Resumen Introducción: En 1995, en el marco de la IV Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer, representantes de gobiernos de todo el mundo acordaron la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing. Los medios de comunicación aparecen, por primera vez, como una de las esferas de especial preocupación para lograr la igualdad de género en el mundo. Objetivo: Realizar un monitoreo crítico sobre las políticas de comunicación y género desarrolladas por el Estado argentino en torno al cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos planteados en el capítulo J: participación de las mujeres en la estructura laboral de los medios; y erradicación de contenido mediático sexista y estereotipado. Método y técnicas: Se desarrolló una investigación documental con enfoque cualitativo y se utilizó la técnica del análisis de contenido. A partir de esto, especialmente para la elaboración de conclusiones y recomendaciones, se tomó como referencia una metodología para el análisis de género del fenómeno legal. Resultados: La mayoría de las políticas impulsadas por el Estado argentino cumplen con el segundo objetivo estratégico de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing. En el año 2021 se sancionó una ley de equidad de géneros en los medios que responde al primer objetivo estratégico, sin embargo, todavía no fue reglamentada. Conclusiones: Existen desafíos pendientes en relación con posibles reformas en la normativa vigente sobre violencia contra las mujeres; las tensiones entre regulación y libertad de expresión; el acceso a la justicia en casos de violencia mediática; y la necesidad de avanzar en el cumplimiento del objetivo estratégico uno.

Abstract Introduction: In 1995, at the Fourth World Conference on Women, government representatives from all over the world agreed on the Beijing Platform for Action. The media appeared, for the first time, as one of the areas of special concern for achieving gender equality in the world. Objective: To carry out a critical monitoring of the communication and gender policies developed by the Argentine State regarding the fulfillment of the strategic objectives set forth in Chapter J: women's participation in the labor structure of the media; and the eradication of sexist and stereotyped media content. Method and technique: A documentary research with a qualitative approach was developed and the technique of content analysis was used. From this, especially for the elaboration of conclusions and recommendations, a methodology for the gender analysis of the legal phenomenon was used as a reference. Results: Most of the policies promoted by the Argentine State comply with the second strategic objective of the Beijing Platform for Action. In the year 2021, a law on gender equity in the media was passed, which responds to the first strategic objective; however, it has not yet been regulated. Conclusions: There are pending challenges in relation to possible reforms in the current legislation on violence against women; the tensions between regulation and freedom of expression; access to justice in cases of media violence; and the need to advance in the fulfillment of strategic objective one.

ABSTRACT This study seeks to analyze the existing regulatory framework in Paraguay for provisions for stu- dents with high intellectual abilities, to identify challenges and opportunities. A qualitative and cross-sectional approach was employed, using a descriptive and exploratory methodology for the bibliographic analysis of relevant legislation. The analysis revealed a general and specific le- gal framework, focusing on Law 5136/13 and Resolution 1188/23, which addresses provisions for children and adolescents with high abilities. The importance of developing policies that improve the access of these students to quality programs is highlighted, especially of those students with limited resources. Additionally, it suggests the promotion of educational excellence, both within and outside Paraguay, anticipating and responding to the specific challenges faced by this group. The research underscores the need for inclusive and effective policies to support the comprehensive development of students with high abilities at different educational stages.

RESUMEN Este estudio busca analizar el marco normativo existente en Paraguay para la atención a estudiantes con altas capacidades intelectuales, con el fin de identificar desafíos y oportunidades. Se empleó un enfoque cualitativo y transversal, utilizando una metodología descriptiva y exploratoria para el análisis bibliográfico de la legislación relevante. El análisis reveló un marco legal general y específico, centrado en la Ley 5136/13 y la Resolución 1188/23, que aborda la atención de niños y adolescentes con altas capacidades. Se destaca la importancia de desarrollar políticas que mejoren el acceso de estos estudiantes, especialmente aquellos con recursos limitados, a programas de calidad. Se sugiere la promoción de la excelencia educativa, tanto dentro como fuera de Paraguay, anticipando y respondiendo a los desafíos específicos que enfrenta este grupo. La investigación subraya la necesidad de políticas inclusivas y efectivas para apoyar el desarrollo integral de estudiantes con altas capacidades en diferentes etapas educativas.

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the transformations in the legal-social discourses around incest, emanating from liberal reformism and the legal transition during the second half of the 19th century, in Michoacán. We start from the fact that the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act (1859) upended the legal systems by reducing the fields in which incest was committed. From that moment on, the lawsuits began to move away from the spiritual terrain, to have only legal repercussions of a criminal nature. Through the methodology of discourse analysis and having as main sources judicial records, legislation and literature of the time, the changes that occurred in the sixties in the justice delivery system, the reduction of incest files and the generation of new discursive nodes are enunciated, all of which outlines modifications in the representations of said crime.

Resumen El objetivo del artículo es analizar las transformaciones en los discursos jurídico-sociales en torno al incesto, emanados del reformismo liberal y la transición jurídica durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, en Michoacán. Partimos del hecho de que la promulgación de la Ley de Matrimonio Civil (1859) trastocó los ordenamientos legales al reducir los campos en que se cometía incesto. A partir de ese momento, las demandas judiciales comenzaron a alejarse del terreno espiritual, para tener únicamente repercusiones legales de orden penal. Mediante la metodología del análisis del discurso y teniendo como fuentes principales expedientes judiciales, legislación y literatura de la época, se enuncian los cambios ocurridos en los años sesenta en el sistema de impartición de justicia, la reducción de expedientes de incesto y la generación de nuevos nodos discursivos, lo cual bosqueja modificaciones en las representaciones de dicho delito.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo dar cuenta de los alcances de las políticas educativas dirigidas a la generación de procesos de democratización que tuvieron lugar en las últimas dos décadas en los Institutos Superiores de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Interesa conocer su puesta en acto en la vida institucional del Instituto Superior de Formación Docente N° 3 “Dr. Julio César Avanza” en la localidad de Bahía Blanca desde la perspectiva docente teniendo en cuenta las legislaciones educativas que motorizaron estas transformaciones en los planos interno y externo. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas a una muestra intencional de docentes de la mencionada institución, quienes fueron partícipes de estas traducciones normativas en el período arriba indicado, se indagó sobre resistencias, cambios y continuidades en cuanto a su participación institucional como así también en torno a nuevos sentidos otorgados a sus prácticas, generando esto último mayores niveles de inclusión estudiantil.

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to render the scopes of educational policies aimed at the development of democratization processes that took place during the last two decades at Higher Institutes of Teacher Training in the province of Buenos Aires. It is of special interest to analyze their implementation at the Higher Institute of Teacher Training N° 3 “Dr. Julio César Avanza” in the city of Bahía Blanca, from a teaching perspective, considering that educational legislation led to changes in the internal and external aspects. By means of semi-structured interviews to a purposive sample of teachers who are members of the institution and were responsible for the compliance of such regulations during the aforementioned period of time, a line of inquiry about resistances, changes and continuities was conducted, regarding their institutional participation as well as around new facets granted to their practices, thus fostering greater levels of student inclusion.

Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación fue dar a conocer la situación administrativa y jurídica de los sujetos de la administración pública en materia de lucha contra el terrorismo. Se ha comprobado que en Ucrania se ha creado una estructura bastante clara y lógica de órganos estatales en materia de organización y coordinación de la lucha contra el terrorismo. El sistema de entidades antiterroristas es un conjunto de entidades específicas, legalmente definidas, que interactúan con el objetivo de prevenir, detectar, detener y minimizar las consecuencias de las actividades terroristas. En la investigación se utilizaron métodos como el análisis de fuentes biográficas, la síntesis, la deducción, el análisis comparativo y el metaanálisis. Con esto, se estableció que el presidente de Ucrania, la Rada Suprema de Ucrania y el gabinete de ministros de Ucrania son los actores clave en la lucha contra el terrorismo en el sistema de autoridades superiores. Las áreas definitorias de actividad del presidente de Ucrania en la esfera de la lucha contra el terrorismo son las actividades destinadas al apoyo normativo y jurídico de la lucha contra el terrorismo en Ucrania, así como la creación, la liquidación, la reorganización y la gestión de las entidades pertinentes de lucha contra el terrorismo.

Abstract: The purpose of the research is disclosing the administrative and legal status of public administration subjects regarding countering terrorism. It has been established that a fairly clear and logical structure of State bodies regarding organization and coordination of the fight against terrorism has been created in Ukraine. The system of counter-terrorism entities is a set of specific, legally defined entities that interact with the goal of preventing, detecting, stopping, and minimizing consequences of terrorist activities. In the research, methods such as the analysis of biographical sources, synthesis, deduction, comparative analysis and meta-analysis were used. With this, it was established that the President of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine are key actors when countering terrorism in Ukraine in the system of higher authorities. The defining areas of activity of the President of Ukraine in the sphere of countering terrorism are the activities aimed at the regulatory and legal support of countering terrorism in Ukraine, as well as the creation, liquidation, reorganization and management of the relevant counter- terrorism subjects.

This study proposes a methodology using OpenAlex (OA) for tracking Open Access publications in the case of Argentina, a country where a self-archiving mandate has been in effect since 2013 ( Law 26.899, 2013). A sample of 167,240 papers by researchers from the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) was created and analyzed using statistical techniques. We estimate that OA is able to capture between 85-93% of authors for all disciplines, with the exception of Social Sciences and Humanities, where it only reaches an estimated 47%. The availability of papers in Open Access was calculated to be 41% for the period 1953-2021 and 46% when considering exclusively the post-law period (2014-2021). In both periods, gold Open Access made up the most common route. When comparing equal periods post and pre-law, we observed that the upward trend of gold Open Access was pre-existing to the legislation and the availability of closed articles in repositories increased by 5% to what is estimated based on existing trends. However, while the green route has had a positive evolution, it has been the publication in gold journals that has boosted access to Argentine production more rapidly. We concluded that the OA-based methodology, piloted here for the first time, is viable for tracking Open Access in Argentina since it yields percentages similar to other national and international studies.

En este estudio se propone una metodología utilizando OpenAlex (OA) para monitorear el acceso abierto (AA) a las publicaciones científicas para el caso de Argentina, país donde rige el mandato de autoarchivo -Ley 26.899 (2013)-. Se conformó una muestra con 167.240 artículos de investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) que se analizaron con técnicas estadísticas. Se estimó que OA puede representar entre 85-93% de los autores para todas las disciplinas, excepto Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, donde solo alcanza al 47%. Se calculó que 41% de los artículos publicados entre 1953-2021 incluidos en la fuente están en AA, porcentaje que sube a 46% al considerar exclusivamente el periodo post ley (2014-2021). En ambos periodos es la vía dorada la que representa mayor proporción. Al comparar periodos iguales post y pre ley, se observó que la tendencia en alza de la vía dorada era preexistente a la legislación y la disponibilidad de artículos cerrados en repositorios aumentó un 5% a lo que se estima en base a tendencias existentes. Se concluye que si bien  la vía verde ha tenido una evolución positiva, ha sido la publicación en revistas doradas lo que ha impulsado más rápidamente el acceso a la producción argentina. Asimismo, que la metodología basada en OA, piloteada aquí por primera vez, es viable para monitorear el AA en Argentina ya que arroja porcentajes similares a otros estudios nacionales e internacionales.

Abstract Criminal execution is a state activity based on the principles of certain, strict and exhaustive legality and jurisdictionality, which is why the rights and duties of prisoners must always comply with legal provisions. Despite this, the Brazilian Regional Federal Court of the 4th Region (TRF-4) has been imposed on the monitored person the burden of bearing the expenses arising from electronic monitoring, a burden that is not supported by Brazilian legislation that deals with the subject. For this reason, it is necessary to question, as a research problem: are these TRF-4 decisions legally correct? In view of this, this article aims to critically analyze the decisions of the TRF-4 in this sense and the main arguments used, in order to verify whether they are legally correct or mistaken, due to the lack of a explicit legal provision in this regard, which, in fact, came to be recognized on several occasions by the Brazilian Superior Tribunal of Justice (STJ). The choice of TRF-4 is justified by the significant number of Court decisions in this regard, as well as by the fact that the other Federal Regional Courts do not have sentences with this content and intention. The theoretical framework uses productions related to criminal execution and its principles of legality and jurisdiction. The research concludes that the aforementioned decisional action of the TRF-4 is out of step with the principles of legality and jurisdictionality in criminal execution.

Resumo A execução penal é atividade estatal pautada nos princípios da legalidade certa, estrita e taxativa e da jurisdicionalidade, razão pela qual os direitos e deveres dos presos devem sempre observar as determinações legais. Apesar disso, o Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região (TRF-4) vem impondo à pessoa monitorada o ônus de arcar com as despesas decorrentes da monitoração eletrônica, encargo que não encontra amparo na legislação brasileira que trata do assunto. Por essa razão, impõe-se questionar, a título de problema de pesquisa: estas decisões do TRF-4 estão juridicamente corretas? Diante disso, este artigo objetiva analisar criticamente as decisões do TRF-4 nesse sentido e os principais argumentos utilizados, a fim de verificar se estão juridicamente corretas ou equivocadas, em virtude da inexistência de disposição legal taxativa nesse intuito, o que, inclusive, veio a ser reconhecido em diversas oportunidades pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). A escolha pelo TRF-4 é justificada pelo número significativo de decisões da Corte nesse sentido, bem como pelo fato de os demais Tribunais Regionais Federais não possuírem sentenças com esse teor e intuito. O referencial teórico recorre a produções relativas à execução penal e seus princípios da legalidade e jurisdicionalidade. A pesquisa conclui que a referida atuação decisional do TRF-4 está em descompasso com os princípios da legalidade e da jurisdicionalidade na execução penal.

ABSTRACT The work refers to the design of a specific procedure, so that it constitutes a methodology, in the process of evaluation and analysis of non-constructive and assembly investments with the insertion of technological components in the province of Villa Clara, and in this way fill a gap within the regulatory activity of the Office of Regulation and Environmental Safety (ORSA) of said province. In the same way, broaden the spectrum of its specialists and promote multidisciplinary work based on decision-making when granting the technological opinion, as a governing document in the authorization process. On the other hand, it forces the specialist to carry out a constant study and self-preparation for the correct Integral Technological Assessment and thus provide a quality service, not only due to the vertiginous advance of technology in the world but in the current modifications suffered by the current environmental legislation. For all of the above, this work aims to guarantee the necessary methods to carry out the environmental regulatory activity effectively, and guide the work of the respective officials.

RESUMEN El trabajo se refiere al diseño de un procedimiento específico, para que constituya una metodología, en el proceso de la evaluación y análisis de las inversiones no constructivas y de montaje con la inserción de componentes tecnológicos en la provincia de Villa Clara, y de esta forma llenar un vacío dentro de la actividad reguladora de la Oficina de Regulación y Seguridad Ambiental (ORSA) de dicha provincia. De la misma manera, ampliar el espectro de sus especialistas y potenciar el trabajo multidisciplinario en función de la toma de decisiones a la hora de otorgar el dictamen tecnológico, como documento rector en el proceso de autorizaciones. Por otra parte, obliga al especialista a realizar un constante estudio y auto preparación para la correcta Evaluación Integral Tecnológica y así brindar un servicio de calidad, no solo por el avance vertiginoso de la tecnología en el mundo sino también en las actuales modificaciones que sufre la legislación ambiental vigente. Por todo lo antes expuesto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo, garantizar los métodos y herramientas necesarias para realizar la actividad reguladora ambiental de manera efectiva, y orientar el trabajo de los respectivos funcionarios.

SIGNIFICANCE: Social media data are essential for studying human behaviour and understanding potential systemic risks. Social media platforms have, however, begun to remove access to these data. In response, other countries and regions have implemented legislation that compels platforms to provide researchers with data access. In South Africa, we have lagged behind the Global North when it comes to using platform data in our research and, given the recent access restrictions, we risk being left behind. In this Commentary, I call attention to this critical issue and initiate a conversation about access to social media data in South Africa.

Abstract: The concept of dangerousness refers to the predisposition to commit crime on the part of subjects who have not committed crimes or have not reoffended, a predisposition that is not evaluated through their infractions or previous actions (not even in possible cases of recidivism), but through their lifestyle and physical-psychic characteristics. The theory of dangerousness was therefore supported by doctrinal currents (the positivist school of law, organic and social determinism, degenerationism, mental hygiene), studies of the bad life in large cities and prejudices and fears involving social class or ethnic groups. It also offered the possibility of identifying a criminal before they commit a crime and, under the logic of social defense, applying sanctions or measures to prevent it (measures proposed or accepted included sterilization or banishment, even imprisonment or therapeutic internment). Catalogs of the dangerous, the scope of the concept and the measures accepted or contemplated for the dangerous (whether they had never committed crimes or already completed their sentences) varied according to the time and place. This article studies the Mexican case from 1890 to 1960, the period in which this theory had its greatest theor etical and institutional presence. It incorporates judicial and criminological studies, their influence on legislation and legislative projects and, to a lesser extent, judicial sentences and police practices. It therefore makes use of a variety of approaches to a practically unstudied issue that has connections to social and cultural history, as well as to the history of criminal law and its application.

Resumen: El concepto de peligrosidad se refiere a la predisposición a delinquir por parte de sujetos que no han delinquido o que no han reincidido, predisposición que no se valora por sus infracciones o actos previos (ni siquiera en el caso de los posibles reincidentes), sino con base en formas de vida y características físico-psíquicas. Por ende, la teoría de la peligrosidad se nutre de corrientes doctrinales (escuela positivista de derecho, determinismo orgánico y social, degeneracionismo, higiene mental), estudios sobre la mala vida en las grandes ciudades, así como prejuicios y temores vinculados con clase social u origen étnico. Asimismo, abre la posibilidad de identificar a un delincuente antes de que delinca y, bajo la lógica de la defensa social, de aplicar sanciones o medidas para impedirlo (se propuso o adoptó, desde esterilización o relegación, hasta reclusión o internamiento curativo). Los catálogos de peligrosos, los alcances del concepto y las medidas aceptadas o contempladas para peligrosos sin delito o posdelictuales, cambian según la época y el lugar. En este artículo estudio el caso mexicano, entre 1890 y 1960, etapa en la cual la teoría tuvo mayor presencia teórica e institucional. Tomo en cuenta estudios de juristas y criminólogos, su influencia en la legislación y proyectos legislativos y, en menor medida, sentencias judiciales y prácticas policiales. Por ende, abordo desde diferentes enfoques un tema que no ha sido prácticamente estudiado y que se vincula con la historia social y cultural, así como con la historia del derecho penal y su aplicación.

Abstract The fashion sector is constantly subjected to the pressure of imitation, normally designers and entrepreneurs resort to intellectual property rights (industrial design and brands) to avoid the copying, imitation or usurpation of their creations and products. Despite the high cost involved in the procedure for granting intellectual property rights in an industry in constant renewal, it determines that many creations and services are orphaned of protection through exclusive rights, and, therefore, exposed to imitation by competitors after recognizing the legislation the principle of free imitation in the market. Unfair competition law serves as a complementary tool to combat behavior that exceeds what is reasonable, but its application is restrictive and will always depend on the circumstances in each specific case.

Resumen El sector de la moda está sujeto constantemente a la presión de la imitación, recurriendo normalmente diseñadores y empresarios a los derechos de propiedad intelectual (diseño industrial y marcas) para evitar la copia, imitación o usurpación de sus creaciones y productos. No obstante el elevado coste que implica el procedimiento de concesión de derechos de propiedad intelectual en una industria en constante renovación, determina que muchas creaciones y prestaciones queden huérfanas de tutela mediante derechos exclusivos, y, por tanto, expuestas a la imitación de los competidores, tras reconocer la legislación el principio de libre imitación en el mercado. El Derecho de competencia desleal sirve como herramienta complementaria para combatir comportamientos que exceden lo razonable, pero su aplicación tiene carácter restrictivo y dependerá siempre de las circunstancias concurrentes en cada caso concreto.

Resumo O setor da moda está constantemente sujeito à pressão da imitação, normalmente designers e empresários recorrem aos direitos de propriedade intelectual (desenho industrial e marcas) para evitar a cópia, imitação ou usurpação das suas criações e produtos. Apesar do alto custo envolvido no procedimento de concessão de direitos de propriedade intelectual em um setor em constante renovação, ele determina que muitas criações e serviços ficam órfãos de proteção por direitos exclusivos e, portanto, expostos à imitação de concorrentes depois de reconhecer na legislação o princípio da livre imitação no mercado. O direito da concorrência desleal serve como ferramenta complementar para combater comportamentos que excedem o razoável, mas sua aplicação é restritiva e dependerá sempre das circunstâncias de cada caso específico.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

Abstract In Brazil, 65% of the electric power production comes from hydroelectric power plants (HPPs). In some cases, these power plants divert the course of rivers, resulting in regions impacted by the absence of water, which are known as reduced fow sections (RFS). These sections are regulated by legislation and aim to maintain the minimum fow necessary to preserve the fauna, flora, fish, and human consumption in the region. Depending on the time of year, this minimum flow, also known as ecological flow (residual flow), can reach significant values, resulting in the interruption of power generation in these HPPs. This article presents a study case of two hydroelectric power plants located in different Brazilian states. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of implementing auxiliary generator groups that can operate uninterruptedly at different drop heights while ensuring the preservation of residual flow during low flow periods or taking advantage of the overflow flow by spillways during high flow periods. This auxiliary system would use the same set of structures and transmission systems as the main power plant, minimizing environmental impacts and implementation costs, allowing this solution to be implemented in HPPs that face this type of problem in Brazil. The results obtained indicate that HPPs with larger reservoirs have a greater ability to maintain residual flows with minimal generation loss and that run-of-the-river power plants are the most impacted by the maintenance of residual flow.

Organ donation after a circulatory determination of death is possible in selected patients where consent is given to support donation and the patient has been legally declared dead by two doctors. The National Health Act (61 of 2003) and regulations provide strict controls for the certification of death and the donation of organs and tissues after death. Although the National Health Act expressly recognises that brain death is death, it does not prescribe the medical standards of testing for the determination of brain death (neurological determination of death), circulatory death (circulatory determination of death) or for determination of death based on somatic criteria. However, in all cases of organ donation, including after circulatory death, the National Health Act mandates that two doctors certify the death, with one doctor possessing more than 5 years of experience. Additionally, both doctors must be independent from the transplant team. The standard for such determination, as for brain death, aligns with accepted medical standards. The Critical Care Society of Southern Africa has published South African (SA) Guidelines on Death Determination that outline rigorous standards for death determination in hospital settings by either a neurological or circulatory method. Legislation and the Health Professions Council of SA's (HPCSA) professional guidance direct clinicians on obtaining informed consent for donation either from the patient or in cases of incapacity from their surrogate decision maker. Collectively, the legislation, regulations and professional guidelines in SA provide a robust ethical framework that supports organ donation after circulatory death.

ABSTRACT Introduction. The consumption of industrialized foods that contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has increased significantly. Since its inception, it has generated growing controversies because it is considered a health risk. In Peru there is a lack of scientific information on GMOs in industrialized foods. Objetive. Molecularly detect and quantify transgenicity indicators P35S and TNOS, and of Roundup Ready transgenic soybeans in industrialized soy foods and verify their mention on the label. Methods. 30 samples were analyzed; To extract the DNA, the Dneasy Mericon Food and Dneasy Power Soil Kits were used, and for the detection and quantification of the transgenic sequences, the real-time PCR technique with the Mericon kits. In addition, the labeling was reviewed. Results. Transgenicity was detected in 100% of the samples and Soy RR in 66,67%; The number of copies/mL or g of sample ranged between 1,21E+0 and 8,88E+7 and in the labeling of 93,3% of the samples there was no reference to transgenic components. Conclusion. The findings show the urgent need for current legislation to be updated in accordance with the scientific knowledge and the socioeconomic development of the country, protecting health and the right to population information.

RESUMEN Introducción. El consumo de alimentos industrializados que contienen organismos genéticamente modificados (OGM) se ha incrementado notablemente. Desde su inicio ha generado crecientes controversias debido a que se considera de riesgo para la salud. En Perú se carece de información científica sobre los OGM en alimentos industrializados. Objetivo. Detectar y cuantificar molecularmente los indicadores de transgenicidad P35S y TNOS, y la soya transgénica Roundup Ready en alimentos industrializados de soya; y verificar su mención en la etiqueta. Métodos. Analizamos 30 muestras, para extraer el ADN utilizamos los kits Dneasy Mericon Food y Dneasy Power Soil. Para la detección y cuantificación de las secuencias transgénicas usamos la técnica PCR en tiempo real con los kits Mericon. Resultados. Detectamos transgenicidad en el 100% de las muestras y soya Roundup Ready en el 66,7%. El número de copias/mL o g de muestra osciló entre 1,21E+0 y 8,88E+7. En el etiquetado del 93,3% de las muestras no hubo referencia a componentes transgénicos. Conclusión. Los hallazgos evidencian la urgente necesidad de que la legislación vigente se actualice de acuerdo con los conocimientos científicos y el desarrollo socioeconómico del país, protegiendo la salud y el derecho a la información de la población.