Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the preference index (IP) and synchrony (IS) of forage species from Baja California Sur. Samples of the 23 forage species of trees and shrubs were obtained to perform in situ digestibility analyzes using four Creole-Nubian goats. Collections were carried out in winter and spring of 2004, and summer and autumn of 2005. The extent of degradation per hour and total of 24 h was calculated from the amount of OM and PC degraded per hour; these data were used to calculate the IS. The seasonal PI data set was obtained from previously published information. A logistic regression model was used to explain the probability of occurrence of the IP with the IS. The regression model to explain the IP from the IS was significant and predictive for six species, being positive for Adelia virgata, Amaratus palmeri, Haematoxilon brasiletto, Lippia palmeri and Prosopis sp., and negative for Bursera microphyla. For other tree species and legumes in general, the model was significant, but not predictive, therefore, it is necessary to include other factors to fit the model.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la relación existente entre el índice de preferencia (IP) y sincronía (IS) de especies forrajeras de Baja California Sur. Se obtuvieron muestras de las 23 especies forrajeras de árboles y arbustos para realizar análisis de digestibilidad in situ utilizando para ello cuatro cabras con encaste de criollas-Nubio. Se llevaron a cabo colecciones en invierno y primavera del 2004 y verano y otoño de 2005. La extensión de degradación por hora y total de 24 h se calculó a partir de la cantidad de MO y PC degradados por hora; estos datos se utilizaron para calcular el IS. El conjunto de datos del IP estacional se obtuvo de información publicada previamente. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para explicar la probabilidad de ocurrencia del IP con el IS. El modelo de regresión para explicar el IP a partir del IS fue significativo y predictivo para seis especies, siendo positiva para Adelia virgata, Amaratus palmeri, Haematoxilon brasiletto, Lippia palmeri y Prosopis sp., y negativa para Bursera microphyla. Para otras especies arbóreas y las leguminosas en general, el modelo fue significativo, pero no predictivo, por lo tanto, es necesaria incluir otros factores para ajustar el modelo.

Abstract Background: Altas Cumbres is a protected natural area located in the center of the state of Tamaulipas, which has not been sufficiently studied. Although legumes are a family well represented in the area, until now, no studies had been carried out to reveal their richness and distribution. Questions: How many and which legume species are found in the study area and how are they distributed along an environmental gradient? Species study: Fabaceae family. Study site and dates: Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, Mexico, during 2022 and 2023. Methods: Botanical material was collected and identified using specialized bibliography; Herbarium specimens and online databases were reviewed. An analysis of similarity was carried out with the sites studied, using the Jaccard index to obtain β diversity and observe its distribution. Results: A total of 132 species were obtained, belonging to 57 genera and three subfamilies. The greatest diversity of legumes belonged to the subfamily Papilionoideae (86 species / 37 genera), followed by Caesalpinoideae (41/18) and finally Cercidoideae (5/2). Herbaceous plants were dominant with respect to woody plants. Most species were recorded in an elevation range between 300 and 499 m asl, in submontane scrub and pine-oak forest communities. Conclusions: Altas Cumbres is an important reservoir for legumes from Tamaulipas and Sierra Madre Oriental considering its high richness and endemism (33 species restricted to Mexico).

Resumen Antecedentes: Altas Cumbres es un área natural protegida ubicada en el centro del estado de Tamaulipas, la cual no ha sido suficientemente estudiada. A pesar de que las leguminosas son una familia bien representada en la zona, hasta ahora, no se habían realizado estudios que dieran a conocer su riqueza y distribución. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas y cuáles especies de leguminosas se encuentran en el área de estudio y cómo se distribuyen en un gradiente ambiental? Especies de estudio: Familia Fabaceae. Sitio y años de estudio: Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México, de 2022 a 2023. Métodos: Se colectó material botánico y se identificó taxonómicamente utilizando bibliografía especializada; además de revisar ejemplares de herbario y bases de datos en línea. Se realizó un análisis de similitud con los sitios estudiados, utilizando el índice de Jaccard para obtener la diversidad β y observar su distribución en un gradiente ambiental. Resultados: Se registró un total de 132 especies, pertenecientes a 57 géneros y tres subfamilias de Fabaceae. La subfamilia Papilionoideae presentó la mayor diversidad (86 especies / 37 géneros), seguidas por las Caesalpinoideae (41/18) y por último las Cercidoideae (5/2). Las plantas herbáceas fueron dominantes con respecto a las leñosas. La mayoría de las especies se registraron en un rango de altitud entre los 300 a 499 m snm, en matorral submontano y bosque de pino-encino. Conclusiones: Altas Cumbres es un reservorio importante para las leguminosas de Tamaulipas y de la Sierra Madre Oriental, considerando su alta riqueza y endemismo (33 especies restringidas para México).

ABSTRACT The agricultural productions in the Pampas Region (PR) have led to the depletion of exchangeable bases and soil acidification due to the extraction of nutrients without replenishment and the excessive use of fertilizers. Such issue has been addressed in tropical areas but has not been thoroughly investigated in temperate regions despite its effects on leguminous crops. The use of amendments and calcium-based fertilizers has shown variable results in the PR, highlighting the complexity of the practice. The use of fertilizers might be a conjuctural solution to the use of amendments. The objective of this study was to evalua te calcium fertilizers and amendments on 1) forage soybean aerial biomass dry matter production (DM), calcium (Ca) concentration (CCaB) and magnesium (Mg) concentration (CMgB), and Ca export (ECaB) and Mg export (EMgB), 2) physicochemical and chemical soil properties, and 3) Ca balance (BCaS) in Mollisols from the province of Buenos Aires. A greenhouse trial was conducted with soybean from two sites (Bellocq and Inchausti). Four treatments were applied: 50 kg Ca ha-1 (F50) 100 kg Ca ha-1 (F100), 1500 kg CaCO3 ha-1 (C1500), and a control without products (T). The use of 100 kg ha-1 of Ca with fertilizer increased soybean DM associated with an increase in values of 4 meq l-1 of Ca in the soil soluble-available fraction (CaExt). CCaB and CMgB in soybean showed differences only between soils. BCaS depended solely on DM production. BCaS was negative only in the control treatment. These results are essential for understanding the dynamics of basic nutrients in PR soils, whose levels are decreasing due to negative balances, thus leading to soil acidification. Additionally, they could be used in site-specific soil management approaches, supported by the extensive precision agriculture technologies available. Furthermore, they showed that CaExt could be an indicator of calcium sufficiency.

RESUMEN Las producciones agropecuarias en la Región Pampeana (RP) han generado la reducción de bases y acidificación de suelos por extracción sin reposición de nutrientes y elevado uso de fertilizantes. Esta problemática en zonas templadas no ha sido estudiada minuciosamente como en zonas tropicales, afectando principalmente a cultivos de leguminosas. El uso de correctores y fertilizantes cálcicos ha demostrado resultados variables en la RP, evidenciando la complejidad de la práctica. El uso de fertilizantes podría ser una práctica coyuntural al uso de correctores. El objetivo fue evaluar fertilizantes y enmiendas cálcicas en suelos de la provincia de Buenos Aires sobre 1) producción de materia seca (MS) de biomasa aérea, concentración de calcio (Ca) (CCaB) y magnesio (Mg) (CMgB) y exportación de Ca (ECaB) y Mg (EMgB) de soja forrajera, 2) propiedades fisicoquímicas y químicas del suelo y 3) balance de calcio (BCaS). Se realizó un ensayo en invernáculo sobre soja en suelos de Bellocq e Inchausti con 50 kg ha-1 y 100 kg ha-1 de Ca como fertilizante, 1500 kg ha-1 de caliza (C1500) y un tratamiento testigo sin productos (T). El uso de 100 kg ha-1 de Ca con fertilizante incrementó la MS de soja asociado al incremento a valores de 4 meq l-1 de Ca en la fracción soluble-disponible del suelo (CaExt). La CCaB y CMgB en soja mostraron diferencias solamente entre suelos. La ECaS dependió exclusivamente de la producción de MS. El BCaS fue negativo solamente en el tratamiento donde no se aplicó producto. Estos resultados son importantes para entender la dinámica de nutrientes básicos en suelos de la RP, cuyos niveles en suelo están disminuyendo debido a los balances negativos, que incluso han generado acidificación de suelos. Además, podrían ser utilizados en planteos de manejo sitio-específico del suelo, garantizados por las amplias tecnologías disponibles relacionadas con la agricultura de precisión. Asimismo, mostraron que el CaExt podría ser un indicador de suficiencia cálcica.

Abstract Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy with systemic compromise in genetically susceptible individuals, caused by an immune response to ingested gluten. The only therapy for CD is a gluten-free diet (GFD). A case of a 55-year-old woman who reported to the emergency room for early satiety, intolerance to legumes, abdominal distension, and chronic diarrhea, including paresthesias in the upper and lower limbs, was presented. In addition, she described a functional decline due to dyspnea and involuntary weight loss of approximately 20 kilograms in the last 2 years. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy with CD protocol was performed, along with serology for CD, which confirmed the initial diagnostic suspicion. Treatment with a gluten-free diet and nutritional supplementation was indicated, which yielded a significant improvement in the clinical picture.

Resumen La enfermedad celiaca (EC) es una enteropatía inmunomediada con compromiso sistémico en individuos genéticamente susceptibles, causada por una respuesta inmunitaria al gluten ingerido. La única terapia para la EC es una dieta libre de gluten (DLG). Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 55 años que acudió al servicio de urgencias por saciedad precoz, intolerancia a las leguminosas, distensión abdominal y diarrea crónica, además de parestesias en los miembros superiores e inferiores. Adicionalmente, describió una disminución de la clase funcional por disnea y pérdida involuntaria de aproximadamente 20 kilogramos de peso en los últimos 2 años. Se realizó una esofagogastroduodenoscopia con protocolo para EC, junto con serología para la misma, lo cual confirmó la sospecha diagnóstica inicial. Se indicó tratamiento con dieta libre de gluten y suplementación nutricional, que produjo una mejoría significativa del cuadro clínico.

Resumen: El maíz contiene un gran número de compuestos antioxidantes, muchos de ellos unidos a componentes de la pared celular, por lo que requieren tratamientos para liberarlos, como el uso de enzimas o procesos de fermentación. La fermentación en medio sólido (FMS) con Rhizopus oryzae se ha aplicado para aumentar la capacidad antioxidante (CA) y el contenido fenólico en cereales y leguminosas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la FMS con R. oryzae sobre la CA y el contenido de fenoles totales (CFT) del maíz. La FMS se realizó en bolsas zip-lock (25 cm2) a 30 °C/72 h, con un inóculo de 1 x 106 esporas/g. Se tomaron muestras cada 12 h, el extracto se recuperó con etanol al 80 % y se utilizó para determinar el CFT y la CA (ensayo ABTS+, DPPH y FRAP). Los valores más altos se obtuvieron a las 60 h de cultivo, con un CFT de 1.92 mg/ gramos de materia seca (gms) y una CA de 1.47 mg de equivalentes Trolox por gramo de materia seca (mg ET/gms), 1.27 mg ET/gms y 5.8 mg Fe+2/gms para los ensayos de ABTS+, DPPH y FRAP, respectivamente. El uso de FMS permitió aumentar hasta 0.83 y 1.25 veces el CFT y la CA del maíz, con respecto al tiempo 0 h. El maíz fermentado con R. oryzae mostró potencial para ser empleado como materia prima para el desarrollo de alimentos funciona les, al incrementar su CA a través de un bioproceso.

Abstract: Maize contains a large number of antioxidant compounds. However, many of them are not in free form, as they are bound to components of the cell wall of maize kernels. For this reason, the use of treatments is required to release them, such as the use of enzymes or fermentation processes. Fermentation in solid medium (FMS) with Rhizopus oryzae has been applied to increase the antioxidant capacity (AC) and phenolic content in cereals and legumes. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of FMS with R. oryzae on AC and total phenolic content (TPC) of maize. Fermentation on solid medium was carried out in zip-lock bags (25 cm2) at 30 °C for 72 h, with an inoculum of 1 x 106 spores/g. Samples were taken every 12 h, the extract was recovered with 80% ethanol, and used to determine TPC and AC (ABTS+, DPPH and FRAP essay). The highest values were obtained at 60 h of culture, with a TPC of 1.92 mg/gram dry metter (gdm) and an AC of 1.47 mg TE/gmd, 1.27 mg TE/gdm and 5.8 mg Fe+2/gdm for the ABTS+, DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The use of FMS allowed to increase up to 0.83 and 1.25 times the CFT and CA of corn, with respect to time zero. Corn fermented with R. oryzae showed potential to be used as a raw material for the development of functional foods, by increase its AC through a bioprocess.

Resumen: El nitrógeno en el suelo es crucial para la agricultura, pero a menudo es limitante, afectando el rendimiento de los cultivos. La deficiencia requiere fertilizantes sintéticos, pero su uso inadecuado causa daños ambientales y costos elevados. Las bacterias del género Rhizobium, simbiontes de leguminosas, ofrecen una solución al fijar nitrógeno de manera sostenible, reduciendo la dependencia de fertilizantes. Esta investigación determinó el número más probable (NMP) de células de Rhizobium spp. procedente de dos biofertilizantes comerciales de origen ecuatoriano y mexicano en condiciones de invernadero. Para esto, se realizó la inoculación directa con disoluciones seriadas (10-1 a 10-10) en macetas con pomina esterilizada al vapor, donde se germinaron plantas de frijol ejotero (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) de la variedad Blue Lake. A los 45 días después de siembra (DDS) se evaluaron los siguientes indicadores morfológicos: área foliar, peso de la planta en húmedo, altura de planta y número de flores, determinándose diferencias estadísticas entre el tipo de biofertilizante y la concentración de cada dilución. El experimento se adecuó a un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo de parcela dividida con tres repeticiones por dilución, en consideración de las fluctuaciones de temperatura presentes en la zona de estudio. El NMP, al 95% de confianza, fue de 4,45x107 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-5 para el biofertilizante mexicano, y 1,48x105 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-4 para el biofertilizante ecuatoriano. La dilución óptima estimada para ambos productos fue de 10-8.

Abstract: Soil nitrogen is crucial for agriculture, but it is often limited, affecting crop yields. Deficiency requires synthetic fertilizers, but their improper use results in environmental damage and high costs. Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, symbionts of legumes, offer a sustainable solution by fixing nitrogen, thus reducing dependence on fertilizers. This research determined the most probable number (MPN) of cells of Rhizobium spp. from two commercial biofertilizers of Ecuadorian and Mexican origin under greenhouse conditions. For this, direct inoculation with serial dilutions (10-1 to 10-10) was performed in pots with steam-sterilized pumice where Blue Lake variety snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were germinated. The following morphological indicators were evaluated at 45 days after sowing (DAS): leaf area, plant wet weight, plant height, and number of flowers, determining statistical differences between the type of biofertilizer and the concentration of each dilution. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates per dilution, considering temperature fluctuations in the study area. The MPN at 95% confidence was 4.45x107 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-5 dilution for the Mexican biofertilizer, and 1.48x105 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-4 dilution for the Ecuadorian biofertilizer. The estimated optimal dilution for both products was 10-8.

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associate with legumes to enhance nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption, thus promoting plant growth and reducing fertilizer usage. This study aimed to measure the degree of specificity and dependency of cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from degraded soils with acidic pH and low fertility in the Alto Cumbaza sector, San Martín, Peru. Four species (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, and Vigna unguiculata) were evaluated with three types of fungi (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp., and Ambispora appendicula) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Canavalia ensiformis inoculated with Acaulospora rugosa reached greater height (271.67 cm), while Crotalaria juncea with Acaulospora sp. showed higher aboveground biomass (27.52 g). Vigna unguiculata with Acaulospora rugosa exhibited high colonization (71.48%) and mycorrhizal dependency (54.40%), and Cajanus cajan with Ambispora appendicula showed high phosphorus content (5.01%). These interactions varied significantly, demonstrating the specificity and dependency of the associations. These findings are important for establishing programs to recover degraded soils with cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

RESUMEN: Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares se asocian a las leguminosas para mejorar la fijación de nitrógeno y la absorción de nutrientes, promoviendo así el crecimiento vegetal y reduciendo el uso de fertilizantes. Este estudio buscó medir el grado de especificidad y dependencia de leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares provenientes de suelos degradados, con pH ácido y baja fertilidad del sector de Alto Cumbaza, San Martín, Perú. Se evaluaron cuatro especies (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea y Vigna unguiculata) con tres tipos de hongos (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp. y Ambispora appendicula) en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones. Canavalia ensiformis inoculada con Acaulospora rugosa alcanzó mayor altura (271,67 cm), mientras que Crotalaria juncea con Acaulospora sp. mostró mayor biomasa aérea (27,52 g). Vigna unguiculata con Acaulospora rugosa presentó alta colonización (71,48%) y dependencia micorrízica (54,40%), y Cajanus cajan con Ambispora appendicula mostró alto contenido de fósforo (5,01%). Estas interacciones variaron significativamente, evidenciando la especificidad y dependencia de las asociaciones. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el establecimiento de programas de recuperación de suelos degradados con leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares.

Abstract Faced with the challenges posed by the need for fertilizers to maintain agricultural production, a biological process of atmospheric nitrogen fixation occurs naturally, which is carried out by a group of symbiotic bacteria that form a very close association with plants of the legume group, among which is the sweet clover (Melilotus spp.). From an ecological point of view, this plant has an essential function due to its good ability to associate with native nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Sinorhizobium. A fundamental aspect is that this plant species can grow normally in alkaline soils, which doubles its importance since, on the one hand, it fixes nitrogen, and on the other hand, it can be incorporated as green manure. With this, the physicochemical properties of the soil are improved, and the levels of organic matter, which is in extremely poor condition in arid zone areas, are increased. Additionally, this species can withstand low temperatures and grow satisfactorily in winter. This paper presents a synthesis of the genus Melilotus and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti and its importance as a potential natural soil improver.

Resumen Ante los retos por la necesidad de fertilizantes para mantener la producción agrícola, ocurre naturalmente un proceso biológico de fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico por parte de un grupo de bacterias simbióticas que forman una asociación muy estrecha con plantas del grupo de las leguminosas, entre las que se encuentran las alfalfillas o tréboles silvestres (Melilotus spp.). Desde el punto de vista ecológico esta planta tiene una función muy importante por la buena capacidad de asociarse a bacterias nativas del suelo fijadoras de nitrógeno del género Sinorhizobium. Un aspecto fundamental es que esta especie vegetal puede crecer normalmente en suelos alcalinos, lo que le convierte aún más como doble importante, ya que, por un lado, fija nitrógeno y por el otro puede incorporarse como abono verde. Con ello, se mejoran las propiedades físico-químicas del suelo y, se incrementan los niveles de materia orgánica, condición que es muy pobre en las áreas de zonas áridas. Adicionalmente, esta especie puede resistir bajas temperaturas y crecer satisfactoriamente en invierno. Este documento presenta una síntesis del género Melilotus y su simbionte Sinorhizobium meliloti, así como su importancia como posible mejorador natural del suelo.

Abstract Crop diversification using mixtures of varieties is one of the proposals being put forward in the context of organic agriculture. The mixture of varieties seeks to increase the functional diversity of the crop, which results in greater crop resilience in the face of changing and increasingly limiting environmental conditions and increases its competitive ability to weed species. Diversification of the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by mixing varieties could improve its yield and facilitate the control of weeds while conserving its diversity. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we proposed a trial of variety mixtures in a wheat-chickpea rotation, with a randomized block design. In this work, we present the results corresponding to the 2023 season of chickpea cultivation in which we compared the yield and weed abundance and diversity in mixtures of 2, 4 and 8 varieties to single variety cultivation. The mixtures were made by drawing lots from a set of 10 varieties among which there were kabuli type varieties, cream-colored and rounded seeds, and desi type, with small aristate seeds and brown or black color, which would allow us to have an acceptable level of genetic and functional diversity in the mixture. Our results showed that increasing the diversity of the crop can improve its resilience to the presence of weeds.

Resumen La diversificación del cultivo mediante el uso de mezclas de variedades es una de las propuestas que se está planteando en el contexto de la agricultura ecológica. La mezcla de variedades busca el aumento de la diversidad funcional cultivada lo que redunda en una mayor resiliencia del cultivo frente a condiciones ambientales cambiantes y cada vez más limitantes y aumenta su competitividad frente a las especies arvenses. La diversificación del cultivo del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) mediante la mezcla de variedades podría mejorar su rendimiento y facilitar el control de la abundancia de las arvenses conservando su diversidad. Con el objetivo de evaluar esta hipótesis planteamos un ensayo de mezclas de variedades en una rotación trigo-garbanzo, con diseño en bloques al azar. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados correspondientes a la campaña 2023 de cultivo de garbanzo en la que se comparó el rendimiento, la abundancia y la diversidad de arvenses en mezclas de 2, 4 y 8 variedades frente al cultivo monovarietal. Las mezclas se realizaron mediante sorteo de un conjunto de 10 variedades entre las que había tipo kabuli, de semillas color crema y redondeadas, y tipo desi, con semillas pequeñas aristadas y de color marrón o negro, lo que nos permitiría disponer de un nivel aceptable de diversidad genética y funcional en la mezcla. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el aumento de la diversidad del cultivo puede mejorar su resiliencia frente a la presencia de arvenses.

Abstract The concept of adapting agro-economic practices in order to improve production and environmental conditions transforms our agroecosystems. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in regenerative practices for this purpose. We carried out a study funded by Aland Foundation and the AlVelAl initiative. To achieve this, ALVelAl association gives technical support to farmers, working on the restoration of farmlands using regenerative techniques, organising training workshops that guarantee an open exchange of knowledge between farmers, technicians, and companies. In collaboration with AlVelAl, we explore the suitability of regenerative techniques in semiarid agro ecological systems. We carried out a monitoring project in one almond orchard in Illana (Guadalajara), and coordinated the implementation of regenerative techniques co-designed with the land manager. The aim of the regenerative techniques employed in this project improve the soil fertility and water content. We implemented six techniques: 1) minimum tillage, standard practice for the area (MT); 2) minimum tillage with organic amendments (MT&Compost); 3) minimum tillage with a legume crop as green manure (MT&Leg); 4) minimum tillage with mixed wheat and legume crops as green manure (MT&Mix); 5) minimum tillage with Brachypodium as green manure (MT&Bra) and 6) minimum tillage with wheat as green manure (MT&Ce). The total area of the trial is 5.400 m2. We aim to study the impacts of regenerative practices on soil parameters (bulk density and soil moisture) and on weed biomass and leaf area of almond trees. We presents the first results of the project obtained during the campaign 2022-23.

Resumen: La búsqueda de prácticas agroeconómicas que mejoren la producción en nuestros agroecosistemas de secano ha conllevado un aumento del interés por la agricultura regenerativa. Dicha agricultura está basada en prácticas que fomentan un manejo agrícola que restaura suelo, mejora la gestión del agua y fomenta la biodiversidad. La iniciativa de la Fundación Aland en las comunidades agrícolas locales de Andalucía y Murcia fomenta un agroecosistema productivo integrado denominado ‘Almendrehesa’. Este agroecosistema combina el cultivo de almendro con técnicas regenerativas promocionando la transformación y comercialización de la materia prima con valor añadido. En colaboración con el Territorio AlVelAl, exploramos la idoneidad de las técnicas regenerativas en sistemas agroecológicos semiáridos. Llevamos a cabo un proyecto de seguimiento en un huerto de almendros en Illana (Guadalajara), en el centro de España, y coordinamos la aplicación de técnicas regenerativas co-diseñadas por los investigadores y los gestores de la tierra. Se aplicaron seis técnicas: 1) mínimo laboreo (ML), práctica habitual para la zona; 2) mínimo laboreo con enmiendas orgánicas (ML&Compost); 3) mínimo laboreo con cultivo de leguminosas como abono verde (ML& Leg); 4) mínimo laboreo con cultivos mixtos de cereal y leguminosas como abono verde (ML& Mix); 5) mínimo laboreo con Brachypodium como abono verde (ML& Bra) y 6) mínimo laboreo con cereal como abono verde (ML& Ce). Se pretende estudiar el impacto de las prácticas regenerativas en parámetros del suelo (densidad aparente y humedad del suelo) y en la biomasa de las mala hierbas y área foliar del almendro. En este trabajo se presentan los primeros resultados del proyecto obtenidos durante la campaña 2022-23.

Abstract Starches from some legume grown in Cameroon were evaluated for their granule structure and size, turbidity, firmness and gel strength, thermal and freeze-thaw properties. Amylose contents were in the range of 26.21%–44.85%. Morphological analysis of the starch granules showed bimodal distribution, multiple sizes and shapes from small spherical to the bigger kidney shape. Significant differences were observed among starch in light transmittance, firmness and gel strength. The thermal parameters of starches were evaluated using differential scanning calorimeter and significant differences were observed. The peak gelatinisation temperature was positively correlated to starch granule size but the amylose content showed no evidence of their impact on legume starch properties studied. The data reported can be useful to facilitate the selection of variety of legume and conditions closer to the desired application. turbidity strength freezethaw freeze thaw 26214485 26 21 44 85 26.21%–44.85% distribution shape transmittance studied application 2621448 2 4 8 26.21%–44.85 262144 26.21%–44.8 26214 26.21%–44. 2621 26.21%–44 262 26.21%–4 26.21%– 26.21% 26.21 26.2 26.

Resumo Neste trabalho, amidos de algumas leguminosas cultivadas em Camarões foram avaliados quanto à estrutura e tamanho dos grânulos, turbidez, firmeza e resistência do gel, propriedades térmicas e de congelamento e descongelamento. Os conteúdos de amilose estavam na faixa de 26,21% a 44,85%. A análise morfológica dos grânulos de amido mostrou distribuição bimodal, múltiplos tamanhos e formas desde o pequeno esférico até o maior formato de rim. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os amidos na transmissão de luz, firmeza e força do gel. Os parâmetros térmicos dos amidos foram avaliados usando calorímetro diferencial de varredura e diferenças significativas foram examinadas. A temperatura de pico de gelatinização foi positivamente correlacionada com o tamanho do grânulo de amido, no entanto, o teor de amilose não mostrou evidência de impacto nas propriedades do amido de leguminosas estudadas. Os dados informados podem ser úteis para facilitar a seleção de variedades de leguminosas e condições mais próximas da aplicação desejada. trabalho turbidez gel descongelamento 2621 26 21 26,21 4485 44 85 44,85% bimodal rim luz examinadas entanto estudadas desejada 262 2 26,2 448 4 8 44,85 26, 44,8 44,

Resumo A ervilha é uma cultura agrícola de grande importância na nutrição humana e animal. As ervilhas, por serem uma leguminosa, ajudam a repor as reservas de nitrogênio do solo. Em estudos de campo da Instituição Científica Orçamentária do Estado Federal do Centro Científico Federal de Leguminosas e Caprinos (região de Oryol), foi investigada a influência de diversos reguladores de crescimento e produtos biológicos nos indicadores de rendimento e qualidade de sementes de ervilha das variedades Nord e Multik. As ervilha são cultivadas em floresta cinza escura, solo argiloso médio e cultivo médio. Antes da semeadura, as sementes de ervilha foram tratadas com soluções de Kornevin, Albit e Epin-extra por imersão por 5 horas. Soluções dos medicamentos foram utilizadas na concentração de 10-6 M, depois secas e tratadas com Rizotorfin antes da semeadura. As taxas de crescimento durante a estação de crescimento e o rendimento das plantas de ervilha foram determinadas. O teor de proteína, amido e amilose no amido foi determinado nas sementes. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que o rendimento das ervilhas depende das condições climáticas. Sob condições climáticas favoráveis, o maior rendimento foi obtido na variedade de ervilha Nord (42,2 c/ha) na variante com tratamento de sementes com Kornevin, e na variedade Multik (43,0 c/ha) quando tratada com Rizotorfin. Em condições áridas, o maior rendimento de ervilhas da variedade Nord foi obtido com as preparações Epin-extra e Kornevin. O maior rendimento de ervilhas da variedade Multik foi obtido com as preparações Rizotorfin, Kornevin e Epin-Extra. Os resultados da pesquisa, confirmados por avaliação estatística, mostraram que os biorreguladores e reguladores de crescimento auxiliam na estimulação da quantidade de nitrogênio fornecida às plantas, bem como nos processos sintéticos de síntese proteica. Isso contribuiu para melhorar a qualidade das sementes e da massa verde. animal leguminosa região Oryol, Oryol , Oryol) escura semeadura Epinextra Epin extra horas 106 10 6 10- M determinadas proteína favoráveis 42,2 422 42 2 (42, c/ha cha c ha 43,0 430 43 0 (43, áridas EpinExtra. EpinExtra Extra. Extra Epin-Extra estatística proteica verde 1 42, 4 (42 43, (43 (4 (

Abstract Peas are an important agricultural crop of great importance in human and animal nutrition. Peas, being a legume crop, help replenish nitrogen reserves in the soil. In field studies of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Center of Legumes and Goat Crops (Oryol region), the influence of various growth regulators and biological products on the yield and quality indicators of pea seeds of the Nord and Multik varieties was studied. Pea plants are grown on dark gray forest, medium loamy soil of average cultivation. Before sowing, pea seeds were treated with solutions of Kornevin, Albit and Epin-extra by soaking for 5 hours. Solutions of the drugs were used at a concentration of 10-6 M, then dried and treated with Rizotorfin before sowing. Growth rates during the growing season and the yield of pea plants were determined. The content of protein, starch and amylose in starch was determined in the seeds. Research results have shown that the yield of pea plants depends on weather conditions. Under favorable weather conditions, the highest yield was obtained from the pea variety Nord (42.2 c/ha) in the variant with seed treatment with Kornevin, and in the Multik variety (43.0 c/ha) when treated with Rizotorfin. In arid conditions, the highest yield of peas of the Nord variety was obtained using the preparations Epin-extra and Kornevin. The highest yield of peas of the Multik variety was obtained using the preparations Rizotorfin, Kornevin and Epin-Extra. The research results, confirmed by statistical evaluation, showed that bioregulators and growth regulators help stimulate the amount of nitrogen supplied to plants, as well as the synthetic processes of protein synthesis. This contributed to improving the quality of seeds and green mass. nutrition Oryol region, region , region) studied forest cultivation sowing Epinextra Epin extra hours 106 10 6 10- M conditions 42.2 422 42 2 (42. c/ha cha c ha 43.0 430 43 0 (43. EpinExtra. EpinExtra Extra. Extra Epin-Extra evaluation synthesis mass 1 42. 4 (42 43. (43 (4 (

Resumo O estudo de pesquisa de campo foi realizado na temporada (2017). A soja e as ervas daninhas foram amostradas semanalmente de forma aleatória. Tripes adultos foram identificados e contados. A detecção do vírus isolado e a incidência natural foram determinadas usando transmissão mecânica, gama de hospedeiros, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR. A incidência natural de tripes em indivíduos foi detectada dependendo da % de SVNV em tripes e hospedeiros infestantes. Dez espécies de tripes foram associadas a plantas de soja no campo. A espécie mais abundante foi T. tabaci, com média de 256,5 número médio de indivíduos, seguida por F. occidentalis (142,5) e N. variabilis (86,6 / número médio de indivíduos). Catorze espécies de tripes ocorreram em 5 culturas de leguminosas e 41 espécies de plantas daninhas dentro de campos de soja. O maior número médio de 40,6 indivíduos foi registrado em Ammi majus. Enquanto o mais baixo, 3,3 número médio de indivíduos, foi no Urtica urens. Apenas 21 espécies de plantas diagnosticadas foram suscetíveis à infecção com SVNV. G. max e Vigna radiate foram os maiores percentuais de infecção, 80%, seguidos por V. unguilata e N. benthamiana, 75%. O isolado egípcio neste estudo mostrou um alto grau de similaridade e está intimamente relacionado ao TSWV do Egito (DQ479968) e ao TCSV dos EUA (KY820965), com identidade de sequência de nucleotídeos de 78%. Quatro espécies de tripes transmitiram SVNV (F. fusca 4,0%, F. schultzei 4,3%, F. tritici 3,3% e N. variabilis 68,0% de transmissão). Tanto C. phaseoli quanto M. sjostedti podem adquirir o vírus, mas não podem transmiti-lo. As seguintes espécies, T. tabaci, F. occidentalis, S. dorsallis e T. palmi não podem adquirir ou transmitir SVNV. A incidência de SVNV no campo, iniciada no final de julho, aumentou gradativamente de 12,7 para 71,3% no final da temporada. Em conclusão, poucos indivíduos de tripes invadiram a cultura da soja e são suficientes para transmitir alta taxa de SVNV dentro da cultura. Além disso, várias espécies de vetores também abundam em ervas daninhas, que são as principais fontes dos vírus da soja transmitidos às lavouras. Essas informações podem ser importantes para controlar e reduzir a incidência de infecção por SVNV.

Abstract Field survey study was conducted season (2017). Soybeans and weeds were weekly sampled randomly. Thrips adults were identified and counted. Detection of the virus isolate and the natural incidence was determined using; Mechanical transmission, host range, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR. The natural incidence thrips individuals was detected depending on the SVNV% in thrips individuals and weeds hosts. Ten thrips species were associated with soybean plants in the field. The most abundant species was T. tabaci, average 256.5 average no.of individuals, followed by F. occidentalis (142.5 average no. of individuals), then N. variabilis (86.6/ average no. of individuals). Fourteen thrips species occurred on 5 legumes field crops and 41 weed plant species within soybean field. The highest average number 40.6.of individuals were recorded on Ammi majus. While the lowest one 3.3 average no. of individuals were on Urtica urens. Only 21diagnostic plant species were susceptible to infection with SVNV. G. max and Vigna radiate, were the highest percentage of infection 80% followed by V. unguilata & N. benthamiana, 75%. Egyptian isolate of Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) in this study showed a high degree of similarity and it is closely related to TSWV from Egypt (DQ479968) and TCSV from USA (KY820965) with nucleotide sequence identity of 78%. Four thrips species transmitted SVNV (F. fusca 4.0%, F. schultzei 4.3%, F. tritici 3.3% and N. variabilis 68.0% transmission). Both C. phaseoli and M. sjostedti can acquire the virus but unable to transmit it. The following species; T. tabaci, F. occidentalis, S. dorsallis and T. palmi cannot acquire or transmit SVNV. The incidence of SVNV in the field started by the end of July then increased gradualy from 12.7 to 71.3% by the end of the season. In conclusion, few thrips individuals invaded soybean crops are enough to transmit high rate of SVNV within the crop. Furthermore, several vector species are also abundant on weeds, which are the major sources of soybean viruses transmitted to the crops. This information might be important for control and reduce the incidence of SVNV infection.

Resumo Bemisia tabaci é um complexo de espécies que causa danos a uma ampla gama de hospedeiros vegetais por meio de alimentação séria. Ele transmite vírus de plantas de diferentes grupos para importantes safras agrícolas. Algumas safras comerciais importantes do Paquistão são cana-de-açúcar, arroz, tabaco e óleo de semente. Apresenta alta variabilidade genética e é diferenciado em raças ou biótipos. Os biótipos são: biótipo Q, biótipo B, biótipo B2, biótipo M, biótipo L, biótipo A, biótipo H, biótipo C, biótipo K, biótipo N, biótipo R, biótipo E, biótipo P, biótipo J, biótipo S, biótipo AN . Embora o relatório atual baseado no estudo bayesiano das sequências de DNA do gene 1 da oxidase do citocromo mitocondrial (CO1) tenha classificado as diferentes populações de moscas-brancas em doze grupos genéticos, que são Mediterrâneo, África Subsaariana com folha de prata, Oceano Índico, Ásia II, Ásia I, Austrália, Novo Mundo, Itália, China, África Subsaariana sem folha prateada, Batata-doce Mediterrâneo / Ásia Menor / África e Uganda. Os begomovírus são o maior grupo de vírus transmitidos por B. tabaci e causam as principais doenças de culturas, como a doença do cacho do tomate e da pimenta-malagueta, doença do mosaico da mandioca, doença do mosaico amarelo de leguminosas e doença do enrolamento da folha do algodão. O principal objetivo do presente estudo é inculpar conhecimento sobre a diversidade genética da mosca-branca em campos de algodão em todo o Paquistão por meio da análise da sequência parcial de DNA do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase I (mtCO1).

Abstract Bemisia tabaci is a species complex that causes damage to its broad range of plant hosts through serious feeding. It transmits plant viruses of different groups to important agricultural crops. Some important cash crops of Pakistan are sugar cane, rice, tobacco and seed oil. It shows high genetic variability and is differentiated as races or biotypes. Biotypes are, biotype Q, biotype B, biotype B2, biotype M, biotype L, biotype A, biotype H, biotype C, biotype K, biotype N, biotype R, biotype E, biotype P, biotype J, biotype S, biotype AN. Although the current report based on the Bayesian study of mitochondrial cytohrome oxidase gene1 (CO1) DNA sequences has classified the different populations of whiteflies into twelve genetic groups which are Mediterranean, Sub-Saharan Africa silverleafing, Indian Ocean, Asia II, Asia I, Australia, New World, Italy, China, Sub-Saharan Africa non-silverleafing, Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa and Uganda sweet potato. Begomoviruses is largest group of viruses transmitted by B. tabaci and cause major diseases of crops such as tomato and chili leaf curl disease, cassava mosaic disease; yellow mosaic disease of legumes and cotton leaf curl disease. The main objective of current study is to inculpate knowledge regarding genetic diversity of whitefly in cotton fields across Pakistan via analysis of partial DNA sequence of mitochondrial gene Cytochrom Oxidase I (mtCO1).

ABSTRACT: One of the main issues related to the management of forage legumes is the fact that these plants can be found in a broad diversity of morphology, structures and growth habits. This study evaluated the structural and productive characteristics of forage legumes with different growth habits [Clitoria ternatea L.; Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung; and Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande], in response to two harvesting frequencies (60 and 90 days). The experimental design was completely randomized in blocks, with a split-plot scheme and four replications (n=4). The type of forage legume influenced the number of secondary branches, the number of leaves per branch, leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), percentage of leaves and stems (%), leaf/stem ratio, and pod production (P<0.05). D. pernambucanus had the lowest LI and LAI (P < 0.05). Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande and C. ternatea showed a greater leaf percentage and leaf/stem ratio (P < 0.05). There was an effect of the harvesting frequency on the percentage of stems, leaves, pod production, and total production (P < 0.05). Longer harvesting frequencies affected differently these legumes, especially the accumulation of stems in D. pernambucanus, which displayed an intense increase after 60 days of growth. The choice of the best harvesting frequency for these legumes evaluated should consider the proposal of the usage. In our study, it was shown that harvesting at 60 days did not affect the total forage mass accumulated, which possibly is the most advantageous choice. ABSTRACT morphology Clitoria L. L (L. Thellung spp cv Grande, , Grande] (6 9 days. . days) blocks splitplot split plot n=4. n4 n n=4 4 (n=4) branches branch LAI, (LAI) LI, (LI) %, % (%) leafstem stem P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 0 05 (P<0.05) D 0.05. 005 0.05 0.05) C 6 usage accumulated (L ( n= (n=4 (LAI (LI (% P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 00 0.0 (n= P0 P<0. (P<0.0 0. (n P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P<

RESUMO: Uma das principais questões relacionadas ao manejo de leguminosas forrageiras é o fato de que essas plantas podem ser encontradas em uma ampla diversidade de morfológica, estruturais e de hábitos de crescimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar características morfológicas, estruturais e produtivas de leguminosas forrageiras com diferentes hábitos de crescimento [Clitoria ternatea L.; Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung; e Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande], em resposta a duas frequências de colheita (60 e 90 dias). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em blocos, com esquema de parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições (n=4). O tipo de leguminosa forrageira influenciou no número de ramos secundários, número de folhas por ramo, índice de área foliar (IAF), interceptação luminosa (IL), porcentagem de folhas e colmos (%), razão folha/colmo e produção de vagens (P<0,05). D. pernambucanus apresentou os menores IL e IAF (P<0,05). Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande e C. ternatea apresentaram maior porcentagem de folhas e relação folha/colmo (P<0,05). Houve efeito da frequência de colheita na porcentagem de produção de hastes, folhas e vagens e na produção total (P<0,05). Frequências de colheita mais longas afetaram de forma diferente as leguminosas forrageiras avaliadas, principalmente o acúmulo de caules em D. pernambucanus, que apresentou aumento intenso após 60 dias de crescimento. A escolha da melhor frequência de colheita para essas leguminosas avaliadas deve levar em consideração a sua forma de uso. No presente estudo, foi demonstrado que a colheita aos 60 dias não afetou a massa forragem total acumulada, o que possivelmente é a escolha mais vantajosa. RESUMO morfológica morfológicas Clitoria L. L (L. Thellung spp cv Grande, , Grande] (6 9 dias. . dias) blocos n=4. n4 n n=4 4 (n=4) secundários ramo IAF, (IAF) IL, (IL) %, % (%) folhacolmo folha colmo P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 0 05 (P<0,05) D C hastes 6 uso acumulada vantajosa (L ( n= (n=4 (IAF (IL (% P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 (n= P0 P<0, (P<0,0 (n P<0 (P<0, P< (P<0 (P< (P