ABSTRACT Introduction: this study aimed to compare the efficacy of two different endodontic activation systems in removing debris from the mesial canals of mandibular molars across root thirds. Methods: the mesial canals of fifteen human mandibular first molars were prepared with files, irrigated with 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite and 17 % EDTA, and divided into three groups (n=5) based on the type of activation: Control (activation with master cone), Ultrasound Irrigation (UI), and Ultra X (Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation - PUI). The roots were sectioned into thirds (cervical, mid, and apical), exposing root canals, and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. A total of 135 microphotographs (3 microphotographs for each root level) were obtained. To determine the most effective activation system, three calibrated endodontic specialists evaluated all images. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (95 %). Results: the PUI system demonstrated the highest efficacy, followed by UI, while the control was the least efficient (p<0.001). Significant differences were found between PUI and the other systems at each root level: Control (p=0.039), UI (p=0.327), and PUI (p=0.024). Root canal cleaning decreased from cervical to apical in all groups, with the UI group showing a more regular cleaning pattern at all levels. Conclusion: the PUI system was the most effective, followed by UI. The efficacy of the activation systems decreased as the working depth increased.

Resumen Introducción: este estudio buscó comparar la eficacia de dos diferentes sistemas de activación endodóntica en la eliminación de detritus de conductos mesiales de molares inferiores por tercios radiculares. Métodos: se prepararon los conductos mesiales de quince primeros molares inferiores humanas con limas, irrigadas con hipoclorito de sodio 2,5 % y EDTA 17 %, y divididas en 3 grupos (n=5) de acuerdo con el tipo de activación: Control: Activación con cono maestro, Ultrasonido: Irrigación ultrasónica (UI) y Ultra X: Irrigación ultrasónica pasiva (PIU). Las raíces fueron seccionadas en tercios (cervical, medio y apical), los conductos radiculares expuestos y preparados para microscopía electrónica de barrido. Se obtuvieron 135 microfotografías (3 microfotografías por cada nivel radicular). Para determinar qué sistema de activación fue más efectivo, todas las imágenes fueron evaluadas por 3 especialistas en endodoncia, previamente calibrados. Los datos fueron analizados con la prueba de Kuskall-Wallis (95 %). Resultados: el sistema PUI fue el más efectivo, seguido por UI y el control que fue el menos eficiente (p<0,001). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre PUI y los otros sistemas en cada nivel radicular: coronal (p=0,013), medio (p=0,038) y apical (p=0,009). La limpieza de los conductos radiculares disminuyo de cervical a apical en todos los grupos, siendo el grupo UI el mostro un patrón de limpieza más regular en todos los niveles. Conclusión: el sistema PUI fue más eficaz, seguido del UI. La eficacia de los sistemas de activación utilizados disminuye conforme se incrementa la profundidad de trabajo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: one of the most frequent accidents during root canal access in endodontic treatment is perforation at the level of the pulp floor and bioceramics are currently suggested to repair perforations. The aim of this study was to compare the compressive strength of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and BiodentineTM in furcation perforations of lower permanent molars. Methods: 30 human lower molars were selected, and an endodontic cavity access, were decoronated, and were duly stopped, and then randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10). Group 1: specimens in which a furcation perforation was created and sealed with MTA. Group 2: specimens in which a furcation perforation was created, sealed with BiodentineTM. Group 3: specimens without perforation. After 30 days, they were subjected to compressive forces using a universal testing machine recording the force required to produce the fracture. The data were processed with ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests, with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: the compressive strength of BiodentineTM (190.84 MPa) did not show statistically significant differences with respect to MTA (165.29 MPa) at 30 days of evaluation. However, MTA did show a difference when compared to the control group (213.46 MPa). Conclusion: when evaluating the compressive strength in MPa, BiodentineTM presented similar values in the sealing of lower molar furcation perforations when compared to the control group and MTA; whereas, MTA presented significantly lower results than the control; likewise, the relative difference of the latter group was greater with respect to the others.

Resumen Introducción: uno de los accidentes más frecuentes durante el acceso cameral en un tratamiento de endodoncia es la perforación a nivel del piso pulpar, siendo los biocerámicos los materiales sugeridos en la actualidad para reparar este tipo de perforaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la resistencia compresiva del Agregado Trióxido Mineral (MTA) y BiodentineTM en perforaciones de furca de molares inferiores permanentes. Métodos: se seleccionaron 30 molares inferiores humanas, a los que se les realizó un acceso cavitario endodóntico; fueron debidamente preparados para luego ser divididos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos (n=10). Grupo 1: especímenes en los que se creó una perforación de furca, sellada con MTA. Grupo 2: especímenes en los que se creó una perforación de furca, sellada con BiodentineTM. Grupo 3: especímenes sin perforación. Después de 30 días fueron sometidos a fuerzas compresivas mediante una máquina de ensayos universales registrando la fuerza necesaria para producir la fractura. Los datos fueron procesados usando pruebas estadísticas ANOVA y Tukey, con un nivel de significancia p<0,05. Resultados: la resistencia compresiva del BiodentineTM (190,84 MPa) no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a MTA (165,29 MPa) a los 30 días de evaluación. Sin embargo, MTA sí mostró diferencia al ser comparada con el grupo control (213,46 Mpa). Conclusión: al evaluar la resistencia comprensiva en MPa, el BiodentineTM presentó valores similares en el sellado de perforaciones de furca de molares inferiores al ser comparado con el grupo control y MTA; mientras que, MTA presentó resultados significativamente más bajos que el control; asimismo, la diferencia relativa de este último grupo fue mayor respecto a los demás.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Spinal cord injury is any injury to the structures contained in the spinal canal (medulla, conus medullaris and cauda equina), which can lead to motor, sensory, autonomic and psycho-affective changes that cause physical, psychological and social repercussions. Studies indicate a fragility in the health care provided to patients with this type of disabling injury, in the context of Primary Health Care and the need for ongoing education actions on the subject of rehabilitation for Nurses. Despite being the gateway to health services and the first level of care for users within their territory, within their homes, these users still experience difficulties such as professional disqualification for providing comprehensive care to patients with spinal cord injuries. The aim of the study is to develop a scoping review protocol that will seek to identify and synthesize the available scientific evidence on nursing interventions focused on autonomy for daily activities of people with spinal cord injury in Primary Health Care. Methodology: The method proposed by JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) will be used and the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) extension will be used to systematize the information through the PRISMA ScR (Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist, ensuring greater transparency and methodological rigor. This protocol will be indexed on the Open Science Framework platform. Results: The search for texts will be carried out in nine databases and gray literature. Three reviewers will carry out the analysis and selection of studies, with the help of the PRISMA Flow Diagram manager. Discrepancies will be resolved by a fourth reviewer. The data will be extracted according to the systematized form for data collection regarding the Scope Review and organized in Excel software, and the conclusions of the studies will be analysed with the help of software. Discussion: The results will be presented in a tabular and narrative format, aiming to achieve the objective and review question of this protocol. Conclusion: It is expected that the study will strengthen rehabilitation in Nursing practices in Primary Health Care by elucidating the need for training Specialist Nurses in Rehabilitation Nursing (SNRN) in Health Education actions.

RESUMO Introdução: A lesão da medula espinal é toda injúria às estruturas contidas no canal medular (medula, cone medular e cauda equina), podendo levar a alterações motoras, sensitivas, autonômicas e psicoafetivas e que causam repercussões físicas, psíquicas e sociais. Estudos apontam uma fragilidade na assistência à saúde do paciente com este tipo de lesão incapacitante, no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde e a necessidade de ações de educação permanente sobre o tema de reabilitação aos Enfermeiros. Apesar de ser a porta de entrada aos serviços de saúde e o primeiro nível de atenção ao usuário inserido em seu território, dentro de sua residência, esses usuários ainda vivenciam dificuldades como a desqualificação profissional para o atendimento integral ao paciente com lesão da medula espinal. O objetivo do estudo é desenvolver um protocolo de revisão de escopo que buscará identificar e sintetizar as evidências científicas disponíveis sobre as intervenções de enfermagem focadas na autonomia para atividades cotidianas de pessoas com lesão medular na Atenção Básica de Saúde. Metodologia: Será utilizado o método proposto pelo JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) e para sistematização das informações será utilizada a extensão PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) através do check list PRISMA ScR (Extension for Scoping Reviews), garantindo maior transparência e rigor metodológico. O presente protocolo será indexado na plataforma Open Science Framework. Resultados: A busca dos textos será efetuada em nove bases de dados e na literatura cinzenta. Três revisores efetuarão a análise e seleção dos estudos, com auxílio do gerenciador de Diagrama de Fluxo PRISMA. Divergências serão dirimidas por um quarto revisor. Os dados serão extraídos conforme Ficha sistematizada para coleta dos dados referente à Revisão de Escopo e organizados no software Excel, e as conclusões dos estudos serão analisadas com auxílio de software. Discussão: Os resultados serão apresentados de modo tabular e narrativo, visando alcançar objetivo e questão de revisão deste protocolo. Conclusão: Espera-se que o estudo fortaleça a reabilitação nas práticas de Enfermagem na Atenção Primária à Saúde elucidando a necessidade de formação de Enfermeiros Especialistas em Enfermagem de Reabilitação (EEER) nas ações de Educação em Saúde.

RESUMEN Introducción: La lesión medular es cualquier lesión de las estructuras contenidas en el canal raquídeo (médula, cono medular y cola de caballo), que puede provocar cambios motores, sensoriales, autonómicos y psicoafectivos que provocan repercusiones físicas, psicológicas y sociales. Estudios señalan fragilidad en la atención a la salud brindada a los pacientes con este tipo de lesión incapacitante, en el contexto de la Atención Primaria de Salud y la necesidad de acciones de educación continua en materia de rehabilitación del Enfermero. A pesar de ser la puerta de entrada a los servicios de salud y el primer nivel de atención para los usuarios dentro de su territorio, dentro de sus hogares, estos usuarios aún experimentan dificultades como la inhabilitación profesional para brindar atención integral a pacientes con lesiones medulares. El objetivo del estudio es desarrollar un protocolo de revisión de alcance que buscará identificar y sintetizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre intervenciones de enfermería centradas en la autonomía para las actividades diarias de personas con lesión medular en Atención Primaria de Salud. Metodología: Se utilizará el método propuesto por JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) y se utilizará la extensión PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) para sistematizar la información a través de la lista de verificación PRISMA ScR (Extension for Scoping Reviews), garantizando una mayor transparencia y rigor metodológico. Este protocolo estará indexado en la plataforma Open Science Framework. Resultados: La búsqueda de textos se realizará en nueve bases de datos y literatura gris. Tres revisores realizarán el análisis y selección de estudios, con la ayuda del gestor del Diagrama de Flujo PRISMA. Las discrepancias serán resueltas por un cuarto revisor. Los datos serán extraídos según el formulario sistematizado de recolección de datos de la Revisión de Alcance y organizados en software Excel, y las conclusiones de los estudios serán analizadas con ayuda de software. Discusión: Los resultados se presentarán en formato tabular y narrativo, con el objetivo de lograr el objetivo y la pregunta de revisión de este protocolo. Conclusión: Se espera que el estudio fortalezca la rehabilitación en las prácticas de Enfermería en la Atención Primaria de Salud, al dilucidar la necesidad de formación de Enfermeros Especialistas en Enfermería de Rehabilitación (EEER) en acciones de Educación en Salud.

Resumo A partir de uma abordagem baseada em virtudes para a educação digital, este artigo analisa a percepção e a prática de duas virtudes cívicas na Internet e nas redes sociais por um grupo de adolescentes espanhóis: solidariedade e tolerância, essenciais para o envolvimento social e relacionamentos interpessoais satisfatórios. Foi utilizada uma metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa, com a aplicação de uma pesquisa a uma amostra intencional de 131 alunos do ensino médio. Os resultados foram analisados descritivamente com o SPSS.25 e o Atlas.ti.8.4. Os dados mostram uma percepção geral positiva da Internet como um canal para promover ambas as virtudes entre os alunos; entretanto, a prática pessoal dessas virtudes na Internet é limitada. Os dados coletados sugerem a necessidade de reforçar uma compreensão social das TIC, acompanhando usos desse tipo e orientando-os para o compromisso que os vincula ao futuro e a um possível projeto de vida, em oposição ao descompromisso típico dos usos consumistas/individualistas.

Resumen Desde un enfoque de educación digital basado en virtudes, este trabajo analiza la percepción y práctica de dos virtudes cívicas en Internet y redes sociales por parte de un grupo de adolescentes españoles: la solidaridad y la tolerancia. Estas resultan esenciales para el compromiso social y las relaciones interpersonales satisfactorias. Se empleó una metodología de tipo cuantitativo y cualitativo, administrando una encuesta a una muestra intencional de 131estudiantes de Educación Secundaria. Los resultados se analizaron descriptivamente con SPSS.25 yAtlas.ti.8.4. Los datos muestran una percepción general positiva de la red como cauce para fomentar ambas virtudes entre los estudiantes; sin embargo, la práctica personal de estas virtudes en Internet resulta limitada. Los datos recogidos sugieren la necesidad de reforzar una comprensión social de las TIC, acompañando usos de este tipo, y orientándolas hacia el compromiso que vincula al futuro y a un posible proyecto de vida frente a la desvinculación propia de usos consumistas/individualistas.

Abstract From a virtue-based approach to digital education, this article aims to analyse the perception of a group of Spanish adolescents and their practice of two civic virtues on the Internet and social media: solidarity and tolerance, crucial for social engagement and for building humanising interpersonal relationships. For this purpose, a quantitative and qualitative research methodology was used. A survey was administered to a purposive sample of 131 high school students. The results were analysed with SPSS.25 and Atlas.ti.8.4. The respondents expressed an abstract positive perception of the possibilities of the Internet for promoting both virtues; however, on a personal level, their practice of these virtues on the web was limited. The collected data suggest the need to strengthen a social understanding of ICTs and accompany this kind of use, steering them towards an engagement that looks into future life plans, in contrast to consumerist and individualist uses.

Abstract Introduction: The endoparasite Dendrogaster argentinensis infects the intertidal brooder sea star Anasterias antarctica. This sea-star species is in the highest trophic level in the Beagle Channel. Objective: To study the effects of parasitism by D. argentinensis on the fitness and reproduction of A. antarctica. Methods: Adults from the brooder sea-star were collected from the rocky intertidal of Ensenada Zaratiegui bay (54°51’ S & 68°29’ W), Argentina. Eight seasonal samplings were performed (four seasons in two years) in the upper and low intertidal. During dissection, parasites were removed, and all organs were extracted and weighed separately. Results: Dendrogaster argentinensis prevalence was the highest for the region (20.4 %). Parasitized individuals were more frequent in the low intertidal in all seasons, with a higher difference in summer, where it is likely that the higher temperatures and strong winds could make the upper intertidal more challenging for a parasitized individual. Five parasitized individuals were castrated. Generally, the gonadal (GI) and somatic (pyloric caeca, PCI; stomach, SI; body wall, WI) indexes were lower in parasitized than non-parasitized individuals. Conclusions: Parasitism by D. argentinensis negatively affects A. antarctica condition. It affects reproduction because it reduces the GI, and can also produce castration. The parasite competes for the sea-stars’ energetic resources, also decreasing the individual’s capacity for feeding (reduced stomach) and growth (reduced body wall).

Resumen Introducción: El endoparásito Dendrogaster argentinensis infecta a la estrella de mar Anasterias antarctica, especie que se encuentra en el nivel trófico más alto del Canal Beagle. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del parasitismo de D. argentinensis en la condición fisiológica y reproducción de A. antarctica. Métodos: Adultos de la estrella de mar incubadora fueron recogidos del intermareal rocoso de la bahía Ensenada Zaratiegui (54°51’ S & 68°29’ W). Se realizaron ocho muestreos estacionales (cuatro temporadas en dos años) en el intermareal superior y bajo. Durante la disección, se removieron los parásitos, y todos los órganos, los cuales fueron pesados por separado. Resultados: La prevalencia de D. argentinensis fue la más alta de la región (20.4 %). Los individuos parasitados fueron más frecuentes en el intermareal bajo en todas las estaciones, siendo la mayor diferencia en verano, donde es probable que las temperaturas más altas y los fuertes vientos puedan hacer que el intermareal superior sea más desafiante para un individuo parasitado. Se observaron cinco individuos parasitados que estaban castrados. Generalmente, los índices gonadales (GI) y somáticos (ciego pilórico, estómago, y pared del cuerpo) fueron menores en los individuos parasitados que no parasitados. Conclusiones: El parasitismo de D. argentinensis afecta negativamente la condición fisiológica de A. antarctica. Afecta a la reproducción en términos de bajo GI y puede causar castración. El parásito compite por los recursos energéticos de las estrellas de mar, disminuyendo también la capacidad del individuo para alimentarse (reducción del estómago) y crecer (reducción de la pared del cuerpo).

ABSTRACT Objective : To evaluate the level of dental anxiety (DA) and dental pain (DD) at different times in root canal treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods : Observational, descriptive, and longitudinal study. The sample consisted of 68 participants from the Stomatology Clinic of the Hospital Militar Central (HMC), who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The procedure consisted of recording the level of AD and DD of the patients at different times during root canal treatment using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results : Before the procedure, participants showed 3.66±1.83 of AD and 4.54±1.79 of DD; during the procedure, they obtained values of 3.13±1.96 and 2.09±1.39 of AD and 2.96±1.57 and 1.82±1.09 of DD; and at the end of the procedure, they had 0.75±0.74 of AD and 0.53±0.72 of DD. Conclusions : AD and DD were found to be present before starting treatment, but as the procedure progressed their levels decreased.

RESUMEN Objetivo : Evaluar el nivel de ansiedad dental (AD) y dolor dental (DD) en diferentes momentos en el tratamiento de conductos durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos : Estudio observacional, descriptivo y longitudinal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 68 participantes de la Clínica Estomatológica del Hospital Militar Central (HMC), que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. El procedimiento consistió en el registro del nivel de AD y DD de los pacientes en distintos momentos del tratamiento de conductos mediante una escala visual analógica (EVA). Resultados : Antes del procedimiento, los participantes mostraron 3,66 ± 1,83 de AD y 4,54 ± 1,79 de DD; durante el procedimiento, obtuvieron valores de 3,13 ± 1,96 y 2,09 ± 1,39 de AD y 2,96 ± 1,57 y 1,82 ± 1,09 de DD; y al culminar el procedimiento, tuvieron 0,75 ± 0,74 de AD y 0,53 ± 0,72 de DD. Conclusiones : La AD y el DD estuvieron presentes antes de iniciar el tratamiento, pero, conforme se avanzaba con el procedimiento, sus niveles fueron disminuyendo.

RESUMO Objetivo : avaliar o nível de ansiedade dentária (AD) e dor dentária (DD) em diferentes momentos do tratamento de canal durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Materiais e métodos : Estudo observacional, descritivo e longitudinal. A amostra foi composta por 68 participantes da Clínica de Estomatologia do Hospital Militar Central (HMC), que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. O procedimento consistiu em registar o nível de DA e DD dos pacientes em diferentes momentos durante o tratamento do canal radicular, utilizando uma escala visual analógica (EVA). Resultados : antes do procedimento, os participantes apresentavam 3,66±1,83 de DA e 4,54±1,79 de DD; durante o procedimento, obtiveram valores de 3,13±1,96 e 2,09±1,39 de DA e 2,96±1,57 e 1,82±1,09 de DD; e, no final do procedimento, apresentavam 0,75±0,74 de DA e 0,53±0,72 de DD. Conclusões : A DA e a DD estavam presentes antes do início do tratamento, mas à medida que o procedimento avançava, os seus níveis diminuíram.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adequate knowledge of the configuration of root canals is fundamental in endodontics; tomographic evaluation allows a correct assessment of their radicular arrangement. Objective: To determine the prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars, evaluated by cone beam tomography. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out; the sample consisted of 200 permanent mandibular second molars from a Peruvian population, observed in cone beam tomography, where the presence of the C-shaped canal, its configuration according to Fan's classification and the patient's gender were recorded. Results: The prevalence of the C-shaped root canal configuration in lower second molars was 65.5%; according to the Fan classification, the highest prevalence was observed in the cervical third of the root canal, type C1 with 85.7%; in the middle third, type C2 with 42.9%; at the apical level it was type C3C with 72.1%; according to gender, 65.2% of the C-shaped canals corresponded to females. Conclusion: The prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars evaluated in cone beam tomography was 65.5% with a higher predominance in the female gender. The tomographic evaluation allows a better identification and internal configuration of the root canals.

RESUMEN Introducción: El conocimiento adecuado de la configuración de conductos radiculares es fundamental en endodoncia; la evaluación tomográfica permite una correcta evaluación de su disposición radicular. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de conductos en C de segundos molares mandibulares, evaluados en tomografía de haz cónico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal; la muestra estuvo conformada por 200 segundos molares mandibulares permanentes de una población peruana, observadas en tomografías cone beam, donde se registró la presencia del conducto en C, su configuración según la clasificación de Fan y el sexo del paciente. Resultados: La prevalencia de la configuración radicular en forma de C en segundos molares inferiores fue del 65,5 %; según la Clasificación de Fan se observó mayor prevalencia en el tercio cervical del conducto radicular el tipo C1 con 85,7 %; en el tercio medio el tipo C2 con 42,9 %; a nivel apical fue el tipo C3C con 72,1 %; según el sexo, el 65,2 % de los conductos en C correspondió al femenino. Conclusión: La prevalencia de los conductos en C de los segundos molares mandibulares evaluados en tomografías de haz cónico fue de 65,5 % con mayor predominio en el sexo femenino. La evaluación tomográfica permite una mejor identificación y configuración interna de los conductos radiculares.

Resumo Neste estudo, analisamos a distribuição altitudinal e condição corpórea de juvenis dos peixes migradores Megaleporinus obtusidens e Salminus brasiliensis no rio Uruguai, um rio subtropical sul-americano. Nós utilizamos os dados de presença/ausência e o fator de condição dos juvenis como indicadores, para tentar caracterizar alguns padrões de recrutamento de peixes migradores no canal principal do rio Uruguai. A amostragem com rede de espera foi realizada durante dois anos reprodutivos, 2015-2016 e 2016-2017 (novembro e março de cada ano reprodutivo), em três trechos do rio Uruguai em diferentes níveis de altitude. As redes permaneceram na água por 10-12 horas a noite ou dia, por 10 dias durante cada saída de campo (NOV-15, MAR-16, NOV-16 e MAR-17). A abundância de juvenis de M. obtusidens foi semelhante entre os dois anos reprodutivos, enquanto a captura de S. brasiliensis foi maior durante o ano reprodutivo 2015-2016. A probabilidade de encontrar juvenis de M. obtusidens no rio Uruguai foi negativamente correlacionada (p < 0,05) com o gradiente altitudinal dos pontos amostrais, conforme demonstrado pelo modelo GLM. Para S. brasiliensis, o modelo logit apresentou relação probabilística não-significativa (p > 0,05) entre a presença de juvenis desta espécie de peixe e o gradiente de altitude. Com relação à condição corpórea dos juvenis, a qualidade da água dos pontos amostrais não influenciou o fator de condição dos juvenis para nenhuma das espécies; no entanto, uma relação positiva (p < 0,05) foi encontrada com o nível da água para ambas as espécies, com um R2 ajustado de 0,13 para M. obtusidens e 0,48 para S. brasiliensis. O gradiente de altitude e o nível da água foram fatores significativos que podem afetar a distribuição de juvenis e a condição corpórea destas espécies, respectivamente, no rio Uruguai. Portanto, estas informações podem ser utilizadas em políticas de geração de energia hidrelétrica para conservar as populações de peixes migradores na bacia do rio Uruguai.

Abstract In this study, we analyzed the altitudinal distribution and body condition of the juvenile migratory fish Megaleporinus obtusidens and Salminus brasiliensis in the Uruguay River, a South American subtropical river. We used the presence/absence data and condition factor (K) of juveniles as indicators to try to characterize some recruitment patterns of migratory fish in the main channel of the Uruguay River. Gillnet sampling was conducted during two reproductive years, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 (November and March of each reproductive year), in three Uruguay River stretches at different levels of altitude. The nets remained in the water for 10-12 hours per night or day for 10 days during each field trip (NOV-15, MAR-16, NOV-16, and MAR-17). The abundance of M. obtusidens juveniles were similar between the two reproductive years, whereas S. brasiliensis capture was higher during the 2015-2016 reproductive year. The probability of finding M. obtusidens juveniles in the Uruguay River was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the altitudinal gradient of the sampling points, as shown by the GLM model. For S. brasiliensis, the logit model indicated a non-significant probabilistic relationship (p > 0.05) between the presence of juveniles of this fish species and the altitude gradient. Regarding the body condition of juveniles, the water quality of the sampling points did not affect the juvenile condition factor for either species; however, a positive relationship (p < 0.05) was found with the water level for both species, even with an adjusted R2 of 0.13 for M. obtusidens and 0.48 to S. brasiliensis. Altitude gradient and water level were factors that may affect the juvenile distribution and body condition of these species, respectively, in the Uruguay River. Therefore, this information can be used in hydropower generation policies to conserve migratory fish populations in the Uruguay River Basin.

RESUMO: O Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é um carrapato duro que é endêmico de regiões de pecuária e causa perdas econômicas nos maiores países produtores de carne bovina, incluindo Brasil, México, Argentina, Austrália e Uruguai. O uso de acaricidas ainda é a principal estratégia para controlar infestações por R. microplus. No entanto, o controle imunológico do R. microplus com uma vacina contra carrapatos é uma alternativa adequada e possui diversas vantagens, por evitar a seleção de populações de carrapato resistentes a drogas, evitar a presença de resíduos de acaricidas no leite, na carne e no ambiente. As vacinas baseadas no antígeno Bm86 tiveram relativo sucesso comercial e técnico no controle do R. microplus em diversas regiões. No entanto, a eficácia dessas vacinas varia entre as populações de carrapatos e é insuficiente para fornecer um nível aceitável de proteção. Portanto, há uma necessidade de procurar novos antígenos. Esta revisão foca nas restrições impostas ao uso de acaricidas no Brasil e na União Europeia, bem como nos impactos das vacinas baseadas em Bm86 no controle do R. microplus. Também é discutida a eficácia de vacinas anti-carrapatos experimentais (baseadas em subolesina, glutationa S-transferase, ferritina 2; canal aniônico dependente de voltagem; aquaporina, proteína ribossômica ácida 60S, metaloprotease, tripsina) que podem elicitar uma resposta imune contra as funções fisiológicas de vários carrapatos. RESUMO Boophilus (Boophilus bovina México Argentina Uruguai R entanto vantagens drogas leite ambiente Bm Bm8 proteção Portanto antígenos Europeia anticarrapatos anti subolesina Stransferase, Stransferase S transferase, transferase S-transferase 2 voltagem aquaporina 60S metaloprotease tripsina

ABSTRACT: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hard tick endemic in livestock-growing regions and causes economic losses in the largest beef-producing countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Australia and Uruguay. The use of chemical acaricides is still the main strategy to control R. microplusinfestations. Nevertheless, immunological control of R. microplus with an anti-tick vaccine is a suitable alternative and has manifold advantages because it can avoid drug-resistance and the presence of acaricide residues in milk, beef and in the environment. Indeed, vaccines based on the Bm86 antigen have had relative commercial and technical success to control R. microplus in some regions. Although, the efficacy of such vaccines varies among tick populations and is insufficient to provide an acceptable level of protection. Therefore, the need to search for better antigens is impelling. This review focused on the restrictions imposed on the use of acaricides in Brazil and in the European Union, as well as on the impacts of Bm86-based vaccines on R. microplus control. The efficacy of experimental anti-tick vaccines (based on subolesin, glutathione S-transferase, ferritin 2; voltage-dependent anion channel; aquaporin, 60 S acidic ribosomal protein, metalloprotease and trypsin) that can elicit an immune response against the physiological functions of various ticks is discussed. ABSTRACT Boophilus (Boophilus livestockgrowing livestock growing beefproducing producing countries Mexico Argentina Uruguay R microplusinfestations Nevertheless antitick anti drugresistance drug resistance milk environment Indeed Bm Bm8 Although protection Therefore impelling Union Bm86based Bmbased subolesin Stransferase, Stransferase transferase, transferase S-transferase 2 voltagedependent voltage dependent channel aquaporin 6 protein trypsin discussed

Abstract Objectives The aim was to describe the spectrum of inner ear malformations in CHARGE syndrome and propose a Computed Tomography (CT) detailed scan evaluation methodology. The secondary aim was to correlate the CT findings with hearing thresholds. Methods Twenty ears of ten patients diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome were subjected to CT analysis focusing on the inner ear and internal acoustic canal. The protocol used is presented in detail. ASSR results were analyzed and correlated with inner ear malformations. Results Cochlear hypoplasia type III was the most common malformation found in 12 ears (60%). Cochlear hypoplasia type II, aplasia with a dilated vestibule, and rudimentary otocyst were also identified. In 20%, no cochlear anomaly was found. The lateral Semicircular Canal (SCC) absence affected 100% of ears, the absence of the posterior SCC 95%, and the superior SCC 65%. Better development of cochlea structures and IAC correlated significantly with the lower hearing thresholds. Conclusion This study demonstrated that rudimentary SCC or a complete absence of these SCCs was universally observed in all patients diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome. This finding supports the idea that inner ear anomalies are a hallmark feature of the CHARGE, contributing to its distinct clinical profile. The presence of inner ear malformations has substantial clinical implications. Audiological assessments are crucial for CHARGE syndrome, as hearing loss is common. Early detection of these malformations can guide appropriate interventions, such as hearing aids or cochlear implants, which may significantly improve developmental outcomes and communication for affected individuals. Recognizing inner ear malformations as a diagnostic criterion presents implications beyond clinical diagnosis. A better understanding of these malformations can advance the knowledge of CHARGE pathophysiology. It may also help guide future research into targeted therapies to mitigate the impact of inner ear anomalies on hearing and balance function. Level of evidence: 4. (CT methodology thresholds canal detail 1 60%. 60 60% . (60%) II vestibule identified 20 20% (SCC 100 95 95% 65 65% profile interventions implants individuals diagnosis pathophysiology function evidence 4 6 (60% 2 10 9 (60 (6 (

Abstract Objectives When air irrigation is used for caloric stimulation in patients with a perforated ear, warm irrigation may elicit a nystagmus that initially beats in the opposite direction of what is expected for warm irrigations, which is referred to as “caloric inversion”. This study aimed to investigate the disease group in which caloric inversion appeared in patients who underwent caloric testing and to classify the patterns of caloric inversion. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of bithermal caloric test results that were collected in our dizziness clinic between 2005 and 2022. Caloric inversion was defined when nystagmus induced by caloric stimulation appeared in the opposite direction to that expected. The incidence of caloric inversion among all patients who underwent bithermal caloric tests was calculated. To confirm the clinical diagnoses of the patients with caloric inversion, their clinical records were reviewed. Results Out of 9923 patients who underwent bithermal caloric tests, 29 patients (0.29%) showed a caloric inversion. The most common clinical diagnosis was chronic otitis media (21 of 29, 72%). Of the 21 patients with chronic otitis media, 20 patients showed a caloric inversion by warm air irrigation and one patient showed caloric inversion by cold air stimulation. Patients with clinical diagnoses other than chronic otitis media such as sudden sensorineural hearing loss, benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood and recurrent vestibulopathy showed caloric inversion by warm air irrigation. Caloric inversion by warm water irrigation was observed in patients with lateral semicircular canal cupulopathy and recurrent vestibulopathy. Two patients (one with Meniere’s disease and one with age-related dizziness) showed caloric inversion by cold water irrigation. Conclusion Caloric inversion can be observed in various diseases other than chronic otitis media with tympanic membrane perforation. Special care should be taken in the interpretation of caloric test results. Level of Evidence: Level 4. ear irrigations . inversion” 200 2022 calculated reviewed 992 2 0.29% 029 0 (0.29% (2 72%. 72 72% 72%) loss Menieres Meniere s agerelated age related perforation Evidence 4 202 99 0.29 02 (0.29 ( 7 9 0.2 (0.2 0. (0. (0

Abstract This study evaluated a new method of adhesive system application on the bond strength between fiber post and root dentin using two adhesive systems. The canals of sixty bovine incisors were prepared and obturated. The roots were divided into six groups (n=10) according to the adhesive system (Clearfil SE - CSE and Single Bond Universal - SBU) and the application strategy (microbrush - MB; rotary brush - RB; and ultrasonic tip - US). The glass fiber posts were cemented with resin cement (RelyX ARC). The roots were sectioned perpendicularly to their long axis, and three slices per root were obtained. Previously to the push-out test, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed to illustrate the interfacial adaptation of the cement to the root canal walls. Failure patterns were analyzed with 40x magnification. Shapiro-Wilk indicated a normal distribution of the data. The bond strength values were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Student's T test analyzed the differences between the adhesive systems within each third and protocol. A significance level of 5% was used. CSE with RB showed higher mean bond strength values compared to MB (conventional technique) (P < 0.05). US application resulted in intermediate bond strength values for CSE (P > 0.05). The application of SBU using RB generated higher mean bond strength values compared to MB and US (P < 0.05). Adhesive failures were predominant (65.5%). CSE and SBU application with the new rotary brush improved the bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin compared to the conventional strategy. obturated n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10 Clearfil microbrush US. . US) RelyX ARC. ARC ARC) axis obtained pushout push out CLSM (CLSM walls x magnification ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk data oneway one way Tukeys Tukey s tests Students Student protocol 5 used technique P 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) 65.5%. 655 65.5% 65 (65.5%) n=1 n1 1 (n=1 00 0.0 65.5 6 (65.5% n= (n= 0. 65. (65.5 (n (65. (65 (6 (

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito de um novo método para aplicação do sistema adesivo na resistência de união entre pino de fibra e dentina radicular usando dois sistemas adesivos. Os canais de sessenta incisivos bovinos foram preparados e obturados. As raízes foram divididas em seis grupos (n=10) de acordo com o sistema adesivo (Clearfil SE - CSE e Single Bond Universal - SBU) e com a estratégia de aplicação (microbrush - MB, escova rotatória - RB e inserto ultrassônico - US). Os pinos de fibra foram cimentados utilizando cimento resinoso (RelyX ARC). As raízes foram seccionadas perpendicularmente ao seu longo eixo e três fatias foram obtidas. Previamente ao teste de push-out, foi realizada microscopia de varredura confocal a laser para ilustrar a adaptação interfacial do cimento às paredes do canal radicular. Os padrões de falha foram analisados com magnificação de 40x. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk indicou distribuição normal dos dados. Os valores de resistência de união foram comparados usando o teste ANOVA de uma via e post hoc de Tukey. As diferenças entre os sistemas adesivos em cada terço e de acordo com cada protocolo foram analisadas pelo teste T de Student. O nível de significância foi de 5%. CSE aplicado com RB apresentou maiores valores médios de resistência de união do que quando aplicado com MB (técnica convencional) (P<0,05). Aplicação com US apresentou valores intermediários de resistência de união para o CSE (P>0,05). A aplicação do SBU utilizando RB gerou maiores valores médios de resistência de união comparados com MB e US (P<0,05). Falhas adesivas foram predominantes (65,5%). A aplicação do CSE e SBU com a nova escova rotatória melhorou a resistência de união dos pinos de fibra à dentina radicular comparados com a estratégia convencional. obturados n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10 Clearfil microbrush US. . US) RelyX ARC. ARC ARC) obtidas pushout, pushout push out, out push-out 40x x ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk dados Tukey Student 5 5% técnica convencional P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 0 05 (P<0,05) P>0,05. P>0,05 (P>0,05) 65,5%. 655 65,5% 65 (65,5%) n=1 n1 1 (n=1 P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 P>0,0 (P>0,05 65,5 6 (65,5% n= (n= P0 P<0, (P<0,0 P>0, (P>0,0 65, (65,5 (n P<0 (P<0, P>0 (P>0, (65, P< (P<0 P> (P>0 (65 (P< (P> (6 (P (

Aim This study aimed to perform an in vitro comparative analysis of the antifungal activity of different calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers against three fungal species. Methods The antifungal properties of three calcium silicate-based sealers were tested: Bio-C Sealer, Cambiar a Sealer Plus BC, and MTA-Fillapex. Two commonly used sealers were used as controls: AH Plus and Endomethasone. An agar diffusion test was performed to analyze the antifungal activity of the sealers against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and a mixed microbial culture medium. The results were analyzed using ANOVA (p <0.05). Results Endomethasone exhibited the highest inhibition against all strains examined, maintaining a consistent level of inhibition throughout 7 days. MTA-Fillapex demonstrated the best performance among the calcium silicate-based sealers for the three fungal species (p < 0.05), maintaining stable values over the 7 days, surpassing that of Endomethasone. Nevertheless, MTA-Fillapex only exhibited antimicrobial effect against the mixed culture for the first 24 hours, and no antimicrobial activity was observed at 48 hours, being surpassed by all tested sealers (p < 0.05). Conclusion Of all silicate-based sealers tested, only MTA-Fillapex exhibited promising antifungal activity. Nevertheless, care must be taken when extrapolating these results, as MTA-Fillapex exhibited poor antimicrobial activity when tested in mixed microbial cultures. silicatebased silicate based BioC Bio C BC MTAFillapex. MTAFillapex MTA Fillapex. Fillapex controls albicans glabrata tropicalis medium p <0.05. 005 <0.05 . 0 05 <0.05) examined days 0.05, 0.05 , 0.05) Nevertheless 2 hours 4 0.05. cultures 00 <0.0 0.0 <0. 0. <0

ABSTRACT Women living with human immunodeficiency virus are at an increased risk of developing cancers related to human papillomavirus (HPV). Thus, it is important to combine clinical assessments, serological screening, and HPV data for planning prevention policies. This study aimed to identify HPV and its specific types in the cervical, anal, and oral mucosa of HIV-seropositive women, associating it with viral load and lymphocyte count. Sociodemographic characteristics, health data (CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and viral load), and biological samples (cervical, anal, and oral) were collected from 86 HIV-positive women undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Data were classified according to the presence or absence of HPV-DNA, HPV-DNA presence at one or more anatomic sites, and level of oncogenic risk, considering low- and high-risk oncogenic HPV-DNA groups. The presence of HPV in the cervicovaginal site was 65.9%, 63.8% in anal canal, and 4.2% in oral mucosa. A viral load ≥75 HIV copies/mL was associated with the presence of HPV-DNA. There was an association between viral load and the low-risk HPV or high-risk HPV groups. We found a high prevalence of HPV infection in HIV-seropositive women, particularly in the cervical and anal mucosa, with viral load ≥75 HIV copies/mL being associated with HPV-DNA presence. HPV. . (HPV) Thus assessments screening policies HIVseropositive seropositive count characteristics CD4+ CD4 CD (CD4 CD8 load, , load) (cervical 8 HIVpositive positive therapy HPVDNA, HPVDNA DNA, DNA sites low highrisk groups 659 65 9 65.9% 638 63 63.8 canal 42 4 2 4.2 75 ≥7 copiesmL copies mL HPVDNA. DNA. lowrisk (HPV (CD 6 65.9 63. 4. 7 ≥ 65.

Abstract This prospective study aims to evaluate dental pain, anxiety, and catastrophizing levels in pregnant women undergoing root canal treatment. Sixty pregnant and non-pregnant women presenting dental pain and an indication for root canal treatment were included in the study. Dental anxiety and catastrophizing were investigated using validated questionnaires. The endodontic intervention was performed, and a numerical scale measured preoperative and postoperative dental pain. The results were analyzed using STATA software 12.0. Unadjusted analyses assessed the association between pregnancy and pain, anxiety, and catastrophizing levels. Multiple linear regression models using ‘forward stepwise’ entry procedures were used to assess the independent effects of variables on pain scores. The significance level was set at 0.05. Initially, most patients experienced intense dental pain. The levels of dental pain, dental anxiety, and catastrophizing did not differ between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Logistic regression showed that postoperative pain was associated with irreversible pulpitis diagnosis (OR = 4.78; 95%CI 1.55–13.55) and high catastrophizing levels (OR = 1.96; 95%CI 1.01–3.84). Preoperative and postoperative pain rates and anxiety and catastrophizing were similar between pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Postoperative pain was associated with irreversible pulpitis diagnosis and high catastrophizing levels. The similarity between pregnant and non-pregnant women regarding preoperative and postoperative dental pain and catastrophizing and anxiety levels supports the indication of root canal treatment during the gestational period whenever necessary. nonpregnant non questionnaires performed 120 12 0 12.0 forward stepwise scores 005 05 0.05 Initially OR 4.78 478 4 78 95CI CI 95 1.55–13.55 1551355 1 55 13 1.96 196 96 1.01–3.84. 101384 1.01–3.84 . 01 3 84 1.01–3.84) necessary 12. 00 0.0 4.7 47 7 9 1.55–13.5 155135 5 1.9 19 10138 1.01–3.8 8 0. 4. 1.55–13. 15513 1. 1013 1.01–3. 1.55–13 1551 101 1.01–3 1.55–1 155 10 1.01– 1.55– 15 1.01 1.55 1.0 1.5