ABSTRACT. The essay addresses the contemporary problem of the sources of obligation in light of the development of law that has given rise to obligations of protection-subspecie of obligations in the classical sense-. In particular, the article 1173 of the Italian Civil Code, by providing that sources of obligations can also be facts or acts capable of producing them in accordance with the legal system, opens itself to a progressive typicality: the judge, although he cannot create atypical obligations in the strict sense, can recognize new ones by applying general principles and rules of the legal system. From this perspective, pre-contractual liability based on the obligation of good faith and other provisions of the civil code establish a principle of protection of reliance, especially when it comes to professional activities. Hence an important innovation that adds to contracts and illicit acts the reliance arising from qualified social contacts, as sources of a liability that can be called relational.

RESUMEN. El ensayo aborda el problema contemporáneo de las fuentes de la obligación a la luz del desarrollo del derecho que ha hecho emerger las obligaciones de protección -subespecie de obligaciones en el sentido clásico-. En particular, el artículo 1173 del Código Civil italiano, al prever como fuentes de las obligaciones los hechos o actos capaces de producirlas de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, se abre a una tipicidad progresiva: el juez, aunque no pueda crear obligaciones atípicas en sentido estricto, puede reconocer otras nuevas aplicando principios y normas generales del ordenamiento jurídico. Desde esta perspectiva, la responsabilidad precontractual basada en la obligación de buena fe y otras disposiciones del código civil establecen un principio de protección de la confianza especialmente cuando se trata de actividades profesionales. De ahí una importante innovación que suma a los contratos y hechos ilícitos la confianza surgida de contactos sociales calificados, como fuentes de una responsabilidad que puede denominarse relacional.

Abstract: This article investigates an under-discussed provision of the European Union’s (EU’s) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regarding genetic data, i.e., the right to be forgotten. The debate on this right came from the commercerelated side of data protection instead of the medical side. Thus, this article addresses the implications of the RTBF for the lawful processing of familial genetic data. The article develops a normative, ethically focused principles argument about interpreting genetic data’s right to be forgotten. It gives due consideration to autonomy, privacy, and human dignity. It argues that the individualistic approach of genetic privacy materialised through the extreme solution of data erasure is challenging to combine with familial and scientific research interests. The article suggests an interpretation of the GDPR according to bioethical principles and the inclusion of a specific exception regarding genetic data to prevent patients from claiming the right to be forgotten.

Resumen: Este artículo investiga una disposición poco debatida del Reglamento General de Protección de Datos (RGPD) de la Unión Europea (UE) relativa a los datos genéticos, es decir, el derecho al olvido. El debate sobre este derecho procede del lado de la protección de datos relacionados con el comercio en lugar de los aspectos médicos. En consecuencia, este artículo aborda las implicaciones del RTBF para el tratamiento legal de los datos genéticos familiares. El artículo desarrolla una argumentación normativa, centrada en principios éticos, acerca de la interpretación del derecho al olvido de los datos genéticos. Tiene debidamente en cuenta la autonomía, la intimidad y la dignidad humana. Sostiene que el enfoque individualista de la privacidad genética, materializado a través de la solución extrema del borrado de datos, es difícil de combinar con los intereses de la investigación familiar y científica. El artículo sugiere una interpretación del RGPD de acuerdo con los principios bioéticos y la inclusión de una excepción específica relativa a los datos genéticos, que evita que los pacientes reclamen el derecho a ser olvidados.

Resumo: Esse artigo investiga uma disposição pouco discutida do Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados (GDPR) da União Européia (EU) relacionado a dados genéticos, isto é, o direito ao esquecimento. O debate sobre esse direito veio do lado comercial da proteção de dados ao invés do lado médico. Assim, esse artigo aborda as implicações do RTBF para o processamento legal de dados genéticos familiares. O artigo desenvolve um argumento normativo, de princípios eticamente focados sobre a interpretação do direito ao esquecimento de dados genéticos. Ele dá a devida consideração à autonomia, privacidade e dignidade humana. Ele contesta que a abordagem individualista da privacidade genética, materializada através da solução extrema de apagamento de dados, desafia a combinação de interesses familiares e de pesquisa científica. O artigo sugere uma interpretação do GDPR de acordo com princípios bioéticos e a inclusão de uma exceção específica relacionada a dados genéticos para prevenir pacientes de reivindicarem o direito ao esquecimento.

Abstract This investigation uses the method of decision analysis to analyze the positioning of the Sergipe Court of Justice, between 2020 and 2022, about the refusal of companies that offer transportation service via app to effect or cancel to remain in their registry with drivers who respond to criminal proceedings without final and unappealable decisions. The analysis of the decisions is based on some strategic theoretical frameworks, as based on the concepts of sacrificial citizenship and the economization of law, neoliberalism as a rationality and a deep process, and capitalism as surveillance. As a result, it was identified that the TJSE prioritized the contractual autonomy, the freedom to guide objective safety criteria, the misalignment of drivers with the Term and Conditions for use over the principles of the presumption of innocence and the social function of the contract. To problematize this scenario, the article also questions about the (un)protection of workers' personal data by app, the lack of transparency in the use of new technologies to collect data regarding ongoing criminal cases as a way to reiterate old social or labor exclusions. Finally, it concludes on the approximation of the grounds handled by the Sergipe Court of Justice with the new economic demands of neoliberal management, such as the reduction of the constitutional pact in favor of corporate autonomy, both on the disposability of subjects and on the irregular capture of their personal data. 202 2022 frameworks law process surveillance result autonomy criteria contract scenario unprotection un protection workers exclusions Finally management 20 2

Resumo Esta investigação utiliza o método de análises de decisões para examinar o posicionamento do Tribunal de Justiça de Sergipe, entre 2020 e 2022, sobre a recusa das empresas que oferecem o serviço de transporte via aplicativo de efetivar ou de permanecer em seu cadastro com motoristas que respondem a processos criminais sem decisões transitadas em julgado. A análise das decisões parte de alguns marcos teóricos estratégicos, como o conceito de cidadania sacrificial e da economicização do direito, do neoliberalismo enquanto uma racionalidade e um processo profundo, do capitalismo como vigilância. Como resultado, identificou-se que o TJSE priorizou a autonomia contratual, a liberdade para pautar critérios objetivos de segurança, o desalinhamento dos motoristas com o Termo e as Condições para uso em detrimento dos princípios da presunção de inocência e da função social do contrato. Para problematizar este cenário o artigo ainda questiona sobre a (des)proteção dos dados pessoais dos trabalhadores por aplicativo, a falta de transparência na utilização de novas tecnologias para coletar dados referentes a processos criminais em andamento como forma de reiterar velhas exclusões sociais ou laborais. Por fim, conclui-se sobre a aproximação dos fundamentos manejados pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Sergipe com as novas exigências econômicas da gestão neoliberal, tal como a redução do pacto constitucional em benefício da autonomia empresarial, tanto sobre a descartabilidade dos sujeitos, como sobre a captação irregular de seus dados pessoais. 202 2022 julgado estratégicos direito profundo vigilância resultado identificouse identificou se contratual segurança contrato desproteção des proteção laborais fim concluise conclui neoliberal empresarial sujeitos 20 2

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

RESUMEN La investigación analizó desde el punto de vista crítico y jurídico el efecto del cumplimiento del principio de celeridad y resolución 061-2020 a la hora de ejecutar la citación, con respecto al debido proceso. El objetivo fue investigar desde el comportamiento casuístico en las Unidades Judiciales de Familia, Mujer, Niñez y Adolescencia en Guayaquil y Riobamba, en diciembre 2023, los argumentos jurídicos doctrinales para fundamentar la necesidad de cambios en esta resolución para evitar el efecto dilatorio que quebranta el Principio de Celeridad Procesal conforme a lo establecido en el art. 5 de la resolución. El trabajo posee un enfoque mixto con los métodos histórico-lógico, hermenéutico, inductivo y deductivo. Los datos fueron recabados mediante encuestas estructuradas aplicadas a la muestra y la revisión de casos de incumplimiento de celeridad procesal en las dos Unidades Judiciales en estudio. La citación procesal en materia de procesos de familia es importante, y su contenido doctrinario garantiza el acceso a la justicia, protección de derechos, preservación de pruebas y eficiencia del sistema judicial. Su contenido dogmático se basa en el acceso a la justicia, seguridad jurídica, economía y eficiencia procesal. Fueron encuestados 196 profesionales del derecho y se analizaron 1473 registros de citaciones. La comparación de las Unidades Judiciales en estudio evidencia que existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa p_valor= 0,00 entre la Unidad judicial Sur Valdivia y Riobamba con respecto al número de incumplimientos del principio de celeridad, siendo en Sur Valdivia de la ciudad de Guayaquil donde se presenta el mayor número de incumplimientos.

ABSTRACT The investigation analyzed from a critical and legal point of view the effect of compliance with the principle of speed and resolution 061-2020 when executing the summons, with respect to due process. The objective was to investigate, from the case-by-case behavior in the Family, Women, Children and Adolescents Judicial Units in Guayaquil city and Riobamba city, in December 2023, the doctrinal legal arguments to substantiate the need for changes in this resolution to avoid the dilatory effect that breaks the Principle of Procedural Speed in accordance with the provisions of art. 5 of the resolution. The work has a mixed approach with historical-logical, hermeneutic, inductive and deductive methods. The data were collected through structured surveys applied to the sample and the review of cases of non-compliance with procedural speed in the two Judicial Units under study. The procedural summons in matters of family proceedings is important, and its doctrinal content guarantees access to justice, protection of rights, preservation of evidence and efficiency of the judicial system. Its dogmatic content is based on access to justice, legal security, economy and procedural efficiency. 196 legal professionals were surveyed and 1,473 citation records were analyzed. The comparison of the Judicial Units under study shows that there is a statistically significant difference p_value= 0.00 between the Sur Valdivia and Riobamba judicial Unit with respect to the amount of non-compliance with the principle of speed, being in Sur Valdivia of the city of Guayaquil where it occurs the highest number of breaches.

ABSTRACT In the MAS Holding Boxing Club, in Sri Lanka, there are insufficiencies in the relationships between the organizational areas of the current structure and with it, little coherence of strategic actions to achieve the objectives of the sports institution; this is manifested in the poor stability of competitive results nationally and internationally, the above, associated with the fact that the organizational structure responds to very pragmatic and utilitarian criteria, is insufficient and has become a barrier that prevents creatively assuming the changes in the environment. The research aims to determine the components of a structure for the sports management of the MAS Holding Boxing Club, Sri Lanka. The result is in the theoretical conception of the organizational structure for the Mas Holding Boxing Club that responds to the legal, political and administrative foundations of the country, and responds to the demands for changes for the development of sporting activity. This structure is supported by principles such as efficiency, dynamic, flexible and innovative character and subject to change, depending on the scenarios presented to boxing.

RESUMO No MAS Holding Boxing Club, Sri Lanka, existem insuficiências nas relações entre as áreas organizacionais da estrutura atual e, com isso, pouca coerência de ações estratégicas para a consecução dos objetivos da instituição esportiva; isso se manifesta na pouca estabilidade dos resultados competitivos nacionais e internacionais, isso associado ao fato de que a estrutura organizacional responde a critérios muito pragmáticos e utilitários, é insuficiente e se tornou uma barreira que a impede de assumir, criativamente, as mudanças do ambiente. A pesquisa tem como objetivo determinar os componentes de uma estrutura para a gestão esportiva do MAS Holding Boxing Club, Sri Lanka. O resultado é a concepção teórica da estrutura organizacional do Mas Holding Boxing Club que atende aos fundamentos legais, políticos e administrativos do país e responde às demandas de mudança para o desenvolvimento da atividade esportiva. Essa estrutura se baseia em princípios como eficiência, caráter dinâmico, flexível e inovador e está sujeita a mudanças, de acordo com os cenários que surgem no boxe.

RESUMEN En el Club de Boxeo MAS Holding, en Sri Lanka, se constatan insuficiencias en las relaciones entre las áreas organizativas de la estructura actual y con ello, poca coherencia de acciones estratégicas para el logro de los objetivos de la institución deportiva; ello se manifiesta en la poca estabilidad de los resultados competitivos nacional e internacionalmente, lo anterior asociado a que la estructura organizativa responde a criterios muy pragmáticos y utilitarios, resulta insuficiente y se ha convertido en una barrera que impide asumir, creadoramente, los cambios del entorno. La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los componentes de una estructura para la gestión deportiva del Club de Boxeo MAS Holding, Sri Lanka. El resultado está en la concepción teórica de la estructura organizacional para el Club de Boxeo Mas Holding que responde a los fundamentos jurídicos, políticos y administrativos del país, y da respuesta a las exigencias de cambios para el desarrollo de la actividad deportiva. Se sostiene dicha estructura en principios como la eficiencia, el carácter dinámico, flexible e innovador y sujeta a cambios, según los escenarios que se presenten al boxeo.

Abstract The legal dimension of bioethics, known as biolaw, occupies an important place in discussions on this topic. For them to be recognized, various French bioethics legislations require a competent political authority: the civil authority whose apex is the French Constitution (FC), as the legal act and the fundamental law that establish the organization and functioning of the state. However, in the field where we touch on the human person, on the values and the fundamental principles, religious authority, such the Social Doctrine of the Church (SDC), has a role to play. This is the reference of values through which human conscience can exercise itself freely in political, social, and economic realities. Hence, what are the possible common themes between the FC and the SDC and what can personalist bioethics contribute to reconciling the two sides?

Resumen La dimensión jurídica de la bioética, denominada bioderecho, ocupa un lugar importante en los debates sobre este tema. Para que sean reconocidas, las distintas legislaciones francesas sobre bioética requieren una autoridad política competente: la autoridad civil, cuyo vértice es la Constitución francesa (CF), como acto jurídico y ley fundamental que establece la organización y el funcionamiento del Estado. Sin embargo, en el ámbito en el que tocamos a la persona humana, a los valores y a los principios fundamentales, la autoridad religiosa, como la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia (DSI), tiene un papel que desempeñar. Es la referencia de valores a través de la cual la conciencia humana puede ejercerse libremente en las realidades políticas, sociales y económicas. Así pues, ¿cuáles son los posibles temas comunes entre la CF y la DSI y qué puede aportar la bioética personalista para conciliar ambas vertientes?

In the course of the past three decades, the concept of "plain language" has garnered increasing attention. Recent developments have further solidified this field, given the International Federation for Plain Language's definition of plain language, as well as the introduction of an ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) Standard for plain language in 2023. These milestones suggest that plain language is set to play a more significant role in public communication. The International Federation for Plain Language defines plain language as communication in which the wording, structure, and design are so clear that the target audience can effortlessly find, understand, and use the information they need. However, this definition has faced criticism for its vagueness. In an effort to refine the definition, the ISO Plain Language Standard was introduced. It includes four governing principles: 1) Readers get the information they need; 2) Readers can easily find what they need; 3) Readers can easily understand what they find; and 4) Readers can easily use the information. Both the definitions of the ISO Standard and the International Federation for Plain Language concentrate on the understandability and usability of information in creating effective plain language documents. In this article, I argue that alongside understandability and usability, user experience should be considered as a third measurable element of success in plain language documents. Although existing research primarily focuses on usability and understanding, it gives limited attention to user experience, whereas I argue that user experience is a crucial factor in the creation of successful plain language documents. More specifically, I explore in this article the preference of respondents for plain language techniques used in documents in an attempt to establish a connection between the user's experience of these techniques and the document's usability and understandability. I also delve into users' overall experience with plain language documents and assess whether there is a correlation between overall experience and users' perceptions of specific plain language techniques. I further analyse users'experiences with plain language techniques within specific contexts, namely the medical, legal, and financial domains, to determine if the context influences their experience. In addition, I investigate the relationship between users'experiences with plain language techniques and extratextual factors, such as qualification, income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and their level of engagement with the document's content. This comprehensive analysis aims to clarify the role of user experience in the success of plain language documents and it potentially prompts a reconsideration of experience, in addition to understandability and usability, when creating successful plain language documents. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between respondents' experience of plain language techniques, understandability and usability, extratextual factors, and the contexts in which these documents are encountered. Data collection involved a questionnaire-based survey, with 506 respondents participating through convenience sampling. The survey was conducted on the SUNSurvey platform at Stellenbosch University and was shared across social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to target individuals matching specific population characteristics. Respondents read one of 18 selected plain language documents and answered questions about the documents. Extratextual information, such as respondents' highest qualification level, annual income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and the frequency with which they were exposed to the context, were collected. Engagement with the selected document was measured using Likert-scale statements. To assess understanding of the documents, factual questions were included, and usability questions were asked if respondents received one of the six forms that were tested. Experience with the plain language documents was also measured by means of Likert-scale statements. Importantly, respondents'experiences with specific plain language techniques were assessed, allowing them to express their experience with said techniques. The results of the study regarding respondents'experience of the plain language techniques used reveal overwhelmingly positive feedback. The Likert-scale ratings indicated that respondents across various demographic groups had favourable impressions of plain language techniques. This suggests that these techniques not only enhance document usability and understandability but are also well-received by users. The analysis of relationships between different variables yields intriguing findings. While many comparisons did not show statistically significant correlations, the noteworthy results are those that did. When examining respondents 'experiences with plain language techniques in documents across three contexts, no statistically significant relationship could be established, indicating positive experiences with these techniques across all contexts without contextual influence. In terms of understanding, most comparisons revealed a positive relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and understanding. This implies that respondents with more positive experiences better understood the documents, aligning with existing research and suggesting that improved understanding leads to more positive experiences. However, for usability there was no statistically significant relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and document usability, indicating that the study could not establish a clear link between these two factors. When considering extratextual factors, few statistically significant relationships were found. Only the respondents' home language showed a significant relationship with their experience of plain language techniques, suggesting that Afrikaans speakers had more positive experiences. For other extratextual factors, namely qualification, income level, and variety of Afrikaans, there were no significant correlations. In conclusion, this study highlights that positive experiences of plain language techniques are associated with better understandability, emphasising the importance of user experience in creating successful plain language documents. The results are positive for document designers, as diverse groups of people had positive experiences with these techniques, making plain language a tool for improving interactions with public documentation. This study suggests that considering user experience is crucial in defining plain language beyond just usability and understandability.

Die definisies van sowel die International Federation for Plain Language as die ISO Gewone Taal Standaard beklemtoon dat verstaanbaarheid en bruikbaarheid noodsaaklik is vir die skep van optimale gewonetaaldokumente. In hierdie studie voer ek egter aan dat daar 'n derde meetbare element van gewonetaaldokumente is wat 'n effek op die sukses daarvan het, naamlik die manier waarop die verbruiker die gewonetaaldokumente ervaar. Vir hierdie studie is ' n kwantitatiewe korrelasionele navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die verhouding tussen respondente se ervaring, verstaanbaarheid, en bruikbaarheid van gewone-taaldokumente, asook respondente se persoonlike eienskappe, en die kontekste waarin die gewonetaaldokumente voorkom, te bepaal. Opnamenavorsing met 'n vraelys as die data-insamelingsinstrument is uitgevoer en 506 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat respondente oor die algemeen positiewe ervarings met gewonetaaltegnieke in dokumente gehad het. Verder is 'n sterk positiewe verhouding tussen die ervaring en die verstaanbaarheid van die gewonetaaldokumente gevind. Dit dui aan dat 'n positiewe ervaring tot 'n beter begrip van die dokumente bydra. Dit is egter nie die geval met bruikbaarheid nie, aangesien geen statisties beduidende verhouding hier gevind is nie. Wat betref buitetekstuele faktore, het slegs huistaal 'n statisties beduidende invloed op die ervaring van gewonetaaltegnieke gehad. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat ervaring 'n belangrike faktor is in die sukses van gewonetaaldokumente, en gevolglik oorweeg moet word om ervaring as een van die elemente in die definisie van gewone taal in te sluit.

Resumen En Colombia, en el decreto 2376 de 2010 se exige a las instituciones de formación superior formar el talento humano en salud a través de la relación docencia-servicio, cumpliendo con los principios estipulados en la Constitución Política, las normas de salud y de educación. El objetivo de la actual investigación es describir la percepción del impacto generado por la prestación de servicios de atención psicológica brindados por un Consultorio Psicológico de una institución universitaria bajo el modelo docencia-servicio durante los años 2020-2021. El estudio presenta un diseño mixto de carácter exploratorio, con una muestra de 367 participantes, divididos entre miembros del comité docencia servicio, supervisores, practicantes profesionales y usuarios. Los resultados mostraron una percepción adecuada del impacto en los procesos formativos, de adquisición de competencias clínicas y de efectividad de los procesos terapéuticos empleados. Se discute acerca de la implementación de la relación docencia-servicio según las políticas legales vigentes y su ejecución en el proceso de prácticas profesionales. Se concluye que el acompañamiento a través del modelo de docencia-servicio permite garantizar un adecuado proceso formativo y de prestación de servicios de salud mental.

Abstract In Colombia, the Decree 2376 of 2010 requires higher education institutions to train human talent in health through the psychologist-internship relationship, complying with the principles stipulated in the Political Constitution, health and education regulations. The objective of the current research is to describe the perception of the impact generated by the provision of psychological care services provided by a psychological office form a university institution under the psychologist-internship model during the years 2020-2021. The study presents a mixed design of an exploratory nature; a sample of 367 participants divided between members of the psychologist-internship committee, supervisors, practitioners and users was collected. The results show an adequate perception of the impact on the training processes, the acquisition of clinical skills and the effectiveness of the therapeutic processes used. The implementation of the psychologist-internship relationship is discussed according to current legal policies and its execution in the process of professional practices. It is concluded that the accompaniment through the psychologist-internship model allows to guarantee an adequate training process and the provision of mental health services.

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating in the dental field and even patients are catching on to the trend. There is a form of perceived pressure mounting on practitioners to incorporate modern dental equipment and online services to accelerate treatment time or supplement the diagnosis with visual treatment planning. Many of these applications utilise AI as part of the software to process the inserted data. The use of these products in practice presents various ethical dilemmas the clinician would need to mitigate. Practitioners who own or are considering adding applications and equipment that are AI-based to their treatment repertoire have an ethical and legal responsibility to ensure that the best interest and safety of the patient are observed. Patient autonomy and protection of all information become a paramount consideration over and above improving profit or personal gain. By no means could the ethical dilemmas in this communication be exhausted, as the rapid AI innovation and the dynamic nature of technological advances have the potential to raise even more debate. As a fraternity, we need to be vigilant and remain grounded with the basic ethical principles underpinned by autonomy, patient confidentiality/ privacy and the practitioner-patient relationship.

Abstract This study focuses on the environmental issue in Portugal after the 25th of April, analysing the problem from three main perspectives: the contextual diachronic perspective of the critical Anthropocene construction; the relevance of the environmental issue at national and international level and environmental policies in the Portuguese legislative framework, involving questions relating to the normativity of environmental law, legislative discourse and the semantic value of the expressions "environmental quality", "nature conservation", "self-sustaining development", "sustainable development", "environmental education", "natural environment", and "human environment" as concepts associated with the evolution of environmental policies in post-April 25th Portugal. The question is that the Portuguese legal framework use of these concepts may contain an ambivalent valuation, oscillating between conservationist or environmentalist goals and developmentalist aims. The qualitative research methodology is mixed, using the exploratory and the comparative method according to the principles of concordance and difference in analysing legislative discourse.

ABSTRACT Death processes have been progressively transferred to hospital spaces due to biomedicalization and the use of technologies, generating important challenges for healthcare systems. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the lack of unified criteria and principles for a dignified death in the hospital. This study corresponds to a narrative review using Higgins & Green's methodological framework as a reference. A systematized search was carried out with the question: What are the elements considered in the decision-making of hospital teams regarding access and use of life support technology and dying processes in adult critically ill patients? The searches conducted during October 2022 in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, CINAHL, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Cochrane Library, and Scielo identified 1499 records for screening, and 148 were retrieved for full-text review. Eighty-four articles were included in the review, identifying seven categories. The evidence shows variability in decision-making associated with the clinical status of the patient, the criteria of the medical professional, added to structural elements of the health system and political-legal aspects. The literature recommends reflexive, dynamic, flexible, and individualized decision-making processes that consider the patient's preferences, clinical judgment, prognosis, and available resources. Communication, advance care planning, interdisciplinary discussions, external consultations, and the involvement of ethical committees are crucial throughout the process.

RESUMEN Los procesos de muerte han sido transferidos progresivamente a los espacios hospitalarios producto de la biomedicalización y el uso de tecnologías, generando importantes desafíos para los sistemas sanitarios. La pandemia por COVID-19 dejo al descubierto la falta de criterios unificados, y de principios para una muerte digna en el hospital. Este estudio corresponde a una revisión narrativa que utiliza como referencia el marco metodológico de Higgins & Green. Se realizó una búsqueda sistematizada con la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los elementos considerados en la toma de decisiones de equipos hospitalarios respecto al acceso y uso de la tecnología de soporte vital y procesos de muerte en pacientes críticos adultos? Las búsquedas realizadas durante octubre de 2022 en MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, CINAHL, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Cochrane Library y Scielo, identicaron1.499 registros para screening, 148 fueron recuperados para revisión en texto completo. 84 artículos fueron incluidos en la revisión, identificando siete categorías. La evidencia muestra variabilidad en la toma de decisiones asociada al estado clínico del paciente, al criterio del profesional médico, sumado a elementos estructurales del sistema sanitario y los aspectos político-legales. La literatura recomienda procesos de toma de decisiones reflexivos, dinámicos, flexibles e individualizados que consideren las preferencias del paciente, el juicio clínico, el pronóstico y los recursos disponibles. La comunicación, la planificación anticipada de los cuidados, los debates interdisciplinarios, las consultas externas y la participación de comités éticos son cruciales durante todo el proceso.

Abstract Criminal execution is a state activity based on the principles of certain, strict and exhaustive legality and jurisdictionality, which is why the rights and duties of prisoners must always comply with legal provisions. Despite this, the Brazilian Regional Federal Court of the 4th Region (TRF-4) has been imposed on the monitored person the burden of bearing the expenses arising from electronic monitoring, a burden that is not supported by Brazilian legislation that deals with the subject. For this reason, it is necessary to question, as a research problem: are these TRF-4 decisions legally correct? In view of this, this article aims to critically analyze the decisions of the TRF-4 in this sense and the main arguments used, in order to verify whether they are legally correct or mistaken, due to the lack of a explicit legal provision in this regard, which, in fact, came to be recognized on several occasions by the Brazilian Superior Tribunal of Justice (STJ). The choice of TRF-4 is justified by the significant number of Court decisions in this regard, as well as by the fact that the other Federal Regional Courts do not have sentences with this content and intention. The theoretical framework uses productions related to criminal execution and its principles of legality and jurisdiction. The research concludes that the aforementioned decisional action of the TRF-4 is out of step with the principles of legality and jurisdictionality in criminal execution. certain provisions th TRF4 TRF 4 (TRF-4 monitoring subject reason question problem TRF- used mistaken regard STJ. STJ . (STJ) intention jurisdiction (TRF- (STJ (TRF

Resumo A execução penal é atividade estatal pautada nos princípios da legalidade certa, estrita e taxativa e da jurisdicionalidade, razão pela qual os direitos e deveres dos presos devem sempre observar as determinações legais. Apesar disso, o Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região (TRF-4) vem impondo à pessoa monitorada o ônus de arcar com as despesas decorrentes da monitoração eletrônica, encargo que não encontra amparo na legislação brasileira que trata do assunto. Por essa razão, impõe-se questionar, a título de problema de pesquisa: estas decisões do TRF-4 estão juridicamente corretas? Diante disso, este artigo objetiva analisar criticamente as decisões do TRF-4 nesse sentido e os principais argumentos utilizados, a fim de verificar se estão juridicamente corretas ou equivocadas, em virtude da inexistência de disposição legal taxativa nesse intuito, o que, inclusive, veio a ser reconhecido em diversas oportunidades pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). A escolha pelo TRF-4 é justificada pelo número significativo de decisões da Corte nesse sentido, bem como pelo fato de os demais Tribunais Regionais Federais não possuírem sentenças com esse teor e intuito. O referencial teórico recorre a produções relativas à execução penal e seus princípios da legalidade e jurisdicionalidade. A pesquisa conclui que a referida atuação decisional do TRF-4 está em descompasso com os princípios da legalidade e da jurisdicionalidade na execução penal. certa legais disso ª TRF4 TRF 4 (TRF-4 eletrônica assunto impõese impõe questionar TRF- utilizados equivocadas intuito inclusive STJ. STJ . (STJ) (TRF- (STJ (TRF

Abstract This article aims to address the meta-legal relations between the management of the speed of the criminal process and the social constraints arising from neoliberal reason. To this end, it is based on the premise established by Foucault and deepened by Dardot and Laval that neoliberalism has become socially rooted to the point of transmuting from a simple economic model to a rationality that spreads to the most diverse social fields. The work is guided by the question: are there harmful effects beyond the loss of quality in the motivation of decisions with the adoption of efficiency logic by the criminal judge? The objective is to verify whether the management principles of this reason may be harmful to the proper functioning of the criminal process. This is an exploratory, interdisciplinary research, based exclusively on bibliographical references. The conclusion is that there are no conditions for intensifying the pace of the criminal process without a loss of quality that is not only technical, but also democratic, since acceleration without other measures ends up catalyzing authoritarian clots that have never been completely expunged from the Brazilian system of criminal procedure. metalegal meta legal end fields question judge exploratory research references technical democratic procedure

Resumo Trata-se de artigo que visa abordar as relações metajurídicas entre a gestão da velocidade do processo penal e os constrangimentos sociais oriundos da razão neoliberal. Para tal, partiu-se da premissa instituída por Foucault e aprofundada por Dardot e Laval de que o neoliberalismo se arraigou socialmente ao ponto de se transmutar de um simples modelo econômico a uma racionalidade que se espalha para os mais diversos campos sociais. O trabalho é guiado pela pergunta: há efeitos deletérios para além da perda da qualidade da motivação das decisões com a adoção da lógica eficientista pelo juiz penal? O objetivo é verificar se os princípios de gestão dessa razão podem ser perniciosos ao bom funcionamento do processo penal. É pesquisa de cunho exploratório, de cariz interdisciplinar, calcada em referencial bibliográfico, exclusivamente. Ao cabo, conclui-se que não há condições de se intensificar o ritmo do processo penal sem haver uma perda de qualidade não só técnica, mas também democrática, visto que o aceleramento desprovido de outras medidas acaba por catalisar coágulos autoritários nunca completamente expurgados do sistema processual penal brasileiro. Tratase Trata neoliberal tal partiuse partiu pergunta exploratório interdisciplinar bibliográfico exclusivamente cabo concluise conclui técnica democrática brasileiro

Resumo O presente artigo é resultado de uma análise comparada entre as diversas espécies de sistemas eleitorais, com o fim de estabelecer as bases para uma justiça eleitoral. São estudadas as principais características de sistemas eleitorais, no que diz respeito às suas funções normativas, executivas e jurisdicionais, bem como a independência e autonomia entre elas; à sua alocação em uma das três esferas de poder estatal; ao recrutamento, à carreira e às prerrogativas dos membros que a integram; e aos princípios fundamentais e diretrizes que orientam suas decisões. O objeto da pesquisa contempla direitos nacionais representativos de sistemas jurídicos de influência do common law e do civil law e, com lastro em normas internacionais, a justiça eleitoral é situada como uma instituição indispensável para a salvaguarda de direitos fundamentais, sob a ótica dos direitos humanos. De modo qualitativo, com suporte legislativo e doutrinário, enseja-se uma exposição e a reflexão sobre as conformações da justiça eleitoral, seus estândares mínimos e o papel que ela desempenha na manutenção de uma democracia. eleitorais normativas jurisdicionais elas estatal recrutamento integram decisões internacionais humanos qualitativo doutrinário ensejase enseja se democracia

Abstract This article is the result of a comparative analysis of the various types of electoral systems, with the aim of establishing the foundations of electoral justice. The main characteristics of electoral systems are studied in terms of their normative, executive and adjudicative functions, as well the independence and autonomy among them; the allocation of such functions to one of the three spheres of state power; the recruitment, career and prerogatives of their members; and the main principles and guidelines orienting their decisions. The research is focused on national rights representative of legal systems influenced by common law and civil law. Based on international norms, electoral justice is contextualized as an indispensable mechanism of safeguarding fundamental rights from a human rights perspective. With a qualitative approach, supported by legislation and legal doctrine, the paper presents and reflects on the forms of electoral justice, its minimum standards, and the role played by such justice in the maintenance of a democracy. The research is focused on the subject of national rights representative of legal systems influenced by common law and civil law; with support from international norms, electoral justice is contextualized as an indispensable institution to safeguard fundamental rights from the perspective of human rights. In a qualitative approach, with support from legislative and doctrinal texts, the article provides an exposition and reflection on the forms of electoral justice, the minimum standards and the role played by such justice in maintaining a democracy. normative them power recruitment members decisions norms approach doctrine democracy texts