Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been widely used, and along with other methodologies such as derivatization, is a powerful tool to analyze phytocompounds, including cuticular wax components. The loss of structural information upon fragmentation of waxes makes it difficult to interpret and identify the GC-MS mass spectra of these compounds with the traditional methods, as digital libraries. Therefore, as a new complementary alternative to traditional methods of identifying aliphatic acyclic lipids based on mass spectra, we present the new software WaxAlly in this technical note. WaxAlly is a new software created based on simple algorithms, enabling the rapid recognition by the user of eight aliphatic acyclic lipid classes, including alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and TMS derivatives of free fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, and their homologues with carbon chains varying between 10 and 100 carbons. Additionally, the WaxAlly software provides a section for data organization, internet comparison to NIST and PubChem databases, and academic information about mass fragmentation of acyclic lipids. The software has proven to be a very useful complementary technique in identifying plant wax lipid homologues, and new fragmentation patterns of lipid classes can be added in the future to improve the program. GCMS GC MS (GC-MS used derivatization phytocompounds components libraries Therefore note algorithms alkanes alkenes aldehydes ketones esters acids alcohols 1 carbons Additionally organization databases program

ABSTRACT Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease endemic to Latin American countries, with a high impact in terms of morbidity, mortality and costs for the health system if patients progress to advanced stages. This work aimed to collect data published in publications on autochthonous cases of PCM, from the first cases diagnosed in Paraguay, with a description of the historical context and identifying the pioneers in the diagnosis in Paraguay, following a chronological order, to the most recently reported cases. Methodology: search in national libraries and online databases of PCM cases in Paraguay, published in national historical scientific journals and other sources available in print format, and more recent scientific articles available in electronic format, respectively. Results: 479 cases of PCM were identified in publications between the years 1935 and 2023, corresponding to autochthonous cases and whose diagnoses were made in Paraguayan territory. Dr. Juan Boggino and collaborators were responsible for the first diagnoses in the country. The predominant clinical form was chronic. The average age was 45.78 years. The vast majority of patients diagnosed were from the Eastern Region of the country, predominantly male farmers. Conclusion: PCM is an endemic disease in Paraguay. Since the first cases were diagnosed and until today, patients with a severe and disabling course of the disease have been detected, which demonstrates the need to disseminate its knowledge and expand the early diagnostic capacity at the national level. Due to its clinical pleomorphism and its ability to simulate other diseases, it is important to include PCM as a differential diagnosis for patients who present risk factors for the development of the disease.

RESUMEN La Paracoccidioidomicosis (PCM), es una enfermedad sistémica endémica de países de América Latina, con alto impacto en términos de morbilidad, mortalidad y costos para el sistema de salud si los enfermos progresan a sus estadios avanzados. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo recopilar datos divulgados en publicaciones sobre casos autóctonos de PCM, desde los primeros casos diagnosticados en Paraguay, con una descripción del contexto histórico e identificando a los pioneros en el diagnóstico en Paraguay, siguiendo un orden cronológico, hasta los casos más recientemente informados. Metodología: búsqueda en bibliotecas nacionales y bases de datos online de casos de PCM en Paraguay, publicados en revistas científicas históricas nacionales y otras fuentes disponibles en formato impreso, y artículos científicos más recientes disponibles en formato electrónico, respectivamente. Resultados: Se identificaron 479 casos de PCM en publicaciones entre los años 1935 y 2023, correspondientes a casos autóctonos y cuyos diagnósticos fueron realizados en territorio paraguayo. El Dr. Juan Boggino y colaboradores fueron los responsables de los primeros diagnósticos en el país. La forma clínica predominante fue la crónica. La media de edad de 45,78 años. La gran mayoría de los pacientes diagnosticados fueron oriundos de la Región Oriental del país, predominantemente hombres agricultores. Conclusión: La PCM es una enfermedad endémica del Paraguay, desde los primeros casos diagnosticados y hasta hoy en día, son detectados pacientes con una evolución grave y discapacitante de la enfermedad, lo que demuestra la necesidad de la difusión de su conocimiento y ampliación de la capacidad diagnóstica precoz a nivel nacional. Debido a su pleomorfismo clínico y su capacidad de simular otras enfermedades, es importante incluir a la PCM como diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes que presenten factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

SUMMARY: The German Conrad Johann Martin Langenbeck made important contributions to anatomical and surgical knowledge during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. However, His work and legacy is little known and difficult to access, both in Europe and in America. Literature review of the databases PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library; “Google” and university libraries. The following keywords have been used: “anatomy and surgery”. In this analysis a critical analysis of the known literature about this historical figure is carried out. His multiple contributions to the study of human morphology, his surgical interventions, his legacy at the University of Göttingen and the German model of surgery are noted. Langenbeck was a prominent anatomist, surgeon, professor and researcher, before the discovery of anesthesia changed everything, a time when cadaver dissection was essential to the design of successful operations. The name of CJM Langenbeck will always endure through his work, anatomical terms and operations, and he should be remembered as the last anatomist surgeon of the 19th century.

RESUMEN: El alemán Conrad Johann Martin Langenbeck hizo importantes contribuciones al conocimiento anatómico y quirúrgico durante finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX. Sin embargo, su obra y su legado es poco conocido y difícilmente accesible, tanto a nivel europeo como americano. Revisión de la literatura de las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library; “Google” y bibliotecas de universidades. Como palabras clave se han usado: “anatomía y cirugía”. Se realiza un análisis crítico de la literatura encontrada. Se señalan sus múltiples contribuciones al estudio de la morfología humana, sus intervenciones quirúrgicas, su legado en la Universidad de Gotinga y sobre el modelo alemán de cirugía. Langenbeck fue un destacado anatomista, cirujano, profesor e investigador, antes de que el descubrimiento de la anestesia lo cambiara todo, una época en la que la disección de cadáveres era esencial para el diseño de operaciones exitosas. El nombre de CJM Langenbeck siempre perdurará a través de su trabajo, términos anatómicos y operaciones, y debe ser recordado como el último cirujano anatomista del siglo XIX.

This research presents the implementation and evaluation of machine learning models to predict solar irradiance (W/m²). The objective is to provide valuable insights for making informed decisions regarding solar system design and financing. A thorough exploratory data analysis was conducted on the Southern African Universities Radiometric Network (SAURAN) data collected at the University of Pretoria's station to gain insights into the patterns of solar irradiance over the past 10 years. Python's functions and libraries are utilized extensively for conducting exploratory data analysis, model implementation, model testing, forecasting, and data visualization. Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and extreme Gradient Boosting models (XGBoost) are implemented and evaluated. The KNN model was found to be superior achieving a relative Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), relative Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and R-Squared (R²) of 5.77%, 4.51% and 0.89 respectively on testing data. The variable importance analysis revealed that temperature (°C) exerted the greatest influence on predicting solar irradiance, accounting for 44% of the predictive power. The KNN model is suitable to inform solar systems design and financing decisions. Directions for future studies are identified and suggestions for areas of exploration are provided to contribute to the advancement of solar irradiance predictions.

Abstract The article presents an analysis of the Incorporation of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in the curricula of the teaching of Social Studies (ES) in Costa Rica and its treatment in a series of textbooks for secondary school during the period 1991-2016. The objective of the research was to analyze the evolution of the topic, to recognize its didactic and curricular changes during the study period. This article arises from a research project that was developed at the National University of Costa Rica during the period 2017-2020 and which took as its central axes DRM in Costa Rica, public policies in relation to the subject and the development of materials. for teaching. Methodologically, the proposal is qualitative and was based on documentary research for the collection and analysis of data. It is an exploratory study, since there is no other similar research in the field of ES. The units of analysis are made up of two groups of information that are the basis for collecting information. The first are the ES programs between 1991-2016 that included the topic of DRM and the second are the textbooks of both disciplines that included information regarding the research problem. The information comes from the study plans of the Ministry of Public Education (MEP) developed for the study period and from different libraries where the textbooks proposed by various publishers were located. As a result, it was obtained that DRM had political will for its incorporation into the educational system, but the curricular proposals were monotonous and with little innovation. The same results were obtained from the analysis of textbooks, where the activities showed little didactic effort on the part of the publishing houses. Being an exploratory study, it opens the possibility that other proposals can be proposed with different approaches from research in ES.

Resumen El artículo presenta un análisis sobre la incorporación de la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (GRD) en las mallas curriculares de la enseñanza de los Estudios Sociales (ES) en Costa Rica y su tratamiento en una serie de libros de texto para secundaria durante el período 1991-2016. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la evolución del tema para reconocer sus cambios didácticos y curriculares durante el período de estudio. Este artículo se desprende de un proyecto de investigación que se desarrolló en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica durante el período 2017-2020 y que tomó como ejes centrales la GRD en Costa Rica, las políticas públicas en relación con la temática y la elaboración de materiales para la docencia. Metodológicamente, el trabajo es de corte cualitativo y se basó en la investigación documental para la recolección y análisis de los datos. Es un estudio de corte exploratorio, pues no se cuenta con otra investigación similar en el campo de los ES. Se presentan dos unidades de análisis que fueron la base para la recolección de la información. La primera corresponde a los programas de ES comprendidos entre 1991-2016 que incluyeron el tema de las GRD, y la segunda, los libros de texto de ambas disciplinas que incluyeron información referente al problema de investigación. La información proviene de los planes de estudio del Ministerio de Educación Pública (MEP) desarrollados para el período de estudio y de diferentes bibliotecas donde se logró ubicar los libros de texto. Como resultado se obtuvo que la GRD contó con voluntad política para su incorporación en el sistema educativo, pero las propuestas curriculares fueron monótonas y con poca innovación. Los mismos resultados se obtuvieron del análisis de libros de texto, pues las actividades mostraron poco empeño didáctico por parte de las casas editoriales. Al ser un estudio exploratorio abre la posibilidad para plantear otras iniciativas con diferentes enfoques desde la investigación en ES.

Abstract The article presented here aims to characterise the institutional contexts of reading mediation, as well as to analyse and discuss practices for promoting reading within the non-higher education system. It adopts the sociology of reading as a theoretical reference, particularly the concept of reading practice, understood and viewed as a cultural and leisure practice, not directly related to school obligations and duties. The empirical basis is qualitative, consisting of documents and semi-structured interviews with 11 mediators working in professional contexts within education, including school libraries, and in culture (public libraries). The frameworks, contexts, and activities involved in reading mediation are inventoried and analysed, reflecting on the resources and references available for carrying out this role, particularly the specific training that exists, policy guidelines regarding reading promotion, and the influence of long-term political instruments. Reading mediation takes place in various institutional contexts, with teachers, librarians, and independent mediators playing a crucial role. The study results highlight the need to clarify the guidelines regarding the training, roles, and competencies of mediators, as well as the inclusion of their perceptions and experiences in shaping public policies.

Resumo O artigo que agora se apresenta tem como intenção caracterizar os contextos institucionais da mediação leitora, assim como analisar e discutir as práticas de promoção da leitura no sistema de ensino não superior. Adota a Sociologia da leitura como contributo teórico referencial, nomeadamente o conceito de prática de leitura, entendida e perspetivada como prática cultural, de lazer, não diretamente relacionada com obrigações e deveres escolares. A base empírica é qualitativa, documental e de entrevistas semidiretivas a 11 mediadores em contextos profissionais das áreas da educação, incluindo bibliotecas escolares, e da cultura, em especial bibliotecas públicas. São inventariados e analisados os quadros, contextos e atividades de exercício da mediação leitora, refletindo sobre os recursos e referenciais disponíveis para o exercício dessa função, designadamente, a formação específica que existe, diretrizes políticas no que à promoção de leitura diz respeito e a influência de instrumentos políticos de longa duração. A mediação leitora ocorre em diversos contextos institucionais desempenhando professores, bibliotecários e mediadores independentes um papel crucial. Os resultados do estudo mostram a necessidade de clarificação das orientações sobre a formação, funções e competências dos mediadores, bem como a inclusão das suas perceções e experiências na construção das políticas públicas.

La educación ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la conmoción social, económica y, sobre todo, sanitaria causada por la pandemia de Covid-19. Este evento ha obligado a aquellos con las condiciones adecuadas a realizar una transición temporal hacia una nueva forma de recibir la educación. En este sentido, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo: evaluar cómo respondieron los docentes durante la educación remota y su capacidad para adaptarse a este nuevo modelo, a través de un análisis documental de los últimos cinco años. Se utilizó el método analítico, para conocer el nivel de preparación de los docentes en competencias digitales en el contexto latinoamericano entre los años 2019 y 2023, a través de una recopilación de datos, mediante una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica disponible en repositorios y bibliotecas. El enfoque de este estudio fue cualitativo y descriptivo, basado en artículos especializados. Como resultado principal, se encontró una necesidad urgente de implementar un plan de formación que aborde las necesidades de los docentes en competencias digitales. En conclusión, es esencial que los docentes interactúen y dominen las herramientas tecnológicas para no solo consumir información y recursos, sino también para ser productores de contenido educativo

Education has undergone significant changes due to the social, economic and, above all, health upheaval caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. This event has forced those with the right conditions to make a temporary transition to a new way of receiving education. In this sense, the objective of this article is to: evaluate how teachers responded during remote education and their ability to adapt to this new model, through a documentary analysis of the last five years. The analytical method was used to know the level of preparation of teachers in digital skills in the Latin American context between 2019 and 2023, through a data collection, through an exhaustive review of the scientific literature available in repositories and libraries. The focus of this study was qualitative and descriptive, based on specialized articles. As a main result, an urgent need was found to implement a training plan that addresses the needs of teachers in digital skills. In conclusion, it is essential that teachers interact and master technological tools to not only consume information and resources, but also to be producers of educational content

Resumen Este artículo tiene como propósito explorar la documentación existente en el Sistema de Información Documental (SIDUNA) de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, relacionada a la migración laboral en Costa Rica, así como la cooperación internacional para dicha temática y exponer sus enfoques. El equipo de investigación realizó una revisión histórica sobre los estudios migratorios en Costa Rica y estableció conexiones de su abordaje con información académica y científica relativa a la cooperación internacional en las migraciones laborales. Este trabajo da indicios de carestía de revisiones históricas y artículos en el medio centroamericano que abordan la temática, en especial desde un abordaje de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales.

Abstract This article explores the existing documentation on the System of Libraries and Documentation Centers of the National University related to labor migration in Costa Rica, as well as the international cooperation that has been carried out for this topic and expose its approaches. A historical review of migration studies in Costa Rica is applied, establishing connections between their approach and academic and scientific information related to international cooperation in labor migration. This article shows the small number of historical reviews and articles at the Central American level that address the topic, but even more the lack of an approach from the discipline of International Relations.

Resumo O estudo apresenta um sistema de reconhecimento de expressões faciais, para detecção de emoções básicas de estudantes, durante a produção textual. A funcionalidade foi desenvolvida e implementada no editor de textos coletivo denominado ETC, e utiliza técnicas de visão computacional. O sistema apresenta uma janela de detecção de expressões do usuário, e uma página de relatório com dados armazenados ao longo do tempo de edição de um documento. A pesquisa foi dividida em quatro etapas, são elas: fundamentação teórica; escolha de ferramentas e bibliotecas; desenvolvimento da funcionalidade e inclusão no editor de textos; testes com especialistas e análise dos resultados. O estudo concluiu que é possível coletar informações referentes a emoções básicas, por meio de sistemas de visão computacional. O objetivo é apoiar professores no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, a partir das observações dos aspectos afetivos durante a produção textual. Contudo, existem ainda distorções por fatores externos, que dificultam a captação adequada das imagens.

Abstract The study presents a facial expression recognition system for detecting basic emotions in students during text production. The functionality was developed and implemented in the collective text editor called ETC, and uses computer vision techniques. The system presents a window for detecting user expressions and a report page with data stored over the time a document was edited. The research was divided into four stages: theoretical basis; selection of tools and libraries; development of the functionality and inclusion in the text editor; testing with experts and analysis of the results. The study concluded that it is possible to collect information regarding basic emotions through computer vision systems. The objective is to support teachers in the teaching and learning process, based on the observation of affective aspects during text production. However, there are still distortions due to external factors, which make it difficult to capture the images properly.

Abstract Much has been said about the importance that feelings and emotions have for the social sciences and humanities, in general, and for museology, in particular. But little has been said about specific work proposals that allow them to be identified and analyzed. In this sense, this work aims to analyze the feelings and emotions that the Museum of Anthropologies awakens among its visitors. A methodological proposal is presented from a programming environment in R Language that allows extrapolating feelings and emotions that underlie texts, in this case Google reviews. For this, different libraries are used, among which Shyuzet stands out. However, the work proposal is not exclusive to museums, but can be applied with different data samples in different institutions or cultural projects. Regarding the results obtained, a sentimental polarity is identified that can be considered markedly positive and a predominance of emotions that must be related to joy and trust, according to Robert Plutchik’s model.

Resumen Se ha hablado mucho de la importancia que los sentimientos y emociones tienen para las ciencias sociales y las humanidades, en general, y para la museología, en particular. Pero poco se ha dicho sobre propuestas de trabajo concretas que permitan identificarlas y analizarlas. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende analizar los sentimientos y emociones que el Museo de Antropologías despierta entre sus visitantes. Se presenta una propuesta metodológica desde un entorno de programación en Lenguaje R que permite extrapolar sentimientos y emociones que subyacen en textos, en este caso reseñas de Google. Para ello se hace uso de diferentes librerías, entre las que destaca Shyuzet. No obstante, la propuesta de trabajo no es exclusiva de las instituciones museísticas, sino que es susceptible de ser aplicada con diferentes muestras de datos en diferentes entidades o proyectos culturales. Respecto a los resultados obtenidos, se identifica una polaridad sentimental que puede considerarse como marcadamente positiva y un predominio de emociones que hay que poner en relación con la alegría y la confianza, según el modelo de Robert Plutchik.

Resumen: Este artículo resume una investigación cuyo objetivo fue identificar y describir las características de los materiales didácticos, en soporte impreso y digital, diseñados y publicados con apoyo de la administración local en España. La investigación se llevó a cabo en tres fases: a) revisión de estudios académicos y reflexiones profesionales, b) catalogación y análisis de los materiales didácticos y recursos educativos elaborados por los ayuntamientos y c) aplicación de un cuestionario a los responsables de los materiales didácticos en los municipios. El análisis destaca la falta de inventarios en los municipios para identificar recursos didácticos, lo que conlleva al descuido en la difusión de los materiales didácticos por parte de las administraciones educativas. Se concluye que es necesaria una planificación estratégica a mediano y largo plazos, a fin de preservar el patrimonio y la valoración del entorno local.

Abstract: This article summarizes a research whose objective was to identify and describe the main characteristics of didactic materials, in printed and digital format, designed and published with the support of the local administration in Spain. The research was carried out in three phases: a) review of scholarly studies and professional reflections, b) cataloging and analysis of teaching materials and educational resources developed by the city councils, and c) implementation of a questionnaire to the people responsible for teaching materials in the city councils. The analysis highlights the absence of inventories in the municipalities to identify educational resources, which leads to negligence in the dissemination of educational materials by the local educational administrations. The conclusion is that a more strategic planning in the medium and long term is necessary to preserve the heritage and the appreciation of the local environment.

Abstract Along with technological advancements and information overproduction, information policies (IP) have become an essential instrument to arrange and monitor the information circulating within and outside of institutions. IP formation is based on legal and administrative agreements among member institutions. Particularly in public institutions, there is a series of external factors that are closely related to politics and cultural context, both of which influence the flux of information and its processes, such as use, management, processing, storage, disposal, etc. This research defines information policies and offers some distinctions and similarities with other associated terms. It also presents methodologies that allow the analysis of IP, and finally, the application of an analysis of IP values in national libraries from Latin America and the Caribbean, to compare the policies of these institutions.

Resumen A la par de los avances tecnológicos y la sobreproducción de información, las políticas de información (PI) se convirtieron en un instrumento fundamental que permite dar orden y seguimiento a la información que circula dentro y fuera de las instituciones. Las PI se construyen a partir de los acuerdos jurídicos y administrativos entre sus miembros. En el caso particular de las instituciones públicas, hay una serie de factores externos y estrechamente vinculados con la política y la cultura de su contexto, los cuales influyen en los procesos del flujo de la información, como son la gestión, procesamiento, almacenamiento, uso, eliminación, etc. Esta investigación define en principio qué son las PI, sus distinciones y similitudes con términos asociados, algunas metodologías que permiten su análisis y, por último, la aplicación de un estudio de sus valores en bibliotecas nacionales de América Latina y el Caribe, para comparar políticas en estas instituciones.

Resumen El orden de los libros y las bibliotecas permite a los estudiosos explorar aspectos complejos de la historia cultural e intelectual, como lo son la organización del conocimiento, la comprensión de la realidad y las diferentes formas de clasificar la información. Teniendo en cuenta estas posibilidades, el presente trabajo analiza el orden de los libros en las bibliotecas de las misiones jesuíticas de guaraníes (Paraguay, siglos XVII y XVIII). Las fuentes consultadas son los inventarios de bienes pertenecientes a las misiones producidos como consecuencia de la expulsión de los jesuitas del Imperio español (1767-1768). La hipótesis es que los misioneros organizaron las bibliotecas por temas de acuerdo con un criterio jerárquico. Los conocimientos considerados más significativos desde el punto de vista epistemológico estaban ubicados al principio de los inventarios, pero también probablemente en términos espaciales y de accesibilidad. Los restantes contenidos se ubicaban a continuación, en un avance progresivo. Al mismo tiempo, este trabajo sugiere que la organización se inspiró en la Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu, esto es, una propuesta bibliográfica corporativa desarrollada al interior de la Compañía de Jesús.

Abstract The order of books and libraries allows scholars to explore complex aspects of cultural and intellectual history, such as the organization of knowledge, the understanding of reality, and the different ways of classifying information. Taking into account these possibilities, this work analyzes the order of books in the libraries of the Jesuit-Guaraní missions (17th-18th centuries, Paraguay). The sources consulted are the inventories of goods belonging to the missions, produced as a consequence of the Jesuits’ expulsion from the Spanish Empire (1767-1768). The hypothesis is that the missionaries organized the libraries by topics according to a hierarchical criterion. The knowledge considered most significant from an epistemological point of view was located at the beginning of the inventories, but likely also in terms of space and accessibility. The remaining contents were situated subsequently in a progressive arrangement. At the same time, this work suggests that the organization was inspired by the Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu, i. e., a corporate bibliographical proposal developed within the Society of Jesus.

Resumo A ordem dos livros e bibliotecas permite aos estudiosos explorar aspectos complexos da história cultural e intelectual, como a organização do conhecimento, a compreensão da realidade e as diferentes formas de classificar a informação. Levando em consideração essas possibilidades, o presente trabalho analisa a ordem dos livros nas bibliotecas das missões jesuíticas guaranis (Paraguai, séculos XVII e XVIII). As fontes consultadas são os inventários de bens pertencentes às missões produzidos em consequência da expulsão dos Jesuítas do Império Espanhol (1767-1768). A hipótese é que os missionários organizaram as bibliotecas por temas segundo um critério hierárquico. O conhecimento considerado mais significativo do ponto de vista epistemológico localizou-se no início dos inventários, mas provavelmente também em termos espaciais e de acessibilidade. Os restantes conteúdos foram localizados a seguir, num avanço progressivo. Ao mesmo tempo, este trabalho sugere que a organização foi inspirada na Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu, ou seja, uma proposta bibliográfica corporativa desenvolvida no âmbito da Companhia de Jesus.

Abstract: In 1905, a group of educators founded the Society for the Protection of Children in La Plata, Argentina, with the purpose of providing food, clothing, and books to poor students. To achieve the latter, the association created a library which became one of the most frequented in the city. The fact that this association and its annexed library were run exclusively by a group of women educators is a distinctive aspect of its trajectory. In contrast, in the decades under consideration, popular libraries tended to be run by men. The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the association as a sphere of female sociability, examining the practices both traditional and innovative, carried out by its members. In decades characterized by the exclusion of women from civil and political rights, it will be concluded that the associative experience propelled innovative forms of female participation in the public sphere.

Resumen: En 1905, un grupo de educadoras fundó la Sociedad Protectora de la Infancia de La Plata, Argentina, con el propósito de proveer a estudiantes pobres de alimento, vestimenta y libros. Para eso, la asociación auspició una biblioteca, que enseguida se contó entre las más concurridas de la ciudad. El hecho de que la sociedad y su biblioteca anexa fuera dirigida exclusivamente por un núcleo de educadoras, resulta un aspecto distintivo de su trayectoria en un contexto en que las bibliotecas populares solían ser dirigidas por elencos masculinos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el papel de la Sociedad en tanto ámbito de sociabilidad femenino, examinando para eso las prácticas, tanto tradicionales como novedosas, llevadas adelante por sus socias. En décadas caracterizadas por la exclusión femenina de los derechos civiles y políticos, se concluirá que la experiencia asociativa catapultó ciertas formas innovadoras de participación femenina en la esfera pública.

Resumen Se presentan 16 libros cuya impresión se realizó en el estado de Puebla y fueron publicados entre 1640-1700, todos tienen la característica de ser ejemplares únicos hasta la fecha. Dichas obras consideradas únicas están disponibles en tres bibliotecas mexicanas: Biblioteca Nacional de México, Biblioteca Eusebio Dávalos Hurtado y Biblioteca Palafoxiana. Los criterios para determinar la unicidad consisten: que, en el universo de bibliotecas mexicanas con catálogo en línea disponible para su consulta, tengan libros poblanos del periodo que comprende de 1640 a 1700, que esos libros poseen un registro disponible, que se trate de un impreso en formato original. La investigación se basa en los principios del Patrimonio Bibliográfico histórico, principalmente utiliza el método bibliográfico tradicional enfocado en la búsqueda de libros antiguos, ambos conceptos inherentes a las instituciones bibliotecarias, cuya finalidad radica en su protección, registro, difusión y cuidado de libros.

Abstract This paper presented 16 books from Puebla, published between 1640-1700, all of them have the characteristic of being unique copies to date. These Puebla books considered unique are available in 3 mexican libraries: National Library of Mexico, Eusebio Dávalos Hurtado Library and Palafoxiana Library. The criteria to determine the uniqueness of the print are: that the universe of Mexican libraries with an online catalog available for consultation have Puebla books from the period 1640 to 1700, the books have an available record, that it is a print in original format. The research is based on the principles of historical Bibliographic Heritage, mainly using the traditional Bibliographic Method focused on the search for ancient books, both concepts inherent to library institutions, whose purpose is their protection, registration, dissemination and care of books.