RESUMEN: En el periodo del renacimiento se dieron múltiples traducciones del griego al latín. Los traductores latinos que llevaron a cabo dichas traducciones en diferentes ocasiones no captaron la semántica base de las palabras, lo cual condujo a errores o desviaciones en el significado de las mismas. Lo anterior, sentó un precedente para debatir la pertinencia de algunos términos anatómicos latinos vigentes en Terminologia Anatomica, como es el caso del humor acuoso y el humor vítreo. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la etimología del término humor con el fin de evaluar la coherencia entre su relación léxica y morfológica. La palabra latinizada umor deriva del griego χնµóς, que fue empleado en la Antigua Grecia por los médicos Hipócrates y Galeno para hacer referencia de manera específica a los cuatro humores de los cuales se encontraba compuesto el ser humano (sangre, bilis amarilla, bilis negra y flema) en relación con la salud, la enfermedad y el temperamento. Sin embargo, posterior a la traducción, esta palabra paso a denotar a cada uno de los líquidos de un organismo vivo, entre otros significados. Por lo tanto, se concluyó que al llevar a cabo la traducción del término en cuestión no se estimó el significado por el cual el mismo se originó y éste se generalizó de manera errónea. Esto, a su vez genera que no se correlacione la etimología del término con su significado léxico y respectiva relación morfológica.

SUMMARY: During the Renaissance era there were multiple translations from Greek into Latin. The Latin translators who carried out these translations often times did not grasp the basic semantics of words, which in turn led to errors or variations of their meaning. This set a precedent to discuss the relevance of some current Latin anatomical terms in Terminologia Anatomica, such as the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the etymology of the term humor in order to evaluate the coherence between its lexical and morphological relationship. The Latinized word umor derives from the Greek χնµóς, which was used in Ancient Greece by the physicians Hippocrates and Galen, to refer specifically to the four humors of which a human being was composed (blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm) in relation to health, disease and temperament. Following the translation however, and among other meanings, the term was used to indicate each one of the fluids in a living organism. Thus, it was concluded that when executing the translation of the term in question, its original meaning was not considered, and therefore it was inaccurately generalized. This, in turn, resulted in the etymology of the term not being correlated with its lexical meaning and respective morphological relationship.

RESUMEN: Un cerebro envejecido exhibe importantes cambios a nivel lingüístico, con buen rendimiento en determinados aspectos y déficits en otros. No obstante, los múltiples niveles involucrados y la heterogeneidad cognitiva y etaria durante el envejecimiento hacen que los límites de estos déficits sean difusos. Un mejor conocimiento ayudaría a dimensionar la real magnitud de estos cambios y distinguir aquellas variaciones normales de las que no. Este artículo tiene por objetivo entregar información avanzada del declive del lenguaje durante la tercera y cuarta edad mediante la revisión de evidencias empíricas. Como resultado, se observan déficits en reconocimiento de palabras, comprensión y producción de cláusulas complejas, recuperación léxica y discurso, cambios que progresan durante la tercera y cuarta edad, pero no parecen alterar la comunicación funcional. Aunque, para apreciar globalmente este fenómeno, es necesario considerar otros aspectos, como el uso de estrategias compensatorias responsables de mantener el potencial comunicativo en un cerebro envejecido.

ABSTRACT: An aging brain exhibits significant changes in language processing, with good performance in certain areas and deficits in others. However, the multiple levels involved and cognitive and age heterogeneity in aging make the limits of these deficits still vague. A better knowledge would help to measure the real magnitude of these changes and to discriminate normative variations from those that do not. The purpose of the article is to provide advanced information on language decline during third and fourth age by reviewing the empirical studies. As a result, deficits are observed in word recognition, comprehension and production of complex clauses, lexical retrieval, and discourse, changes that progress during third and fourth age; but that do not appear to alter functional communication. However, to understand this phenomenon globally, is necessary to consider other aspects, such as the use of compensatory strategies responsible for maintaining the communicative potential in an aging brain.

Pragmatic markers are a frequent phenomenon in spoken language. However, there have been very few studies on pragmatic markers in spoken Afrikaans. Pragmatic markers act as important contextualization cues in the sense that it directs interlocutors in terms of the relevance of an utterance and enables the speaker to succinctly reveal an attitude towards the proposition of the utterance. In this study the focus is on a specific type of pragmatic marker, namely vague category markers. Vague category markers (henceforth VCMs) are a subcategory of pragmatic markers which include a multiword lexical unit or word cluster such as "and things/stuff" ("en goed") and "or something" ("of iets"). VCMs are a specific realisation of vague language. Vague language refers to language use that is intentionally vague. Although VCMs are prevalent in many languages, it has not been studied by way of corpus-linguistic methods in Afrikaans. The present study uses corpus-linguistic methods to identify, categorise and analyse vague category markers in a self-compiled spoken corpus namely the Pretoriakorpus van Omgangsafrikaans (Pretoria corpus of Colloquial Afrikaans) (henceforth PO corpus). The PO corpus consists of transcribed conversations of native Afrikaans speakers recorded in Pretoria between 2015 and 2018. The data shows that VCMs do occur frequently in spoken Afrikaans. Table 1, attached as an addendum, gives a detailed account of the various VCMs as well as their normalised frequencies in the PO corpus. The two most frequent VCMs are "en goed" ("and things/stuff) and "of iets" ("or something") and variations thereof. In the literature, a distinction is made between adjunct and disjunct VCMs. The adjunct VCMs typically start with "and" and enable the speaker to comply with Grice's maxim of quantity indicating that more could be said. Disjunct VCMs typically start with "or" and enable the speaker to comply with Grice's maxim of quality, indicating that the given information might not be completely accurate. In Afrikaans, both adjunct and disjunct VCMs are found - the adjunct form starting with "en" ("and") and the disjunct form with "of ("or"). VCMs function on textual, epistemic and sociopragmatic levels. On textual level, it acts as an anaphoric device indicating that the previous element(s) could be understood as an example of a more general set of elements thereby creating textual cohesion. On epistemic level, it can function as a hedge to soften expectations regarding the truth or accuracy of an utterance. On sociopragmatic level, it creates common ground between speaker and listener and confirms ingroup membership. In this article, the relevance theory is used as theoretical framework to describe and analyse VCMs. According to the relevance theory, communication is intentional. An utterance is relevant when it has a cognitive effect on the listener without requiring high processing. Pragmatic markers, including VCMs, are seen as ostensive stimuli that enable the listener to understand the speaker's communicative intent. Three basic forms of adjunct VCMs were identified in the corpus data: "en goed" ("and things/stuff), "en so (aan)" ("and so on") and "en alles" ("and everthything"). "En goed" has many variations (see table 1) and is the most frequentform. It has a clear textual function and refers back to vague referents - mostly physical objects, but also actions / events and abstract referents. "En so (aan)" is used specially to comply with Grice's maxim of quality by indicating that more could be said. It is often used in conjunction with more abstract categories. "En alles" is often used in situations where sensitive and emotional sentiments are shared. The most frequent disjunct VCMs in the corpus data were "of iets" ("or something"), "of wat ook al" ("or whatever") and "of so" ("or so"). "Of iets" and its variations are the most common form. It is a versatile VCM used for textual, epistemic and sociopragmatic functions. It seems to be the preferred form to use when indicating that a number should be taken as an indication rather than an accurate fact. "Of wat ook al" displays predominantly textual functions by acting as anaphoric reference to a vague referent but also indicating that the speaker has given enough information to enable the listener to fill in the missing information. "Of so" collocates rather often with vague categories of place and time but is also used for epistemic and sociopragmatic functions. The following general trends can be identified by studying the VCMs in the PO corpus. • VCMs are used to refer to vague categories. The nature of these categories differs. Some VCMs like "en goed" are predominantly used with vague categories containing concrete examples while others are more often used with abstract categories. • The reach of different VCMs differ. Some only refer to what immediately precedes them in an utterance while others refer to more general ideas or feelings emanating from the utterance. • VCMs show differing degrees of flexibility concerning their form. Some like "en goed" and "of iets" leave room for the inclusion of other words. Others, like "en alles" are fixed and do not allow any insertion of additional words. • Most of the VCMs appear at the end of an utterance or intonation segment, but some VCMs such as "of so" can also appear in the middle section. • VCMs serve textual, epistemic and/or sociopragmatic functions, but the dominant function is context specific. • Some VCMs (such as "of wat ook al") have become fillers for some speakers which might indicate an advanced state of semantic bleaching. In this case, it loses its anaphoric function and becomes a mechanism which aids with processing.

Pragmatiese merkers is 'n frekwente verskynsel van gesproke taal. Daar is egter nog baie min studies onderneem na pragmatiese merkers in Omgangsafrikaans. Pragmatiese merkers tree op as belangrike kontekstualiseringswenke deurdat dit gespreksgenote rig in terme van die relevansie van die uiting, en die spreker in staat stel om, op bondige wyse, 'n houding teenoor die proposisie van die uiting te openbaar. In hierdie studie word gefokus op 'n bepaalde tipe pragmatiese merker, naamlik vaekategoriemerkers (VKM's). Vaekategoriemerkers in Afrikaans is 'n meerwoordige leksikale eenheid, of woordkluster, wat as pragmatiese merker optree, byvoorbeeld "en goed" en "of iets". Hierdie ondersoek het ten doel om aan die hand van korpuslinguistiese metodes te bepaal watter vaekategoriemerkers in Omgangsafrikaans gebruik word en watter pragmatiese funksies dit verrig.

Resumen El presente estudio se inscribe en una investigación sobre la traducción literaria hoy en día en Colombia desde un punto de vista lingüístico y más particularmente léxico. Las traducciones de obras de la literatura universal en español peninsular que comenzaron a circular en América Latina a partir de los años sesenta generaban entre los lectores una sensación de extrañeza que puede atribuirse a ciertas variaciones diatópicas. Esto motivó varias iniciativas editoriales de retraducción de esas obras por traductores latinoamericanos. A fin de contrastar la diferencia entre las versiones peninsulares y las realizadas en Colombia, este artículo examina el caso de dos traducciones de la obra del escritor francés Albert Camus L’étranger (1942), una del docente y escritor colombiano Pablo Montoya, publicada en 2013, y la otra del poeta español José Ángel-Valente, aparecida en 2001. La comparación entre estas traducciones permite identificar diferencias, tanto morfosintácticas como lexicales, las cuales se intentan caracterizar desde un punto de vista diatópico, gracias a estudios especializados, al motor de búsqueda CREA de la Real Academia y a una encuesta a informantes. Se concluye que la traducción de Montoya, aunque dirigida a un público colombiano, lleva pocas marcas diatópicas específicamente colombianas y, al contrario, se inscribe en el espacio y la cultura latinoamericanos, por lo que podría ser leída sin extrañeza por otros lectores de la región.

Résumé Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une recherche sur l’état actuel de la traduction littéraire en Colombie d’un point de vue linguistique, et plus particulièrement lexical. Les traductions en espagnol péninsulaire des oeuvres de la littérature universelle qui ont commencé à circuler en Amérique Latine dès années 60 ont causés des sentiments d’étrangeté dans les lecteurs latino-américains, qu’on peut attribuer a des variations diatopiques. Ça a motivé des projets éditoriaux de re-traduction de ces oeuvres par des traducteurs latino-américains. Afin de comparer les traductions péninsulaires avec celles réalisées en Colombie, cet article se propose d’examiner le cas de deux traductions de L’étranger (1942) de Camus, l’une par l’écrivain et professeur d’université colombien Pablo Montoya, publiée en 2013, l’autre par le poète espagnol José Ángel-Valente, apparue en 2001. La comparaison de ces traductions permet de mettre au jour des différences morphosyntaxiques et lexicales que l’on tente de caractériser d’un point de vue diatopique, grâce à des ouvrages spécialisés, au moteur de recherche CREA et à une enquête auprès d’informateurs hispanophones. L’on parvient à la conclusion que la traduction de Montoya, bien qu’adressée à un public colombien, comporte peu de marques diatopiques spécifiquement colombiennes et s’ancre au contraire dans la culture et l’espace latino-américains, de sorte qu’elle pourrait être lue par d’autres lecteurs latino-américains.

Abstract This study is part of a research project on the current state of literary translation in Colombia from a linguistic and, more specifically, a lexical point of view. Universal literature works translated to peninsular Spanish that began to circulate across Latin America in the 60s oftentimes left some perception of unnaturalness in readers, which can be attributed to some diatopic variations. This led to a number of editorial efforts to have those works retranslated by Latin American translators. In order to contrast peninsular translations with those carried out in Colombia, this paper examines the case of two translations of L’étranger (1942) by French writer Camus -one by Colombian writer and lecturer Pablo Montoya, published in 2013, the other by the Spanish poet José Ángel-Valente, which appeared in 2001. The comparison between these translations allows us to show both morphosyntactic and lexical differences, which we tried to characterize from a diatopic point of view through specialized books, through the CREA search engine and through a survey of Spanish-speaking informants. The analysis showed that Montoya’s translation, although addressed to a Colombian audience, contains few specifically Colombian diatopic marks and is rooted instead in Latin American space and culture, so it could be easily read by other American readers.

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to establish the significant differences that distinguish and characterize varieties of Spanish by analyzing the richness and the difficulties that they represent by means of comparing the translation and dubbing into Spanish (European and American) of the animated film Hotel Transylvania 2, in which there are diatopic differences between certain characters. This feature allowed the establishment of internal differences in each version, as well as external differences between the two versions, the European and, in this case, the Mexican one. Therefore, we are able to explain the difficulties for translation and interpretation of these two varieties of the Spanish language spoken in Europe and in Latin America, the differences in their respective syntactic, morphological, semantic and lexical uses. This case study provides excellent material for carrying out comparative studies from a sociolinguistic perspective.

Resumen: El propósito de este trabajo es establecer las diferencias significativas que distinguen y caracterizan las variedades del español, analizando la riqueza y las dificultades que representan a partir del cotejo en la TAV (traducción audiovisual) y doblaje español (europeo y americano) de la película de dibujos animados Hotel Transylvania 2, en la que se dan diferencias diatópicas entre determinados personajes. Este rasgo ha permitido establecer diferencias internas y externas entre las dos versiones: la europea y, en este caso, la mexicana. Por ello, se explicarán las dificultades que presenta la labor de traducción e interpretación de las variedades de la lengua española en Europa y en Hispanoamérica, las diferencias en sus respectivos usos sintácticos, morfológicos, semánticos y léxicos, un excelente material para llevar a cabo cotejos y estudios comparativos desde el prisma de la Sociolingüística.

Resumo A prática de eutanásia ativa o debate sobre os alcances dos esforços terapêuticos em situações limítrofes e implica a sociedade na discussão de valores e crenças sociais envolvidos na gestão da pessoa. Objetivou-se analisar as representações sociais sobre eutanásia entre estudantes de direito e medicina. Foi aplicado um questionário de associação livre com o termo indutor eutanásia para 120 universitários. Os dados foram submetidos separadamente a uma análise prototípica (Software IRAMUTEQ) e a uma análise de correspondências múltiplas - ACM (Software R.Temis). Através da análise prototípica, foram identificadas algumas variações na hipótese do núcleo central, que remetem à possibilidade da existência de duas representações sociais distintas. Através da ACM foi observado um campo léxico ligado à imagem da morte para Medicina e a valores e normas para Direito, tendo ainda a religião como variável significativa na reorganização do campo representacional, podendo acentuar uma dimensão negativa e condenatória sobre tal prática.

Abstract The practice of euthanasia activates the debate about the scope of therapeutic efforts in limited situations and involves the society in the discussion of values and social beliefs implicated in the management of the person. The objective was to analyze the social representations about euthanasia between students of law and medicine. A free association questionnaire was applied with the inductor term: euthanasia, with 120 university students. The data were separately submitted to a prototypical analysis (IRaMuTeQ Software) and to a multiple correspondence analysis - MCA (R.TeMiS Software). Through the prototypical analysis, some variations were identified in the central core hypothesis, which referred to the possibility of two distinct social representations. Through the MCA, a lexical field was observed, linked to the image of death for the Medicine group and to values and norms for the Law group, with religion as a significant variable in the reorganization of the representational field, being able to accentuate a negative and condemnatory dimension on this practice.

Resumen La práctica de la eutanasia activa el debate sobre los alcances de los esfuerzos terapéuticos en situaciones limítrofes e implica la sociedad a la discusión de valores y creencias sociales involucrados en la gestión de la persona. Se objetivó analizar las representaciones sociales sobre eutanasia entre estudiantes de derecho y medicina. Se ha aplicado un cuestionario de asociación libre con el término inductor eutanasia en 120 universitarios. Los datos fueron sometidos separadamente a un análisis prototípico (Software IRAMUTEQ) y a un análisis de correspondencia multipla-ACM (Software R. Temis). Mediante el análisis prototípico, fueron identificadas algunas variaciones en la hipótesis del núcleo central, que remiten a la posibilidad de la existencia de dos relaciones sociales distintas. Mediante la ACM fue observado un campo léxico relacionado con la imagen de la muerte para Medicina y a valores y normas para Derecho, teniendo encuenta la religión como una variable significativa en la reorganización del campo representacional, pudiendo subrayar una dimensión negativa y condenatoria sobre tal práctica.

Abstract The present paper aims to show current Huastec (teːnek) linguistic variation and its geographical distribution based on phonological, morphological, lexical and syntactic features. First, it covers the framework known as linguistic geography (geolinguistics) and describes the methodology employed in this study, which is primarily descriptive. Secondly, it presents a discussion regarding previous Huastec dialectal groupings, and the need to go further into the study of its variations. The third part shows several maps that display the variations of the isoglosses, detailing the Western and Eastern dialects' synchronic variation, as well as the linguistic data that support them. In the last section, the research focuses on the Central dialect (Tantoyuca), which has evolved independently from the other dialects at the phonological level, but which clearly shares morphological features with the Western dialect. These features are highly relevant in the grammar of the language, and vital to trace the recent history of the region.

Abstract: Due to the American linguistic-cultural influence, the lexical units coming from English language are one of the prophylactic ways of innovation in Spanish, as some of the results of studies carried out by the Antena Chilena de Neología, Universidad de Concepción, Chile suggest. This kind of neology formation has been proven in the Spanish language throughout different manifestations, such as the loans, calques, and hybrid creations. It has been proven that the loan, particularly from English, has a significative importance in the lexical innovation of different variations from Spanish (Goddard, 1980; Lorenzo, 1996; Gimeno & Gimeno, 2003; Novotná, 2007). Based on this the interest of delving in neology formations with this origin. In the following article, it is approached the presence of English language in Spanish by means of the creation of syntagmatic lexical units. For this, loans from English and hybrid formations containing anglicized loans were considered. The sample was obtained from neology syntagmatic units created by loans from English, hybrid formations formed by a patrimonial voice, and an anglicized loan captured in Chilean press between 2003 and 20014. The analysis was carried out according the recurrence, the grammatical composition, and the ambits of knowledge in which these neologisms were used. The results determined that the calques were more frequent than the hybrid formations, that the syntagmatic combinations answered to different grammatical structures -with predominance of the nominal syntagmas-, and with higher presence in determined areas of knowledge.

Resumen: Debido a la influencia lingüístico-cultural estadounidense, las unidades léxicas provenientes del inglés son una de las formas prolíficas de innovación en español, tal como lo sugieren algunos de los resultados de estudios realizados por la Antena Chilena de Neología, Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Este tipo de formación neológica se ha evidenciado en el español a través de diversas manifestaciones, a saber, los préstamos, los calcos y las creaciones híbridas. Se ha demostrado que el préstamo del inglés, particularmente, tiene una importancia significativa en la innovación léxica de distintas variantes del español (Goddard, 1980; Lorenzo 1996; Gimeno & Gimeno, 2003; Novotná, 2007); de allí el interés por ahondar en formaciones neológicas de este origen. En el presente trabajo se aborda la presencia del inglés en el español mediante la creación de unidades léxicas sintagmáticas; para ello se consideraron los calcos del inglés y las formaciones híbridas que contienen préstamos anglicados. La muestra se obtuvo a partir de unidades sintagmáticas neológicas creadas por calco del inglés y formaciones híbridas formadas por una voz patrimonial y un préstamo anglicado recogidas en prensa chilena entre 2003 y 2014. El análisis se realizó de acuerdo a la recurrencia, la composición gramatical y los ámbitos del conocimiento en las que se utilizaban estos neologismos. Los resultados determinaron que los calcos eran más frecuentes que las formaciones híbridas, que las combinaciones sintagmáticas respondían a distintas estructuras gramaticales con predominio de los sintagmas nominales y con mayor presencia en determinadas áreas del conocimiento.

Resumo: Partindo de breve reflexão sobre o desenvolvimento dos estudos direcionados à descrição das línguas, focaliza-se o percurso da Dialetologia no Brasil. Enfatiza-se a apresentação dos estudos geolinguísticos que culminam com a apresentação de caminhos já apontados pelo Atlas Linguístico do Brasil. Na primeira parte, mostra-se um panorama da Geolinguística, indicando a publicação de atlas regionais que vêm sendo produzidos a partir de 1963, data da publicação do Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos (Rossi, 1963). No passo seguinte, são fornecidas informações sobre o Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil: destaca-se a sua importância para a descrição do português brasileiro, de Norte a Sul, a partir de dados coletados in loco, e se comentam os resultados já disponibilizados nos dois primeiros volumes publicados do Atlas Linguístico do Brasil (Cardoso et al., 2014a,b). Desses resultados, destacam-se, para apresentação neste artigo, aspectos relativos à fonética, ao léxico e à morfossintaxe.

Abstract: Starting from a brief reflection on the development of studies guided towards the description of languages, focus is given to the course of Dialectology in Brazil. Emphasis is given to the presentation of Geolinguistic studies which culminate with the presentation of the roads already pointed out by the Atlas Linguístico do Brasil. In the first part, a panorama of the Geolinguistics is demonstrated, indicating the publication of regional atlases that have been produced since 1963, publication date of the Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos (Rossi, 1963). In the next step information on the Atlas Linguístico do Brasil project: emphasizing its importance towards the description of the Brazilian Portuguese language, from North to South, from data collected in loco, and comments on the results already available from the first two published volumes of Atlas Linguístico do Brasil (Cardoso et al., 2014a,b). From these results, for the presentation of this article, phonetic, lexical and morphosyntax aspects are highlighted.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever os processos de tradução para a língua portuguesa e adaptação cultural do Questionário de Medicamentos Potencialmente Perigosos para o contexto brasileiro. Métodos Estudo metodológico compreendendo as etapas de tradução do chinês para o português brasileiro, síntese das traduções, retrotradução para a língua de origem, comitê de juízes e pré-teste, procedendo à versão final do questionário. Resultados No processo de tradução, variações vocabulares mínimas foram solucionadas após consenso entre os tradutores. O comitê de juízes considerou que a versão traduzida para o português apresentou equivalência semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual, mas 50% dos itens necessitaram de ajustes. No pré-teste 30 enfermeiros de um hospital de ensino avaliaram os itens como compreensíveis. Conclusões Houve equivalência semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual satisfatória entre as versões do questionário, o qual é pertinente à cultura brasileira e facilmente compreensível. Entretanto, para que se disponibilize o questionário adaptado, faz-se imprescindível avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the translation into Portuguese and cultural adaptation of a Questionnaire addressing High-Alert Medications to the Brazilian context. Methods Methodological study comprising the translation from Chinese to Brazilian Portuguese, synthesis of translations, back translation, panel of experts, and pretest to obtain the final version of the questionnaire. Results <inor lexical variations were resolved after obtaining consensus between the translators. The panel of experts concluded that the Portuguese version presented semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence, though 50% of the items required adjustment. Thirty nurses from a teaching hospital participated in the pretest and considered the items to be understandable. Conclusions Satisfactory semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence was obtained between the versions. The Portuguese version was also considered to be relevant to the Brazilian culture and easily understood. Nevertheless, its psychometric properties need to be assessed before making it available.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el proceso de traducción al portugués y adaptación cultural del Cuestionario de Medicamentos Potencialmente Peligrosos para el contexto brasileño. Métodos Estudio metodológico que abarca las etapas de traducción del chino al portugués de Brasil, síntesis de las traducciones, traducción a la lengua de origen, comité de expertos y prueba previa, procediéndose a la versión final del cuestionario. Resultados En el proceso de traducción, variaciones mínimas de vocabulario se resolvieron después del consenso entre los traductores. El comité de expertos llegó a la conclusión de que la versión traducida al portugués mostró equivalencia semántica, idiomática, cultural y conceptual, pero el 50% de los ítems demostró la necesidad de ajustes. En la prueba previa, 30 enfermeros de un hospital escuela evaluaron los ítems como comprensibles. Conclusiones Hubo equivalencia semántica, idiomática, cultural y conceptual satisfactorias entre las versiones del cuestionario, el cual es pertinente a la cultura brasileña y de fácil comprensión. Sin embargo, a fin de poner a disposición el cuestionario adaptado, es esencial evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the translation into Portuguese and cultural adaptation of a Questionnaire addressing High-Alert Medications to the Brazilian context. Methods Methodological study comprising the translation from Chinese to Brazilian Portuguese, synthesis of translations, back translation, panel of experts, and pretest to obtain the final version of the questionnaire. Results <inor lexical variations were resolved after obtaining consensus between the translators. The panel of experts concluded that the Portuguese version presented semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence, though 50% of the items required adjustment. Thirty nurses from a teaching hospital participated in the pretest and considered the items to be understandable. Conclusions Satisfactory semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence was obtained between the versions. The Portuguese version was also considered to be relevant to the Brazilian culture and easily understood. Nevertheless, its psychometric properties need to be assessed before making it available.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el proceso de traducción al portugués y adaptación cultural del Cuestionario de Medicamentos Potencialmente Peligrosos para el contexto brasileño. Métodos Estudio metodológico que abarca las etapas de traducción del chino al portugués de Brasil, síntesis de las traducciones, traducción a la lengua de origen, comité de expertos y prueba previa, procediéndose a la versión final del cuestionario. Resultados En el proceso de traducción, variaciones mínimas de vocabulario se resolvieron después del consenso entre los traductores. El comité de expertos llegó a la conclusión de que la versión traducida al portugués mostró equivalencia semántica, idiomática, cultural y conceptual, pero el 50% de los ítems demostró la necesidad de ajustes. En la prueba previa, 30 enfermeros de un hospital escuela evaluaron los ítems como comprensibles. Conclusiones Hubo equivalencia semántica, idiomática, cultural y conceptual satisfactorias entre las versiones del cuestionario, el cual es pertinente a la cultura brasileña y de fácil comprensión. Sin embargo, a fin de poner a disposición el cuestionario adaptado, es esencial evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever os processos de tradução para a língua portuguesa e adaptação cultural do Questionário de Medicamentos Potencialmente Perigosos para o contexto brasileiro. Métodos Estudo metodológico compreendendo as etapas de tradução do chinês para o português brasileiro, síntese das traduções, retrotradução para a língua de origem, comitê de juízes e pré-teste, procedendo à versão final do questionário. Resultados No processo de tradução, variações vocabulares mínimas foram solucionadas após consenso entre os tradutores. O comitê de juízes considerou que a versão traduzida para o português apresentou equivalência semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual, mas 50% dos itens necessitaram de ajustes. No pré-teste 30 enfermeiros de um hospital de ensino avaliaram os itens como compreensíveis. Conclusões Houve equivalência semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual satisfatória entre as versões do questionário, o qual é pertinente à cultura brasileira e facilmente compreensível. Entretanto, para que se disponibilize o questionário adaptado, faz-se imprescindível avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas.

This paper presents the segmental phonemes and its respective allophonic realizations of the spoken Mapudungun in Lonquimay, Araucania region, Chile. It is a descriptive study, conducted in accordance with the standard format of American descriptivism. Twelve adults, bilingual speakers of Mapudungun-Spanish, were interviewed. An audio and visual record with external support was performed. The instrument used was an ad hoc lexical list which identified the phonemes, allophonic variations and differences that can be set with the central Mapuche and pehuenche of Alto Bío-Bío. The most prominent findings were: the phonological status of interdental<img border=0 width=154 height=20 id="_x0000_i1436" src="http://fbpe/img/lyl/n31/2.jpg" alt="http://fbpe/img/lyl/n31/2.jpg"> the predominance of voiced realizations of the labiodental and interdental fricative consonants; the status of [∫] as an allophone of /t∫/, and the limited presence of interferences attributable to Spanish.

Este artículo presenta los fonemas segméntales y respectivas realizaciones alofónicas del mapudungun hablado en Lonquimay, región de La Araucanía, Chile. Es una investigación de carácter descriptivo, realizada de acuerdo con el formato estándar del descriptivismo norteamericano. Se contó con el apoyo de doce hablantes adultos, bilingües de mapudungun-castellano. Se realizó un registro de audio y visual con apoyo externo. El instrumento utilizado fue una lista léxica ad hoc que permitió determinar los fonemas, variantes alofónicas y diferencias que se pueden establecer con el mapuche central y el pehuenche del Alto Bío-Bío. Los resultados más prominentes fueron: el estatus fonológico de las interdentales <img border=0 width=125 height=19 id="_x0000_i1437" src="http://fbpe/img/lyl/n31/1.jpg" alt="http://fbpe/img/lyl/n31/1.jpg">el predominio de las realizaciones sonoras de las consonantes fricativa labiodental e interdental; el estatus de [∫] como alófono de /t∫/ y la escasa presencia de interferencias atribuibles al español.

This paper presents the conclusions of a dialectological research developed in a coastal area in the south of Chile (Bío-Bío and Araucania Regions). The analysis of the material shows remarkable traditional lexical stability derived from Hispanic roots related to navigation and small fishing vessels. More changes and geographical variations are observed with respect to the fishing terminology as a result of the changes in that referential domain during the last decades. Some indigenous terms from Mapudungun, language that has lost much vitality in this area of the country, are also recognized in this study.

Este artículo contiene los resultados de una investigación dialectológica desarrollada en un área costera del sur de Chile (las regiones del Bío-Bío y La Araucanía). El análisis permite observar una mayor estabilidad del léxico tradicional de raíz hispana referente a embarcaciones y navegación. Más innovaciones y variaciones geográficas se observan en el léxico de la pesca, debido a los cambios ocurridos en ese ámbito referencial en las últimas décadas. El estudio verifica también unos pocos indigenismos procedentes del mapudungun, lengua que en esta área ha perdido bastante vitalidad.

Existen posturas contrarias entre los estudiosos con respecto a si las características estructurales de los tipos de inglés que se hablan en países donde éste se utiliza como segunda lengua les da el estatus de variante. Esta investigación analiza dichas características morfológicas consideradas como marcadas en el inglés que se habla en Nigeria tal y como lo establece Kirpatrick (2011) y la variante de inglés que se habla en Malaysia considerando los presupuestos de la Hipótesis de Inflexión Superficial Ausente (MSIH, por sus siglas en inglés), una teoría de adquisición de segunda lengua que da cuenta de la causa del uso variable de dichas inflexiones entre los aprendices de L2. Resultados de tareas de producción oral y escrita asignadas a estudiantes de pregrado de universidades en Nigeria y Malasia muestran que las que se consideran características morfológicas son de hecho desviaciones de las formas de la L2. De acuerdo a la MSIH, la variabilidad de tales inflexiones se debe a los problemas de recuperación léxica, un problema psicolingüístico que se manifiesta entre los aprendices de inglés como L2, dando generalmente como resultado representaciones superficiales erróneas.

There are conflicting claims among scholars on whether the structural outputs of the types of English spoken in countries where English is used as a second language gives such speech forms the status of varieties of English. This study examined those morphological features considered to be marked features of the variety spoken in Nigeria according to Kirkpatrick (2011) and the variety spoken in Malaysia by considering the claims of the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (MSIH) a Second Language Acquisition theory which accounts for the cause of the variable use of such inflections among L2 learners. Results from oral and written composition tasks administered on selected undergraduate students of Nigerian and Malaysian universities revealed that what is regarded as morphological features are actually a deviation from the L2 target forms. According to the MSIH the variability in the use of such inflections is due to problems of lexical retrieval a psycholinguistic problem which manifests among L2 learners of English generally which results in wrong surface representations.

Il existe des perspectives contraires quant au statut à donner aux variétés de l'anglais qui se manifestent par des output structurels manifestés dans des types d'anglais parlés dans des pays où l'anglais est utilisé comme langue seconde. Cette étude analyse les traits morphologiques considérés selon Kirkpatrick (2011) comme traits saillants de la variété de l'anglais parlé au Nigeria. Elle s'intéresse aussi à la variété de l'anglais parlée en Malaisie en s'appuyant sur les hypothèses des inflexions absentes en surface (MSIH), une théorie d'acquisition de langue seconde qui prend en compte la cause des variations d'usage de ces inflexions chez les apprenants d'une langue seconde. Les résultats de tâches orales et écrites appliquées à des étudiants nigériens et malaisiens en licence ont montré que les traits morphologiques sont en fait un écart par rapport aux formes de la langue seconde. Selon la théorie MSIH, les variations quant à l'emploi de ces inflexions sont dues aux difficultés pour récupérer le lexique, difficulté psycholinguistique qui se présente généralement chez des apprenants de l'anglais langue seconde et dont la cause est les représentations de surface inexactes.

After some data about the biography and novel of Eligio Ancona, three editions of Memorias de un alférez are described; some of the variations are examined through which it is shown that the most imperfect was that prepared by Antonio Castro Leal in 1964 for his edition of La novela del México colonial, among other reasons, for having used as a base text the edition of Editorial Yucatanense "Club del Libro" (Book Club), published in 1950; for not having consulted the editio princeps, published by José Maria Pino Suárez in 1904; and for having corrected the text according to certain grammatical prejudices. An edition is proposed which establishes its critical text based on the editio princeps, the closest to the final artistic choice of the author; and which would be presented accompanying a series of lexical and generally cultural notes, which may situate the work in its historical and literary circumstance.

Después de algunos datos sobre la biografía y la novela de Eligio Ancona, se describen las tres ediciones de las Memorias de un alférez; se examinan algunas de sus variantes mediante las cuales se demuestra que la más contaminada es la que preparó Antonio castro Leal en 1964 para su edición de La novela del México colonial, entre otras razones, por haber tomado como texto base la edición de la Editorial Yucatanense "Club del Libro", publicada en 1950; por no haber consultado la prínceps, publicada por José María Pino Suárez en 1904; y por haber corregido el texto según prejuicios gramaticales. Se propone una edición que establezca su texto crítico a partir de la prínceps, la más próxima a la última voluntad artística de su autor; y que venga acompañada con una serie de notas léxicas y, en general, culturales, que la sitúen en su circunstancia histórica y literaria.