Abstract Water stress has caused major losses in the agricultural productivity of crops, inducing the search for alternatives for sustainable cultivation. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of watermelon under water stress, inoculated with bacterial strains of the genus Bacillus spp., regarding the biochemical and enzymatic variables in the flowering stage. A randomized block design was adopted in a split-plot 4x4 factorial scheme, with plots consisting of four levels of soil water availability (40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of field capacity - FC) and subplots consisting of four inoculations (Negative Control (NC); XX6.9 bacteria; P6.2 bacteria; MIX - co-inoculation of XX6.9 and P6.2 bacteria), with five replicates. XX6.9 bacteria and NC were the treatments most affected by severe water stress, since at the soil water availability (SWA) level of 40% FC they showed high contents of the oxidative marker (MDA) and proline. Although the inoculation with XX6.9 bacteria promoted a higher content of osmoregulators such as proteins, total soluble sugars and reducing sugars, it was not enough to attenuate the effects of water deficit. On the other hand, treatments with P6.2 bacteria and MIX of bacteria showed reduced levels of MDA at the SWA level of 40% FC, accompanied by high enzymatic activity of POD and CAT, which may contribute to the tolerance of the watermelon crop to water stress.

RESUMEN El plomo es un metal pesado persistente en el suelo que puede acumularse en las plantas comestibles, por lo que se requieren estrategias no contaminantes para su remoción. En este estudio se investigó la eficiencia de malezas con rizobacterias asociadas en la fitorremediación de suelo contaminado con plomo (800 ppm). Se seleccionaron malezas con tolerancia al plomo, así como rizobacterias que promueven el crecimiento vegetal in vitro. Se aplicaron diversos consorcios bacterianos (CB) sobre tres especies de malezas, y se evaluó el peso de la biomasa aérea de las malezas, la fitotoxicidad del suelo después de la fitorremediación, así como los parámetros de la fitorremediación del plomo en el suelo con menor fitotoxicidad. Se encontró que el 20% de las malezas analizadas fueron tolerantes al plomo con índices de 0,80 (Echinochloa colona (L.) Link), 0,76 (Cyperus corymbosus Rottb) y 0,72 (Sorghum halepense). Los CB solubilizaron fosfatos, produjeron ácido indol acético y aumentaron la biomasa fresca de las plantas (4,14-14,32%). Además, el menor nivel de fitotoxicidad en el suelo se detectó en el tratamiento de E. colona (L.) Link con Pseudomonas spp. y Acinetobacter spp. (CB1), así como un factor de bioacumulación de 0,1650 en el follaje, 1,0250 en las raíces y un factor de translocación de 0,1611. Finalmente, se determinó 78,83% de remoción de plomo en E. colona (L.) Link con rizobacterias, a comparación del 57,58% obtenido con E. colona (L.) Link sin rizobacterias. Se demostró la eficiencia de la asociación de malezas y rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal en la fitorremediación de suelos contaminados con plomo.

ABSTRACT Lead is a persistent heavy metal in the soil that can accumulate in edible plants, so non-polluting strategies are required for its removal. In this study, the efficiency of weeds with associated rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of soil contaminated with lead (800 ppm) was investigated. Weeds with lead tolerance were selected, as well as rhizobacteria that promote plant growth in vitro. Several bacterial consortia (BC) were applied on three weed species, and the weight of the aboveground biomass of the weeds, the phytotoxicity of the soil after phytoremediation, as well as the parameters of the phytoremediation of lead in the soil with lower phytotoxicity, were evaluated. As a result, 20% of the weeds analyzed were tolerant to lead with indices of 0.80 (Echinochloa colona (L.) Link), 0.76 (Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.), and 0.72 (Sorghum halepense). BC solubilized phosphates, produced indole acetic acid, and increased the fresh biomass of plants (4.14-14.32%). Furthermore, the lowest level of phytotoxicity in the soil was detected in the treatment of E. colona (L.) Link with Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. (BC1), as well as a bioaccumulation factor of 0.1650 in the foliage, 1.0250 in the roots, and a translocation factor of 0.1611. Finally, 78.83% lead removal was determined in E. colona (L.) Link with rhizobacteria, compared to the 57.58% obtained with E. colona (L.) Link without rhizobacteria. The efficiency of the association of weeds and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with lead was demonstrated.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el miedo al contagio por COVID-19 y la tolerancia a la frustración, en estudiantes del nivel secundaria que retornan a clases presenciales. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de diseño cuantitativo, de corte transversal y de alcance correlacional. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 642 adolescentes y para la recolección de datos se utilizó la Escala de Miedo a la COVID-19 (FCV-19S) y la Escala de Tolerancia a la Frustración para Adolescentes (TFA) Resultados: Se obtuvo en cuanto a la variable miedo, que el 55% tuvo un nivel medio, 26.5% nivel bajo y 18.5% alto; respecto a la tolerancia a la frustración, el 48.1% presento nivel medio, 26.9% nivel bajo y 24.9% alto; al realizar la prueba de Rho de Spearman para determinar su correlación se comprobó que no existe relación entre ambas variables en la población estudiada, pues se obtuvo valores de significancia >0.05. Conclusión: Se acepta la hipótesis nula, no existe relación entre el miedo y la tolerancia a la frustración en estudiantes del nivel secundario.

Abstract Objective: Determine the relationship between fear of contagion by COVID-19 and frustration tolerance in secondary school students returning to in-person classes. Materials and methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional and correlational design study. The study population consisted of 642 adolescents and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and the Frustration Tolerance Scale for Adolescents (TFA) were used to collect data. Results: It was obtained as soon as to the fear variable, 55% had a medium level, 26.5% had a low level and 18.5% had a high level; Regarding frustration tolerance, 48.1% presented a medium level, 26.9% a low level and 24.9% a high level; When performing the Spearman Rho test to determine their correlation, it was found that there is no relationship between both variables in the population studied, since significance values >0.05 were obtained. Conclusion: The null hypothesis is accepted, there is no relationship between fear and frustration tolerance in secondary school students.

Resumo Introdução e Objetivos: A prova de provocação oral é o gold standard para o diagnóstico de alergia alimentar. Este estudo pretendeu caracterizar e analisar as provas efetuadas no Serviço de Pediatria de um hospital de nível II. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo dos doentes submetidos a provas de provocação oral entre outubro 2016 e dezembro 2021 num hospital de nível II. As reações não mediadas por IgE foram excluídas. A análise estatística foi realizada através do software IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences®. Resultados: Foram realizadas 301 provas num total de 172 doentes. A maioria dos doentes eram crianças com idade <6 anos (79,4%) e 40,1% realizou duas ou mais provas. Os alergénios mais frequentemente testados foram ovo (26,2%), frutos secos (16,9%) e leite de vaca (16,7%). Constatou-se que 23,2% das provas foram positivas. Verificou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre as provas realizadas para o leite e trigo e a obtenção de um resultado positivo. Relativamente ao objetivo das provas, 60,1% destinavam-se a estabelecer o diagnóstico, 25,6% a avaliar a tolerância e 14,3% a documentar o limiar de reatividade. A maioria das reações positivas foram locais/grau I (25,7%) ou moderadas/grau II (58,6%). Foi identificada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre antecedentes de atopia e um resultado positivo nas provas (p=0,022), particularmente antecedentes de dermatite atópica (p=0,022). Discussão: A maioria das provas realizadas foram negativas. O reconhecimento atempado da resolução de uma alergia alimentar permite suspender a evicção desnecessária de alergénios suspeitos. Deve ser considerado o risco acrescido de uma reação positiva com leite, trigo ou em contexto de antecedentes pessoais de dermatite atópica.

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: Oral food challenges (OFC) are the gold standard for the diagnosis of food allergy. The aim of this study was to characterize and analyze the OFCs performed in the Pediatric Department of the study hospital. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent OFCs in the pediatric department of the study hospital from October 2016 to December 2021. All non-IgE-mediated reactions were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences®. Results: A total of 301 OFCs were performed on a total of 172 patients during the study period. Most patients were preschool children (<6 years; 79.4%) and 40.1% had more than one OFC. The most frequently tested allergens were hen’s egg (26.2%), tree nuts (16.9%), and cow’s milk (16.7%). The positivity rate was 23.2%. Tests for milk and wheat were significantly associated with a positive result. The main reason for OFC testing was to establish a diagnosis (60.1%), but also to assess tolerance (25.6%) and to document the responsiveness threshold (14.3%). Most positive reactions were local/grade I (25.7%) or moderate/grade II (58.6%). Patients with a personal history of atopic comorbidities were more likely to have a positive test result (p=0.022), especially those with atopic dermatitis (p=0.022). Discussion and Conclusion: Most OFCs in this analysis were negative. Early recognition of food allergy resolution is essential to prevent unnecessary allergen avoidance. An increased risk of positive reactions to milk or wheat, or in the setting of a personal history of atopic dermatitis, should be considered.

RESUMEN Introducción: La superación de las limitaciones del aprendizaje situado en la exposición tradicional del contenido curricular y se apuesta por afirmar procesos constructivistas, investigativos e interculturales de generación de saberes innovadores y creativos que a su vez realimentan procesos socioformativos y de retroalimentación decolonial transformadora en la complejidad de las dimensiones que se articulan en el plexo del modelo pedagógico desde el nivel macro o modelo educativo y del nivel micro o modelo curricular. Materiales y métodos: La metodología científica de la clase, asume la metodología de lo holístico-dialéctico, sistémico, inductivo, deductivo de esa forma se constituye la fortaleza de la investigación formativa cuya dinámica relacional entre conceptos integra la construcción de nuevas categorías de orden cualitativamente superior en el escalonamiento de la espiral del desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento propios de la condición humana. Resultados: La filosofía del modelo resume la ética que desde el desempeño docente trasciende su práctica moral de principios y valores que configuración en el sujeto social que aprende cuya praxis deviene cualidad superior de lo político, compromiso moral que se asume para la transformación en lo individual y en la comunidad para generar el cambio. Discusión: La filosofía del modelo educativo por competencias con enfoque constructivista, investigativo e intercultural encauza desde su entramado relacional sistémico, complejo y holístico una conexión que vincula al sujeto joven adulto que construye su conocimiento con su propia vida. Conclusiones: La filosofía del modelo educativo enfatiza la valoración de la diversidad cultural, al asumir en la praxis una perspectiva intercultural por lo que se reconoce y valora la diversidad cultural presente en las aulas. Esto se traduce en la incorporación de diferentes perspectivas, experiencias y conocimientos de diversas culturas en el proceso educativo, lo que enriquece la experiencia de aprendizaje y promueve el respeto y la tolerancia hacia la diversidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Overcoming the limitations of learning located in the traditional exposition of curricular content and is committed to affirming constructivist, investigative and intercultural processes of generation of innovative and creative knowledge that in turn feed socio-formative processes and transformative decolonial feedback in complexity of the dimensions that are articulated in the plexus of the pedagogical model from the macro level or educational model and the micro level or curricular model. Materials and methods: The scientific methodology of the class assumes the methodology of the holistic-dialectical, systemic, inductive, deductive, in this way the strength of formative research is constituted, whose relational dynamics between concepts integrates the construction of new categories of order qualitatively. superior in the staggering of the spiral of the development of thinking skills typical of the human condition. Results: The philosophy of the model summarizes the ethics that from the teaching performance transcends its moral practice of principles and values that configure the social subject that learns whose praxis becomes a superior quality of the political, a moral commitment that is assumed for the transformation of the individual. and in the community to generate change. Discussion: The philosophy of the competency-based educational model with a constructivist, investigative and intercultural approach channels from its systemic, complex and holistic relational framework a connection that links the young adult subject who builds knowledge of him with his own life. Conclusions: The philosophy of the educational model emphasizes the appreciation of cultural diversity, by assuming an intercultural perspective in practice, which is why the cultural diversity present in the classrooms is recognized and valued. This translates into the incorporation of different perspectives, experiences and knowledge from various cultures in the educational process, which enriches the learning experience and promotes respect and tolerance towards diversity.

ABSTRACT Background: The level of accumulated caloric load of the ITH (CCA) during the 6 months prior to weaning on the weaning weight (PD) was evaluated in Charolais animals as an expression of thermal stress (ST), as well as its possible genetic component. Methods: 19,466 PD records from the Manuel Fajardo Enterprise, Jiguaní, Granma, born between 1988 and 2017 in 16 herds, were analyzed. A Reaction Norm model was used considering a fixed effect of quarters-years-herds (859 classes), sex of the calf (2) and number of calving of the mother (11), a fixed covariate using a Legendre polynomial (L) of order 3 to represent the PD response curve in the CCA trajectory. As random: residual and the deviation of the animal that produces the record that was modeled by an L of order 1. With the standardized genetic values (VG) a principal components analysis was done and with the eigenvector coefficients an index of the results. Results: The regression analysis showed that PD is depressed by b=-0,807±0,04 kg per unit of CCA (R2=90,2%). 3 zones were differentiated: cold CCA<=439; neutral CCA>=440 to <=450 and hot CCA>=451, with PD= 149,3; 140,5 and 134,1 kg respectively. The variation in VG is greater in the cold zone, but the correlations were very low (0,33), evidencing genotype-environment interaction (Ige). Conclusions: The existence of a genetic basis for tolerance to ST with Ige manifestations was demonstrated, and the order of merit changes in extreme conditions.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El nivel de carga calórica acumulada del ITH (CCA) durante los 6 meses previos al destete sobre el peso al destete (PD), fue evaluado en animales Charoláis como expresión de stress térmico (ST), así como su posible componente genético. Métodos: Se analizaron 19 466 registros de PD de la Empresa Manuel Fajardo, Jiguaní, Granma, nacidos entre 1988 y 2017 en 16 rebaños. Se utilizó un modelo de Norma de Reacción considerando efecto fijo cuatrimestres-años-rebaños (859 clases), sexo del ternero (2) y número de partos de la madre (11), una covariable fija mediante un polinomio de Legendre (L) de orden 3 para representar la curva de respuesta del PD en la trayectoria de CCA. Como aleatorios: residuo y la desviación del animal que produce el registro que se modeló por un L de orden 1. Con los valores genéticos estandarizados (VG) se hizo un análisis de componentes principales y con los coeficientes de los eigenvector se construyó un índice de los resultados. Resultados: El análisis de regresión arrojó que el PD se deprime en b=-0,807±0,04 kg por unidad de CCA (R2=90,2%). Se diferenciaron tres zonas: fría CCA<=439; neutra CCA>=440' a <=450 y caliente CCA >=451, con PD= 149,3; 140,5 y 134,1 kg respectivamente. La variación en VG es mayor en la zona fría, pero las correlaciones fueron muy bajas (0,33) evidenciando interacción genotipo ambiente (Ige). Conclusiones: Se demostró existencia de una base genética para tolerancia a ST con manifestaciones de Ige, y cambia el orden de mérito en condiciones extremas.

BACKGROUND: The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic irrevocably influenced our lives, yet research in a diversity of countries is lacking. Cardiorespiratory fitness may be impaired for up to a year post-COVID-19 infection. OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to compare acute and exertional symptoms, fatigue, and exercise performance in masters-age endurance athletes according to their return-to-sport status. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey-based observational study of long-distance runners and cyclists was conducted. Data were stratified into two groups: those who returned to their pre-illness level of sport and those who did not and were compared statistically. RESULTS: A total of 308 survey responses were included in the analysis. The mean age of the athletes was 44.9 + 10.2 years, with 55.2% being male. The group that did not return to their pre-illness level of sport (31.5%) had more post-COVID sequelae, worse illness severity, with a higher frequency of resting and exertional symptoms, notably fatigue and dyspnoea. Decreased exercise capacity was correlated with increased physical fatigue scores. CONCLUSION: Almost one-third of endurance athletes suffered protracted exercise tolerance post-COVID-19. Long-term symptoms may be more consequential in this athlete population. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Symptoms that may indicate cardiopulmonary consequences in recreational athletes should be investigated in order to facilitate return to sport and the important mental and physical benefits thereof. This will augment outcomes after respiratory tract infections and management of return to sport and expectations of endurance athletes.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir los desenlaces clínicos de las pacientes atendidas en la Clínica del Prado Medellín, Colombia, a quienes se les insertó el SIU-LNG de 52 mg como tratamiento para cohibir el sangrado menstrual abundante. Además, reportar el nivel de satisfacción, el apego, los principales efectos secundarios derivados de su uso y el porcentaje de pacientes que requirieron histerectomía. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico al que se incluyeron pacientes con sangrado menstrual abundante tratadas entre enero y diciembre de 2012 en un centro de referencia de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Se evaluaron los desenlaces clínicos y la satisfacción con el método. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 231 pacientes con límites de edad de 30 y 55 años, con sangrado menstrual abundante. Antes de la inserción, 103 pacientes 44.6% no habían recibido ningún tratamiento. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la duración de los ciclos menstruales antes y después de la inserción a pacientes con ciclos menores de 24 días diferencia de medias 0.377; IC95%: 0.302-0.451, 46.8% en comparación con 9.1%; p = 0.00. El 32% n = 74 de las pacientes tuvieron amenorrea. Al evaluar el promedio de días de sangrado y puntaje PBAC Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa antes y después de la inserción. El efecto adverso más común fue el manchado 20.3%. Después de la inserción del SIU-LNG, 82.7% n = 191 de las pacientes estuvieron satisfechas o muy satisfechas y solo a 18.6% se les practicó histerectomía. CONCLUSIÓN: Los desenlaces de este estudio indicaron que el SIU-LNG disminuye, significativamente, las pérdidas sanguíneas en mujeres con sangrado menstrual abundante; es un método bien tolerado y aceptado.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study describes the clinical results for patients suffering from heavy menstrual bleeding which were treated using a Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system LNG-IUS. METHODOLOGY: cross-sectional analytic-observational study was used to assess patients with Heavy Menstrual bleeding in a third level clinic at Medellin, Colombia. The study included patients who began treatment between January and December of 2012 and analyzed their clinical results and satisfaction levels with LNG-IUS. RESULTS: The study assessed 231 patients aged between 30 and 60 with heavy menstrual bleeding. One hundred three of these patients 44.6 % had not received any treatment before the LNG-IUD insertion. LNG-IUS affected the length of cycles for patients with cycles lasting lower than 24 days 46.8 % of cycles before insertion vs. 9.1% after, P: 0.00, dif in means: 0.377, 95% CI: 0.302 - 0.451 and 32 % of them presented amenorrhea. A decrease in the means of the bleeding days and PBAC scores was also observed following LNG-IUS insertion PBAC score 1900.7 vs. 243.9 P 0.00, dif in means: 1656.77, 95% CI 1381 - 1932. The most common adverse event was intermenstrual bleeding 20.3%. Most patients said that they were satisfied with the device 82.7%, and only 15.2% were taken to hysterectomy. CONCLUSION: Our results show that DIU-LNG reduces blood loss in women with heavy menstrual bleeding and that patients’ tolerance and acceptance for the device are high.

Abstract: Schelling’s model describes how people’s preferences, with respect to the characteristics of their neighbors, are related to the emergence of urban segregation processes. This paper proposes an extension to the classical Schelling model with two agents, where a third group of agents with preferences different from the rest of the inhabitants of the city and a variable proportion in relation to the total number of agents in the city is incorporated. When this third group is completely tolerant, a decrease in dissatisfaction and segregation at the global level can be expected. As the tolerance of this third agent for individuals with different characteristics in their neighborhood decreases, segregation increases, but so does satisfaction, while when intolerance reaches higher levels, segregation decreases, but so does satisfaction. The dynamics generated by our extension of Schelling’s model allow us to think, for example, about the impact of migratory flows in receiving cities and the importance of integration processes to guarantee the welfare of all their inhabitants.

Resumen: El modelo de Schelling describe como las preferencias de las personas, con respecto a las características de sus vecinos, se relacionan con la emergencia de procesos de segregación urbana. Este trabajo plantea una extensión al modelo de Schelling clásico con dos agentes, donde se incorpora un tercer grupo de agentes con preferencias distintas al resto de los habitantes de la ciudad y proporción variable en relación con el total de agentes en la ciudad. Cuando éste tercer grupo es completamente tolerante se logra, de manera esperable, una disminución de la insatisfacción y de la segregación a nivel global. A medida que la tolerancia de este tercer agente por individuos con distintas características en su vecindario disminuye, la segregación aumenta, pero la satisfacción también, mientras que cuando la intolerancia alcanza niveles más elevados, disminuye la segregación, pero también la satisfacción. Las dinámicas generadas por nuestra extensión del modelo de Schelling, permiten pensar, por ejemplo, el impacto de los flujos migratorios en las ciudades receptoras y la importancia de los procesos de integración para garantizar en el bienestar de todos sus habitantes.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: A reciprocal modulation between cognitive processing and pain experience has been hypothesized, suggesting overlapping regulatory interactions between the circuits involved that may represent a complementary route to traditional pain management. Objective: To determine whether a cognitive test involving attention and inhibitory control (Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test, FICAT) can modify pain perception and cognitive performance in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: 40 students from the Metropolitan University (UNIMET), aged 18-25 years, were subjected to three experimental conditions. First, participants underwent the Cold Pressor Test (CPT). Then, they performed the FICAT and finally performed the FICAT while simultaneously exposed to the CPT. Pain intensity was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and tolerance was measured in seconds, reflecting the total exposure time to the painful stimulus. Results: Compared to the pain-free scenario, the simultaneous application of noxious stimulation and cognitive testing significantly improved the subjects' tolerance to painful stimuli but did not reduce the intensity of pain perception. In addition, the combination of FICAT+CPT significantly improved executive performance, reflected in faster reaction times. Discussion: Our results suggest that exposure to a painful stimulus does not necessarily disrupt the level of attention and the ability to exert inhibitory control. Moreover, executive capacity appears to be enhanced by the acute painful situation. Our findings also indicate that a cognitive task increased tolerance among the participants. Conclusion: These results suggest that complementary non-pharmacological strategies may help to reduce the cognitive burden of pain and partially improve how pain is behaviorally tolerated.

RESUMEN: Introducción: Se ha planteado la hipótesis de una modulación recíproca entre el procesamiento cognitivo y la experiencia del dolor, lo que sugiere interacciones reguladoras solapadas entre los circuitos implicados, que pueden representar una vía complementaria al tratamiento tradicional del dolor. Objetivo: Determinar si una prueba cognitiva de atención y control inhibitorio (Prueba de atención y control inhibitorio de Flanker (Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test, FICAT) puede modificar la percepción del dolor y el rendimiento cognitivo en sujetos sanos. Materiales y Métodos: 40 estudiantes de la Universidad Metropolitana (UNIMET), con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 25 años, fueron sometidos a tres condiciones experimentales. En primer lugar, los participantes se sometieron a la Prueba de Presión Fría (Cold Pressor Test, CPT). A continuación, realizaron la FICAT y, por último, realizaron la FICAT mientras se exponían simultáneamente a la CPT. La intensidad del dolor se evaluó mediante la Escala Visual Analógica (Visual Analog Scale, VAS), y la tolerancia se midió en segundos, reflejando el tiempo total de exposición al estímulo doloroso. Resultados: En comparación con el escenario sin dolor, la aplicación simultánea de la estimulación nociva y la prueba cognitiva mejoró significativamente la tolerancia de los sujetos al estímulo doloroso, pero no redujo la intensidad de la percepción del dolor. Además, la combinación de FICAT+CPT mejoró significativamente el rendimiento ejecutivo, reflejado en tiempos de reacción más rápidos. Discusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la exposición a un estímulo doloroso no altera necesariamente el nivel de atención y la capacidad de ejercer un control inhibitorio. Más aún, en nuestro caso, la capacidad ejecutiva pareció verse reforzada por la situación dolorosa aguda. Nuestros hallazgos también indican que una tarea cognitiva fue capaz de aumentar la tolerancia en los participantes. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que el uso de estrategias complementarias no farmacológicas puede ayudar a reducir la carga cognitiva impuesta por el dolor y mejorar, al menos parcialmente, la tolerancia al mismo.

RESUMO O germoplasma do mangostão (Garcinia mangostana L.) ainda apresenta limitações à qualidade dos frutos, tolerância à seca e suscetibilidade a pragas ou doenças. Objetivou-se investigar a diversidade genética e as relações do mangostão com seus parentes silvestres (Garcinia spp.), com base na morfologia foliar e na região do espaçador interno transcrito (ITS), incluindo sua estrutura secundária. Segundo a morfologia foliar, o mangostão e seus parentes silvestres geralmente apresentaram baixa diversidade genética. Entretanto, a textura e a pubescência foliar mostraram alta diversidade genética (0,71 e 0,77, respectivamente). Além disso, com base nos marcadores ITS, a diversidade genética de Garcinia no nível interespécies foi muito maior do que no intraespécies (0,043 e 0,005, respectivamente). O método de grupos de pares não ponderados com a média aritmética (UPGMA) revelou que o mangostão é agrupado em quatro grupos principais, com ‘Manggis Banjar’ e ‘Palembang’ no mesmo cluster. Da mesma forma, o ITS posicionou Garcinia em vários clados, com ‘Manggis Banjar’, ‘Kandangan’ e ‘Palembang’ agrupados em um clado semelhante. A reconstrução bioquímica mostrou que Garcinia dispõe de estruturas secundárias únicas de ITS, ou seja, modelos de anel e quatro hélices. Embora o mangostão cultivado e seus parentes silvestres tenham apresentado baixa diversidade com base na morfologia foliar, os marcadores ITS mostraram alta diversidade genética. Além disso, a reconstrução da estrutura secundária do ITS deu suporte à árvore filogenética deste germoplasma. L. L frutos doenças Objetivouse Objetivou se spp., spp spp. , spp.) (ITS) Entretanto 0,71 071 0 71 (0,7 077 77 0,77 respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) disso 0,043 0043 043 (0,04 0005 005 0,005 UPGMA (UPGMA principais Manggis Banjar ‘Palembang Palembang cluster forma clados Banjar, ‘Kandangan Kandangan semelhante seja hélices (ITS 0,7 07 7 (0, 0,04 004 04 (0,0 000 00 0,00 0, (0 0,0 (

ABSTRACT The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) germplasm still has limitations in fruit quality, drought tolerance and susceptibility to pests or diseases. This study investigated the genetic diversity and relationships of mangosteen with its wild relatives (Garcinia spp.) based on leaf morphology and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including its secondary structure. Based on leaf morphology, the mangosteen and its wild relatives generally showed a low genetic diversity. However, the leaf texture and pubescence had a high genetic diversity (0.71 and 0.77, respectively). Furthermore, based on the ITS markers, the genetic diversity of Garcinia at the interspecies level was much higher than that at the intraspecies one (0.043 and 0.005, respectively). The unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic average (UPGMA) revealed that mangosteen is grouped into four main clusters, with ‘Manggis Banjar’ and ‘Palembang’ in the same cluster. Similarly, the ITS positioned Garcinia into several clades, with ‘Manggis Banjar’, ‘Kandangan’ and ‘Palembang’ grouped into a similar clade. The biochemical reconstruction showed that Garcinia has unique ITS secondary structures, i.e., ring and four-helix models. Even though the cultivated mangosteen and its wild relatives had low diversity based on leaf morphology, the ITS markers showed a high genetic diversity. Furthermore, the reconstruction of the ITS secondary structure has supported this germplasm’s phylogenetic tree. L. L quality diseases spp. spp (ITS region However 0.71 071 0 71 (0.7 077 77 0.77 respectively. respectively . respectively) Furthermore 0.043 0043 043 (0.04 0005 005 0.005 UPGMA (UPGMA clusters Manggis Banjar ‘Palembang Palembang cluster Similarly clades Banjar, , ‘Kandangan Kandangan clade structures ie i e i.e. fourhelix helix models germplasms s tree 0.7 07 7 (0. 0.04 004 04 (0.0 000 00 0.00 i.e 0. (0 0.0 (

RESUMO As fontes hídricas do semiárido brasileiro comumente apresentam altos teores de sais dissolvidos em sua composição, destacando-se como um dos estresses abióticos que limita a expansão da fruticultura irrigada, principalmente de culturas sensíveis ao estresse salino como o maracujazeiro-azedo. Assim, a utilização de substâncias elicitoras, como prolina, pode ser uma alternativa eficaz para mitigar o estresse salino nas plantas. Nesse contexto, objetivouse com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de prolina na fluorescência da clorofila, crescimento, qualidade e tolerância de maracujazeiro-azedo irrigados com águas salinas durante a fase de formação de mudas. A pesquisa foi conduzida no período de julho a outubro de 2022, em casa de vegetação em Campina Grande - PB, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 4, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação CEa - (0,6; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de prolina (0, 5, 10 e 15 mM) com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela. A salinidade da água a partir de 0,6 dS m-1 reduz a fluorescência máxima, variável, eficiência quântica do fotossistema II e o crescimento de mudas maracujazeiro-azedo ‘BRS GA1’. A aplicação foliar de prolina em concentração variando de 6 a 8,05 mM aumenta o crescimento em altura de plantas, diâmetro de caule e área foliar de mudas de maracujazeiro-azedo. O genótipo de maracujazeiro-azedo ‘BRS GA1’ é sensível a salinidade da água, sendo o nível de salinidade limiar de 0,6 dS m-1 e a redução por aumento unitário da condutividade elétrica de 10,49%. composição destacandose destacando se irrigada maracujazeiroazedo. maracujazeiroazedo maracujazeiro azedo. azedo Assim elicitoras contexto clorofila 2022 PB utilizandose utilizando casualizado 4 06 0 (0,6 1,2 12 1 2 1,8 18 8 24 2, 30 3 3, m1 m 0, (0 parcela m- máxima variável BRS GA1. GA1 GA . 805 05 8,0 1049 49 10,49% 202 1, ( 80 8, 104 10,49 20 10,4 10,

ABSTRACT Water sources in the Brazilian semi-arid region commonly contain high levels of dissolved salts in their composition, standing out as one of the abiotic stresses that limit the expansion of irrigated fruit growing, especially salt stress-sensitive crops such as sour passion fruit. Thus, the use of elicitors, such as proline, can be an effective alternative to mitigate salt stress in plants. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of proline on chlorophyll fluorescence, growth, quality and tolerance of sour passion fruit irrigated with saline water during the seedling formation phase. The experiment was conducted from July to October 2022, under greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, using a completely randomized design, in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 and 3.0 dS m-1) and four concentrations of proline (0, 5, 10 and 15 mM), with four replicates and two plants per plot. Water salinity from 0.6 dS m-1 reduces the maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence, quantum yield of photosystem II and growth of ‘BRS GA1’ sour passion fruit seedlings. Foliar application of proline at concentrations ranging from 6 to 8.05 mM increases the growth in plant height, stem diameter and leaf area of sour passion fruit seedlings. The sour passion fruit genotype ‘BRS GA1’ is sensitive to water salinity, with a salinity threshold level of 0.6 dS m-1 and a reduction per unit increase in electrical conductivity of 10.49%. semiarid semi arid composition growing stresssensitive Thus elicitors context fluorescence phase 2022 Grande PB Brazil design scheme 0.6, 06 0 (0.6 12 1 2 1.2 18 8 1.8 24 2. 30 3 3. m1 m 0, (0 mM, , mM) plot 0. m- BRS GA1 GA seedlings 805 05 8.0 height 1049 49 10.49% 202 (0. 1. ( 80 8. 104 10.49 20 10.4 10.

Abstract Background: This study explored the correlation between pancreatic islet α cell function, as reflected by the plasma glucagon levels, and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 358 patients with T2DM were retrospectively enrolled in this study and divided into the Non-DPN (NDPN) group (n = 220) and the DPN group (n = 138). All patients underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to detect levels of blood glucose, insulin and glucagon, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) for Glucagon (AUCglu) was used to estimate the overall glucagon level. The Peripheral Nerve Conduction Velocity (PNCV), Amplitude (PNCA) and Latency (PNCL) were obtained with electromyography, and their Z scores were calculated. Results: There were significant differences regarding the age, disease duration, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea nitrogen, high-density lipoprotein, and 2h-C peptide between these two groups (p < 0.05). The NDPN group had higher glucagon levels at 30, 60 and 120 min and AUCglu (p < 0.05). The Z-scores of PNCV and PNCA showed an increasing trend (p < 0.05), while the Z-score of PNCL showed a decreasing trend (p < 0.05). The glucagon levels were positively correlated with PNCV and PNCA, but negatively correlated with PNCL, with Gluca30min having the strongest correlation (p < 0.05). Gluca30min was independently related to PNCV, PNCL, PNCA and DPN, respectively (p < 0.05). The function of pancreatic α islet cells, as reflected by the plasma glucagon level, is closely related to the occurrence of DPN in T2DM patients. Conclusion: Gluca30min may be a potentially valuable independent predictor for the occurrence of DPN. Background (DPN T2DM. TDM . T DM (T2DM) Methods 35 NonDPN Non (NDPN n 220 138. 138 138) AUC (AUC (AUCglu level , (PNCV) (PNCA (PNCL electromyography calculated Results age duration aminotransferase nitrogen highdensity high density lipoprotein 2hC hC 2h C h p 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) 30 6 12 Zscores 0.05, Zscore score Glucamin Gluca cells Conclusion (T2DM 3 22 13 (PNCV 00 0.0 1 0.

Abstract Introduction: Despite strong evidences supporting the protective role of exercise against stress-induced repercussions, the literature remains inconclusive regarding metabolic aspects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Physical Training (PT) by swimming on the metabolic parameters of rats subjected to restraint stress. Methods: Wistar rats (n = 40) were divided into four groups: Control (C), Trained (T), Stressed (S), and Trained/Stressed (TS). The restraint stress protocol involved confining the animals in PVC pipes for 60 minutes/day for 12 weeks. Concurrently, the swimming PT protocol was performed without additional load in entailed sessions of 60 minutes conducted five days a week for the same duration. The following parameters were analyzed: fitness progression assessed by the physical capacity test, body mass, serum level of glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and corticosterone, as well as glycemic tolerance test, evaluated after glucose administration (2 g/kg, i.p.). Results: Trained groups (T and TS) exhibited enhanced physical capacity (169 ± 21 and 162 ± 22% increase, respectively) compared to untrained groups (C: 9 ± 5 and S: 11 ± 13% increase). Corticosterone levels were significantly higher in the S group (335 ± 9 nmoL/L) compared to C (141 ± 3 nmoL/L), T (174 ± 3 nmoL/L) and TS (231 ± 7 nmoL/L), which did not differ from each other. There were no significant changes in serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels among the groups. However, the glycemic curve after glucose loading revealed increased glycemia in the S group (area under curve 913 ± 30 AU) but the TS group exhibited values (673 ± 12 AU) similar to the groups C (644 ± 10 AU) and T (649 ± 9 AU). Conclusion: Swimming-based training attenuated stress-induced corticosterone release and prevented glucose intolerance in rats, reinforcing the importance of exercise as a potential strategy to mitigate the pathophysiologi-cal effects of stress. Introduction stressinduced induced repercussions aspects Therefore (PT Methods n 40 C, , (C) T, (T) S, (S) TrainedStressed TS. . (TS) 6 minutesday day 1 weeks Concurrently duration analyzed test mass 2 ( gkg g kg g/kg i.p.. ip i.p. i p i.p.) Results 169 (16 16 22 increase respectively (C 13 increase. increase) 335 (33 nmoL/L nmoLL nmoL L 141 (14 nmoL/L, 174 (17 231 (23 other However area 91 AU 673 (67 644 (64 649 AU. Conclusion Swimmingbased Swimming based pathophysiological pathophysiologi cal 4 (S (TS i.p (1 33 (3 14 17 23 67 (6 64

Abstract Grangea maderaspatana is a valuable medicinal plant growing in salt-affected areas, but its tolerance capability, physiological and biochemical responses to salinity is still unclear. To understand these traits, this study examined effects of salinity at different levels (50-400 mM NaCl) on plant growth and its responses. The results shown that the plant’s dry biomass decreased with increasing salinity levels of 100-400 mM NaCl, but its growth was maintained at 400 mM NaCl level with a dry biomass equal to 0.45 times that of the control, indicating that G. maderaspatana had a tolerance ability to high salinity. The plant also had adaptive responses to the salinity. The content of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids were retained, even enhanced by 50-200 mM NaCl, suggesting a high adaptation of photosynthesis. Proline, Na+, and Cl- was highly accumulated while the accumulation of K+ and NO3 - was maintained with 200-400 mM NaCl, indicating that the plant had adaptive mechanisms for osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis. Antioxidative activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase were enhanced by the salinity. These findings are useful information for understanding salt tolerance mechanisms and for utilization of this medicinal plant in saline agriculture. saltaffected affected areas capability unclear traits 50400 50 (50-40 plants s 100400 100 100-40 40 045 0 45 0.4 control G retained 50200 200 50-20 photosynthesis Proline Na Na+ Cl K NO 200400 200-40 homeostasis catalase dismutase agriculture 5040 5 (50-4 10040 10 100-4 4 04 0. 5020 20 50-2 20040 200-4 504 (50- 1004 1 100- 502 2 50- 2004 200- (50 (5 (