Abstract The main theories about the decomposition of lexical verbs in semantics or syntax differentiate at least a change component and a causative component controlled by the subject. If both components are autonomous, it is expected that there are intentional verbs without an outcome that function as lexical verbs –not as auxiliaries–. This article argues that, indeed, there exists a well-defined class of non-auxiliary verbs that lack an outcome but semantically entail that an agent acts with the intention of achieving it. This work describes their properties in detail and discusses their theoretical implications for the notion of the 'causative component'.

Resumen Las principales teorías sobre la descomposición de los verbos léxicos en semántica o sintaxis diferencian al menos un componente de cambio y un componente causativo, controlado por el sujeto. Si ambos componentes son autónomos, se espera que haya verbos de intención sin resultado que actúen como verbos léxicos –no como auxiliares–. Este trabajo argumenta que, efectivamente, existe una clase bien definida de verbos no auxiliares que carecen de un resultado pero entrañan semánticamente que un agente actúa con la intención de obtenerlo. El estudio describe en detalle sus propiedades y discute sus consecuencias teóricas para la noción de 'componente causativo'.

RESUMEN El propósito del artículo es investigar la representación paradigmática y sintagmática de los lexemas en la lengua alemana. Este trabajo está dedicado al estudio del grupo léxico-semántico de lexemas en alemán como herramienta para implementar un enfoque sistemático en el estudio del sistema léxico-semántico de la lengua. Se consideran los detalles de la semántica verbal, varios enfoques para la interpretación de los verbos de memoria, la identificación de la estructura de la organización interna de unidades paradigmáticas dadas y la descripción de sus relaciones paradigmáticas. El establecimiento de relaciones sistémicas atestigua la integración completa de palabras con nuevos significados en el sistema léxico-semántico de la lengua alemana. La entrada de la descripción sintagmática en el sistema léxico-semántico de la lengua determina la transformación cualitativa y cuantitativa del vocabulario en su conjunto, mientras que la aparición de nuevas variantes léxico-semánticas conduce a cambios significativos dentro del fondo léxico. Se encontró que cualitativamente, la composición de los grupos léxico-semánticos se vuelve más complicada a medida que se desarrollan nuevas relaciones sinónimas y antonímicas y se diferencian las conexiones derivativas de palabras existentes. En términos cuantitativos, la aparición de neologismos semánticos es un factor poderoso en el desarrollo del vocabulario, ya que las raíces de las palabras con nuevos significados se utilizan ampliamente en la formación de palabras para crear nuevos nombres.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the article is to investigate the paradigmatic and syntagmatic representation of lexemes in the German language. This work is devoted to the study of the lexico-semantic group of lexems in German as a tool for implementing a systematic approach in the study of the lexico-semantic system of the language, considering the specifics of verbal semantics, various approaches to the interpretation of memory verbs, identifying structure of the internal organization of a given paradigmatic units and describing their paradigmatic relationships. The establishment of systemic relationships testifies to the completed integration of words in new meanings into the lexico-semantic system of the german language. The entry of syntagmatic description into the lexico-semantic system of the language determines the qualitative and quantitative transformation of the vocabulary as a whole. The emergence of new lexico-semantic variants leads to significant changes within the lexical fund. The dynamics of the semantic structure of a single word determines the development of the German vocabulary as a whole, its qualitative and quantitative transformation. Qualitatively, the composition of lexico-semantic groups becomes more complicated, new synonymic and antonymic relations develop, and the existing derivational connections of words are differentiated. In quantitative terms, the emergence of semantic neologisms is a powerful factor in the development of vocabulary, since the stems of words in new meanings are widely used in word formation to create new names.

Resumo Neste artigo discutimos características semânticas e aspectos pragmáticos do item lexical ‘já’ e, assim, procuramos entender o(s) seu(s) significado(s). Nosso objetivo é explorar alguns dos aspectos linguísticos de ‘já’, pois esse item é pouco discutido nas gramáticas tradicionais. As bases teóricas utilizadas são Gritti (2013), Lopes (2003) e Morais (2004), que abordam aspectos da semântica do item, e algumas considerações gerais de gramáticas descritivas (Perini, 2008; Neves, 2011). A partir da revisão bibliográfica, verificamos que ‘já’ pode ter valor temporal (localizando eventos na linha do tempo), aspectual (modificando o aspecto do evento) e conjuntivo (ligando orações) e concluímos que o item apresenta aspectos pragmáticos relevantes que o caracterizam e que não foram analisados na literatura consultada, tais como leituras de contraexpectativa e de promessa. A presença dessas leituras e a natureza das inferências que as geram foram investigadas neste artigo em sentenças no modo indicativo (presente, passado e futuro) e imperativo, estando as leituras de contraexpectativa e de promessa ausentes do último. Após testes de acarretamento e pressuposição e de cancelamento de implicatura, as leituras de contraexpectativa e de promessa revelaram-se implicaturas conversacionais, sendo, assim, inferências de natureza pragmática. ‘já já assim os s o(s seus seu seu(s significados. significados significado . significado(s) ‘já, , tradicionais 2013, 2013 (2013) 2003 (2003 2004, 2004 (2004) Perini, Perini (Perini 2008 Neves 2011. 2011 2011) bibliográfica localizando tempo, tempo tempo) modificando evento ligando orações consultada presente, presente (presente futuro imperativo último implicatura revelaramse revelaram se conversacionais sendo pragmática significado(s 201 (2013 200 (200 (2004 20 (201 (20 2 (2 (

Abstract In this paper, we discuss semantic characteristics and pragmatic aspects of the lexical item ‘já’; thus, our goal is to understand its meaning(s). We aim to explore some linguistic aspects of ‘já’, as this item is rarely discussed in traditional grammar. The theoretical bases used are Gritti (2013), Lopes (2003), and Morais (2004), who address semantic aspects of the item, and some descriptive grammar (Perini, 2008; Neves, 2011). From the literature review, we verified that the item could have temporal (locating events on the timeline), aspectual (modifying the aspect of events), and conjunctive (linking sentences) values, and we concluded that ‘já’ has some relevant pragmatic aspects that characterize it, such as readings of counter-expectation and promise. These readings and the nature of the inferences were investigated here in sentences in the indicative (present, past, and future) and imperative mood, being absent from the latter. After implication, presupposition, and implicature cancellation tests, the counter-expectation and promise readings were revealed to be conversational implicatures, thus being pragmatic. paper ‘já já meanings. meanings meaning s . meaning(s) ‘já, , 2013, 2013 (2013) 2003, 2003 (2003) 2004, 2004 (2004) Perini, Perini (Perini 2008 Neves 2011. 2011 2011) review locating timeline, timeline timeline) modifying events, events) linking values it counterexpectation counter expectation present, present (present past future mood latter implication presupposition tests implicatures meaning(s 201 (2013 200 (2003 (2004 20 (201 (200 2 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we analyze a type of locative inversion in Brazilian Portuguese in accordance with the theoretical and methodological assumptions adopted in studies in the field of the Syntax-Semantic Lexical Interface. This phenomenon occurs with verbs such as armazenar ‘store’, which are ditransitive and denote a change of state in relation to a location: o fazendeiro armazenou 25 mil toneladas de milho no depósito ‘the farmer stored 25 thousand tons of corn in the warehouse’/ o depósito armazenou 25 mil toneladas de milho ‘the warehouse stored 25 thousand tons of corn’. In a broader classification, these verbs belong to the class of locative change-of-state verbs, along with other verbs that do not undergo locative inversion, such as colocar ‘put’: a menina colocou o livro na caixa ‘the girl put the book in the box’/ *a caixa colocou o livro ‘*the box put the book’. Upon analyzing the specific meaning of store verbs, we observe that they denote a container relationship between their arguments, in which the 25,000 tons of corn become contained within the warehouse. This relationship allows for the occurrence of locative inversion, characterized by a reinterpretation of the thematic structure of the verbs and an aspectual change in the alternate form. We demonstrate that this thematic reinterpretation occurs by means of a semantic process known as coercion, and the aspectual change in the alternate sentence is an epiphenomenon of this process. Furthermore, we establish that the semantic relationship of container is grammatically relevant. ABSTRACT paper SyntaxSemantic Syntax Semantic Interface ‘store, ‘store , ‘store’ location 2 warehouse/ / warehouse’ corn. . corn’ classification changeofstate ‘put ‘put’ box/ box’ book. book’ arguments 25000 000 25,00 form coercion Furthermore relevant 2500 00 25,0 250 0 25,

RESUMO: Neste artigo, analisamos, de acordo com os pressupostos teóricos-metodológicos adotados pelos estudos na área da Interface Sintaxe-Semântica Lexical, um tipo de inversão locativa do português brasileiro. Ele ocorre com verbos do tipo armazenar, que são bitransitivos e denotam o sentido de mudança de estado em relação a uma locação: o fazendeiro armazenou 25 mil toneladas de milho no depósito/ o depósito armazenou 25 mil toneladas de milho. Em uma classificação mais ampla, esses verbos pertencem à classe dos verbos de mudança de estado locativo, juntamente a outros verbos que não realizam a inversão locativa, como colocar: a menina colocou o livro na caixa/ *a caixa colocou o livro. Ao analisarmos o sentido mais específico do verbo armazenar, percebemos que ele denota uma relação de continência entre seus argumentos, de modo que as 25 mil toneladas de milho passam a ficar contidas no depósito. É essa relação que licencia a ocorrência da inversão locativa em questão, a qual se caracteriza por uma reinterpretação da estrutura temática dos verbos e por uma mudança aspectual na forma alternada. Mostramos que essa reinterpretação temática ocorre através de um processo semântico conhecido como coercion, e que a mudança aspectual da sentença alternada é um epifenômeno da ocorrência desse processo. Também mostramos que a relação semântica de continência é relevante gramaticalmente. RESUMO artigo analisamos teóricosmetodológicos teóricos metodológicos SintaxeSemântica Sintaxe Semântica Lexical brasileiro armazenar locação 2 ampla locativo colocar argumentos questão coercion gramaticalmente

Abstract: The development of corpus in general represents an arduous task due to the analysis and labeling processes, as well as the elements to consider in its development. For its part, the study of literal language and non-literal language in its various literary figures represents an important area of study for Natural Language Processing. The study of this phenomenon in Spanish has been limited by the lack of corpora available for its study as well as the lexical and semantic complexity of the language. In accordance with the above, this project proposes a labeling algorithm for non-literal and literal language, likewise reviews the points to consider regarding design and experimentation and presents results from the CESS-ESP corpus.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es generar evidencias sobre el dominio léxico en el contexto de relaciones semánticas de sinonimia, antonimia y temática. Basado en un estudio de enfoque mixto, se construyeron y validaron, mediante juicio de personas expertas, los ítems del instrumento. Posteriormente, este se aplicó a 3864 personas aspirantes que realizaron la Prueba de Aptitud Académica (PAA) para el ingreso a la Universidad de Costa Rica en el 2021 y cuyas edades comprenden de los 17 a los 21 años. Recabados los datos, se analizaron las cargas factoriales, la dificultad, la discriminación, la curva de información y los distractores de cada ítem. Los hallazgos de la investigación señalan que efectivamente el léxico se puede medir en tres categorías que representan relaciones amplias y comunes en el contexto de la lectura. La habilidad para identificar este tipo de relaciones incide en el desempeño de las personas evaluadas al resolver ítems de las categorías de parafrasear, oponer y reducir, propias de la PAA. La resolución de estos ítems depende en cierta medida del nivel léxico. Por lo tanto, es recomendable comprender el dominio léxico ligado a estas relaciones semánticas en sí, libres del contexto, para tener certeza de que no se afecta la medición de las habilidades generales de razonamiento o para encontrar los mecanismos que eviten factores causantes de varianza irrelevante al constructo.

Abstract This work aims to generate evidence of lexical mastery in the context of the semantic relationships of synonymy, antonymy, and theme. This multidisciplinary study analyzed an instrument composed of 21 items, presented to 3864 applicants that took the Academic Aptitude Test (Prueba de Aptitud Académica (PAA) in Spanish) for admission to the University of Costa Rica in 2021, and whose ages ranged from 17 to 21 years. The results show that lexical mastery can indeed be measured in three categories that represent broad and common relationships in reading. The ability to identify these types of relationships affects the applicants’ performance, especially when solving items in the categories of opposition, paraphrase and reduction (all typical to the PAA) that require a level of lexical proficiency. Therefore, it is important to understand the links between lexical mastery and the semantic relationships themselves, free of context, to ensure that the measurement of general reasoning abilities is not affected, or to find mechanisms that avoid factors causing irrelevant variances in the instrument.

RESUMEN: En el periodo del renacimiento se dieron múltiples traducciones del griego al latín. Los traductores latinos que llevaron a cabo dichas traducciones en diferentes ocasiones no captaron la semántica base de las palabras, lo cual condujo a errores o desviaciones en el significado de las mismas. Lo anterior, sentó un precedente para debatir la pertinencia de algunos términos anatómicos latinos vigentes en Terminologia Anatomica, como es el caso del humor acuoso y el humor vítreo. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la etimología del término humor con el fin de evaluar la coherencia entre su relación léxica y morfológica. La palabra latinizada umor deriva del griego χնµóς, que fue empleado en la Antigua Grecia por los médicos Hipócrates y Galeno para hacer referencia de manera específica a los cuatro humores de los cuales se encontraba compuesto el ser humano (sangre, bilis amarilla, bilis negra y flema) en relación con la salud, la enfermedad y el temperamento. Sin embargo, posterior a la traducción, esta palabra paso a denotar a cada uno de los líquidos de un organismo vivo, entre otros significados. Por lo tanto, se concluyó que al llevar a cabo la traducción del término en cuestión no se estimó el significado por el cual el mismo se originó y éste se generalizó de manera errónea. Esto, a su vez genera que no se correlacione la etimología del término con su significado léxico y respectiva relación morfológica.

SUMMARY: During the Renaissance era there were multiple translations from Greek into Latin. The Latin translators who carried out these translations often times did not grasp the basic semantics of words, which in turn led to errors or variations of their meaning. This set a precedent to discuss the relevance of some current Latin anatomical terms in Terminologia Anatomica, such as the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the etymology of the term humor in order to evaluate the coherence between its lexical and morphological relationship. The Latinized word umor derives from the Greek χնµóς, which was used in Ancient Greece by the physicians Hippocrates and Galen, to refer specifically to the four humors of which a human being was composed (blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm) in relation to health, disease and temperament. Following the translation however, and among other meanings, the term was used to indicate each one of the fluids in a living organism. Thus, it was concluded that when executing the translation of the term in question, its original meaning was not considered, and therefore it was inaccurately generalized. This, in turn, resulted in the etymology of the term not being correlated with its lexical meaning and respective morphological relationship.

Resumo A semântica lexical argumenta que, na comunicação, existe um código linguístico que, quando encriptado, nos permite compreender como os significados de uma palavra são estruturados e agir de acordo com o seu nível de arbitrariedade. Agora, este artigo trata dos significados e usos da palavra fantasma, que é o resultado de uma meta-operação que se constitui numa imagem (base cognitiva), na medida em que se torna uma imagem (operação comunicativa) entre o significante e o significado. A conceptualização dos nossos fantasmas revela, em relação ao nosso senso comum, uma resposta do seu significado no cérebro associada a ideias que, na linguagem, são concebidas a partir de um carácter positivo, neutro ou negativo. A invisibilidade é assim uma resposta possível ao seu contacto mágico com a natureza e a um conhecimento supersticioso que se opõe ao poder dominante do conhecimento linguisticamente organizado. O objectivo deste artigo é explorar, a partir da psicanálise, uma forma de ver os fantasmas como uma criação significante na linguagem (do exterior, para dentro), especialmente como um ponto de apego aos processos semióticos que permitem a criação de terminologias culturais a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica, artística e emocionalmente estética.

Abstract Lexical semantics argues that, in communication, there is a linguistic code that, when encrypted, allows us to understand how the meanings of a word are structured and act according to its level of arbitrariness. Now, this article deals with the meanings and uses of the word ghost, which is the result of a metaoperation that is constituted in an image (cognitive base), as it becomes an image (communicative operation) between the signifier and the signified. The conceptualization of our ghosts reveals, with respect to our common sense, a response of their significance in the brain associated with ideas that in language are conceived from a positive, neutral, or negative character. Therefore, invisibility is a possible response to their magical contact with nature and to a superstitious knowledge that opposes the dominant power of linguistically organized knowledge. The purpose of this article is to explore, from psychoanalysis, a way of looking at ghosts as a signifying creation in language (from the outside, inwards), especially as a point of attachment to the semiotic processes that allow the creation of cultural terminologies from an anthropological, artistic, and emotionally aesthetic perspective.

Resumen La semántica léxica defiende que, en la comunicación, existe un código lingüístico que al ser cifrado permite entender cómo se estructuran y actúan los significados de una palabra según su nivel de arbitrariedad. Ahora bien, en este artículo se aborda los sentidos y usos de la palabra fantasma, la cual es el resultado de una metaoperación que se constituye en una imagen (de base cognitiva), en tanto que esta se hace imagen (operación comunicativa) entre el significante y el significado. La conceptualización de nuestros fantasmas revela, respecto a nuestro sentido común, una respuesta de su significación en el cerebro asociado a ideas que en el lenguaje se conciben desde un carácter positivo, neutro o negativo. Por ende, la invisibilidad es una respuesta posible a su contacto mágico con la naturaleza y a un saber supersticioso que se opone al poder dominante del saber organizado en lo lingüístico. La finalidad de este artículo es explorar, a partir del psicoanálisis, una manera de observar a los fantasmas como una creación significante en el lenguaje (desde afuera, hacia adentro), sobre todo como punto de unión a los procesos semióticos que permiten crear terminologías culturales desde una perspectiva antropológica, artística y emocionalmente estética.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to investigate transfer verbs of Brazilian Portuguese such as premiar (‘reward’) and patrocinar (‘sponsor’). Twenty-nine verbs were analyzed from a Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface approach. The analysis showed that they share some grammatically relevant properties. Semantically, they denote events of transfer, in which the transferred object/the theme is lexicalized in the root, entailing a means. Syntactically, they select two arguments and they accept the insertion of a PP (which specify the theme). Also, the means of the transfer can occur either in the subject position or as an adjunct. Based on these properties, the existence of a transfer verb class of locatum type was proposed, and an argument structure representation in terms of thematic roles and predicate decomposition was indicated. Interestingly, regarding their telicity, they seem to split into two different aspectual classes. However, it was shown that all verbs of this class are classified as accomplishments, as they lexically entail a change and denote events composed of two distinct subevents incrementally related. ‘reward reward (‘reward’ ‘sponsor. sponsor ‘sponsor . (‘sponsor’) Twentynine Twenty nine SyntaxLexical Syntax Lexical approach properties Semantically objectthe object root Syntactically theme. theme) Also adjunct proposed indicated Interestingly telicity classes However accomplishments related (‘reward (‘sponsor’ (‘sponsor

RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou investigar verbos de transferência do português brasileiro do tipo premiar/patrocinar. Partindo de uma abordagem teórico-metodológica de Interface Sintaxe-Semântica Lexical, analisamos 29 verbos e verificamos que estes compartilham propriedades sintático-semânticas gramaticalmente relevantes, a saber: semanticamente, denotam eventos de transferência, o objeto transferido/tema é lexicalizado na raiz e acarretam um meio; sintaticamente, selecionam dois argumentos, apresentam a possibilidade de inserção de um SP especificador do tema e licenciam o meio da transferência na posição de sujeito e em adjunção. Com base nessas propriedades, propomos a existência de uma classe de verbos de transferência do tipo locatum e indicamos a representação de sua estrutura argumental em papéis temáticos e em decomposição de predicados. Além disso, apontamos um fenômeno interessante que ocorre com esses verbos em relação à sua telicidade e que parece dividi-los em duas classes aspectuais distintas. Entretanto, mostramos que todos os verbos da classe podem ser classificados como accomplishments, já que acarretam lexicalmente uma mudança e denotam eventos formados por dois subeventos distintos e incrementalmente relacionados. premiarpatrocinar premiar patrocinar premiar/patrocinar teóricometodológica teórico metodológica SintaxeSemântica Sintaxe Semântica Lexical 2 sintáticosemânticas sintático semânticas relevantes saber semanticamente transferidotema transferido sintaticamente argumentos adjunção predicados disso dividilos dividi los distintas Entretanto accomplishments relacionados

ABSTRACT Purpose to search and analyze publications that address the relationship between lexical ability and stuttering in children aged 2 to 9 years old. Research strategy search in Cochrane Library, MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE databases. Selection criteria comparative, longitudinal or case-control clinical studies that included analysis of the expressive and receptive vocabulary of children with stuttering aged between 2 and 9 years. Results most of the analyzed studies report a relationship between lexical development or performance and stuttering in children, however there is no consense about the relationship between greater or lesser lexical development. Conclusion there is not enough evidence to relate stuttering and lexical development. More studies are needed in order to understand the relationship between lexical performance and stuttering in children. old Library PubMed Scopus Science databases comparative casecontrol case control

RESUMO Objetivo mapear as publicações que abordam a relação entre habilidade lexical e gagueira em crianças na faixa etária dos 2 anos aos 9 anos. Estratégia de pesquisa busca nas bases de dados Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase. Critérios de seleção estudos clínicos comparativos, longitudinais ou caso-controle, que incluíam análise do vocabulário expressivo e receptivo de crianças com gagueira na faixa etária de 2 a 9 anos. Análise dos dados: após a busca inicial com 426 artigos, 42 foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra, dos quais, 16 atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Resultados a maior parte dos registros analisados referiu haver relação entre desenvolvimento ou desempenho lexical e gagueira em crianças. No entanto não houve consenso sobre a relação entre maior ou menor desenvolvimento lexical. Conclusão o mapeamento dos estudos incluídos indicou que não há evidências suficientes que relacionem gagueira e desenvolvimento lexical. Library MEDLINE PubMed Scopus Science Embase comparativos casocontrole, casocontrole caso controle, controle caso-controle artigos 4 íntegra quais 1 elegibilidade

ABSTRACT Purpose To develop and validate an experimental verbal episodic memory task in Spanish. Methods Six encoding blocks were elaborated, three deep and three superficial, each one with different demands of cognitive effort. The blocks were reviewed by four expert judges and tested in a pilot application. The agreement was assessed on whether the task allowed combined processing level and cognitive effort to be manipulated during incidental encoding of words, as well as clarity of instructions, examples, and workflow. Results Variables such as lexical availability, metrics, and strength of association were useful to differentiate the cognitive effort between each block. The judges agreed that the processing blocks allowed a combined manipulation of the level of processing and cognitive effort and that the instructions are precise. After the pilot, the participants agreed that the instructions, examples, and way of working were easy to understand and perform. Conclusion The results provide evidence of validity related to the content for the proposed experimental task, thus becoming a viable alternative to consider in research aimed at identifying environmental factors that contribute to compensating the defects shown by episodic memory with age. Spanish elaborated superficial application words examples workflow availability metrics block precise perform age

RESUMEN Propósito Elaborar y validar una tarea experimental de memoria episódica verbal en español. Método Se elaboraron seis bloques de codificación: tres profundos y tres superficiales, cado uno con distintas demandas de esfuerzo cognitivo. Los bloques fueron revisados por cuatro jueces expertos y examinados en una aplicación piloto. Se evaluó la concordancia respecto a si la tarea permitía manipular combinadamente el nivel de procesamiento y el esfuerzo cognitivo durante la codificación incidental de palabras, así como la claridad de las instrucciones, ejemplos y dinámica de trabajo. Resultados Variables como la disponibilidad léxica, metría y fuerza de asociación fueron útiles para diferenciar el esfuerzo cognitivo entre cada bloque. Los jueces concordaron que los bloques de procesamiento admiten una manipulación combinada del nivel de procesamiento y esfuerzo cognitivo y que las instrucciones son precisas. Luego del pilotaje, los participantes concordaron que las instrucciones, ejemplos y forma de trabajo eran fácil de comprender y realizar. Conclusión Los resultados proporcionan evidencia de validez relacionada con el contenido para la tarea experimental propuesta, transformándose con ello en una alternativa viable de considerar en investigaciones orientadas a identificar factores ambientales que contribuyan a compensar los defectos que muestra la memoria episódica con la edad. español superficiales piloto palabras léxica bloque precisas pilotaje realizar propuesta edad

Resumen El quichua santiagueño (quechua, Argentina) cuenta con sufijos nominalizadores (-q, -na, -sqa) que intervienen en la nominalización léxica y constituyen, a su vez, la principal estrategia de la lengua para introducir cláusulas dependientes. Apoyado en las discusiones teóricas de enfoque tipológico y basado corpus de datos primarios y secundarios, este trabajo se propone trazar para cada estrategia nominalizadora de la lengua una escala que se extiende desde un polo de nominalización clausal hacia otro de nominalización léxica, en función de la distribución de propiedades morfológicas y sintácticas. Se pretende establecer en qué punto de la escala cada estrategia traza sus límites, entre la expresión de un ítem léxico y de una cláusula. Este objetivo se diferencia de las descripciones disponibles para otras lenguas de la familia que se han centrado en la distinción entre cláusula finita y nominalizada, no así en las diferencias de estas últimas respecto del léxico derivado. Resulta, asimismo, de crucial importancia tener en consideración las propiedades semánticas de cada construcción. Así, las nominalizaciones orientadas hacia la expresión de un participante podrán conformar ítems léxicos (agente, objeto, instrumento/medio, lugar, cualidad, etc.) y expresar en el plano sintáctico cláusulas relativas, mientras que las nominalizaciones orientadas hacia la expresión de un evento solamente podrán expresar cláusulas de tipo adverbial o de complemento.

Abstract The nominalizing suffixes (-q, -na, -sqa) in Santiagueño Quichua (Quechua, Argentina) intervene in lexical nominalization and constitute, at the same time, the language’s main strategy to introduce dependent clauses. Based on the theoretical discussions of the typological approach and working on a corpus of primary and secondary data, this work aims to draw, for each of the language’s nominalization strategies, a scale that extends from a pole of clausal nominalization to one of lexical nominalization, in terms of the distribution of morphological and syntactic properties. The intention is to determine the position on the scale of each of these strategies’ limits, between the expression of a lexical item and a clause. This objective differs from the descriptions available for other languages of the family that have focused on the distinction between finite and nominalized clauses, not on the differences of the latter with respect to the derived lexicon. It is also of crucial relevance to consider the semantics of each construction. Thus, participant-oriented nominalizations will be able to form lexical items (agentive, object, instrument/medium, place, quality, etc.) and express relative clauses on the syntactic level, while event-oriented nominalizations will only express adverbial or complement clauses.

Resumen Este artículo de investigación da cuenta de las representaciones semánticas de las palabras aprendizaje y enseñanza en FLE, de la movilización discursiva de valores sociales, así como de los rasgos de identidad en estudiantes y profesores de dos instituciones educativas en Colombia. Como este estudio toma en cuenta el discurso lexicográfico, y un corpus obtenido a partir de los cuatro grupos que participaron en este, se construyó la descripción de la significación lexical de los términos definidos en francés y en español que, a su vez, fue comparada con el discurso de los informantes. El interés por estudiar las concepciones de los participantes en su lengua materna reposa en la estrategia utilizada para confirmar la hipótesis frente a la influencia de la L1, sobre las representaciones en francés. En consecuencia, se estableció que la lengua materna de los informantes actúa sobre sus estimaciones en lengua extranjera, e igualmente que aquellas asociadas a los profesores en cada población repercuten sobre las evaluaciones hechas por sus estudiantes, principalmente en la (re)construcción de identidad propia y de la del otro. La marca discursiva de valores sociales evocados por los participantes resulta predominantemente de sus experiencias, y de sus acciones cotidianas. Su contexto exolingüe juega un rol fundamental en el aprendizaje y la enseñanza del francés.

Résumé Cette recherche rend compte des représentations sémantiques des mots apprentissage et enseignement en FLE, de la mobilisation discursive de valeurs sociales, ainsi que des traits identitaires chez des étudiants et des enseignants/professeurs de deux institutions éducatives en Colombie. Comme cette étude s'est accomplie à partir du discours lexicographique et d'un corpus recueilli auprès de quatre groupes ayant participé à la recherche, nous avons construit la description de la signification lexicale des termes ciblés, en français et en espagnol, et nous l'avons comparée avec les évocations des informateurs. Notre intérêt pour étudier les conceptions des participants dans leur langue maternelle se trouve à l'origine d'une stratégie instaurée pour confirmer l'hypothèse sur l'influence de la L1, par rapport aux représentations en français. Nous avons constaté que la langue source des informateurs agit sur leurs estimations en langue étrangère, ainsi que celles des enseignants/professeurs répercutent sur les évaluations faites par leurs étudiants, surtout quant à la (re)construction identitaire de soi et d'autrui. La mobilisation discursive des valeurs sociales chez les participants résulte plutôt de leurs vécus et de leurs actions quotidiennes. Notamment, leur contexte exolingue joue un rôle fondamental dans l'apprentissage/enseignement du FLE.

Abstract This research paper reports the semantic representations of learning and teaching as lexical entities in FFL, the discourse mobilization of social values, besides the identity features of educative actors among students and teachers/professors from two educative institutions in Colombia. This study was done from lexicographical discourse and from a corpus collected from the four groups who participated in this research, we established the description of lexical meaning for the specific words mentioned in French and Spanish. We then compared them with informants' representations. Our interest instudying participants' conceptions in their L1 derives from a strategy that we settled to confirm our hypothesis on the influence of speakers' L1 over their French associations. Considering the comparative analysis, we remarked that L1 influences French representations. Also, teachers/professors' conceptions in each population impact those ones of their students, mainly on the identity (re)construction of oneself and others. The discursive mobilization of social values among participants results rather from their experiences and from their daily actions. In this way, the features of their exolingue Colombian context play a radical role in learning/teaching FFL.

Abstract: Distributional Semantics Models are one of the most ubiquitous tools in Natural Language Processing. However, it is still unclear how to optimize such models for specific tasks and how to evaluate them in a general setting (having ability to be successfully applied to any language task in mind). We argue that benefits of intrinsic distributional semantic models evaluation could be questioned since the notion of their “general quality” possibly does not exist; distributional semantic models, however, can be considered as a part of Semantic Maps framework which formalizes the notion of linguistic representativeness on the lexical level.

Abstract: The main purpose of this article is to highlight the relevant role that, from a historiographical point of view, Eugenio Coseriu played in the consideration of the scientific status of terminology as a linguistic discipline. In contrast to other linguists of his time, who did not glimpse Saussure’s initial ideas on nomenclatures and terms as opposed to the systematicity of languages and the values of linguistic signs, the Romanian linguist not only developed these Saussurean reflections from the sixties of the last century onwards, but, in spite of discarding, at least in the first phase of the analysis, the terminologies from his own lexematic study (within his strict conception of structural semantics), he formulates a set of principles characterizing the terms of the nomenclatorial lexicon as opposed to the features defining the words of the common lexicon. In this line, after giving the Romanian linguist the place he deserves in the historiography of the terminological discipline, both for his continuous terminological-conceptual precisions and his theoretical and epistemological contributions to this discipline from linguistics, we carry out a revised and reworked exposition of the general contribution of the professor from Tübingen to the study and linguistic characterization of terminological units.

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal destacar el papel relevante que, desde un punto de vista historiográfico, Eugenio Coseriu desempeñó en la consideración del estatus científico de la terminología como disciplina lingüística. Frente a otros lingüistas de su época, que no vislumbraron las ideas iniciales de Saussure sobre las nomenclaturas y los términos en oposición a la sistematicidad de las lenguas y los valores de los signos lingüísticos, el lingüista rumano, no solo desarrolló a partir de los años sesenta del siglo pasado estas reflexiones saussureanas, sino que, pese a descartar, al menos en una primera fase del análisis, a las terminologías del estudio propio de su lexemática (dentro de su concepción estricta de la semántica estructural), formula un conjunto de principios caracterizadores de los términos del léxico nomenclator frente a los rasgos que definen a las palabras del léxico común. En esta línea, tras situar al lingüista rumano en el lugar que merece en la historiografía de la disciplina terminológica, tanto por sus continuas precisiones terminológicoconceptuales como por sus aportaciones teóricas y epistemológicas a esta disciplina desde la lingüística, llevamos a cabo una exposición revisada y reelaborada de la contribución general del profesor de Tübingen al estudio y caracterización lingüística de las unidades terminológicas.