Resumen En este artículo se cuestiona la evolución del grado de integración regional en lo referente al tema migratorio con el fin de reflexionar en torno al nivel de consolidación de la gobernanza regional migratoria (GRM) en Argentina y Uruguay -Estados partes del Acuerdo sobre Residencia del Mercosur (ARM)-, y en Colombia y Perú -países asociados del mismo Acuerdo-, en un contexto de alto flujo migratorio de ciudadanos venezolanos por esta subregión suramericana. La metodología utilizada combina las perspectivas cualitativa y cuantitativa. Se demuestra que en Argentina y Uruguay se aplicó el ARM en convergencia hacia una GRM con instituciones regionales fuertes y una regulación migratoria alineada con el ARM; sin embargo, en Colombia y Perú no se aplicó el acuerdo, pero se asumieron instrumentos jurídicos ad hoc con una convergencia débil hacia una GRM y se subraya la urgencia de aplicar una gobernanza de la migración regional.

Abstract This document questions how the degree of integration in the region is evolving concerning the migration issue, which allows us to reflect on how consolidated the migration regional governance (GRM) is in countries such as Argentina and Uruguay, which are Member States of the Mercosur Residence Agreement (ARM) and Colombia and Peru which are associate countries to this same agreement, in a context of the high level of Venezuelan emigration through this South American subregion. A mixed methodology, qualitatively and quantitatively, was used. It was evidenced that Argentina and Uruguay applied the Mercosur Residence Agreement, with convergence towards a GRM; however, neither Colombia nor Peru applied the ARM until today, but instead, they have adopted ad hoc legal instruments, with which the convergence towards a GRM is weak, and the urgency of the application of regional migration governance is underlined.

ABSTRACT This article aims to elucidate the legal situation of the incarcerated population with disabilities in Peru. To achieve this, a study is conducted on individuals with disabilities within the Peruvian penal reality, followed by an analysis of the corresponding legal framework and local progress and challenges regarding their rights. Proposed improvements to the prison system aim to enhance accessibility, availability, acceptability, and inclusion in correctional facilities. These enhancements involve treating vulnerability with humane considerations, replacing the traditional rehabilitative policy as the primary purpose of punishment. Additionally, the establishment of penal execution courts is proposed for processing penitentiary benefits. A qualitative methodology with a documentary design and descriptive scope is employed. As a key finding, given the extreme vulnerability of the incarcerated population with disabilities in Peru, there is a highlighted need to imbue the prison sentence with distributive political foundations, aligning with international Human Rights standards prioritizing the reduction of structural barriers. In this regard, the adoption of a humane treatment policy and the implementation of penal execution courts are deemed viable measures to reduce the vulnerability of inmates with disabilities and promote the respect of their fundamental rights.

RESUMEN En este artículo se busca explicar la situación jurídica de la población penitenciaria con discapacidad en el Perú. Para ello, se realiza un estudio sobre las personas con discapacidad dentro de la realidad penitenciaria peruana, seguido por el análisis del marco jurídico respectivo, así como los avances y desafíos locales de sus derechos. Se propone mejoras al sistema penitenciario en aras de brindar una mayor accesibilidad, disponibilidad, aceptabilidad e inclusión en los establecimientos carcelarios. Estas mejoras consisten en el trato humano de la vulnerabilidad en reemplazo de la política resocializadora tradicional en tanto finalidad de la pena y la instauración de juzgados de ejecución penal para el procesamiento de los beneficios penitenciarios. Se emplea una metodología cualitativa con diseño documental y alcance descriptivo. Por último, como principales hallazgos, dada la extrema vulnerabilidad en que vive la población penitenciaria con discapacidad en el Perú, se destaca la necesidad de dotar a la pena de prisión de fundamentos políticos distributivos, facilitando así la alineación con estándares internacionales de derechos humanos que prioricen la reducción de barreras estructurales. En este respecto, es viable la adopción de la política del trato humano y la implementación de juzgados de ejecución penal con la finalidad de reducir la vulnerabilidad de los reclusos con discapacidad y promover el respeto de sus derechos fundamentales.

Resumen La delincuencia empresarial moviliza simultáneamente la represión penal como la represión administrativa, ambos instrumentos confluyen en la estabilización de las expectativas normativas de manera autónoma y diferenciada, sin embargo, la perspectiva tradicional de la relación entre estas dos materias ha fallado relativamente en ofrecer una clara diferenciación. El objetivo de este artículo se circunscribirá entonces a brindar una distinción funcionalista de ambos subsistemas jurídicos, en lo que concierne al ámbito económico. La metodología aplicada consistirá en una relectura de la sanción penal y la sanción administrativa a través del funcionalismo-sistémico que posee la capacidad de plantear una vía alternativa original para este impase doctrinal. Este estudio tomará como ilustración el comportamiento de insider trading en materia bursátil. Se concluye que dos distinciones funcionales son identificables entre sanción administrativa y sanción penal, la primera concerniente en la naturaleza de las expectativas normativas que tienen como objetivo estabilizar cada una y, en segundo lugar, el contenido comunicativo de cada sanción en el marco de la teoría de los medios de comunicación simbólicamente generalizados.

Abstract Corporate crime simultaneously triggers both criminal repression and administrative repression. Both mechanisms converge in stabilizing normative expectations autonomously and differentially. However, the traditional perspective on the relationship between these two subjects has relatively failed to provide a clear differentiation. Therefore, the functionalist-systemic perspective could propose an original alternative approach to this doctrinal impasse. The purpose of this article will then be limited to providing a functionalist distinction between the two legal subsystems as regards the economic sphere. The methodology applied will consist of a rereading of the criminal sanction and the administrative sanction through the functionalism-system that possesses an ability to propose an original alternative way for this doctrinal impasse. This study using insider trading behavior in the stock market as an illustration. It is concluded that two functional distinctions are identifiable between administrative sanction and criminal sanction, the first concerning the nature of the normative expectations that aim to stabilize each and second, the communicative content of each sanction within the framework of symbolically generalized media theory.

ABSTRAT Introduction: Workplace violence in health workers is a public health problem, which has been increasing worldwide, including in Portugal, with a more pronounced growth with the COVID-19 pandemic, and that can have consequences for the physical and mental health of these workers and for the own health services. For these reasons, this article pretends to make a brief theoretical reflection on this phenomenon, which could contribute to a better understanding of it, particularly from the perspective of prevention and intervention. Results: It is a global complex and multifaceted phenomena, which can be defined as any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation or others disruptive/threatening behaviours that occur in the workplace, and is considered as one of the more serious situations an occupational context, which threatens the safety and health of workers and that can affect their health (mental and physical), well-being and dignity, with adverse repercussions, including on working conditions. From the analysis of the NOTIFICA system records and the other consulted literature, we verified that most of these situations have occurred in urgency services and were related to moral harassment and verbal violence. Most of the victims were nurses or doctors and the majority of attackers were users/patients, family members and colleagues. Although it is recognized that these occurrences are underreported, we also realized that the number of judicial investigations is reduced when compared to the number of notifications. Final considerations: This is a multifactorial public health phenomenon, needing an integrated and systemic intervention model based on the following dimensions: individual (relating to the victim and the aggressor); situational and contextual (relating to the situation that triggered the conflict and the context in which it occurred); organizational (relating to human resources, the work environment and the organisation of services); societal (relating to the role of the media and social networks); legal penal and the judicial system (relating to the existing legal framework and the functioning of the judicial system); and political (relating to the organisation of the Health System, in particular the National Health Service).

RESUMO Introdução: A violência no trabalho em profissionais de saúde é um problema de Saúde Pública, que tem vindo a aumentar mundialmente, incluindo em Portugal, verificando-se um crescimento mais acentuado com a pandemia pela Covid-19, com eventuais consequências para a saúde física e mental destes funcionários e para os próprios serviços de saúde. Por estas razões, pretende-se com este artigo de opinião fazer uma breve reflexão teórica sobre este fenómeno, que possa contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do mesmo, designadamente na perspetiva da prevenção e da intervenção. Resultados: Trata-se de um fenómeno global, complexo e multifacetado, que pode ser definido como qualquer ato e ameaça de violência física, assédio, intimidação ou outros comportamentos perturbadores/ameaçadores que ocorram no local de trabalho, eventualmente ameaçando a segurança e a saúde física e/ou mental dos trabalhadores, com possíveis repercussões adversas, nomeadamente nas condições de trabalho. Da análise dos registos do sistema NOTIFICA e também da restante literatura consultada, verificou-se que a maioria destas situações ocorreram em serviços de urgência, nomeadamente em contexto de assédio moral e a violência verbal. Verificou-se que a maioria das vítimas foram enfermeiros ou médicos e a maioria dos agressores foram utentes/doentes, familiares ou colegas. Embora se reconheça haver subnotificação destas ocorrências, também se constatou que o número de inquéritos judiciais é reduzido, quando comparado com o número de notificações. Considerações finais: Este fenómeno deverá ter uma abordagem integrada e sistémica, nas suas dimensões individual (respeitante à vítima e ao agressor); situacional e do contexto (relacionadas com a situação que desencadeou o conflito e com o contexto da sua ocorrência); organizacional (relacionada com recursos humanos, ambiente de trabalho e organização dos serviços); societal (relacionada com o papel da comunicação social e das redes sociais); jurídico-penal e do sistema judicial (relacionadas com o quadro legal existente e o funcionamento do sistema judicial) e política (relacionada com a organização do Sistema de Saúde, em particular do Serviço Nacional de Saúde).

Abstract Territory is a legal institute central to Modern Law. In modernity it has been reduced to land, a neutral and universal physical unit, a good that can be traded on the market. Human Geography - especially with Milton Santos - has added complexity to space, showing that it is a social production, where life takes place. Territory has acquired a prominent epistemological status not only for Geography, but also for Law, becoming a central legal institute in the defense of different subjects and dignities. The objective of this article is to delve into the complex interdependence between subjects and territories, making an epistemological dive into this relationship, using the Cultural-Historical theory of subjectivity as a framework. Thus, the problem faced is: what epistemic deepening can the Cultural-Historical theory of subjectivity and human geography provide for the understanding of the legal institute of territory? It is hoped that the conclusions of this article might contribute to the effort to analyze territory as a complex legal institute, inseparable from its subjects and the defense of multiple dignities. Law land unit market space production place dignities territories relationship CulturalHistorical Cultural Historical framework Thus

Resumo O território é um instituto jurídico central para o Direito Moderno. Na modernidade foi reduzido à terra, unidade física neutra e universal, um bem capaz de ser comercializado no mercado. A Geografia Humana - em especial com Milton Santos - tem agregado complexidade ao espaço, mostrando que ele é uma produção social, onde a vida se realiza. O território tem adquirido um status epistemológico de destaque não apenas para a Geografia, mas também para o Direito, sendo redescoberto como um instituto jurídico - objeto de diversas reformulações quanto ao seu conteúdo. O objetivo do artigo é fazer uma releitura da noção jurídica de território por meio de um mergulho epistemológico, com base nas contribuições da geografia humana e da teoria Histórico-Cultural da subjetividade como referenciais teóricos. Assim, o problema enfrentado é: quais aprofundamentos epistêmicos a teoria Histórico-Cultural da subjetividade e a geografia humana podem proporcionar para a compreensão do instituto jurídico do território? Espera-se, com este artigo, contribuir com as reflexões do território como um instituto jurídico complexo, indissociável de seus sujeitos e da defesa de múltiplas dignidades. Moderno terra universal mercado espaço social realiza conteúdo HistóricoCultural Histórico Cultural teóricos Assim Esperase, Esperase Espera se, Espera-se complexo dignidades

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo visibilizar el proceso de institucionalización, participación y conflicto social en torno a la gestión y manejo del agua potable en Costa Rica y estima como punto de arranque la segunda década del siglo XX, la cual discurre hacia la construcción de un eficaz modelo centralizado-descentralizado a partir de la década de 1970. Dicho proceso es analizado mediante la identificación de tres periodos históricos diferenciados mediante los cuales se pretende explicar el continuun, cambios, vacíos y conflictos de intereses del modelo de gestión del agua y su marco jurídico. El principal hallazgo es mostrar o poner en evidencia que la participación comunitaria bajo el mencionado modelo de gestión centralizado-descentralizado, aún vigente, ha garantizado la protección del agua para el bien común y parece ser, hasta ahora, una coraza legal-institucionalizada que impide la privatización del líquido vital. Se concluye que los intentos de privatizar la disponibilidad del agua potable con fines comerciales, no ha conseguido distorsionar la función social del Estado, la cual es proteger y garantizar el agua como un bien público.

Résumé Cet article vise à rendre visible le processus d'institutionnalisation, de participation et de conflit social lié à la gestion et à la distribution de l'eau potable au Costa Rica. Il prend comme point de départ la deuxième décennie du XXe siècle qui mène à la construction d'un modèle efficace centralisé-décentralisé à partir des années 1970. Ce processus est analysé en identifiant trois périodes historiques distinctes pour expliquer la continuité, les changements, les lacunes et les conflits d'intérêts du modèle de gestion de l'eau et de son cadre juridique. La découverte principale consiste à mettre en évidence que la participation communautaire sous le modèle de gestion centralisé-décentralisé, toujours en vigueur, a garanti la protection de l'eau pour le bien commun. Jusqu'à présent, il semble être une protection légale-institutionnalisée empêchant la privatisation du liquide vital. On a conclu que les tentatives de privatisation de l'accès à l'eau potable à des fins commerciales n'ont pas réussi à déformer la fonction sociale de l'État, qui est de protéger et de garantir l'eau en tant que bien public.

Abstract This article aims to shed light on the process of institutionalization, participation, and social conflict regarding the management of drinking water in Costa Rica. It takes the second decade of the 20th century as its starting point, leading towards the construction of an effective centralized-decentralized model from the 1970s. This process is analyzed by identifying three distinct historical periods, through which the article seeks to explain the continuum, changes, gaps, and conflicting interests of the water management model and its legal framework. The main finding highlights that community participation under the mentioned centralized-decentralized management model, still in force, has ensured the protection of water for the common good. It appears to be, up to now, a legally institutionalized shield preventing the privatization of this vital resource. The conclusion is that attempts to privatize the availability of drinking water for commercial purposes have not succeeded in distorting the social function of the State, which is to protect and guarantee water as a public good.

Abstract The research examines political control as an institution inherent to public corporations, contrasted with executive authorities to mitigate the concentration of political power within the framework of constitutional sovereignty in Colombia. Its aim is to scrutinize the normative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential frameworks to address the following legal question: What are the constitutional legal mechanisms and developments of congressional political control in the Colombian legal system? The study is conducted in a descriptive and qualitative manner to identify and describe the different models of political control, as well as the associated constitutional and legal procedures.

Resumen La investigación analiza el control político como una institución inherente a las corporaciones públicas, en contraste con las autoridades ejecutivas para mitigar la concentración del poder político dentro del marco de la soberanía constitucional en Colombia. Su objetivo es examinar los marcos normativos, doctrinales y jurisprudenciales para resolver la siguiente pregunta jurídica: ¿Cuáles son los mecanismos y desarrollos jurídicos de control constitucional sobre el control político congresional en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano? El estudio se realiza de manera descriptiva y cualitativa para identificar y describir los distintos modelos de control político, así como los procedimientos constitucionales y legales asociados.

Resumen El uso de armas de fuego provenientes de naciones extranjeras es determinante en la ampliación y aumento de resultados mortales en la dinámica de seguridad latinoamericana. Este documento busca explorar los debates teóricos existentes respecto a este tema en el marco del derecho internacional público. Se propone como hipótesis que, aunque existen elementos de soft law en el derecho internacional público, la implementación de una respuesta jurídico-institucional estaría sostenida únicamente a través del derecho a la seguridad colectiva, el cual no ha sido completamente definido en el derecho internacional. El texto propone que el deber de garantía de los Estados también se relaciona con las responsabilidades de las personas jurídicas de derecho privado en su deber de respetar la normativa, tanto nacional como internacional. Por lo tanto, cualquier esfuerzo futuro para controlar el flujo de armamento implica respuestas coordinadas e intraestatales para otorgar niveles de obligatoriedad al Derecho Internacional.

Abstract The use of firearms from foreign nations is a determining factor in the expansion and increase of lethal results in Latin American security dynamics. This paper seeks to explore the existing theoretical debates on this issue within the framework of public international law. It is proposed as a hypothesis that, although there are elements of soft law in public international law, the implementation of a legal-institutional response would be sustained only through the right to collective security, which has not been fully defined in international law. The text proposes that the duty of guarantee of states also relates to the responsibilities of private law legal persons in their duty to respect both national and international law. Therefore, any future effort to control the flow of armaments implies coordinated and intrastate responses to make international law binding.

The categorization of artisanal and small-scale mining has a significant impact on perception and understanding of the sector, particularly from a livelihood perspective. Several developing countries classify different types of artisanal and small-scale mining based on legal status. Given the nature such activities, the tragedy of the commons theory has been applied to understand the inevitable environmental, economic, sociocultural, safety, and health negative externalities - which are products of informality and illegality. Consequently, formalization is a panacea to sustainability. This article aims to offer a conceptual organization and foundational knowledge for characterization of artisanal and small-scale mining. It seeks to identify existing literature on the subject to avoid replication and acknowledge other scholars. Moreover, the article aims to place the study within the context of existing literature, establishing relationships with other studies and why the research is necessary. This paper pinpoints gaps left from other studies in so far as the characterization of artisanal and small-scale mining is concerned. Thus, reviewing literature abetted in finding similarities and differences on how artisanal and small-scale mining is defined from a scholarly and legal basis. The paper ascertains major claims made by earlier research on this topic, such as environmental impacts, the lack of adequate regulatory framework, and presents querying and probing questions lacking from other studies.

Resumen Los linchamientos implican una relación problemática con el derecho, con puntos de encuentro y desencuentro. Por otra parte, este tipo de acciones no constituyen hechos aislados en Chile, de ahí la pertinencia de reflexionar sobre la representación social de estas acciones. Para ello utilizamos como marco analítico los conceptos de conciencia jurídica y alienación legal y revisamos prensa escrita relativa a este tipo de acciones La literatura relativa a la conciencia jurídica postula que nuestra vida cotidiana está en gran medida articulada por las percepciones que tenemos de lo que es o no legal. Desafiando esta literatura, la noción de alienación legal describe la experiencia cotidiana con el derecho como una relación de extrañeza. El análisis de prensa es relevante si consideramos que estos discursos contribuyen a dar forma a los contenidos del pensamiento cotidiano. Los resultados nos muestran que los relatos periodísticos sobre los linchamientos hacen referencia a las categorías propias del derecho, sin embargo, la conciencia jurídica que se expresa en ellos está atravesada por la alienación legal. Lo jurídico aparece, pero emerge con un carácter más bien nominal en el discurso.

Abstract Lynching poses a complex relationship with the law, featuring both points of convergence and divergence. Furthermore, these occurrences are not isolated incidents within Chile, underscoring the importance of contemplating the societal perception of such actions. To delve into this, we employ the analytical framework of legal consciousness and legal alienation, examining printed media narratives related to these occurrences. Existing literature on legal consciousness suggests that our everyday life is significantly influenced by our perceptions of legality. However, challenging this perspective, the concept of legal alienation characterizes the everyday interaction with the law as somewhat estranged. Analyzing press coverage is essential as these narratives actively shape the prevailing mindset. Our findings illustrate that journalistic portrayals of lynchings reference legal constructs. Nevertheless, the legal consciousness expressed within these narratives is heavily influenced by a sense of legal alienation. While legal aspects are present, they often retain a nominal status in the discourse.

Resumen En nuestra experiencia de investigación con expedientes judiciales por el delito de trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual, hemos identificado un mecanismo recurrente mediante el cual personas que participan del mercado sexual, apropiándose de los dispositivos antitrata, realizan denuncias en sede policial o judicial para procesar conflictos interpersonales o disputas por las condiciones de trabajo y el incumplimiento del arreglo laboral. Algunas de estas denuncias evidencian situaciones de abuso de poder, violencias, conflictos y rivalidades en el marco de arreglos laborales y relaciones que funcionan en un marco de ilegalismos, y que no disponen —ya sea por los modos de vida de los/las involucrados/as o del asunto controvertido— de un mecanismo institucionalizado para su resolución. Otras dan cuenta de intencionalidades más precisas por parte de actores que buscan venganza frente a hechos que consideran agraviantes o injustos. En este trabajo analizamos tres causas judiciales por trata de personas que tramitaron en distintas jurisdicciones del país, las cuales nos permiten explorar desde una perspectiva antropológica, por un lado, la lógica que subyace a estos conflictos y venganzas desde el punto de vista de los/as actores, y por el otro, los efectos de su traducción en términos de la lengua legal. Así una «escucha» antropológica de los expedientes permite una lectura contextualizada de los relatos de las muchas veces consideradas «víctimas» por el dispositivo judicial, brindando una alternativa a la dicotomía «víctima» o «trabajadora» como identidades esencializadas.

Abstract In our research experience with judicial files for crimes of trafficking in persons for the purposes of sexual exploitation, we have identified a recurring mechanism by which people who participate in the sexual commerce , appropriating anti-trafficking policies, make complaints to the police or judicial headquarters. to process interpersonal conflicts or disputes over the conditions of the employment arrangement. Some of these complaints show situations of abuse of power, violence, conflicts and rivalries within the framework of work arrangements and relationships that operate within a framework of illegality, and that do not have —either due to the lifestyles of those involved or the controversial issue— of an institutionalized mechanism for its resolution. Others report more precise intentions on the part of actors who seek revenge against events that they consider offensive or unfair. In this work we analyze three judicial cases for human trafficking that were processed in different jurisdictions of the country, which allow us to explore from an anthropological perspective, on the one hand, the logic that underlies these conflicts and revenge from the point of view of the the actors, and on the other, the effects of their translation in terms of the legal language. Thus, an anthropological «listening» of the files allows a contextualized reading of the narratives of those often considered «victims» by the judicial system, providing an alternative to the dichotomy «victim» or «worker» as essentialized identities.

ABSTRACT This study seeks to analyze the existing regulatory framework in Paraguay for provisions for stu- dents with high intellectual abilities, to identify challenges and opportunities. A qualitative and cross-sectional approach was employed, using a descriptive and exploratory methodology for the bibliographic analysis of relevant legislation. The analysis revealed a general and specific le- gal framework, focusing on Law 5136/13 and Resolution 1188/23, which addresses provisions for children and adolescents with high abilities. The importance of developing policies that improve the access of these students to quality programs is highlighted, especially of those students with limited resources. Additionally, it suggests the promotion of educational excellence, both within and outside Paraguay, anticipating and responding to the specific challenges faced by this group. The research underscores the need for inclusive and effective policies to support the comprehensive development of students with high abilities at different educational stages.

RESUMEN Este estudio busca analizar el marco normativo existente en Paraguay para la atención a estudiantes con altas capacidades intelectuales, con el fin de identificar desafíos y oportunidades. Se empleó un enfoque cualitativo y transversal, utilizando una metodología descriptiva y exploratoria para el análisis bibliográfico de la legislación relevante. El análisis reveló un marco legal general y específico, centrado en la Ley 5136/13 y la Resolución 1188/23, que aborda la atención de niños y adolescentes con altas capacidades. Se destaca la importancia de desarrollar políticas que mejoren el acceso de estos estudiantes, especialmente aquellos con recursos limitados, a programas de calidad. Se sugiere la promoción de la excelencia educativa, tanto dentro como fuera de Paraguay, anticipando y respondiendo a los desafíos específicos que enfrenta este grupo. La investigación subraya la necesidad de políticas inclusivas y efectivas para apoyar el desarrollo integral de estudiantes con altas capacidades en diferentes etapas educativas.

Resumen Esta investigación aborda el desarrollo de los criptoactivos, a través de la historia, y su relevancia actual en los mercados financieros internacionales. Se concentra en cómo se han implementado en el mercado costarricense, además de sus repercusiones en la economía actual. A partir de este marco económico, se aborda la problemática sobre el marco legal aplicable, especialmente, si son objeto de regulación económica del Estado, sea como equivalente al dinero o como mecanismo de inversión. Se concluye que tienen una existencia relevante en el mercado financiero costarricense, pero, a pesar de ello, en Costa Rica, no existe un marco jurídico vigente que alcance para su regulación.

Abstract This research addresses the development of crypto assets throughout history and their current relevance in international financial markets. It focuses on how they have been implemented in the Costa Rican market, as well as their impact on the current economy. Based on this economic framework, the issue of applicable legal regulation is addressed, especially whether they are subject to economic regulation by the State, either as an equivalent to money or as an investment mechanism. It is concluded that they have a relevant existence in the Costa Rican financial market, but despite this, there is no current legal framework that extends to their regulation.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a governanca das empresas públicas subnacionais a partir da consideracao das formas como o controle estatal se expressa nos marcos juridico-institucionais em nivel provincial na Argentina. Com base em uma abordagem qualitativa com fins descritivos, foram levantadas as regulamentacoes das 24 jurisdicoes provinciais argentinas. Entre as conclusoes, destaca-se que todas as jurisdicoes apresentam um esquema de relacionamento descentralizado com as suas empresas, através do ministerio setorial correspondente, incluindo, em alguns casos, a existencia de órgaos transversais de controle e supervisao.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la gobernanza de las empresas públicas subnacionales, a partir de la consideración de las formas en que se expresa el control estatal en los marcos legales-institucionales a nivel provincial en Argentina. Desde un abordaje cualitativo con fines descriptivos, se relevaron normativas de las 24 jurisdicciones provinciales argentinas. Entre los hallazgos se destaca que la totalidad de las jurisdicciones presenta un esquema de relación con sus empresas de carácter descentralizado, mediante el ministerio sectorial correspondiente, incluyendo, en algunos casos, la existencia de instancias transversales de control y supervisión.

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to analyze the governance of subnational public enterprises by considering how state control is expressed in the legal institutional frameworks at the provincial level in Argentina. Based on a qualitative approach with descriptive purposes, regulations of the 24 Argentine provincial jurisdictions were surveyed. Among the findings, it is highlighted that all the jurisdictions present a decentralized scheme of relationship with their companies, through the corresponding sectorial ministry, including, in some cases, the existence of transversal instances of control and supervision.

Abstract The aging of the world population intensifies discussions about the inadequacy of cities to meet the needs of older people. Free public transport is not enough to provide greater inclusion for this age group. This article aims to present reflections on the effectiveness of free public transport for the inclusion of older people in the city of São Paulo. Qualitative, exploratory research and a documentary survey were carried out. As a result, complementary items are suggested for the implementation of free public transport for older people, relating to public policies, infrastructure, transport systems, education, and incorporation of technologies. It is concluded that these suggestions contribute to the proposition of aspects to be addressed in future studies and the new Legal Framework for Collective Public Transport, aiming at more inclusive cities. group Paulo Qualitative out result policies infrastructure systems education technologies Transport

Resumo O envelhecimento da população mundial acirra as discussões sobre a inadequação das cidades às suas necessidades. A gratuidade no transporte público não basta para proporcionar maior inclusão da pessoa idosa. Este artigo visa apresentar reflexões acerca da efetividade do transporte público gratuito para a inclusão de pessoas idosas na cidade de São Paulo. Realizaram-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, e um levantamento documental. Como resultado, sugerem-se itens complementares à implementação da gratuidade no transporte público para pessoas idosas, relativos a políticas públicas, infraestrutura, sistemas de transporte, educação e incorporação de tecnologias. Conclui-se que essas sugestões contribuem para a proposição de aspectos a serem endereçados em estudos futuros e no novo Marco Legal do Transporte Público Coletivo, visando a cidades mais inclusivas. necessidades idosa Paulo Realizaramse Realizaram se qualitativa exploratória documental resultado sugeremse sugerem públicas infraestrutura tecnologias Concluise Conclui Coletivo inclusivas