assim como, foi determinado a sua composição química por cromatografia gasosa acoplado a espectrometria de massas. Três formulações de linguiça de carne bovina foram desenvolvidas neste estudo: a primeira sem conservantes (LC), a segunda com conservante sintético (L1) e a terceira contendo 0,5% de óleo essencial de limão (L2). As análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas indicaram que todas as amostras estavam em conformidade com a legislação vigente, embora o teor de umidade tenha excedido o limite máximo. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado e congelado, o pH e a cor variaram significativamente, atingindo a estabilidade após 20 dias. O óleo essencial de limão, com d-limoneno como componente majoritário, mostrou-se eficaz na inibição do crescimento microbiano na concentração de 0,5%, preservando a composição físico-química da linguiça. Além disso, evidenciou-se uma tendência de estabilização da cor durante o armazenamento congelado. Portanto, a aplicação de 0,5% do óleo essencial de limão é uma alternativa viável e natural para aplicação em embutidos cárneos, como a linguiça frescal, além de agregar sabor e aroma diferenciados a este produto. naturais OEL (OEL hidrodestilação microdiluição massas LC, LC , (LC) L1 L (L1 05 0 5 0,5 L2. L2 . (L2) físicoquímicas físico químicas vigente máximo congelado significativamente 2 dias dlimoneno d limoneno majoritário mostrouse mostrou se físicoquímica disso evidenciouse evidenciou Portanto frescal produto (LC (L 0, (L2

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o D-limoneno apresenta ação inibitória sobre o crescimento micelial de Colletotrichum spp. e atividade antimicrobiana contra Enterococcus faecium e Escherichia coli, bem como avaliar o efeito de suas concentrações na desinfestação do mamão no processo de pós-colheita. Para os testes in vitro, os fungos foram isolados de mamões infectados com antracnose. Para tanto, pedaços dos frutos foram desinfestados e transferidos para placas de Petri. Outro teste foi realizado in vitro para avaliação da atividade bactericida, tendo-se adicionado D-limoneno à suspensão de bactérias em teste. Foram avaliadas a qualidade físico-química dos frutos e a incidência de doenças. A aplicação de D-limoneno inibiu o crescimento micelial de Colletotrichum spp. in vitro, com efeito crescente com o aumento da concentração aplicada e efeito decrescente com o tempo da aplicação do produto. O D-limoneno foi eficaz na inibição de E. faecium e E. coli. Não houve interação significativa entre as doses de D-limoneno e o tempo de armazenamento quanto à qualidade dos frutos e à incidência de doenças nos estudos ex vitro. O D-limoneno pode ser utilizado na aplicação pós-colheita do mamão, por não afetar a qualidade dos frutos e por controlar o crescimento de fitopatógenos in vitro. Dlimoneno D limoneno spp coli póscolheita. póscolheita pós colheita. colheita antracnose tanto Petri bactericida tendose tendo físicoquímica físico química produto E

Abstract The objective of this work was to verify if D-limonene in vitro presents inhibitory action on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum spp. and antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecium and Escherichia coli, as well as to evaluate the effect of its concentrations on papaya disinfestation in the post-harvest process. For the in vitro tests, fungi were isolated from papaya fruit infected with anthracnose. For this, fruit fragments were disinfected and transferred to Petri dishes. Another test was carried out in vitro, to evaluate bactericidal activity, by for adding D-limonene to the suspension of the tested bacteria. Fruit physicochemical quality and disease incidence were evaluated. The application of D-limonene inhibited the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum spp. in vitro, with an increasing effect at increasing concentrations and a decreasing effect with time of product application. D-limonene was effective in inhibiting E. faecium and E. coli. There was no significant interaction between D-limonene rates and storage time for fruit quality or for disease incidence in ex vitro studies. D-limonene can be applied to papaya at postharvest, as it does not affect fruit quality and controls the growth of phytopathogens in vitro. Dlimonene D limonene spp coli postharvest post harvest process tests anthracnose dishes bacteria evaluated E studies

ABSTRACT Studies on consumer preferences show that eggs obtained in open areas such as free-range systems and organic systems have superior taste than cage chicken eggs. Moreover, it is emphasized that the odor characteristics of eggs obtained in different production systems are different, and this reveals the necessity of determining the relevant volatile compounds. This study aimed to characterize and compare the volatile compounds responsible for the taste and aroma of eggs obtained from cage, organic and free-range systems. 60 randomly selected eggs (20 from each group sample) were analyzed by the SPME-GC-MS device. Eight volatile compounds were detected in the free-range chicken eggs, 15 in the caged chicken eggs, and 11 in the organic chicken eggs. D-limonene and 2-Butanamine, 3,3-dimethyl- compounds were determined as the main volatile odor components in all three groups of chicken eggs. Alkanes, esters, amines, acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and alkenes were determined among the volatile compound groups. Acid and aldehyde groups of volatile compounds were not detected in the free-range and organic chicken eggs, as well as the ester group in free-range chicken eggs. In this study, both volatile compound numbers and compound groups of eggs belonging to different production systems were found to be different. This causes the eggs to differ in taste and aroma. freerange free range Moreover 6 20 (2 sample SPMEGCMS SPME GC MS device 1 Dlimonene D limonene 2Butanamine, 2Butanamine Butanamine 2 Butanamine, 2-Butanamine 3,3dimethyl 33dimethyl dimethyl 3,3 3 3,3-dimethyl Alkanes esters amines acids alcohols ketones ( 3dimethyl 33 3,

Abstract The use of botanical insecticides has increased in recent years due to the demand for effective products, particularly against insects resistant to conventional insecticides. Among these is Aedes aegypti, a well-adapted mosquito to urban environments that opportunistically feeds on humans and animals, contributing to the spread of virus. We evaluated the potential of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Eucalyptus caryophyllus, and Mentha arvensis in terms of their larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti. EOs’ compounds were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bioassays were performed on third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti to evaluate the larvicidal effects of EO dilutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at different concentrations. Mortality rates were observed over a 72-hour period to determine the efficacy of the treatments. Citronellal (86.64) predominated in E. citriodora, limonene in E. staigeriana (41.68), eugenol in E. caryophyllus (87.76), and menthol in M. arvensis (51.53%). EOs exhibited larvicidal activity from 10 ppm, with notable efficacy at 85 ppm, in which those from E. staigeriana and M. arvensis caused maximum mortality to Ae. aegypti larvae. Results revealed distinct efficacy patterns among EOs, with E. staigeriana displaying high toxicity within 24 h, achieving LC50 and LC95 values of 47.04 ppm and 97.35 ppm, respectively. Larvicidal effects within 1 h were observed for E. citriodora and E. caryophyllus. This study underscores larvicidal efficacy against Ae. aegypti, notably E. staigeriana, which had the lowest LC50 value. The findings indicate that the tested samples have potential for use as bioinsecticides. products welladapted well adapted animals virus (EOs Ae chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS. GCMS GC MS . (GC-MS) DMSO (DMSO concentrations 72hour hour 72 treatments 86.64 8664 86 64 (86.64 E 41.68, 4168 41.68 , 41 68 (41.68) 87.76, 8776 87.76 87 76 (87.76) M 51.53%. 5153 51.53% 51 53 (51.53%) 8 2 LC LC5 LC9 4704 47 04 47.0 9735 97 35 97.3 respectively value bioinsecticides (GC-MS 7 86.6 866 6 (86.6 416 41.6 4 (41.68 877 87.7 (87.76 515 51.53 5 (51.53% 470 0 47. 973 9 3 97. 86. (86. 41. (41.6 87. (87.7 51.5 (51.53 (86 (41. (87. 51. (51.5 (8 (41 (87 (51. ( (4 (51 (5

Resumo O uso de inseticidas botânicos tem aumentado nos últimos anos devido à demanda por produtos eficazes, especialmente contra insetos resistentes aos inseticidas convencionais. Entre eles está o Aedes aegypti, um mosquito bem adaptado a ambientes urbanos que se alimenta oportunisticamente de humanos e animais, contribuindo para dispersão de vírus. Avaliamos o potencial de óleos essenciais (OEs) extraídos de Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Eucalyptus caryophyllus e Mentha arvensis em relação à sua atividade larvicida contra Ae. aegypti. Os compostos dos OEs foram determinados usando cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Os bioensaios foram realizados em larvas de terceiro instar de Ae. aegypti para avaliar os efeitos larvicidas das diluições de OE em dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) em diferentes concentrações. As taxas de mortalidade foram observadas ao longo de 72 horas para determinar a eficácia dos tratamentos. O componente citronelal (86,64) predominou em E. citriodora, limoneno em E. staigeriana (41,68), eugenol em E. caryophyllus (87,76) e mentol em M. arvensis (50,73%). Os OEs exibiram atividade larvicida a partir de 10 ppm, com grande eficácia a 85 ppm, onde os de E. staigeriana e M. arvensis causaram mortalidade máxima de larvas de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados revelaram padrões de eficácia distintos entre os OEs, com E. staigeriana exibindo maior toxicidade dentro de 24 horas, alcançando valores de CL50 e CL95 de 47,04 ppm e 97,35 ppm, respectivamente. Efeitos larvicidas dentro de 1 hora foram observados para E. citriodora e E. caryophyllus. Este estudo destaca a eficácia larvicida contra Ae. aegypti, especialmente E. staigeriana, que teve o menor valor de CL50. Concluímos que esses OEs são potencialmente larvicidas para o controle eficaz de Ae. aegypti. eficazes convencionais animais vírus (OEs Ae GCMS. GCMS GC MS . (GC-MS) DMSO (DMSO concentrações 7 tratamentos 86,64 8664 86 64 (86,64 E 41,68, 4168 41,68 , 41 68 (41,68) 87,76 8776 87 76 (87,76 M 50,73%. 5073 50,73% 50 73 (50,73%) 8 2 CL CL5 CL9 4704 47 04 47,0 9735 97 35 97,3 respectivamente (GC-MS 86,6 866 6 (86,6 416 41,6 4 (41,68 87,7 877 (87,7 507 50,73 5 (50,73% 470 0 47, 973 9 3 97, 86, (86, 41, (41,6 87, (87, 50,7 (50,73 (86 (41, (87 50, (50,7 (8 (41 (50, ( (4 (50 (5

Abstract Essential oils are a subject of study due to the heterogeneity of their components, which vary according to the genus and species of the plant material. The objective of this study was the physicochemical characterization and bioactive components of the essential oil (EO) extracted from wild punamuña (Satureja Boliviana) and runtuhuayra (Clinopodium Weberbaueri (Mansf.) Govaerts) herbs from high Andean areas of southern Peru. The extraction of the EO from both species was carried out using the steam distillation technique, the density characterization using gravimetric methods and the acidity, peroxide index and refraction by analytical methods recommended by the Norma Tecnica Peruana (NTP). The bioactive compounds were quantified using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). A better EO performance was obtained from punañuna 0.38% (w/w) compared to runtuhuayra 0.28% (w/w); In both samples, the density and refractive index were similar values (0.93-0.94) g/mL and (1.528-1.520) (p>0.05) respectively; However, the acid and peroxide index showed a significant difference between the samples studied (p<0.05). 37 bioactive compounds synthesized as secondary metabolites in Satureja Boliviana EO were identified, with the majority being monoterpenes (62%) highlighted by menthone, L-menthone, pulegone and 3-cyclohexen-1-one. 2-isopropyl-5-methyl, linalool, α-cadinene and α-cadinol; Meanwhile, in the EO of Clinopodium Weberbaueri, 28 compounds were detected and quantified, in which monoterpenes predominate (61%) made up of pulegone (45.67%); isomenthol (13.85%), menthone (6.05%), carvacrol (5.39%), and also D-limonene; o-cymene; 3-octanol; β-pinene and α-terpineol successively. This characterization of the EO of the aforementioned samples reveals recent a new additive or ingredient alternative for the industry due to its biological value associated with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activities and psychotherapeutics. material (EO Mansf. Mansf (Mansf. Govaerts Peru technique acidity NTP. NTP . (NTP) GCMS. GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 038 0 38 0.38 w/w ww w (w/w 028 0.28 0.930.94 093094 0.93 0.94 93 94 (0.93-0.94 gmL g mL 1.5281.520 15281520 1.528 1.520 1 528 520 (1.528-1.520 p>0.05 p005 p 05 (p>0.05 respectively However p<0.05. p<0.05 (p<0.05) 3 identified 62% 62 (62% Lmenthone, Lmenthone L L-menthone 3cyclohexen1one. 3cyclohexen1one cyclohexenone cyclohexen one. one 3-cyclohexen-1-one 2isopropyl5methyl, 2isopropyl5methyl isopropylmethyl 2 isopropyl 5 methyl, methyl 2-isopropyl-5-methyl linalool αcadinene α cadinene αcadinol cadinol α-cadinol Meanwhile 61% 61 (61% 45.67% 4567 45 67 (45.67%) 13.85%, 1385 13.85% , 13 85 (13.85%) 6.05%, 605 6.05% 6 (6.05%) 5.39%, 539 5.39% 39 (5.39%) Dlimonene D limonene D-limonene ocymene o cymene o-cymene 3octanol octanol 3-octanol βpinene β pinene αterpineol terpineol successively antioxidant antimicrobial antiinflammatory anti inflammatory psychotherapeutics (Mansf (NTP (GC-MS 03 0.3 02 0.2 930 0.930.9 09309 093 0.9 094 9 (0.93-0.9 5281 1.5281.52 1528152 1528 1.52 1520 52 (1.528-1.52 p>0.0 p00 (p>0.0 p<0.0 (p<0.05 (62 (61 45.67 456 4 (45.67% 138 13.85 8 (13.85% 60 6.05 (6.05% 53 5.39 (5.39% 0. 0.930. 0930 09 (0.93-0. 1.5281.5 152815 152 1.5 (1.528-1.5 p>0. p0 (p>0. p<0. (p<0.0 (6 45.6 (45.67 13.8 (13.85 6.0 (6.05 5.3 (5.39 0.930 (0.93-0 1.5281. 15281 15 1. (1.528-1. p>0 (p>0 p<0 (p<0. ( 45. (45.6 13. (13.8 6. (6.0 5. (5.3 (0.93- 1.5281 (1.528-1 p> (p> p< (p<0 (45. (13. (6. (5. (0.93 (1.528- (p (p< (45 (13 (5 (0.9 (1.528 (4 (1 (0. (1.52 (0 (1.5 (1.

Resumo Os óleos essenciais são objeto de estudo devido à heterogeneidade de seus componentes, que variam de acordo com o gênero e espécie do material vegetal. O objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização físico-química e dos componentes bioativos do óleo essencial (OE) extraído das ervas silvestres punamuña (Satureja boliviana) e runtuhuayra (Clinopodium weberbaueri (Mansf.) Govaerts) das áreas alto-andinas do sul do Peru. A extração do OE de ambas as espécies foi realizada usando a técnica de destilação a vapor, a caracterização da densidade por métodos gravimétricos e a acidez, índice de peróxido e refração, por métodos analíticos recomendados pela norma técnica peruana (NTP). Os compostos bioativos foram quantificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um detector de espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Um melhor desempenho de OE foi obtido com punañuna 0,38% (m/m) em comparação com runtuhuayra 0,28% (m/m); Em ambas as amostras, a densidade e o índice de refração apresentaram valores semelhantes (0,93-0,94) g/mL e (1,528-1,520) (p>0,05), respectivamente. Porém, o índice de acidez e o peróxido apresentaram diferença significativa entre as amostras estudadas (p<0,05). Foram identificados 37 compostos bioativos sintetizados como metabólitos secundários no OE de Satureja boliviana, sendo a maioria monoterpenos (62%), com destaque para mentona, L-mentona, pulegona e 3-ciclohexeno-1-ona. Também foram encontrados 2-isopropil-5-metil, linalol, α-cadineno e α-cadinol. Enquanto isso, no OE de Clinopodium weberbaueri, foram detectados e quantificados 28 compostos, nos quais predominam os monoterpenos (61%) constituídos por pulegona (45,67%); isomentol (13,85%); mentona (6,05%), carvacrol (5,39%), e também D-limoneno, o-cimeno; 3-octanol; β-pineno e α-terpineol, sucessivamente. Esta recente caracterização do OE das amostras citadas revela uma nova alternativa de aditivo ou ingrediente para a indústria devido ao seu valor biológico associado a atividades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas, anti-inflamatórias e psicoterapêuticas. vegetal físicoquímica físico química (OE boliviana Mansf. Mansf (Mansf. Govaerts altoandinas alto andinas Peru vapor NTP. NTP . (NTP) GCMS. GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 038 0 38 0,38 m/m mm m (m/m 028 0,28 0,930,94 093094 0,93 0,94 93 94 (0,93-0,94 gmL g mL 1,5281,520 15281520 1,528 1,520 1 528 520 (1,528-1,520 p>0,05, p005 p p>0,05 , 05 (p>0,05) respectivamente Porém p<0,05. p<0,05 (p<0,05) 3 62%, 62 62% (62%) Lmentona, Lmentona L L-mentona 3ciclohexeno1ona. 3ciclohexeno1ona ciclohexenoona ciclohexeno ona. ona 3-ciclohexeno-1-ona 2isopropil5metil, 2isopropil5metil isopropilmetil 2 isopropil 5 metil, metil 2-isopropil-5-metil linalol αcadineno α cadineno αcadinol. αcadinol cadinol. cadinol α-cadinol isso 61% 61 (61% 45,67% 4567 45 67 (45,67%) 13,85% 1385 13 85 (13,85%) 6,05%, 605 6,05% 6 (6,05%) 5,39%, 539 5,39% 39 (5,39%) Dlimoneno, Dlimoneno D limoneno, limoneno D-limoneno ocimeno cimeno o-cimeno 3octanol octanol 3-octanol βpineno β pineno αterpineol, αterpineol terpineol, terpineol α-terpineol sucessivamente antioxidantes antimicrobianas antiinflamatórias anti inflamatórias psicoterapêuticas (Mansf (NTP (GC-MS 03 0,3 02 0,2 930 0,930,9 09309 093 0,9 094 9 (0,93-0,9 5281 1,5281,52 1528152 1528 1,52 1520 52 (1,528-1,52 p00 p>0,0 (p>0,05 p<0,0 (p<0,05 (62% (61 45,67 456 4 (45,67% 13,85 138 8 (13,85% 60 6,05 (6,05% 53 5,39 (5,39% 0, 0,930, 0930 09 (0,93-0, 1,5281,5 152815 152 1,5 (1,528-1,5 p0 p>0, (p>0,0 p<0, (p<0,0 (62 (6 45,6 (45,67 13,8 (13,85 6,0 (6,05 5,3 (5,39 0,930 (0,93-0 1,5281, 15281 15 1, (1,528-1, p>0 (p>0, p<0 (p<0, ( 45, (45,6 13, (13,8 6, (6,0 5, (5,3 (0,93- 1,5281 (1,528-1 p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (45, (13, (6, (5, (0,93 (1,528- (p> (p< (45 (13 (5 (0,9 (1,528 (p (4 (1 (0, (1,52 (0 (1,5 (1,

ABSTRACT The chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the essential oil of leaves and flowers of Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. subsp. macrocephalum (DC.) R.R. Johnson from the provinces of Jaén and San Ignacio in Cajamarca were analyzed. The chemical compounds with the highest concentration detected using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in the essential oil were D-Limonene (62,85%), 1-Undecene (10,20%) and Caryophyllene (5,08%). Antioxidant activity methods were performed by DPPH•, ABTS•+ and FRAP; while antimicrobial and antifungal activity were performed by agar diffusion method. A TEAC of 3,0951 mg Trolox®/ g sample was obtained by the DPPH• free radical method, a TEAC of 2,6942 mg Trolox®/ g sample by the ABTS•+ cation radical method and an AAEAC of 0,774 mg Ascorbic acid/ g sample by the FRAP, indicating that the essential oil has no relevant antioxidant activity. In addition, a minimal inhibition halo was observed with respect to antimicrobial activity for the Streptococcus mutans strain and no inhibition halo was observed with respect to antifungal activity. It is known that the subspecies Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. subsp. macrocephalum (DC.) R.R. Johnson could present some antioxidant and antimicrobial activity due to the D-limonene in its chemical composition, however, this could not be appreciated in the present study.

RESUMEN Se analizó la composición química, actividad antioxidante, antimicrobiana y antifúngica del aceite esencial de hojas y flores de Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. subsp. macrocephalum (DC.) R.R. Johnson originaria de las provincias de Jaén y San Ignacio en Cajamarca. Los compuestos químicos de mayor concentración detectados mediante un análisis de Cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) en el aceite esencial fueron D-Limoneno (62,85%), 1-Undeceno (10,20%) y Cariofileno (5,08%). Se realizaron los métodos de actividad antioxidante por DPPH•, ABTS•+ y FRAP; mientras que la actividad antimicrobiana y antifúngica fueron realizados por el método por difusión en agar. Se obtuvo un TEAC de 3,0951 mg Trolox®/ g muestra por el método del radical libre DPPH•, un TEAC de 2,6942 mg Trolox®/ g muestra por el método del radical catiónico ABTS•+ y un AAEAC de 0,774 mg Ácido ascórbico/ g muestra por el método FRAP, lo cual indica que el aceite esencial no tiene una actividad antioxidante relevante. Además, se observó un halo de inhibición mínimo respecto a la actividad antimicrobiana para la cepa de Streptococcus mutans y no presento ningún halo de inhibición respecto a la actividad antifúngica. Se sabe que la subespecie Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. subsp. macrocephalum (DC.) R.R. Johnson podría presentar cierta actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana debido al D-limoneno en su composición química, sin embargo, esto no se pudo apreciar en el presente estudio.

Abstract Introduction: Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae), known as pirul tree in Mexico, is a species rich in essential oil in leaves and fruits. Objective: To characterize the phytochemical profile of essential oil obtained from S. molle leaves using two distillation systems and different extraction times. Materials and methods: An intermediate scale Rayleigh batch distiller was used to extract essential oil from S. molle leaves collected in the central region of Mexico. The product obtained at different times was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytochemical profile was compared with the extract obtained in the Clevenger apparatus. Results and discussion: The Rayleigh distiller had a higher extraction capacity, but the yield was 0.6 % lower (P = 0.05) than with the Clevenger apparatus at 120 min. A total of 37 compounds were found, of which 31 were present in the extract from the Rayleigh distiller, five were compounds of low concentration and one, classified as oxygenated sesquiterpene, had a high concentration (10.25 %) of essential oil. With longer extraction time, sesquiterpenes increased and oxygenated sesquiterpenes decreased. The essential oil had higher presence of hydrogenated monoterpenes, mainly α-phellandrene (21.20-28.57 %), limonene + β-phellandrene (19.07-27.78 %), camphene (3.32-9.93 %), α-pinene (5.74-8.56 %), β-mircene (2.95-6.91 %) and β-pinene (1.31-3.55 %). Conclusions: The characterization of the extraction procedure and chemical profile of essential oil of S. molle can favor the exploitation of this species.

Resumen Introducción: Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae), conocido como pirul en México, es una especie rica en aceite esencial en hojas y frutos. Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil fitoquímico de aceite esencial obtenido de hojas de S. molle mediante dos sistemas de destilación y distintos tiempos de extracción. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó un destilador discontinuo Rayleigh de escala intermedia para extraer aceite esencial de hojas de S. molle colectadas en la región central de México. El producto obtenido a distintos tiempos se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). El perfil fitoquímico se comparó con extracto obtenido en aparato Clevenger. Resultados y discusión: El destilador Rayleigh tuvo mayor capacidad de extracción, pero el rendimiento fue 0.6 % menor (P = 0.05) que con el aparato Clevenger a los 120 min. En total se encontraron 37 compuestos, de los cuales 31 estuvieron presentes en el extracto obtenido con destilador Rayleigh, cinco fueron compuestos de baja concentración y uno, catalogado como sesquiterpeno oxigenado, tuvo alta concentración (10.25 %) en el aceite esencial. Con mayor tiempo de extracción, los sesquiterpenos incrementaron y los sesquiterpenos oxigenados disminuyeron. El aceite esencial tuvo presencia mayoritaria de monoterpenos hidrogenados, principalmente de α-felandreno (21.20-28.57 %), limoneno + β-felandreno (19.07-27.78 %), canfeno (3.32-9.93 %), α-pineno (5.74-8.56 %), β-mirceno (2.95-6.91 %) y β-pineno (1.31-3.55 %). Conclusiones: La caracterización del procedimiento de extracción y del perfil químico del aceite esencial de S. molle puede favorecer el aprovechamiento de esta especie.

Abstract Essential oils of Cannabis sativa (cannabis) and Baccharis latifolia (chilca), were used as anti-inflammatory ingredients in an ointment for topical application. Different formulations designed based on these two essential oils were evaluated in-vivo to measure efficacy, using the feet swelling induction method in rats, and an over-the-counter formulation with 1% diclofenac active ingredient was used as a positive control. The chemical evaluation of the two oils yielded the following main components, for chilca oil: liguloxide 14.02%, andro encecalinol 9.84%, kesane 7.53%, limonene 5.6% and Z-cadin-4-en-7-ol with 5.03%; while for cannabis essential oil: E-caryophillene 27.91%, myrcene 21.19%, α-pinene 8.05%, α-humulene 8.03%, limonene 7.18%, terpinolene 7.12% and β-pinene 4.68%. The results of the research indicate that those formulas that combined two essential oils in the formulation at 1%, are the ones with the highest anti-inflammatory activity. Statistically, the significance is high in relation to the positive control in those whose oil composition is essential oil of cannabis 75% and chilca oil 25%; and essential oil of cannabis 50% and chilca oil 50%. The other formulas have activity, but this is similar to the commercial formula used as control. Based on the results, it is possible to propose both natural products as anti-inflammatories, and to foresee the design and commercialization of topical pharmaceutical drugs using these two essential oils.

Resumen Dos productos naturales, aceites esenciales de Cannabis sativa (cannabis) y Baccharis latifolia (chilca), fueron empleados como ingredientes antinflamatorios en un ungüento de aplicación tópica. Para medir la eficacia, las diversas fórmulas diseñadas a base de estos dos aceites esenciales fueron evaluadas in vivo, mediante el método de inducción del edema subplantar en ratas, como control positivo se empleó una formulación de venta libre con ingrediente activo diclofenaco al 1%. La evaluación química de los dos aceites presentó para el aceite de chilca los siguientes componentes principales: ligulóxido 14.02%, andro encecalinol 9.84%, kesano 7.53%, limoneno 5.6% y Z-cadin-4-en-7-ol con el 5.03%; mientras que en el aceite esencial de cannabis las moléculas más abundantes fueron: E-cariofileno 27.91%, mirceno 21,19%, α-pineno 8.05%, α-humuleno 8.03%, limoneno 7.18%, terpinoleno 7.12% y β-pineno 4.68%. Los resultados de la investigación señalan que aquellas fórmulas con mezclas de los dos aceites esenciales en la formulación al 1%, son las que poseen la mayor actividad antiinflamatoria, desde el punto de vista estadístico la significancia es alta en relación al control positivo en aquellas cuya composición de aceites es la siguiente: aceite esencial de cannabis 75% y aceite de chilca 25%, y aceite esencial de cannabis 50% y aceite de chilca 50%. El resto de las formulaciones presentan actividad, pero esta es similar a la de la fórmula comercial usada como control. De los resultados encontrados se puede proponer a ambos productos naturales como antinflamatorios, y prever el diseño y comercialización de medicamentos farmacéuticos tópicos usando a estos dos aceites esenciales.

Pectis brevipedunculata is native species and widely available in dry and semi-arid ecosystems showing high biotechnological potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the circadian and seasonal chemical variation of the essential oil (EO) of P. brevipedunculata, as well as its acaricide effect on Rhipicephalus microplus larvae. Aerial parts were collected and submitted to the hydrodistillation process, and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the assays with R. microplus, the larval immersion test was performed. The main constituents were citral (75% of the EO), followed by α-pinene and limonene. In the seasonality analysis, the highest yields were in the months of April (2.08%) and August (2.05%), while in the study of circadian rhythm, the percentage was 2.0% at 6 p.m. in the rainy season, and 1.2%, dry season at 6 p.m. Concerning acaricidal activity (50% lethal concentration (LC50)), the April (1.17 mg mL-1), March (1.28 mg mL-1), June (1.37 mg mL-1), and October (1.27 mg mL-1) oils obtained were the most active and assays performed with circadian rhythm revealed in the rain season (April) at 6 p.m. and dry season (September) at 12 a.m. LC50 values of 1.75 and 1.75 mg mL-1, respectively. Additionally, this EO is selective to non-target organisms, i.e., ladybeetles and lacewing. semiarid semi arid potential (EO P larvae process GCMS. GCMS GC MS . (GC-MS) R 75% 75 (75 EO, , EO) αpinene α pinene limonene analysis 2.08% 208 2 08 (2.08% 2.05%, 205 2.05% 05 (2.05%) 20 0 2.0 pm p m p.m 1 1.2% 50% 50 (50 LC50, LC (LC50)) 1.17 117 17 (1.1 mL1, mL1 mL 1.28 128 28 (1.2 1.37 137 37 (1.3 1.27 127 27 mL-1 (April September (September am a a.m LC5 175 1.7 1, respectively Additionally nontarget non target organisms ie i e i.e. lacewing (GC-MS 7 (7 2.08 (2.08 2.05 (2.05% 2. 1.2 5 (5 (LC50) 1.1 11 (1. 1.3 13 3 mL- 1. i.e ( (2.0 (2.05 (LC50 (1 (2. (LC5 (2 (LC

RESUMEN La brucita es un nanohidróxido con la capacidad de intercambiar aniones sin que su estructura laminar sea afectada, lo que les permite retener compuestos en su espacio intersticial entre lámina y lámina o adsorberlos. Por lo que la formación de nanocompuestos basados en brucita se presenta como una alternativa novedosa, sencilla y segura para dar valor agregado y estabilizar compuestos bioactivos, como el limoneno, con posible aplicación en la industria alimentaria con la finalidad de garantizar la inocuidad de los alimentos. Para tal fin se sintetizó la brucita por el método de co-precipitación e intercambio iónico y se formó el nanocompuesto limoneno-brucita, estos nanomateriales fueron caracterizados por difracción de rayos X, espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier y microscopia electrónica de barrido, además se evaluó su actividad antimicrobiana contra los patógenos alimentarios Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus. Se confirmó la obtención de la brucita y la formación del nanocompuesto limoneno-brucita mediante las pruebas de caracterización. Por otro lado, el nanocompuesto limoneno-brucita obtuvo una mayor inhibición contra las dos bacterias evaluadas en comparación con sus componentes por separado. Estos resultados sugieren la posible aplicación de estos nanocompuestos en la industria alimentaria para garantizar la inocuidad de los alimentos.

ABSTRACT Brucite is a nanohydroxide with the ability to exchange anions without affecting its laminar structure, which allows it to retain compounds in its inter-lamellar space or adsorb them. Therefore, the formation of nanohydroxydes based on layered hydroxide salts is presented as a novel, simple and safe alternative to add value and stabilize bioactive compounds, such as limonene, with possible application in the food industry in order to guarantee food safety. In the present study, brucite (HSLMg) was synthesized through precipitation and limonene-brucite nanohydroxides (L-HSLMg) were obtained with ionic interchange; antimicrobial activity against food pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed. Brucite and nanohydroxide formation was confirmed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both materials exhibited antimicrobial activity, L-HSLMg producing the highest inhibition. These results suggest that limonene-brucite nanohydroxides could be used for food systems applications, guarantying food safety.

Resumo Numerosos estudos têm investigado a composição química e as atividades biológicas de óleos essenciais extraídos de cascas dos frutos, folhas e flores de diferentes espécies de Citrus. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a composição química e as atividades larvicida e leishmanicida in vitro do óleo essencial das cascas dos frutos de Citrus reticulata (CR-EO). CR-EO foi obtido pela técnica de extração em aparelho Clevenger e sua composição química foi determinada por CG-EM e CG-DIC. Limoneno (85,7%), ɣ-terpineno (6,7%) and mirceno (2,1%) foram identificados como os constituintes majoritários. CR-EO mostrou alta atividade contra as formas promastigota de Leishmania amazonensis (CI50 = 8,23 µg/mL). CR-EO também exibiu alta atividade larvicida contra as larvas do terceiro estágio do Aedes aegypti com concentração letal (CL50 = 58,35 µg/mL) e mortalidade de 100% em 150 µg/mL. Este estudo sugere, pela primeira vez, o uso potencial de CR-EO contra esta importante doença viral transmitida por mosquitos do gênero Aedes.

Abstract Numerous studies have investigated the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from different Citrus species fruit peel, leaves and flowers. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition, larvicidal and antileishmanial activities of essential oil from Citrus reticulata fruit peel (CR-EO). CR-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Limonene (85.7%), ɣ-terpinene (6.7%) and myrcene (2.1%) were identified as its major components. CR-EO showed high activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 = 8.23 µg/mL). CR-EO also exhibited high larvicidal activity against third instar Aedes aegypti larvae at a lethal concentration (LC50 = 58.35 µg/mL) and 100% mortality at 150 µg/mL. This study suggests, for the first time, the potential use of CR-EO against this important mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the genus Aedes.

Abstract There is an increasing interest in essential oils extracted from Verbenaceae plant species as potential sources of biologically active compounds that could provide a starting point for designing novel phyto-pharmaceuticals in aquaculture. The present study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, acute toxicity and antimicrobial effects against Vibrio parahaemolyticus of essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and L. origanoides. Approximately 23 components were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection in each species’ essential oil. The most predominant compounds were geranial (23.0%), limonene (17.0%) and neral (15.5%) in L. alba, and thymol (47.2%), p-cymene (16.0%) and E-caryophyllene (11.3%) in L. origanoides. The essential oils have antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus presenting Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values between 156-625 µg mL-1. The essential oils also show antioxidant potential estimated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays, presenting IC50 of 60.16 mg mL-1 and 0.22 mg mL-1 for L. alba and L. origanoides EO, respectively. Both oils were classified as toxic to Artemia salina nauplii. Therefore, these essential oils may be useful for controlling pathogenic bacteria important to the aquaculture industry. phytopharmaceuticals phyto pharmaceuticals composition L 2 chromatographymass chromatography mass oil 23.0%, 230 23.0% , 0 (23.0%) 17.0% 170 17 (17.0% 15.5% 155 15 5 (15.5% 47.2%, 472 47.2% 47 (47.2%) pcymene p cymene 16.0% 160 16 (16.0% Ecaryophyllene E caryophyllene 11.3% 113 11 3 (11.3% MIC (MIC MBC (MBC 156625 156 625 156-62 mL1. mL1 mL 1. 1 1,1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl 11diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 1,1 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl DPPH (DPPH assays IC IC5 6016 60 60.1 mL- 022 22 0.2 EO respectively nauplii Therefore industry 23.0 (23.0% 17.0 (17.0 15.5 (15.5 47.2 4 (47.2% 16.0 (16.0 11.3 (11.3 15662 62 156-6 1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl 1, 601 6 60. 02 0. 23. (23.0 17. (17. 15. (15. 47. (47.2 16. (16. 11. (11. 1566 156- (23. (17 (15 (47. (16 (11 (23 (1 (47 (2 ( (4

Abstract The present study was aimed at conducting phytochemical analysis and evaluating the in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oil obtained from the fruits of J. oxycedrus L. Hydro-distillation was used to extract the essential oil from the fruits of Juniper oxycedrus. The essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was determined in vitro using varying concentrations of the essential oil and vitamin C as a standard antioxidant compound. A disc diffusion test was employed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the essential oil against two test fungal strains, Penicillium citrinum, and Aspergillus niger. The results revealed that 49 constituents were identified in fruit oil, representing 91.56% of the total oil and the yield was 1.58%. Juniper fruit oil was characterized by having high contents of β-pinene (42.04%), followed by limonene (15.45%), sabinene (9.52%), α-pinene (5.21%), (E)-caryophyllene (3.77%), ρ-cymene (1.56%), caryophyllene oxide (2.02%), and myrcene (1.02%). The radical scavenging activity (% inhibition) of the essential oil was highest (81.87± 2.83%) at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. The essential oil of J. oxycedrus exhibited antifungal activity against A. niger and P. citrinum with minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC) ranging from 2.89 to 85.01 µl/mL. The findings of the study reveal that the antioxidant and antifungal properties of J. oxycedrus essential oil and their chemical composition are significantly correlated. J L Hydrodistillation Hydro distillation GCFID GC FID (GC-FID GC/MS. GCMS GC/MS . MS (GC/MS) 1,1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl 11diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl 1 DPPH (DPPH compound strains 4 9156 91 56 91.56 158 58 1.58% βpinene β pinene 42.04%, 4204 42.04% , 42 04 (42.04%) 15.45%, 1545 15.45% 15 45 (15.45%) 9.52%, 952 9.52% 9 52 (9.52%) αpinene α 5.21%, 521 5.21% 5 21 (5.21%) Ecaryophyllene E 3.77%, 377 3.77% 3 77 (3.77%) ρcymene ρ cymene 1.56%, 156 1.56% (1.56%) 2.02%, 202 2.02% 02 (2.02%) 1.02%. 102 1.02% (1.02%) % ( inhibition 81.87± 8187 81 87 (81.87 2.83% 283 83 20 µgmL µg mL µg/mL P MIC (MIC 289 89 2.8 8501 85 01 85.0 µlmL µl µl/mL correlated (GC/MS 1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl 11 1, 915 91.5 1.58 420 42.04 0 (42.04% 154 15.45 (15.45% 95 9.52 (9.52% 5.21 (5.21% 37 3.77 7 (3.77% 1.56 (1.56% 2.02 (2.02% 10 1.02 (1.02% 81.87 818 8 (81.8 2.83 28 2. 850 85. 91. 1.5 42.0 (42.04 15.4 (15.45 9.5 (9.52 5.2 (5.21 3.7 (3.77 (1.56 2.0 (2.02 1.0 (1.02 81.8 (81. 1. 42. (42.0 15. (15.4 9. (9.5 5. (5.2 3. (3.7 (1.5 (2.0 (1.0 81. (81 (42. (15. (9. (5. (3. (1. (2. (8 (42 (15 (9 (5 (3 (1 (2 (4

ABSTRACT: Late spring frosts is one of the most important restricting abiotic stress factors of apricot growing worldwide. In this study; some physical, biochemical fruit quality characteristics and volatile aroma compounds were determined in fresh fruit samples of thirteen late spring frost tolerant apricot hybrids recently obtained from Turkish apricot breeding programme. A wide variation was reported among apricot genotypes in all of the evaluated physical and biochemical fruit characteristics and also volatile aroma compounds.Fruit size varied between 27.2 and 60.5 g, total soluble solids between 13.6 and 17.4 %, total carotene 26.6 and 42.8 (mg.100 g-1), and total phenolics content 354.2 and 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). A total of 42 flavor components belonging to various flavor compound groups were identified. The main volatile aroma compound groups detected in the assessed apricot genotypes were; aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, acids, and other compounds. Among the detected compounds; Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol, Limonene were the most abundant compounds in terms of concentration. Hexanal varied between 55.8 and 528.5 µg.kg-1, and 2-Hexen-1-ol changed between 25.7 and 297.9 µg.kg-1 fresh weight. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among some aroma compounds and biochemical fruit quality characteristics. Significant correlations were reported for esters with titratable acidity (r=0.79) and total carotene (r=-0.61) and aldehydes were found as highly correlated with total soluble solids (r=-0.69). The results of the study will be beneficial in terms of food analysis, cultivation, and breeding studies of apricot. ABSTRACT worldwide programme compoundsFruit Fruit 272 27 2 27. 605 60 5 60. g 136 13 6 13. 174 17 4 17. % 266 26 26. 428 8 42. mg.100 mg100 mg 100 (mg.10 g1, g1 1 , g-1) 3542 354 354. 6731 673 673. GAE.100 GAE100 GAE (GAE.10 g1. . identified ketones alcohols terpenes acids 2Hexenal, 2Hexenal Hexenal Hexenal, 2-Hexenal 1Hexanol, 1Hexanol Hexanol Hexanol, 1-Hexanol 2Hexen1ol, 2Hexen1ol Hexenol Hexen ol, ol concentration 558 55 55. 5285 528 528. µg.kg1, µgkg1 µgkg µg.kg 1, µg kg 257 25 7 25. 2979 297 9 297. µg.kg1 µg.kg- weight r=0.79 r079 r 0 79 (r=0.79 r=0.61 r061 r= 0.61 61 (r=-0.61 r=0.69. r069 0.69 69 (r=-0.69) cultivation mg.10 mg10 10 (mg.1 g-1 35 67 GAE.10 GAE10 (GAE.1 52 kg1 29 r=0.7 r07 (r=0.7 r=0.6 r06 061 0.6 (r=-0.6 r=0.69 069 (r=-0.69 mg.1 mg1 (mg. g- 3 GAE.1 GAE1 (GAE. r=0. r0 (r=0. 06 0. (r=-0. mg. (mg GAE. (GAE r=0 (r=0 (r=-0 (r= (r=- (r

RESUMO: As geadas do final da primavera são um dos fatores de estresse abiótico restritivos mais importantes do cultivo de damasco em todo o mundo. Neste estudo, algumas características físicas e bioquímicas de qualidade da fruta e compostos aromáticos voláteis foram determinados em amostras de frutas frescas de 13 híbridos de damasco tolerantes à geada da primavera, recentemente obtidos do programa de melhoramento de damasco turco. Uma grande variação foi encontrada entre os genótipos de damasco em todas as características físicas e bioquímicas dos frutos avaliados e também nos compostos aromáticos voláteis. O tamanho dos frutos variou entre 27.2 e 60.5 g, sólidos solúveis entre 13.6 e 17.4 %, caroteno total 26.6 e 42.8 (mg.100 g-1) e teor de fenólicos totais 354.2 e 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). Um total de 42 componentes aromatizantes pertencentes a vários grupos de compostos aromatizantes foram identificados. Os principais grupos de compostos aromáticos voláteis detectados nos genótipos de damasco avaliados foram: aldeídos, cetonas, ésteres, álcoois, terpenos, ácidos e outros compostos. Os compostos: Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol e Limoneno foram os mais abundantes em termos de concentração. O hexanal variou entre 55.8 e 528.5 µg.kg-1, e o 2-Hexen-1-ol variou entre 25.7 e 297.9 µg.kg-1 demassa fresca . A análise de correlação revelou correlações significativas entre alguns compostos aromáticos e características bioquímicas de qualidade do fruto. Correlações significativas foram encontradas para ésteres com acidez titulável (r=0.79) e caroteno total (r=-0.61) e aldeídos foram encontrados como altamente correlacionados com sólidos solúveis totais (r=-0.69). Os resultados do estudo serão benéficos em termos de análise de alimentos, cultivo e estudos de melhoramento de damasco. RESUMO mundo 1 turco 272 27 2 27. 605 60 5 60. g 136 6 13. 174 17 4 17. % 266 26 26. 428 8 42. mg.100 mg100 mg 100 (mg.10 g1 g-1 3542 354 354. 6731 673 673. GAE.100 GAE100 GAE (GAE.10 g1. identificados cetonas álcoois terpenos Hexanal 2Hexenal, 2Hexenal Hexenal Hexenal, 2-Hexenal 1Hexanol, 1Hexanol Hexanol Hexanol, 1-Hexanol 2Hexen1ol Hexenol Hexen ol concentração 558 55 55. 5285 528 528. µg.kg1, µgkg1 µgkg µg.kg 1, µg kg 257 25 7 25. 2979 297 9 297. µg.kg1 µg.kg- fruto r=0.79 r079 r 0 79 (r=0.79 r=0.61 r061 r= 0.61 61 (r=-0.61 r=0.69. r069 0.69 69 (r=-0.69) alimentos mg.10 mg10 10 (mg.1 g- 35 67 GAE.10 GAE10 (GAE.1 52 kg1 29 r=0.7 r07 (r=0.7 r=0.6 r06 061 0.6 (r=-0.6 r=0.69 069 (r=-0.69 mg.1 mg1 (mg. 3 GAE.1 GAE1 (GAE. r=0. r0 (r=0. 06 0. (r=-0. mg. (mg GAE. (GAE r=0 (r=0 (r=-0 (r= (r=- (r