Resumen: Las Reservas Ecológicas, son la base primordial para la subsistencia de la biodiversidad, desempeñan funciones cruciales para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, especialmente, en la preservación de los servicios ecosistémicos de regulación del clima y suministro de agua. Determinar la capacidad de acumulación del COS en tres ecosistemas de la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas (REAR) y la influencia que tienen con los factores de profundidad y el tipo de suelo, fue el objetivo de la investigación. Se partió de la hipótesis que dichos factores ejercen un efecto sobre las propiedades físicas-químicas del suelo, provocando la variabilidad del carbono. Se establecieron 14 unidades de muestreo para los tres ecosistemas; 1) Intervenido, 2) Bosque deciduo y 3) Bosque arbustal deciduo, se extrajo de cada unidad dos muestras de suelo a profundidades de (0-10 y 10-30 cm), dando un total de 28 muestras. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas entre los tres tipos de ecosistemas, permitiendo afirmar que, en la REAR, el contenido de COS es mayor en el ecosistema de Bosque deciduo, que en los denominados Bosque arbustal deciduo y la zona Intervenida. Así mismo, los suelos del tipo Alfisol y Entisol en el Bosque deciduo presentaron la mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de COS, siendo la capa superficial la de mayor acumulación en los tres ecosistemas. Se concluyó que las bajas precipitaciones, el aumento de la temperatura y la esporádica vegetación producida por actividades antrópicas, afectan el almacenamiento de COS, limitando la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con la captura de carbono edáfico.

Abstract: Ecological Reserves are the primary basis for the subsistence of biodiversity, they play crucial roles in the maintenance of ecosystems, especially in the preservation of ecosystem services of climate regulation and water supply. The objective of the research was to determine the accumulation capacity of COS in three ecosystems of the Arenillas Ecological Reserve (REAR) and the influence of depth factors and soil type. It was hypothesized that these factors exert an effect on the physical-chemical properties of the soil, causing carbon variability. Fourteen sampling units were established for the three ecosystems; 1) Intervened, 2) Deciduous Forest and 3) Deciduous shrub forest, two soil samples were extracted from each unit at depths of (0-10 and 10-30 cm), giving a total of 28 samples. The results revealed significant differences between the three types of ecosystems, allowing us to affirm that, in the REAR, the COS content is higher in the deciduous forest ecosystem than in the deciduous shrub forest and the Intermediate zone. Likewise, Alfisol and Entisol soils in the deciduous forest had the highest COS storage capacity, being the surface layer the one with the highest accumulation in the three ecosystems. It was concluded that low precipitation, increased temperature and sporadic vegetation produced by anthropic activities affect COS storage, limiting the provision of ecosystem services related to soil carbon sequestration.

Abstract Introduction: The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most economically important pests of mangoes in Mexico and the Neotropics. Objective: To analyze adult population patterns of A. obliqua and their relation to local and landscape factors. Methods: We selected 11 “Manila” mango orchards along the middle part of La Antigua River, which were characterized to determine their biophysical structure and landscape configuration considering their distance to six different land uses/land covers. Anastrepha obliqua population was estimated by collecting adult flies in colorless polyethylene plastic bottle traps baited with a protein for three weeks in June 2022. Results: A total of 1 869 adults of A. obliqua were trapped, of which 75 % were females and 25 % were males. Abundance varied from 68 to 490 adult flies per orchard, while capture frequency from 0.36 to 1.8 flies/trap/day. Abundance increased in highly shaded orchards, and capture frequency decreased in orchards with highly soil compaction. Abundance and the frequency of capture increased in orchards near isolated trees of Spondias spp. and decreased in orchards near sugarcane plantations. Shade management in mango orchards may be used as an effective strategy to promote biotic interactions to naturally regulate A. obliqua populations, meanwhile, soil compaction represents a limiting ecological condition, which might severely impact fruit fly larvae survival. Conclusions: Adult population of A. obliqua depends on several local and landscape factors because they indicate resource availability and ecological conditions. These findings could be considered for control strategies in the integrated management of this pest to promote protection and improve the fruit quality of mango crop.

Resumen Introducción: La mosca de las indias occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), es una de las plagas más importantes económicamente en el cultivo de mango de México y el neotrópico. Objetivo: Analizamos los patrones de la población adulta de A. obliqua y su relación con factores locales y del paisaje. Métodos: Un total de 11 huertos de mango “Manila” fueron caracterizados en estructura biofísica y configuración del paisaje. Los adultos de A. obliqua fueron capturados con trampas (botellas de polietileno cebadas con una proteína) durante tres semanas en junio de 2022. Resultados: Se capturaron 1 869 adultos de A. obliqua, de los cuales 75 % fueron hembras y 25 % machos. La abundancia varió de 68 a 490 moscas adultas por huerto, mientras que la frecuencia de captura de 0.36 a 1.8 moscas/trampa/día. La abundancia incrementó en huertos altamente sombreados y decreció en huertos con suelos compactos. La abundancia y frecuencia incrementaron en huertos cercanos a árboles de Spondias spp. y decreció en huertos cercanos a plantaciones de caña de azúcar. El manejo de la sombra puede ser utilizado como una estrategia efectiva para promover las interacciones que regulan naturalmente la población de A. obliqua, mientras que la compactación del suelo representa una condición ecológica limitante que podría impactar severamente en la supervivencia de larvas de moscas de la fruta. Conclusión: La población adulta de A. obliqua depende de varios factores locales y del paisaje que indican disponibilidad de recursos y condiciones ecológicas. Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse en las estrategias del manejo integrado de esta plaga para promover la protección y el mejoramiento de la calidad de frutos en el cultivo de mango.

ABSTRACT Heat and drought stress, which often co-occur due to water evaporation, are two major abiotic factors limiting the production of rice (Oryza sativa L.) It is crucial to enhance understanding of the effects of these abiotic stresses in rice, particularly for rice-producing countries like Malaysia, which has yet to achieve rice self-sufficiency. This greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the morphological changes of two important Malaysian cultivars (‘MR219’ and ‘MR303’) at vegetative, reproductive, and ripening stages, as well as their physiological response and yield components under normal (control), heat, drought, and combined heat-drought stress conditions. Individual heat stress greatly influenced rice growth and yield, with significant differences (p < 0.01) observed across all examined parameters except the grain to leaf area index ratio (GtoLAI). Conversely, individual drought stress mostly affected yield-related parameters, with significant differences (p < 0.01) in grain weight (GW), harvest index (HI), and percentage of filled grain (%FG). Interestingly, the combined stresses in this study did not significantly affect plant height (PH) for all growth stages and most yield-related traits (HI, GW, and GtoLAI). The majority of the significant changes (p < 0.01) were observed on physiological traits, including chlorophyll a (Chl A) and b (Chl B). We found a positive correlation between HI and %FG (R2 = 0.3974**) under heat and drought stress, indicating that improving either of these traits can boost rice production. Collectively, our study revealed that the individual effects of heat and drought on rice growth and yield can differ from the effects of combined stress.

RESUMO A salinidade é um dos fatores mais limitantes para a produtividade agrícola, pois afeta tanto as trocas gasosas quanto o metabolismo das plantas. Porém, com o crescimento populacional e a busca constante por alternativas para aumentar a produtividade, a irrigação com águas de salinidade moderada parece ser viável para potencializar a fruticultura no Brasil, especialmente nas regiões semiáridas, onde a maioria das águas tem alta concentração de sal e são as únicas fontes disponíveis para o produtor. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação nas trocas gasosas e na qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos do melão amarelo ‘Goldex’ (Cucumis melo L.) nas fases de colheita. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (CEa - 0,8 e 4,0 dS m-1) e oito etapas de colheita (54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66 e 68 dias após o transplantio), dispostas em forma de esquema fatorial 2 × 8 e delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Nas condições de salinidade impostas durante as etapas de avaliação, o melão amarelo ‘Goldex’ manteve estáveis suas trocas gasosas básicas. A massa e o número de frutos por planta foram reduzidos pela salinidade da água de irrigação, mas os frutos continuaram classificados como comercializáveis, o que torna a irrigação com água salina até 4,0 dS m-1 uma alternativa viável para a produção de melão amarelo, principalmente em regiões onde há baixa disponibilidade de água de boa qualidade, o que pode potencializar a fruticultura no semiárido. agrícola plantas Porém Brasil semiáridas produtor contexto póscolheita pós ‘Goldex Goldex Cucumis L. L CEa 08 0 0, 40 4 4, m1 m 1 54, 54 (54 56 58 60 62 64 6 transplantio, transplantio , transplantio) casualizado avaliação básicas comercializáveis m- semiárido 5 (5 (

ABSTRACT Salinity is one of the most limiting factors for agricultural productivity, as it affects both gas exchange and plant metabolism. However, with population growth and the constant search for alternatives to increase productivity, irrigation with water of moderate salinity appears to be feasible to enhance fruit cultivation in Brazil, especially in semi-arid regions, where most waters have high salt concentration and are the only available source for the producer. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of irrigation water salinity and harvest stages on gas exchange and post-harvest fruit quality of ‘Goldex’ yellow melon (Cucumis melo L.). The treatments consisted of two electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw - 0.8 and 4.0 dS m-1) and eight harvest stages (54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, and 68 days after transplanting), arranged in a 2 × 8 factorial scheme and a completely randomized design. Under the salinity conditions imposed during the evaluation stages, the ‘Goldex’ yellow melon maintained its basic gas exchanges stable. The mass and number of fruits per plant were reduced by the salinity of the irrigation water, but the fruits continued to be classified as marketable, which makes irrigation with saline water up to 4.0 dS m-1 a viable alternative for the production of yellow melon, especially in regions where there is low availability of good quality water, which can enhance fruit growing in the semi-arid region. productivity metabolism However Brazil semiarid semi arid producer context postharvest post ‘Goldex Goldex Cucumis L.. L L. . L.) ECw 08 0 0. 40 4 4. m1 m 1 54, 54 (54 56 58 60 62 64 66 6 transplanting, transplanting , transplanting) design stable marketable m- region 5 (5 (

ABSTRACT Among the problems of physical degradation of soils, compaction and densification are the main ones, and these cause strong decreases in subsequent crop yields. The degradation of the soil structure is a problem today in Cuba, which can occur in all soils and at all levels of livestock production. Taking into account the above, this document aims to expose the main changes produced in the internal structure of soils as a result of its degradation. Soil compaction, due to the collapse or reduction of pore spaces, is the most common cause of physical restriction for root growth and development. As an aggravating factor, the degradation of the soil structure is commonly considered the most difficult type of land degradation to locate and reconvert; the reason is that this degradation is a subsurface phenomenon. Finally, it is about establishing some possible solutions to this problem, among which the main method of restoring the porosity of the limiting layers of root growth and that must take into account the chemical and physical factors of the soil, the species, the type of soil and the degree of degradation of the species that are proposed to restore, the use of plowing v+ harrow or plowing alone is the most efficient method for the recovery of pastures of the species.

RESUMEN Entre los problemas de la degradación física de los suelos, la compactación y el adensamiento son los principales, y estos causan fuertes decrementos en los rendimientos posteriores de los cultivos de los mismos. La degradación de la estructura del suelo es un problema hoy en Cuba, que puede ocurrir en todos los suelos y a todos los niveles de producción pecuaria. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, este documento pretende exponer los principales cambios producidos en la estructura interna de los suelos como resultado de su degradación. La compactación del suelo, debido al colapso o disminución de los espacios de poros, es la causa más común de restricción física para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las raíces. Como agravante, la degradación de la estructura del suelo es comúnmente considerada como el tipo de degradación de tierras más difícil de localizar y reconvertir; la razón es que ésta degradación es un fenómeno subsuperficial. Finalmente se trata de establecer algunas posibles soluciones a dicha problemática, entre las cuales el método principal de restauración de la porosidad de las capas limitantes del crecimiento de las raíces y que se deben tener en cuenta los factores químicos y físicos del suelo, la especie, el tipo de suelo y el grado de degradación de las especies que se proponen restaurar, el uso de la aradura + grada o de la aradura sola resulta el método más eficiente para la recuperación de pastizales de las especies

Abstract Neoliberal reforms arising from Spain’s entrance into the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) have had major consequences for academic practice and unleashed heated debate in the university community and society. This article explores the main transformations and basis of the political-economic model of public universities in Spain. It focuses on two dimensions of the institutional framework that have had a significant impact on teaching and research practice in universities: the strategic focus of research policy and labor regulations and employment conditions. To address both dimensions, the analysis centers on the implications each has for the reproduction of a specific discipline, social anthropology, in the context of the University of Seville. The article describes some of the main factors conditioning and limiting these two dimensions, in particular how business logic and neocolonialism are driving new research policy and how a combination of neoliberal organization of labor, meritocracy and clientelist networks are impact hiring practices and intensifying labor precarization.

Abstract: The automotive manufacturing industry faces diverse challenges, including designing new parts, optimizing schedule times, developing aerodynamic car designs, refining painting processes, and advancing autonomous driving. The car painting process is a new optimization area in the computational context due to the complexity and damage caused by various factors. Our research focuses on designing a robotic arm with five degrees of freedom that operates in a two-dimensional plane and is integrated with metaheuristics for path optimization. Our methodology consists of defining and limiting the problem, analyzing requirements, designing the robotic arm, implementing routes, and conducting tests. For the design of data instances, the Methodology proposed by [42] was used in this work. Subsequently, a pool of perturbation heuristics and an iterated local search algorithm are used, which allowed us to design the best combination of heuristics that can provide a competitive solution to the problem of route design for the robotic arm in the automobile painting process. This study includes a comprehensive review of related work, theoretical concepts, and the application of metaheuristics. The results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed heuristics, with the K-OPT heuristic demonstrating superior performance. Statistical tests confirm the significance of the differences among the heuristics. This paper concludes with insights into future research directions, emphasizing the importance of safety practices and Industry 4.0 technology in mitigating health risks associated with the automotive painting process.

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a sustentabilidade nos hotéis de 5 estrelas do Algarve, determinando como é que comunicam o seu comportamento sustentável nos seus websites, quais são as práticas mais adotadas e os principais motivadores/obstáculos. Foram analisados os websites e motores de reserva dos hotéis. E um questionário foi usado para recolher informações sobre as suas práticas sustentáveis. É possível perceber um pouco de comunicação sustentável nos sites desses hotéis. Essa percentagem é superior no motor Booking.com, um canal mais competitivo. As principais áreas de intervenção são a gestão de energia, gestão de água/resíduos e responsabilidade social. A maioria das práticas implementadas são as menos dispendiosas. E os principais impulsionadores são a responsabilidade ambiental, visão estratégica e ganho de eficiência. Embora o principal obstáculo referido seja o custo do investimento, a falta de pessoal qualificado e questões técnicas são outros constrangimentos. A dimensão “mais fraca” da tríade da sustentabilidade é a social (com resultados menores). E a mais limitante para se avançar na área é a económica, pela perceção de custos associados. O crescimento de novos negócios e empregos na área, bem como o uso de um relatório padronizado e de certificação, poderá superar os entraves.

Abstract This work aims to analyze sustainability in 5-star hotels in Algarve, determining how they communicate their sustainable behavior on their websites, what are the most adopted practices and the main motivators/obstacles. Hotel websites and booking engines were analyzed. And a questionnaire was used to gather information about their sustainable practices. It is possible to notice a bit of sustainable communication on the sites of these hotels. This percentage is higher in the Booking.com engine, a more competitive channel. The main areas of intervention are energy management, water/waste management and social responsibility. Most of the implemented practices are the least expensive. And the main drivers are environmental responsibility, strategic vision and efficiency gains. Although the main obstacle referred to is the investment cost, the lack of qualified personnel and technical issues are other constraints. The “weakest” dimension of the sustainability triad is social (with lower results). And the most limiting to develop the area is the economic one, due to the perception of associated costs. The growth of new businesses and jobs in the area, as well as the use of standardized reporting and certification, could overcome the barriers.

Abstract Introduction: End of life care of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) may be particularly challenging and requires the intervention of a specialized palliative care team (PCT). Objective: To characterize the population of ESKD patients referred to a PCT and evaluate the determinants of planned dying at home. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of all patients with ESKD referred to our PCT between January 2014 and December 2021 (n = 60) and further characterized those with previously known ESKD regarding place of death (n = 53). Results: The majority of the patients were female and the median age was 84 years. Half of the patients were on conservative treatment, 43% were on chronic hemodialysis, and the remainder underwent hemodialysis on a trial basis and were subsequently suspended. Of those with previously known ESKD, 18% died at home and neither gender, age, cognition, performance status, comorbidities, CKD etiology, or treatment modality were associated with place of death. Anuria was significantly associated with dying at the hospital as was shorter time from dialysis suspension and death. Although not reaching statistical significance, we found a tendency towards a longer duration of palliative care follow-up in those dying at home. Conclusion: Dying at home is possible in a palliative domiciliary program regardless of age, gender, etiology of CKD, major comorbidities, and treatment modality. Anuria and shorter survival from RRT withdrawal may be limiting factors for planned dying at home. A longer follow-up by palliative care may favor dying at home. Introduction endstage end stage (ESKD PCT. . (PCT) Objective Methods 201 202 n 60 53. 53 53) Results 8 years 43 suspended 18 gender cognition status comorbidities significance followup follow up Conclusion (PCT 20 6 5 4 1 2

Resumo Introdução: Os cuidados de fim de vida em doentescom doença renal terminal (DRT) podem ser desafiantes e necessitar do apoio de uma equipa especializada em cuidados paliativos (ECP). Objetivo: Caracterizar a população de doentes com DRT encaminhada à ECP e avaliar os determinantes para um fim de vida planeado no domicílio. Métodos: Realizámos um estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo dos doentes com DRT encaminhados à ECP entre janeiro/2014 e dezembro/2021 (n = 60) e caracterizámos aqueles com DRT previamente conhecida relativamente ao local de fim de vida (n = 53). Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes eram mulheres comidade mediana de 84 anos. Metade dos doentes encontrava-se em tratamento conservador, 43% em hemodiálise crónica e os restantes suspenderam diálise iniciada agudamente. Daqueles com DRT previamente conhecida, 18% morreram em casa. Não foi objetivada associação entre género, idade, cognição, status funcional, comorbilidades, etiologia da DRC ou modalidade de tratamento da DRT e o local de óbito. A anúria e a menor sobrevida após suspensão de diálise associaram-se a um fim de vida no hospital e verificámos uma tendência para o fim de vida em casa nos doentes com mais tempo de acompanhamento pela ECP. Conclusão: O fim de vida no domicílio é possível num programa domiciliário de cuidados paliativos, independentemente de idade, sexo, etiologia da DRC, principais comorbilidades e modalidade de tratamento. A anúria e o menor tempo de sobrevida após suspensão da TRS podem ser fatores limitantes. Um acompanhamento mais longo em cuidados paliativos pode favorecer o fim de vida no domicílio. Introdução (DRT . (ECP) Objetivo Métodos janeiro2014 janeiro 2014 janeiro/201 dezembro2021 dezembro 2021 dezembro/202 n 60 53. 53 53) Resultados 8 anos encontravase encontrava se conservador 43 agudamente 18 género idade cognição funcional óbito associaramse associaram Conclusão sexo limitantes (ECP janeiro201 201 janeiro/20 dezembro202 202 dezembro/20 6 5 4 1 janeiro20 20 janeiro/2 dezembro20 dezembro/2 janeiro2 2 janeiro/ dezembro2 dezembro/

RESUMEN La gestión de riesgos es fundamental para el éxito de las organizaciones orientadas a proyectos. Una forma práctica de gestionar los riesgos potenciales es mediante la utilización de bases de conocimientos. En el presente trabajo utilizando la metodología de Kitchenham como guía para realizar revisiones sistemáticas, se discute la importancia de utilizar bases de conocimientos para la gestión de riesgos en organizaciones orientadas a proyectos. Se destacan los beneficios clave de utilizar bases de conocimientos, incluyendo mayor precisión en la identificación de riesgos, mejora en la toma de decisiones, ahorro de tiempo y recursos, y aumento de la transparencia y la comunicación dentro del equipo del proyecto. La metodología de Kitchenham puede ser utilizada como una técnica de revisión sistemática para evaluar la calidad de los estudios existentes sobre la utilización de bases de conocimientos para la gestión de riesgos en proyectos. El principal resultado de la presente investigación es la identificación de factores limitantes de la no utilización de las bases de conocimientos en la gestión de riesgos asumida en las organizaciones orientadas a proyectos.

ABSTRACT Risk management is critical to the success of project-oriented organizations. One practical way to manage potential risks is through the use of knowledge bases. In this article, using Kitchenham's methodology as a guide for conducting systematic reviews, the importance of using knowledge bases for risk management in project-oriented organizations is discussed. Key benefits of using knowledge bases are highlighted, including increased accuracy in risk identification, improved decision making, time and resource savings, and increased transparency and communication within the project team. Kitchenham's methodology can be used as a systematic review technique to assess the quality of existing studies on the use of knowledge bases for project risk management. The main result of this article is the identification of some limiting factors of the non-use of knowledge bases in risk management assumed in project-oriented organizations.

Resumo Embora a acessibilidade ao ensino superior tenha melhorado em países de baixa e média renda (PBMR), a evasão persiste, especialmente entre estudantes socioeconomicamente desfavorecidos. Apesar dos avanços em modelos de Machine Learning para compreender esse desafio, muitos estudos negligenciam fatores institucionais específicos dos PBMR ou se concentram em cursos específicos, limitando sua aplicabilidade e relevância política. Para abordar isso, criamos uma base de dados usando registros administrativos e censitários para prever o desempenho acadêmico na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Peru (PUCP). Os modelos mais eficazes, incluindo o Random Forest, destacaram preditores como desempenho prévio e pontuações em testes de admissão. Apresentamos um modelo eficiente com dez características que pode prever o desempenho futuro e assim contribuir para a redução da evasão na PUCP.

Abstract Despite improved higher education accessibility in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), challenges persist in student drop-out, especially for socio-economically disadvantaged students. While machine learning models have enhanced our understanding of this challenge by predicting academic performance, many studies overlook LMIC-specific institutional factors or focus on specific courses, limiting their generalizability and policy uses. To address these issues, the authors compiled a comprehensive database using administrative and census data to predict undergraduate academic performance at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP). The study found that the most effective models were tree-based ensembles, particularly Random Forest, with key predictors including prior secondary school performance and university admission test scores. They present a high-performing model using only ten features that can predict future academic performance and potentially aid in reducing student drop-out at PUCP.

Resumen Aunque la accesibilidad a la educación superior ha mejorado en países de renta baja y media (PRMB), persiste el abandono, especialmente entre estudiantes socioeconómicamente desfavorecidos. A pesar de los avances en modelos de Machine Learning para entender este desafío, muchos estudios descuidan factores institucionales específicos de los PRMB o se centran en cursos específicos, limitando su aplicabilidad y relevancia política. Para abordar esto, creamos una base de datos usando registros administrativos y censales para predecir el rendimiento académico en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). Los modelos más efectivos, entre ellos Random Forest, destacaron predictores como el rendimiento previo y puntuaciones en pruebas de admisión. Presentamos un modelo eficiente con diez características que puede predecir el rendimiento futuro y así aportar a la reducción de la deserción en PUCP.

RESUMEN Introducción: En actividades físicas prolongadas, la reposición de agua y el glucógeno muscular son factores limitantes en los corredores de maratón. La carga de carbohidratos (CHO) en los días previos a la competencia de resistencia es un método empleado para optimizar las reservas de glucógeno muscular y el rendimiento del ejercicio. Cómo cada gramo de glucógeno muscular se une a ≈ 2,7 a 4 gramos de agua, puede producirse retención de agua durante las dietas ricas en carbohidratos. Objetivo: Evaluar las diferencias entre las estrategias de carga de carbohidratos (Bergström y Sherman) en el contenido de agua intracelular (AIC) o extracelular (AEC). Métodos: Veintitrés corredores fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos intervenciones (Bergström y Sherman) en un diseño cruzado. Los participantes se sometieron a una evaluación inicial antes de los 3 días de agotamiento del glucógeno, seguido de 3 días de carga de carbohidratos con un tiempo de “washout” de 30 días que consistía en una dieta y entrenamiento normales. Se utilizó bioimpedancia multifrecuencia (BIS) para evaluar AIC y AEC al inicio, después del agotamiento y después de CHO para determinar cualquier diferencia entre las dos intervenciones. También se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para evaluar el potasio. Se determinaron asociaciones entre AIC, AEC y glucógeno muscular. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en el contenido de AIC o AEC entre las dos intervenciones en ningún momento. Hubo un efecto de tiempo para AIC, con un aumento desde Post-agotamiento hasta Post-CHO sin ninguna diferencia entre las intervenciones. El potasio plasmático disminuyó entre el inicio y el post-agotamiento en ambas condiciones. No hubo diferencia en el contenido de glucógeno muscular entre las intervenciones o momentos. Conclusión: No hubo diferencias en el contenido de AIC y AEC entre las dos intervenciones en ningún momento. Nivel de Evidencia I; Pruebas de Criterios Diagnóstico Desarrollados Previamente. Introducción prolongadas maratón (CHO ejercicio 27 2 7 2, Objetivo Bergström Sherman (AIC AEC. . (AEC) Métodos cruzado washout “washout normales BIS (BIS Resultados momento Postagotamiento Post PostCHO postagotamiento post condiciones momentos Conclusión I Previamente (AEC

ABSTRACT Introduction: In prolonged physical activities, water replacement and muscle glycogen content are limiting factors in marathon runners. Carbohydrate-loading (CHO) in the days prior to endurance competition is a commonly employed method to optimise muscle glycogen stores and optimise exercise performance. Since each gram of muscle glycogen binds ∼2.7-4 grams of water, water retention may occur during carbohydrate-loading diets. Objective: To evaluate differences between CHO loading strategies (Bergström and Sherman) on intracellular (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) water content. Methods: Twenty-three runners were randomly allocated to two interventions (Bergström and Sherman) in a crossover design. Participants underwent a baseline evaluation before 3 days of glycogen depletion followed by 3 days of carbohydrate loading with a washout of 30 days consisting of normal diet and training. Multifrequency bioimpedance (BIS) was used to assess ICW and ECW at Baseline, Post-depletion and Post-CHO to determine any differences between Bergström and Sherman protocols. Blood samples were also obtained to assess potassium levels. Associations between ICW and ECW and muscle glycogen were determined. Results: There were no differences in ICW or ECW content between the two interventions at any moment. There was an effect of time for ICW, with an increase from Post-depletion to Post-CHO without any difference between interventions. Plasma potassium decreased from Baseline to Post-depletion in both conditions. There was no difference in muscle glycogen content between interventions or moments. Conclusion: There were no differences in ICW and ECW content between the Bergström and Sherman interventions at any moment. Level of Evidence I; Tests of Previously Developed Diagnostic Criteria. Introduction activities Carbohydrateloading Carbohydrate (CHO performance ∼2.74 274 ∼2.7 4 2 7 ∼2.7- carbohydrateloading diets Objective (ICW (ECW Methods Twentythree Twenty three design training BIS (BIS Postdepletion Post PostCHO protocols levels determined Results moment conditions moments Conclusion I Criteria 74 27 ∼2. ∼2 ∼

RESUMO Introdução: Em atividades físicas prolongadas a reposição hídrica e o conteúdo de glicogênio muscular são fatores limitantes em corredores de maratonas. O carregamento de carboidrato (CHO) nos dias anteriores à competição de resistência é um método comumente empregado para otimizar os estoques de glicogênio muscular e o desempenho no exercício. Uma vez que cada grama de glicogênio muscular liga-se a ≈2,7 a 4 gramas de água, a retenção hídrica pode ocorrer durante dietas de carregamento de carboidrato. Objetivo: Avaliar diferenças entre as estratégias de carregamento de carboidratos (Bergström e Sherman) no teor de água intracelular (AIC) ou água extracelular (AEC). Métodos: Vinte e três corredores foram alocados aleatoriamente para duas intervenções (Bergström e Sherman) num delineamento em “crossover”. Os participantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação inicial antes dos 3 dias de depleção de glicogênio, seguidos por 3 dias de carga de carboidratos com tempo de “washout” de 30 dias consistindo em dieta e treinamento normais. Utilizou-se a bioimpedância multifrequencial (BIS) para avaliar AIC e AEC na Etapa Inicial, Pós-depleção e Pós-CHO para determinar quaisquer diferenças entre os protocolos de Bersgstrom e Sherman. Também foram obtidas coletas de sangue para avaliar o potássio. Foram determinadas associações entre AIC, AEC e glicogênio muscular. Resultados: Não houve diferenças no conteúdo de AIC ou AEC entre as duas intervenções em qualquer momento. Houve um efeito do tempo para AIC, com aumento da etapa Pós-depleção para Pós-CHO sem qualquer diferença entre as intervenções. O potássio plasmático diminuiu entre a Linha de base e Pós-depleção em ambas condições. Não houve diferença no conteúdo de glicogênio muscular entre intervenções ou momentos. Conclusão: Não houve diferenças no conteúdo de AIC e AEC entre as intervenções de Bergström e Sherman em qualquer momento. Nível de Evidência I; Testes de Critérios Diagnósticos Desenvolvidos Anteriormente. Introdução maratonas CHO (CHO exercício ligase liga se 27 2 7 ≈2, Objetivo (AIC AEC. . (AEC) Métodos crossover. crossover “crossover” washout “washout normais Utilizouse Utilizou BIS (BIS Inicial Pósdepleção Pós PósCHO Resultados momento condições momentos Conclusão I Anteriormente ≈2 (AEC “crossover ≈

ABSTRACT Favorable soil conditions are essential to the proper growth and production of any crop worldwide. Only 9 % of the Ecuadorian Amazon Region (EAR) territory is suitable for agriculture and/or livestock farming, due to limitations imposed by physio-edaphoclimatic factors. This study evaluated the soil potential suitability for coffee, cocoa and tropical pastures to determine optimal, moderate and marginal areas in three provinces in the EAR (Orellana, Sucumbios and Pastaza) under different agroecological conditions. On-site field work was carried out to analyze the soil profile to determine the mineral composition. Eight environmental variables were evaluated through the integration of GIS-based modeling to determine the agroecological zoning of the crops. The results showed that the main determining factors for optimal areas of soil suitability within the three provinces included soil depth (30 cm), organic matter content (5.3 %), concentration of macronutrients (2,700 mg kg–1), and slope (< 10 %), whereas annual temperature (18-26 °C), annual precipitation (1200-3000 mm), altitude (0-500 m), and pH (4.38) were included for moderate and marginal areas. Depending on the crop and the province, soil suitability was classified into two or three classes (optimal, moderate, and marginal areas), relying on the agroecological conditions specific to each crop. This study highlights that all crops showed mostly optimal soil suitability for proper development under the agroecological conditions analyzed, which contributes to the provision of valuable information to decision-makers about key limiting factors, land-use planning and mapping soil suitability when considering the best location for a specific crop. worldwide (EAR andor farming physioedaphoclimatic physio edaphoclimatic coffee Orellana, Orellana (Orellana Pastaza Onsite On site composition GISbased GIS based 30 (3 cm, cm , cm) 5.3 53 5 3 (5. %, %) 2,700 2700 2 700 (2,70 kg–1, kg1 kg kg–1 1 kg–1) < ( 1826 18 26 (18-2 °C, C °C °C) 12003000 1200 3000 (1200-300 mm, mm mm) 0500 0 500 (0-50 m, m m) 4.38 438 4 38 (4.38 province (optimal areas, areas) analyzed decisionmakers decision makers landuse land use 5. (5 2,70 270 70 (2,7 kg– 182 (18- 1200300 120 300 (1200-30 050 50 (0-5 4.3 43 (4.3 2,7 27 7 (2, (18 120030 12 (1200-3 05 (0- 4. (4. 2, (2 (1 12003 (1200- (0 (4 (1200 (120 (12

Abstract Chocolate is a delectable sweet enjoyed all over the world. Made from dried cocoa beans, through the process of roasting, grinding, and conching, chocolate is known for its taste and flavor. Although the sugar content of chocolate is limiting its reach to the health-conscious population, chocolate is endowed with immense medicinal benefits. The major ingredient of chocolate, cocoa, Theobroma cacao L., is a plant known as the “Food of the Gods” due to the abundance of polyphenols present in it. Processing conditions and parameters affect the polyphenol stability. Roasting process conditions affect the polyphenols of cocoa beans, especially the epicatechin and procyanidin. The variety of cocoa beans, quality and presence of fat, sugar, emulsifiers, drying time, and temperature are the important influencing factors affecting the polyphenol content of chocolate. Chocolate possesses antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti–inflammatory, and good mood food properties but it is also shown to be prebiotic and helps in alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer’s and heart disease. The functional properties of chocolate can be enhanced by the addition of certain foods/ functional ingredients. This paper reviews the role of chocolate as a functional food, the effect of processing on polyphenols, and the recent developments in improving the functional properties of chocolates through fortification. world beans roasting grinding conching flavor healthconscious health conscious population benefits L L. Food Gods stability procyanidin fat emulsifiers time antioxidant antidiabetic anticancer antiinflammatory anti inflammatory anti–inflammatory Alzheimers Alzheimer s disease foods ingredients fortification

ABSTRACT Most Brazilian municipalities do not have regulated areas for solid waste disposal in civil construction. Usually, residues are disposed of vacant lots and dumps, posing risks to the population health and the environment. Soils are the primary means for the disposal or recycling of waste, highlighting the importance of well-characterized soils and their respective landscape. This study aimed to establish a land suitability system for solid residues in civil construction and apply such information in a case study in Southeastern Brazil. An unprecedented digital soil map with a resolution of 30 m was created using the random forest classifier algorithm and soil field prospection information. A guide listing favorable soil-landscape attributes that most prevent soil erosion, water bodies or water table contamination was elaborated and discussed. Thus, such information was linked through a suitability system to classify areas with potential for receiving waste on a daily volume basis as follows: large size: >500 m³ day-1, medium size: >100 m³ day-1 and <300 m³ day-1, and small size <100 m³ day-1. Topography and soil depth were the most limiting factors of the areas in the case study. The proposed attributes as criteria for the suitability system complement the current state legislation. A total of 236 ha closer to the urban perimeter connected by roads in good condition were classified as suitable for managing medium- and small-scale daily volume, whose destination might reduce transportation and installation costs in the study area. Usually dumps environment wellcharacterized well characterized landscape Brazil 3 soillandscape erosion discussed Thus follows 500 >50 day1, day1 day 1, 1 100 >10 day- 300 <30 <10 day1. 1. legislation 23 smallscale scale area 50 >5 10 >1 <3 <1 2 5 > <